TITLE

Positioning Procedures in Non-terrestrial Networks

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/409,083, filed September 22, 2022, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0002] Examples of several of the various embodiments of the present disclosure are described herein with reference to the drawings.

[0003] FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B illustrate example mobile communication networks in which embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented.

[0004] FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B respectively illustrate a New Radio (NR) user plane and control plane protocol stack.

[0005] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of services provided between protocol layers of the NR user plane protocol stack of FIG. 2A.

[0006] FIG. 4A illustrates an example downlink data flow through the NR user plane protocol stack of FIG. 2A.

[0007] FIG. 4B illustrates an example format of a MAC subheader in a MAC PDU.

[0008] FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B respectively illustrate a mapping between logical channels, transport channels, and physical channels for the downlink and uplink.

[0009] FIG. 6 is an example diagram showing RRC state transitions of a UE.

[0010] FIG. 7 illustrates an example configuration of an NR frame into which OFDM symbols are grouped.

[0011] FIG. 8 illustrates an example configuration of a slot in the time and frequency domain for an NR carrier.

[0012] FIG. 9 illustrates an example of bandwidth adaptation using three configured BWPs for an NR carrier.

[0013] FIG. 10A illustrates three carrier aggregation configurations with two component carriers.

[0014] FIG. 10B illustrates an example of how aggregated cells may be configured into one or more PUCCH groups.

[0015] FIG. 11A illustrates an example of an SS/PBCH block structure and location.

[0016] FIG. 11 B illustrates an example of CSI-RSs that are mapped in the time and frequency domains.

[0017] FIG. 12A and FIG. 12B respectively illustrate examples of three downlink and uplink beam management procedures.

[0018] FIG. 13A, FIG. 13B, and FIG. 13C respectively illustrate a four-step contention-based random access procedure, a two-step contention-free random access procedure, and another two-step random access procedure. [0019] FIG. 14A illustrates an example of CORESET configurations fora bandwidth part.

[0020] FIG. 14B illustrates an example of a CCE-to-REG mapping for DCI transmission on a CORESET and PDCCH processing.

[0021] FIG. 15 illustrates an example of a wireless device in communication with a base station.

[0022] FIG. 16A, FIG. 16B, FIG. 16C, and FIG. 16D illustrate example structures for uplink and downlink transmission. [0023] FIG. 17 shows several DCI formats.

[0024] FIG. 18A shows an example of a non-terrestrial network.

[0025] FIG. 18B is an example figure of different types of NTN platforms.

[0026] FIG. 19A shows an example of an NTN with a transparent NTN platform.

[0027] FIG. 19B shows examples of propagation delay corresponding to NTNs of different altitudes.

[0028] FIG. 20 shows an example embodiment of a positioning procedure in wireless communications systems per an aspect of the present disclosure.

[0029] FIG. 21 shows an example embodiment of a procedure for positioning measurement gap activation/deactivation in wireless communications systems per an aspect of the present disclosure. [0030] FIG. 22 shows an example embodiment of a procedure for positioning measurement gap activation/deactivation in wireless communications systems per an aspect of the present disclosure. [0031] FIG. 23 shows an example embodiment of a procedure for positioning measurement gap activation/deactivation in wireless communications systems per an aspect of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0032] In the present disclosure, various embodiments are presented as examples of how the disclosed techniques may be implemented and/or how the disclosed techniques may be practiced in environments and scenarios. It will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art that various changes in form and detail can be made therein without departing from the scope. In fact, after reading the description, it will be apparent to one skilled in the relevant art how to implement alternative embodiments. The present embodiments should not be limited by any of the described exemplary embodiments. The embodiments of the present disclosure will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. Limitations, features, and/or elements from the disclosed example embodiments may be combined to create further embodiments within the scope of the disclosure. Any figures which highlight the functionality and advantages, are presented for example purposes only. The disclosed architecture is sufficiently flexible and configurable, such that it may be utilized in ways other than that shown. For example, the actions listed in any flowchart may be re-ordered or only optionally used in some embodiments.

[0033] Embodiments may be configured to operate as needed. The disclosed mechanism may be performed when certain criteria are met, for example, in a wireless device, a base station, a radio environment, a network, a combination of the above, and/or the like. Example criteria may be based, at least in part, on for example, wireless device or network node configurations, traffic load, initial system set up, packet sizes, traffic characteristics, a combination of the above, and/or the like. When the one or more criteria are met, various example embodiments may be applied. Therefore, it may be possible to implement example embodiments that selectively implement disclosed protocols. [0034] A base station may communicate with a mix of wireless devices. Wireless devices and/or base stations may support multiple technologies, and/or multiple releases of the same technology. Wireless devices may have some specific capability(ies) depending on wireless device category and/or capabil ity(ies). When this disclosure refers to a base station communicating with a plurality of wireless devices, this disclosure may refer to a subset of the total wireless devices in a coverage area. This disclosure may refer to, for example, a plurality of wireless devices of a given LTE or 5G release with a given capability and in a given sector of the base station. The plurality of wireless devices in this disclosure may refer to a selected plurality of wireless devices, and/or a subset of total wireless devices in a coverage area which perform according to disclosed methods, and/or the like. There may be a plurality of base stations or a plurality of wireless devices in a coverage area that may not comply with the disclosed methods, for example, those wireless devices or base stations may perform based on older releases of LTE or 5G technology.

[0035] In this disclosure, "a” and “an” and similar phrases are to be interpreted as “at least one” and “one or more.” Similarly, any term that ends with the suffix “(s)” is to be interpreted as “at least one” and “one or more.” In this disclosure, the term “may” is to be interpreted as “may, for example.” In other words, the term “may” is indicative that the phrase following the term “may” is an example of one of a multitude of suitable possibilities that may, or may not, be employed by one or more of the various embodiments. The terms “comprises” and “consists of”, as used herein, enumerate one or more components of the element being described. The term “comprises” is interchangeable with “includes” and does not exclude unenumerated components from being included in the element being described. By contrast, “consists of provides a complete enumeration of the one or more components of the element being described. The term “based on”, as used herein, should be interpreted as “based at least in part on” rather than, for example, “based solely on”. The term “and/or” as used herein represents any possible combination of enumerated elements. For example, “A, B, and/or C” may represent A; B; C; A and B; A and C; B and C; or A, B, and C.

[0036] If A and B are sets and every element of A is an element of B, A is called a subset of B. In this specification, only non-empty sets and subsets are considered. For example, possible subsets of B - {celH , cell2} are: {celH }, {cell2}, and {celH, cell2}. The phrase “based on” (or equally “based at least on”) is indicative that the phrase following the term “based on” is an example of one of a multitude of suitable possibilities that may, or may not, be employed to one or more of the various embodiments. The phrase “in response to” (or equally “in response at least to”) is indicative that the phrase following the phrase “in response to” is an example of one of a multitude of suitable possibilities that may, or may not, be employed to one or more of the various embodiments. The phrase “depending on” (or equally “depending at least to”) is indicative that the phrase following the phrase “depending on” is an example of one of a multitude of suitable possibilities that may, or may not, be employed to one or more of the various embodiments. The phrase “employing/using” (or equally “employing/using at least”) is indicative that the phrase following the phrase “employing/using” is an example of one of a multitude of suitable possibilities that may, or may not, be employed to one or more of the various embodiments.

[0037] The term configured may relate to the capacity of a device whether the device is in an operational or non- operational state. Configured may refer to specific settings in a device that effect the operational characteristics of the device whether the device is in an operational or non-operational state. In other words, the hardware, software, firmware, registers, memory values, and/or the like may be “configured" within a device, whether the device is in an operational or nonoperational state, to provide the device with specific characteristics. Terms such as “a control message to cause in a device” may mean that a control message has parameters that may be used to configure specific characteristics or may be used to implement certain actions in the device, whether the device is in an operational or non-operational state.

[0038] In this disclosure, parameters (or equally called, fields, or Information elements: lEs) may comprise one or more information objects, and an information object may comprise one or more other objects. For example, if parameter (IE) N comprises parameter (IE) M, and parameter (IE) M comprises parameter (IE) K, and parameter (IE) K comprises parameter (information element) J. Then, for example, N comprises K, and N comprises J. In an example embodiment, when one or more messages comprise a plurality of parameters, it implies that a parameter in the plurality of parameters is in at least one of the one or more messages, but does not have to be in each of the one or more messages.

[0039] Many features presented are described as being optional through the use of "may” or the use of parentheses. For the sake of brevity and legibility, the present disclosure does not explicitly recite each and every permutation that may be obtained by choosing from the set of optional features. The present disclosure is to be interpreted as explicitly disclosing all such permutations. For example, a system described as having three optional features may be embodied in seven ways, namely with just one of the three possible features, with any two of the three possible features or with three of the three possible features.

[0040] Many of the elements described in the disclosed embodiments may be implemented as modules. A module is defined here as an element that performs a defined function and has a defined interface to other elements. The modules described in this disclosure may be implemented in hardware, software in combination with hardware, firmware, wetware (e.g. hardware with a biological element) ora combination thereof, which may be behaviorally equivalent. For example, modules may be implemented as a software routine written in a computer language configured to be executed by a hardware machine (such as C, C++, Fortran, Java, Basic, Matlab or the like) or a modeling/simulation program such as Simulink, Stateflow, GNU Octave, or LabVI EWMathScript. It may be possible to implement modules using physical hardware that incorporates discrete or programmable analog, digital and/or quantum hardware. Examples of programmable hardware comprise: computers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, applicationspecific integrated circuits (ASICs); field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs); and complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs). Computers, microcontrollers and microprocessors are programmed using languages such as assembly, C, C++ or the like. FPGAs, ASICs and CPLDs are often programmed using hardware description languages (HDL) such as VHSIC hardware description language (VHDL) or Verilog that configure connections between internal hardware modules with lesser functionality on a programmable device. The mentioned technologies are often used in combination to achieve the result of a functional module.

[0041] FIG. 1A illustrates an example of a mobile communication network 100 in which embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented. The mobile communication network 100 may be, for example, a public land mobile network (PLMN) run by a network operator. As illustrated in FIG. 1A, the mobile communication network 100 includes a core network (CN) 102, a radio access network (RAN) 104, and a wireless device 106. [0042] The CN 102 may provide the wireless device 106 with an interface to one or more data networks (DNs), such as public DNs (e.g., the Internet), private DNs, and/or intra-operator DNs. As part of the interface functionality, the CN 102 may set up end-to-end connections between the wireless device 106 and the one or more DNs, authenticate the wireless device 106, and provide charging functionality.

[0043] The RAN 104 may connect the CN 102 to the wireless device 106 through radio communications over an air interface. As part of the radio communications, the RAN 104 may provide scheduling, radio resource management, and retransmission protocols. The communication direction from the RAN 104 to the wireless device 106 over the air interface is known as the downlink and the communication direction from the wireless device 106 to the RAN 104 over the air interface is known as the uplink. Downlink transmissions may be separated from uplink transmissions using frequency division duplexing (FDD), time-division duplexing (TDD), and/or some combination of the two duplexing techniques.

[0044] The term wireless device may be used throughout this disclosure to refer to and encompass any mobile device or fixed (non-mobile) device for which wireless communication is needed or usable. For example, a wireless device may be a telephone, smart phone, tablet, computer, laptop, sensor, meter, wearable device, Internet of Things (loT) device, vehicle road side unit (RSU), relay node, automobile, and/or any combination thereof. The term wireless device encompasses other terminology, including user equipment (UE), user terminal (UT), access terminal (AT), mobile station, handset, wireless transmit and receive unit (WTRU), and/or wireless communication device.

[0045] The RAN 104 may include one or more base stations (not shown). The term base station may be used throughout this disclosure to refer to and encompass a Node B (associated with UMTS and/or 3G standards), an Evolved Node B (eNB, associated with E-UTRA and/or 4G standards), a remote radio head (RRH), a baseband processing unit coupled to one or more RRHs, a repeater node or relay node used to extend the coverage area of a donor node, a Next Generation Evolved Node B (ng-eNB), a Generation Node B (g N B, associated with NR and/or 5G standards), an access point (AP, associated with, for example, WiFi or any other suitable wireless communication standard), and/or any combination thereof. A base station may comprise at least one g N B Central Unit (gNB-CU) and at least one a g NB Distributed Unit (gNB-DU).

[0046] A base station included in the RAN 104 may include one or more sets of antennas for communicating with the wireless device 106 over the air interface. For example, one or more of the base stations may include three sets of antennas to respectively control three cells (or sectors). The size of a cell may be determined by a range at which a receiver (e.g., a base station receiver) can successfully receive the transmissions from a transmitter (e.g., a wireless device transmitter) operating in the cell. Together, the cells of the base stations may provide radio coverage to the wireless device 106 over a wide geographic area to support wireless device mobility.

[0047] In addition to three-sector sites, other implementations of base stations are possible. For example, one or more of the base stations in the RAN 104 may be implemented as a sectored site with more or less than three sectors. One or more of the base stations in the RAN 104 may be implemented as an access point, as a baseband processing unit coupled to several remote radio heads (RRHs), and/or as a repeater or relay node used to extend the coverage area of a donor node. A baseband processing unit coupled to RRHs may be part of a centralized or cloud RAN architecture, where the baseband processing unit may be either centralized in a pool of baseband processing units or virtualized. A repeater node may amplify and rebroadcast a radio signal received from a donor node A relay node may perform the same/similar functions as a repeater node but may decode the radio signal received from the donor node to remove noise before amplifying and rebroadcasting the radio signal.

[0048] The RAN 104 may be deployed as a homogenous network of macrocell base stations that have similar antenna patterns and similar high-level transmit powers. The RAN 104 may be deployed as a heterogeneous network. In heterogeneous networks, small cell base stations may be used to provide small coverage areas, for example, coverage areas that overlap with the comparatively larger coverage areas provided by macrocell base stations. The small coverage areas may be provided in areas with high data traffic (or so-called "hotspots”) or in areas with weak macrocell coverage. Examples of small cell base stations include, in order of decreasing coverage area, microcell base stations, picocell base stations, and femtocell base stations or home base stations.

[0049] The Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) was formed in 1998 to provide global standardization of specifications for mobile communication networks similar to the mobile communication network 100 in FIG. 1A. To date, 3GPP has produced specifications for three generations of mobile networks: a third generation (3G) network known as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), a fourth generation (4G) network known as Long-Term Evolution (LTE), and a fifth generation (5G) network known as 5G System (5GS). Embodiments of the present disclosure are described with reference to the RAN of a 3GPP 5G network, referred to as next-generation RAN (NG- RAN). Embodiments may be applicable to RANs of other mobile communication networks, such as the RAN 104 in FIG. 1 A, the RANs of earlier 3G and 4G networks, and those of future networks yet to be specified (e.g ., a 3GPP 6G network). NG-RAN implements 5G radio access technology known as New Radio (NR) and may be provisioned to implement 4G radio access technology or other radio access technologies, including non-3GPP radio access technologies.

[0050] FIG. 1 B illustrates another example mobile communication network 150 in which embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented. Mobile communication network 150 may be, for example, a PLMN run by a network operator. As illustrated in FIG. 1B, mobile communication network 150 includes a 5G core network (5G-CN) 152, an NG-RAN 154, and UEs 156A and 156B (collectively UEs 156). These components may be implemented and operate in the same or similar manner as corresponding components described with respect to FIG. 1A.

[0051] The 5G-CN 152 provides the UEs 156 with an interface to one or more DNs, such as public DNs (e.g., the Internet), private DNs, and/or intra-operator DNs. As part of the interface functionality, the 5G-CN 152 may set up end- to-end connections between the UEs 156 and the one or more DNs, authenticate the UEs 156, and provide charging functionality. Compared to the CN of a 3GPP 4G network, the basis of the 5G-CN 152 may be a service-based architecture. This means that the architecture of the nodes making up the 5G-CN 152 may be defined as network functions that offer services via interfaces to other network functions. The network functions of the 5G-CN 152 may be implemented in several ways, including as network elements on dedicated or shared hardware, as software instances running on dedicated or shared hardware, or as virtualized functions instantiated on a platform (e.g., a cloud-based platform).

[0052] As illustrated in FIG. 1 B, the 5G-CN 152 includes an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 158A and a User Plane Function (UPF) 158B, which are shown as one component AMF/UPF 158 in FIG. 1B for ease of illustration. The UPF 158B may serve as a gateway between the NG-RAN 154 and the one or more DNs. The UPF 158B may perform functions such as packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection and user plane policy rule enforcement, traffic usage reporting, uplink classification to support routing of traffic flows to the one or more DNs, quality of service (QoS) handling for the user plane (e.g., packet filtering, gating, uplink/downlink rate enforcement, and uplink traffic verification), downlink packet buffering, and downlink data notification triggering. The UPF 158B may serve as an anchor point for intra-/! nter-Radio Access Technology (RAT) mobility, an external protocol (or packet) data unit (PDU) session point of interconnect to the one or more DNs, and/or a branching point to support a multi-homed PDU session. The UEs 156 may be configured to receive services through a PDU session, which is a logical connection between a UE and a DN.

[0053] The AMF 158A may perform functions such as Non-Access Stratum (NAS) signaling termination, NAS signaling security, Access Stratum (AS) security control, inter-CN node signaling for mobility between 3GPP access networks, idle mode UE reachability (e.g., control and execution of paging retransmission), registration area management, intra-system and inter-system mobility support, access authentication, access authorization including checking of roaming rights, mobility management control (subscription and policies), network slicing support, and/or session management function (SMF) selection. NAS may refer to the functionality operating between a CN and a UE, and AS may refer to the functionality operating between the UE and a RAN.

[0054] The 5G-CN 152 may include one or more additional network functions that are not shown in FIG. 1 B for the sake of clarity. For example, the 5G-CN 152 may include one or more of a Session Management Function (SMF), an NR Repository Function (NRF), a Policy Control Function (PCF), a Network Exposure Function (NEF), a Unified Data Management (UDM), an Application Function (AF), and/or an Authentication Server Function (AUSF).

[0055] The NG-RAN 154 may connect the 5G-CN 152 to the UEs 156 through radio communications over the air interface. The NG-RAN 154 may include one or more g NBs, illustrated as g NB 160A and g NB 160B (collectively gNBs 160) and/or one or more ng-eNBs, illustrated as ng-eNB 162A and ng-eNB 162B (collectively ng-eNBs 162). The gNBs 160 and ng-eNBs 162 may be more generically referred to as base stations. The gNBs 160 and ng-eNBs 162 may include one or more sets of antennas for communicating with the UEs 156 over an air interface. For example, one or more of the gNBs 160 and/or one or more of the ng-eNBs 162 may include three sets of antennas to respectively control three cells (or sectors). Together, the cells of the gNBs 160 and the ng-eNBs 162 may provide radio coverage to the UEs 156 over a wide geographic area to support UE mobility.

[0056] As shown in FIG. 1B, the gNBs 160 and/or the ng-eNBs 162 may be connected to the 5G-CN 152 by means of an NG interface and to other base stations by an Xn interface. The NG and Xn interfaces may be established using direct physical connections and/or indirect connections over an underlying transport network, such as an internet protocol (IP) transport network. The gNBs 160 and/or the ng-eNBs 162 may be connected to the UEs 156 by means of a Uu interface. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 1B, gNB 160A maybe connected to the UE 156A by means of a Uu interface. The NG, Xn, and Uu interfaces are associated with a protocol stack. The protocol stacks associated with the interfaces may be used by the network elements in FIG. 1 B to exchange data and signaling messages and may include two planes: a user plane and a control plane. The user plane may handle data of interest to a user. The control plane may handle signaling messages of interest to the network elements.

[0057] The gNBs 160 and/or the ng-eNBs 162 may be connected to one or more AMF/UPF functions of the 5G-CN 152, such as the AMF/UPF 158, by means of one or more NG interfaces. For example, the gNB 160A maybe connected to the UPF 158B of the AMF/UPF 158 by means of an NG-User plane (NG-U) interface. The NG-U interface may provide delivery (e.g., non-guaranteed delivery) of user plane PDUs between the gNB 160A and the UPF 158B. The gNB 160A may be connected to the AMF 158A by means of an NG-Control plane (NG-C) interface. The NG-C interface may provide, for example, NG interface management, UE context management, UE mobility management, transport of NAS messages, paging, PDU session management, and configuration transfer and/or warning message transmission.

[0058] The gNBs 160 may provide NR user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards the UEs 156 over the Uu interface. For example, the gNB 160A may provide NR user plane and control plane protocol terminations toward the UE 156A over a Uu interface associated with a first protocol stack. The ng-eNBs 162 may provide Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards the UEs 156 over a Uu interface, where E-UTRA refers to the 3GPP 4G radio-access technology. For example, the ng-eNB 162B may provide E-UTRA user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards the UE 156B over a Uu interface associated with a second protocol stack.

[0059] The 5G-CN 152 was described as being configured to handle NR and 4G radio accesses. It will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that it may be possible for NR to connect to a 4G core network in a mode known as "non-standalone operation." In non-standalone operation, a 4G core network is used to provide (or at least support) control-plane functionality (e.g., initial access, mobility, and paging). Although only one AMF/UPF 158 is shown in FIG. 1 B, one gNB or ng-eNB may be connected to multiple AMF/UPF nodes to provide redundancy and/or to load share across the multiple AMF/UPF nodes.

[0060] As discussed, an interface (e.g., Uu, Xn, and NG interfaces) between the network elements in FIG. 1B maybe associated with a protocol stack that the network elements use to exchange data and signaling messages. A protocol stack may include two planes: a user plane and a control plane. The user plane may handle data of interest to a user, and the control plane may handle signaling messages of interest to the network elements.

[0061] FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B respectively illustrate examples of NR user plane and NR control plane protocol stacks for the Uu interface that lies between a UE 210 and a gNB 220. The protocol stacks illustrated in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B maybe the same or similar to those used for the Uu interface between, for example, the UE 156A and the gNB 160A shown in FIG. 1B. [0062] FIG. 2A illustrates a NR user plane protocol stack comprising five layers implemented in the UE 210 and the gNB 220. At the bottom of the protocol stack, physical layers (PHYs) 211 and 221 may provide transport services to the higher layers of the protocol stack and may correspond to layer 1 of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. The next four protocols above PHYs 211 and 221 comprise media access control layers (MACs) 212 and 222, radio link control layers (RLCs) 213 and 223, packet data convergence protocol layers (PDCPs) 214 and 224, and service data application protocol layers (SDAPs) 215 and 225. Together, these four protocols may make up layer 2, or the data link layer, of the OSI model.

[0063] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of services provided between protocol layers of the NR user plane protocol stack. Starting from the top of FIG. 2A and FIG. 3, the SDAPs 215 and 225 may perform QoS flow handling. The UE 210 may receive services through a PDU session, which may be a logical connection between the UE 210 and a DN. The PDU session may have one or more QoS flows. A UPF of a CN (e.g., the UPF 158B) may map IP packets to the one or more QoS flows of the PDU session based on QoS requirements (e.g., in terms of delay, data rate, and/or error rate). The SDAPs 215 and 225 may perform mapping/de-mapping between the one or more QoS flows and one or more data radio bearers. The mapping/de-mapping between the QoS flows and the data radio bearers may be determined by the SDAP 225 at the gNB 220. The SDAP 215 at the UE 210 may be informed of the mapping between the QoS flows and the data radio bearers through reflective mapping or control signaling received from the gNB 220. For reflective mapping, the SDAP 225 at the gNB 220 may mark the downlink packets with a QoS flow indicator (QFI), which may be observed by the SDAP 215 at the UE 210 to determine the mapping/de-mapping between the QoS flows and the data radio bearers.

[0064] The PDCPs 214 and 224 may perform header compression/decompression to reduce the amount of data that needs to be transmitted over the air interface, ciphering/deciphering to prevent unauthorized decoding of data transmitted over the air interface, and integrity protection (to ensure control messages originate from intended sources. The PDCPs 214 and 224 may perform retransmissions of undelivered packets, in-sequence delivery and reordering of packets, and removal of packets received in duplicate due to, for example, an intra-gNB handover. The PDCPs 214 and 224 may perform packet duplication to improve the likelihood of the packet being received and, at the receiver, remove any duplicate packets. Packet duplication may be useful for services that require high reliability.

[0065] Although not shown in FIG. 3, PDCPs 214 and 224 may perform mapping/de-mapping between a split radio bearer and RLC channels in a dual connectivity scenario. Dual connectivity is a technique that allows a UE to connect to two cells or, more generally, two cell groups: a master cell group (MCG) and a secondary cell group (SCG). A split bearer is when a single radio bearer, such as one of the radio bearers provided by the PDCPs 214 and 224 as a service to the SDAPs 215 and 225, is handled by cell groups in dual connectivity. The PDCPs 214 and 224 may map/de-map the split radio bearer between RLC channels belonging to cell groups.

[0066] The RLCs 213 and 223 may perform segmentation, retransmission through Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ), and removal of duplicate data units received from MACs 212 and 222, respectively. The RLCs 213 and 223 may support three transmission modes: transparent mode (TM); unacknowledged mode (UM); and acknowledged mode (AM). Based on the transmission mode an RLC is operating, the RLC may perform one or more of the noted functions. The RLC configuration may be per logical channel with no dependency on numerologies and/or Transmission Time Interval (TTI) durations. As shown in FIG. 3, the RLCs 213 and 223 may provide RLC channels as a service to PDCPs 214 and 224, respectively.

[0067] The MACs 212 and 222 may perform multiplexing/demultiplexing of logical channels and/or mapping between logical channels and transport channels. The multiplexing/demultiplexing may include multiplexing/demultiplexing of data units, belonging to the one or more logical channels, into/from Transport Blocks (TBs) delivered to/from the PHYs

211 and 221. The MAC 222 may be configured to perform scheduling, scheduling information reporting, and priority handling between UEs by means of dynamic scheduling. Scheduling may be performed in the g N B 220 (at the MAC 222) for downlink and uplink. The MACs 212 and 222 may be configured to perform error correction through Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) (e.g. , one HARQ entity per carrier in case of Carrier Aggregation (CA)), priority handling between logical channels of the UE 210 by means of logical channel prioritization, and/or padding. The MACs

212 and 222 may support one or more numerologies and/or transmission timings. In an example, mapping restrictions in a logical channel prioritization may control which numerology and/or transmission timing a logical channel may use. As shown in FIG. 3, the MACs 212 and 222 may provide logical channels as a service to the RLCs 213 and 223.

[0068] The PHYs 211 and 221 may perform mapping of transport channels to physical channels and digital and analog signal processing functions for sending and receiving information over the air interface. These digital and analog signal processing functions may include, for example, coding/decoding and modulation/demodulation. The PHYs 211 and 221 may perform multi-antenna mapping. As shown in FIG. 3, the PHYs 211 and 221 may provide one or more transport channels as a service to the MACs 212 and 222.

[0069] FIG. 4A illustrates an example downlink data flow through the NR user plane protocol stack. FIG. 4A illustrates a downlink data flow of three IP packets (n, n+1, and m) through the NR user plane protocol stack to generate two TBs at the g N B 220. An uplink data flow through the NR user plane protocol stack may be similar to the downlink data flow depicted in FIG. 4A.

[0070] The downlink data flow of FIG. 4A begins when SDAP 225 receives the three IP packets from one or more QoS flows and maps the three packets to radio bearers. In FIG. 4A, the SDAP 225 maps IP packets n and n+1 to a first radio bearer 402 and maps IP packet m to a second radio bearer 404. An SDAP header (labeled with an “H” in FIG. 4A) is added to an IP packet. The data unit from/to a higher protocol layer is referred to as a service data unit (SDU) of the lower protocol layer and the data unit to/from a lower protocol layer is referred to as a protocol data unit (PDU) of the higher protocol layer. As shown in FIG. 4A, the data unit from the SDAP 225 is an SDU of lower protocol layer PDCP 224 and is a PDU of the SDAP 225.

[0071] The remaining protocol layers in FIG. 4A may perform their associated functionality (e.g., with respect to FIG. 3), add corresponding headers, and forward their respective outputs to the next lower layer. For example, the PDCP 224 may perform IP-header compression and ciphering and forward its output to the RLC 223. The RLC 223 may optionally perform segmentation (e.g., as shown for IP packet m in FIG. 4A) and forward its output to the MAC 222. The MAC 222 may multiplex a number of RLC PDUs and may attach a MAC subheader to an RLC PDU to form a transport block. In NR, the MAC subheaders may be distributed across the MAC PDU, as illustrated in FIG. 4A. In LIE, the MAC subheaders may be entirely located at the beginning of the MAC PDU. The NR MAC PDU structure may reduce processing time and associated latency because the MAC PDU subheaders may be computed before the full MAC PDU is assembled.

[0072] FIG. 4B illustrates an example format of a MAC subheader in a MAC PDU. The MAC subheader includes: an SDU length field for indicating the length (e.g. , in bytes) of the MAC SDU to which the MAC subheader corresponds; a logical channel identifier (LCID) field for identifying the logical channel from which the MAC SDU originated to aid in the demultiplexing process; a flag (F) for indicating the size of the SDU length field; and a reserved bit (R) field for future use.

[0073] FIG. 4B further illustrates MAC control elements (CEs) inserted into the MAC PDU by a MAC, such as MAC 223 or MAC 222. For example, FIG 4B illustrates two MAC CEs inserted into the MAC PDU. MAC CEs may be inserted at the beginning of a MAC PDU for downlink transmissions (as shown in FIG. 4B) and at the end of a MAC PDU for uplink transmissions. MAC CEs maybe used for in-band control signaling. Example MAC CEs include: scheduling-related MAC CEs, such as buffer status reports and power headroom reports; activation/deactivation MAC CEs, such as those for activation/deactivation of PDCP duplication detection, channel state information (CSI) reporting, sounding reference signal (SRS) transmission, and prior configured components; discontinuous reception (DRX) related MAC CEs; timing advance MAC CEs; and random access related MAC CEs. A MAC CE may be preceded by a MAC subheader with a similar format as described for MAC SDUs and may be identified with a reserved value in the LCID field that indicates the type of control information included in the MAC CE.

[0074] Before describing the NR control plane protocol stack, logical channels, transport channels, and physical channels are first described as well as a mapping between the channel types. One or more of the channels may be used to carry out functions associated with the NR control plane protocol stack described later below.

[0075] FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B illustrate, for downlink and uplink respectively, a mapping between logical channels, transport channels, and physical channels. Information is passed through channels between the RLC, the MAC, and the PHY of the NR protocol stack. A logical channel may be used between the RLC and the MAC and may be classified as a control channel that carries control and configuration information in the NR control plane or as a traffic channel that carries data in the NR user plane. A logical channel may be classified as a dedicated logical channel that is dedicated to a specific UE or as a common logical channel that may be used by more than one UE. A logical channel may also be defined by the type of information it carries. The set of logical channels defined by NR include, for example: a paging control channel (PCCH) for carrying paging messages used to page a UE whose location is not known to the network on a cell level; a broadcast control channel (BCCH) for carrying system information messages in the form of a master information block (MIB) and several system information blocks (SIBs), wherein the system information messages may be used by the UEs to obtain information about how a cell is configured and how to operate within the cell; a common control channel (CCCH) for carrying control messages together with random access; a dedicated control channel (DCCH) for carrying control messages to/from a specific the UE to configure the UE; and a dedicated traffic channel (DTCH) for carrying user data to/from a specific the UE.

[0076] Transport channels are used between the MAC and PHY layers and may be defined by how the information they carry is transmitted over the air interface. The set of transport channels defined by NR include, for example: a paging channel (PCH) for carrying paging messages that originated from the PCCH; a broadcast channel (BCH) for carrying the MIB from the BCCH; a downlink shared channel (DL-SCH) for carrying downlink data and signaling messages, including the SIBs from the BCCH; an uplink shared channel (UL-SCH) for carrying uplink data and signaling messages; and a random access channel (RACH) for allowing a UE to contact the network without any prior scheduling. [0077] The PHY may use physical channels to pass information between processing levels of the PHY. A physical channel may have an associated set of time-frequency resources for carrying the information of one or more transport channels. The PHY may generate control information to support the low-level operation of the PHY and provide the control information to the lower levels of the PHY via physical control channels, known as L1/L2 control channels. The set of physical channels and physical control channels defined by NR include, for example: a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) for carrying the MIB from the BCH; a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) for carrying downlink data and signaling messages from the DL- SCH, as well as paging messages from the PCH; a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) for carrying downlink control information (DCI), which may include downlink scheduling commands, uplink scheduling grants, and uplink power control commands; a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) for carrying uplink data and signaling messages from the UL-SCH and in some instances uplink control information (UCI) as described below; a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) for carrying UCI, which may include HARQ acknowledgments, channel quality indicators (CQI), pre-coding matrix indicators (PMI), rank indicators (Rl), and scheduling requests (SR); and a physical random access channel (PRACH) for random access.

[0078] Similar to the physical control channels, the physical layer generates physical signals to support the low-level operation of the physical layer. As shown in FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B, the physical layer signals defined by NR include: primary synchronization signals (PSS), secondary synchronization signals (SSS), channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS), demodulation reference signals (DMRS), sounding reference signals (SRS), and phase-tracking reference signals (PT-RS). These physical layer signals will be described in greater detail below.

[0079] FIG. 2B illustrates an example NR control plane protocol stack. As shown in FIG. 2B, the NR control plane protocol stack may use the same/similar first four protocol layers as the example NR user plane protocol stack. These four protocol layers include the PHYs 211 and 221, the MACs 212 and 222, the RLCs 213 and 223, and the PDCPs 214 and 224. Instead of having the SDAPs 215 and 225 at the top of the stack as in the NR user plane protocol stack, the NR control plane stack has radio resource controls (RRCs) 216 and 226 and NAS protocols 217 and 237 at the top of the NR control plane protocol stack.

[0080] The NAS protocols 217 and 237 may provide control plane functionality between the UE 210 and the AMF 230 (e.g., the AMF 158A) or, more generally, between the UE 210 and the CN. The NAS protocols 217 and 237 may provide control plane functionality between the UE 210 and the AMF 230 via signaling messages, referred to as NAS messages. There is no direct path between the UE 210 and the AMF 230 through which the NAS messages can be transported. The NAS messages may be transported using the AS of the Uu and NG interfaces. NAS protocols 217 and 237 may provide control plane functionality such as authentication, security, connection setup, mobility management, and session management.

[0081] The RRCs 216 and 226 may provide control plane functionality between the UE 210 and the gNB 220 or, more generally, between the UE 210 and the RAN. The RRCs 216 and 226 may provide control plane functionality between the UE 210 and the gNB 220 via signaling messages, referred to as RRC messages. RRC messages may be transmitted between the UE 210 and the RAN using signaling radio bearers and the same/similar PDCP, RLC, MAC, and PHY protocol layers. The MAC may multiplex control-plane and user-plane data into the same transport block (TB). The RRCs 216 and 226 may provide control plane functionality such as: broadcast of system information related to AS and NAS; paging initiated by the CN or the RAN; establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between the UE 210 and the RAN; security functions including key management; establishment, configuration, maintenance and release of signaling radio bearers and data radio bearers; mobility functions; QoS management functions; the UE measurement reporting and control of the reporting; detection of and recovery from radio link failure (RLF); and/or NAS message transfer. As part of establishing an RRC connection, RRCs 216 and 226 may establish an RRC context, which may involve configuring parameters for communication between the UE 210 and the RAN.

[0082] FIG. 6 is an example diagram showing RRC state transitions of a UE. The UE may be the same or similar to the wireless device 106 depicted in FIG. 1A, the UE 210 depicted in FIG. 2Aand FIG. 2B, or any other wireless device described in the present disclosure. As illustrated in FIG. 6, a UE may be in at least one of three RRC states: RRC connected 602 (e.g., RRC_CONNECTED), RRC idle 604 (e.g., RRC J DLE), and RRC inactive 606 (e.g., RRCJNACTIVE).

[0083] In RRC connected 602, the UE has an established RRC context and may have at least one RRC connection with a base station The base station may be similar to one of the one or more base stations included in the RAN 104 depicted in FIG. 1A, one of the gNBs 160 or ng-eNBs 162 depicted in FIG. 1B, the gNB 220 depicted in FIG. 2Aand FIG. 2B, or any other base station described in the present disclosure. The base station with which the UE is connected may have the RRC context for the UE. The RRC context, referred to as the UE context, may comprise parameters for communication between the UE and the base station. These parameters may include, for example: one or more AS contexts; one or more radio link configuration parameters; bearer configuration information (e.g., relating to a data radio bearer, signaling radio bearer, logical channel, QoS flow, and/or PDU session); security information; and/or PHY, MAC, RLC, PDCP, and/or SDAP layer configuration information. While in RRC connected 602, mobility of the UE may be managed by the RAN (e.g., the RAN 104 or the NG-RAN 154). The UE may measure the signal levels (e.g., reference signal levels) from a serving cell and neighboring cells and report these measurements to the base station currently serving the UE. The UE’s serving base station may request a handover to a cell of one of the neighboring base stations based on the reported measurements. The RRC state may transition from RRC connected 602 to RRC idle 604 through a connection release procedure 608 or to RRC inactive 606 through a connection inactivation procedure 610. [0084] In RRC idle 604, an RRC context may not be established for the UE. In RRC idle 604, the UE may not have an RRC connection with the base station. While in RRC idle 604, the UE may be in a sleep state for the majority of the time (e.g., to conserve battery power). The UE may wake up periodically (e.g., once in every discontinuous reception cycle) to monitor for paging messages from the RAN. Mobility of the UE maybe managed by the UE through a procedure known as cell reselection. The RRC state may transition from RRC idle 604 to RRC connected 602 through a connection establishment procedure 612, which may involve a random access procedure as discussed in greater detail below.

[0085] In RRC inactive 606, the RRC context previously established is maintained in the UE and the base station. This allows for a fast transition to RRC connected 602 with reduced signaling overhead as compared to the transition from RRC idle 604 to RRC connected 602. While in RRC inactive 606, the UE may be in a sleep state and mobility of the UE may be managed by the UE through cell reselection. The RRC state may transition from RRC inactive 606 to RRC connected 602 through a connection resume procedure 614 or to RRC idle 604 though a connection release procedure 616 that may be the same as or similar to connection release procedure 608.

[0086] An RRC state may be associated with a mobility management mechanism. In RRC idle 604 and RRC inactive 606, mobility is managed by the UE through cell reselection. The purpose of mobility management in RRC idle 604 and RRC inactive 606 is to allow the network to be able to notify the UE of an event via a paging message without having to broadcast the paging message over the entire mobile communications network. The mobility management mechanism used in RRC idle 604 and RRC inactive 606 may allow the network to track the UE on a cell-group level so that the paging message may be broadcast over the cells of the cell group that the UE currently resides within instead of the entire mobile communication network. The mobility management mechanisms for RRC idle 604 and RRC inactive 606 track the UE on a cell-group level. They may do so using different granularities of grouping. For example, there may be three levels of cell-grouping granularity: individual cells; cells within a RAN area identified by a RAN area identifier (RAI); and cells within a group of RAN areas, referred to as a tracking area and identified by a tracking area identifier (TAI).

[0087] Tracking areas may be used to track the UE at the CN level. The CN (e.g., the CN 102 or the 5G-CN 152) may provide the UE with a list of TAIs associated with a UE registration area. If the UE moves, through cell reselection, to a cell associated with a TAI not included in the list of TAIs associated with the UE registration area, the UE may perform a registration update with the CN to allow the CN to update the UE's location and provide the UE with a new the UE registration area.

[0088] RAN areas may be used to track the UE at the RAN level. For a UE in RRC inactive 606 state, the UE may be assigned a RAN notification area. A RAN notification area may comprise one or more cell identities, a list of RAIs, or a list of TAIs. In an example, a base station may belong to one or more RAN notification areas. In an example, a cell may belong to one or more RAN notification areas. If the UE moves, through cell reselection, to a cell not included in the RAN notification area assigned to the UE, the UE may perform a notification area update with the RAN to update the UE’s RAN notification area.

[0089] A base station storing an RRC context for a UE or a last serving base station of the UE may be referred to as an anchor base station. An anchor base station may maintain an RRC context for the UE at least during a period of time that the UE stays in a RAN notification area of the anchor base station and/or during a period of time that the UE stays in RRC inactive 606

[0090] AgNB, such as gNBs 160 in FIG. 1B, maybe split in two parts: a central unit (gNB-CU), and one or more distributed units (gNB-DU). A gNB-CU may be coupled to one or more gNB-DUs using an F1 interface. The gNB-CU may comprise the RRC, the PDCP, and the SDAP. A gNB-DU may comprise the RLC, the MAC, and the PHY.

[0091] In NR, the physical signals and physical channels (discussed with respect to FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B) may be mapped onto orthogonal frequency divisional multiplexing (OFDM) symbols. OFDM is a multicarrier communication scheme that transmits data over F orthogonal subcarriers (or tones). Before transmission, the data may be mapped to a series of complex symbols (e.g., M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) or M-phase shift keying (M-PSK) symbols), referred to as source symbols, and divided into F parallel symbol streams. The F parallel symbol streams may be treated as though they are in the frequency domain and used as inputs to an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) block that transforms them into the time domain. The IFFT block may take in F source symbols at a time, one from each of the F parallel symbol streams, and use each source symbol to modulate the amplitude and phase of one of F sinusoidal basis functions that correspond to the F orthogonal subcarriers. The output of the IFFT block may be F time-domain samples that represent the summation of the F orthogonal subcarriers. The F time-domain samples may form a single OFDM symbol. After some processing (e.g., addition of a cyclic prefix) and up-conversion, an OFDM symbol provided by the IFFT block may be transmitted over the air interface on a carrier frequency. The F parallel symbol streams may be mixed using an FFT block before being processed by the IFFT block. This operation produces Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)-precoded OFDM symbols and may be used by UEs in the uplink to reduce the peak to average power ratio (PARR). Inverse processing may be performed on the OFDM symbol at a receiver using an FFT block to recover the data mapped to the source symbols.

[0092] FIG. 7 illustrates an example configuration of an NR frame into which OFDM symbols are grouped. An NR frame may be identified by a system frame number (SFN). The SFN may repeat with a period of 1024 frames. As illustrated, one NR frame may be 10 milliseconds (ms) in duration and may include 10 subframes that are 1 ms in duration. A subframe may be divided into slots that include, for example, 14 OFDM symbols per slot. [0093] The duration of a slot may depend on the numerology used for the OFDM symbols of the slot. In NR, a flexible numerology is supported to accommodate different cell deployments (e.g., cells with carrier frequencies below 1 GHz up to cells with carrier frequencies in the mm-wave range). A numerology may be defined in terms of subcarrier spacing and cyclic prefix duration. For a numerology in NR, subcarrier spacings may be scaled up by powers of two from a baseline subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz, and cyclic prefix durations may be scaled down by powers of two from a baseline cyclic prefix duration of 4.7 ps. For example, NR defines numerologies with the following subcarrier spacing/cyclic prefix duration combinations: 15 kHz/4.7 ps; 30 kHz/2.3 ps; 60 kHz/1.2 ps; 120 kHz/0.59 ps; and 240 kHz/0.29 ps.

[0094] A slot may have a fixed number of OFDM symbols (e.g., 14 OFDM symbols). A numerology with a higher subcarrier spacing has a shorter slot duration and, correspondingly, more slots per subframe. FIG. 7 illustrates this numerology-dependent slot duration and slots-per-subframe transmission structure (the numerology with a subcarrier spacing of 240 kHz is not shown in FIG. 7 for ease of illustration). A subframe in NR may be used as a numerologyindependent time reference, while a slot may be used as the unit upon which uplink and downlink transmissions are scheduled. To support low latency, scheduling in NR may be decoupled from the slot duration and start at any OFDM symbol and last for as many symbols as needed for a transmission. These partial slot transmissions may be referred to as mini-slot or subslot transmissions.

[0095] FIG. 8 illustrates an example configuration of a slot in the time and frequency domain for an NR carrier. The slot includes resource elements (REs) and resource blocks (RBs). An RE is the smallest physical resource in NR. An RE spans one OFDM symbol in the time domain by one subcarrier in the frequency domain as shown in FIG. 8. An RB spans twelve consecutive REs in the frequency domain as shown in FIG. 8. An NR carrier may be limited to a width of 275 RBs or 275x12 = 3300 subcarriers. Such a limitation, if used, may limit the NR carrier to 50, 100, 200, and 400 MHz for subcarrier spacings of 15, 30, 60, and 120 kHz, respectively, where the 400 MHz bandwidth may be set based on a 400 MHz per carrier bandwidth limit.

[0096] FIG. 8 illustrates a single numerology being used across the entire bandwidth of the NR carrier. In other example configurations, multiple numerologies may be supported on the same carrier.

[0097] NR may support wide carrier bandwidths (e.g., up to 400 MHz for a subcarrier spacing of 120 kHz). Not all UEs may be able to receive the full carrier bandwidth (e.g., due to hardware limitations). Also, receiving the full carrier bandwidth may be prohibitive in terms of UE power consumption. In an example, to reduce power consumption and/or for other purposes, a UE may adapt the size of the UE’s receive bandwidth based on the amount of traffic the UE is scheduled to receive. This is referred to as bandwidth adaptation.

[0098] NR defines bandwidth parts (BWPs) to support UEs not capable of receiving the full carrier bandwidth and to support bandwidth adaptation. In an example, a BWP may be defined by a subset of contiguous RBs on a carrier. A UE may be configured (e.g., via RRC layer) with one or more downlink BWPs and one or more uplink BWPs per serving cell (e.g., up to four downlink BWPs and up to four uplink BWPs per serving cell). At a given time, one or more of the configured BWPs for a serving cell may be active. These one or more BWPs may be referred to as active BWPs of the serving cell. When a serving cell is configured with a secondary uplink carrier, the serving cell may have one or more first active BWPs in the uplink carrier and one or more second active BWPs in the secondary uplink carrier.

[0099] For unpaired spectra, a downlink BWP from a set of configured downlink BWPs may be linked with an uplink BWP from a set of configured uplink BWPs if a downlink BWP index of the downlink BWP and an uplink BWP index of the uplink BWP are the same. For unpaired spectra, a UE may expect that a center frequency for a downlink BWP is the same as a center frequency for an uplink BWP.

[0100] For a downlink BWP in a set of configured downlink BWPs on a primary cell (PCell), a base station may configure a UE with one or more control resource sets (CORESETs) for at least one search space. A search space is a set of locations in the time and frequency domains where the UE may find control information. The search space may be a UE-specific search space or a common search space (potentially usable by a plurality of UEs). For example, a base station may configure a UE with a common search space, on a PCell or on a primary secondary cell (PSCell), in an active downlink BWP.

[0101] For an uplink BWP in a set of configured uplink BWPs, a BS may configure a UE with one or more resource sets for one or more PUCCH transmissions. A UE may receive downlink receptions (e.g., PDCCH or PDSCH) in a downlink BWP according to a configured numerology (e.g., subcarrier spacing and cyclic prefix duration) for the downlink BWP. The UE may transmit uplink transmissions (e.g., PUCCH or PUSCH) in an uplink BWP according to a configured numerology (e.g., subcarrier spacing and cyclic prefix length for the uplink BWP).

[0102] One or more BWP indicator fields may be provided in Downlink Control Information (DCI). A value of a BWP indicator field may indicate which BWP in a set of configured BWPs is an active downlink BWP for one or more downlink receptions. The value of the one or more BWP indicator fields may indicate an active uplink BWP for one or more uplink transmissions.

[0103] A base station may semi-statical ly configure a UE with a default downlink BWP within a set of configured downlink BWPs associated with a PCell. If the base station does not provide the default downlink BWP to the UE, the default downlink BWP may be an initial active downlink BWP. The UE may determine which BWP is the initial active downlink BWP based on a CORESET configuration obtained using the PBCH.

[0104] A base station may configure a UE with a BWP inactivity timer value for a PCell. The UE may start or restart a BWP inactivity timer at any appropriate time. For example, the UE may start or restart the BWP inactivity timer (a) when the UE detects a DCI indicating an active downlink BWP other than a default downlink BWP for a paired spectra operation; or (b) when a UE detects a DCI indicating an active downlink BWP or active uplink BWP other than a default downlink BWP or uplink BWP for an unpaired spectra operation. If the UE does not detect DCI during an interval of time (e.g., 1 ms or 0.5 ms), the UE may run the BWP inactivity timer toward expiration (for example, increment from zero to the BWP inactivity timer value, or decrement from the BWP inactivity timer value to zero). When the BWP inactivity timer expires, the UE may switch from the active downlink BWP to the default downlink BWP. [0105] In an example, a base station may semi-statical ly configure a UE with one or more BWPs. A UE may switch an active BWP from a first BWP to a second BWP in response to receiving a DCI indicating the second BWP as an active BWP and/or in response to an expiry of the BWP inactivity timer (e.g. , if the second BWP is the default BWP). [0106] Downlink and uplink BWP switching (where BWP switching refers to switching from a currently active BWP to a not currently active BWP) may be performed independently in paired spectra. In unpaired spectra, downlink and uplink BWP switching may be performed simultaneously. Switching between configured BWPs may occur based on RRC signaling, DCI, expiration of a BWP inactivity timer, and/or an initiation of random access.

[0107] FIG. 9 illustrates an example of bandwidth adaptation using three configured BWPs for an NR carrier. A UE configured with the three BWPs may switch from one BWP to another BWP at a switching point. In the example illustrated in FIG. 9, the BWPs include: a BWP 902 with a bandwidth of 40 MHz and a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz; a BWP 904 with a bandwidth of 10 MHz and a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz; and a BWP 906 with a bandwidth of 20 MHz and a subcarrier spacing of 60 kHz. The BWP 902 may be an initial active BWP, and the BWP 904 may be a default BWP. The UE may switch between BWPs at switching points. In the example of FIG. 9, the UE may switch from the BWP 902 to the BWP 904 at a switching point 908. The switching at the switching point 908 may occur for any suitable reason, for example, in response to an expiry of a BWP inactivity timer (indicating switching to the default BWP) and/or in response to receiving a DCI indicating BWP 904 as the active BWP. The UE may switch at a switching point 910 from active BWP 904 to BWP 906 in response to receiving a DCI indicating BWP 906 as the active BWP. The UE may switch at a switching point 912 from active BWP 906 to BWP 904 in response to an expiry of a BWP inactivity timer and/or in response to receiving a DCI indicating BWP 904 as the active BWP. The UE may switch at a switching point 914 from active BWP 904 to BWP 902 in response to receiving a DCI indicating BWP 902 as the active BWP.

[0108] If a UE is configured for a secondary cell with a default downlink BWP in a set of configured downlink BWPs and a timer value, UE procedures for switching BWPs on a secondary cell may be the same/similar as those on a primary cell. For example, the UE may use the timer value and the default downlink BWP for the secondary cell in the same/similar manner as the UE would use these values for a primary cell.

[0109] To provide for greater data rates, two or more carriers can be aggregated and simultaneously transmitted to/from the same UE using carrier aggregation (CA). The aggregated carriers in CA may be referred to as component carriers (CCs). When CA is used, there are a number of serving cells for the UE, one for a CC. The CCs may have three configurations in the frequency domain.

[0110] FIG. 10A illustrates the three CA configurations with two CCs. In the intraband, contiguous configuration 1002, the two CCs are aggregated in the same frequency band (frequency band A) and are located directly adjacent to each other within the frequency band. In the intraband, non-contiguous configuration 1004, the two CCs are aggregated in the same frequency band (frequency band A) and are separated in the frequency band by a gap. In the interband configuration 1006, the two CCs are located in frequency bands (frequency band A and frequency band B).

[0111] In an example, up to 32 CCs may be aggregated. The aggregated CCs may have the same or different bandwidths, subcarrier spacing, and/or duplexing schemes (TDD or FDD). A serving cell for a UE using CA may have a downlink CC. For FDD, one or more uplink CDs may be optionally configured for a serving cell. The ability to aggregate more downlink carriers than uplink carriers may be useful, for example, when the UE has more data traffic in the downlink than in the uplink.

[0112] When CA is used, one of the aggregated cells for a UE may be referred to as a primary cell (PCell). The PCell may be the serving cell that the UE initially connects to at RRC connection establishment, reestablishment, and/or handover. The PCell may provide the UE with NAS mobility information and the security input. UEs may have different PCells. In the downlink, the carrier corresponding to the PCell may be referred to as the downlink primary CC (DL PCC). In the uplink, the carrier corresponding to the PCell may be referred to as the uplink primary CC (UL PCC). The other aggregated cells for the UE may be referred to as secondary cells (SCells) . In an example, the SCells may be configured after the PCell is configured for the UE. For example, an SCell may be configured through an RRC Connection Reconfiguration procedure. In the downlink, the carrier corresponding to an SCell may be referred to as a downlink secondary CC (DL SCC). In the uplink, the carrier corresponding to the SCell may be referred to as the uplink secondary CC (UL SCC).

[0113] Configured SCells for a UE may be activated and deactivated based on, for example, traffic and channel conditions. Deactivation of an SCell may mean that PDCCH and PDSCH reception on the SCell is stopped and PUSCH, SRS, and CQI transmissions on the SCell are stopped. Configured SCells maybe activated and deactivated using a MAC CE with respect to FIG. 4B. For example, a MAC CE may use a bitmap (e.g., one bit per SCell) to indicate which SCells (e.g., in a subset of configured SCells) for the UE are activated or deactivated. Configured SCells may be deactivated in response to an expiration of an SCell deactivation timer (e.g., one SCell deactivation timer per SCell). [0114] Downlink control information, such as scheduling assignments and scheduling grants, for a cell may be transmitted on the cell corresponding to the assignments and grants, which is known as self-scheduling. The DCI for the cell may be transmitted on another cell, which is known as cross-carrier scheduling. Uplink control information (e.g., HARQ acknowledgments and channel state feedback, such as CQI, PMI, and/or Rl) for aggregated cells may be transmitted on the PUCCH of the PCell. For a larger number of aggregated downlink CCs, the PUCCH of the PCell may become overloaded. Cells may be divided into multiple PUCCH groups.

[0115] FIG. 10B illustrates an example of how aggregated cells may be configured into one or more PUCCH groups. A PUCCH group 1010 and a PUCCH group 1050 may include one or more downlink CCs, respectively. In the example of FIG. 10B, the PUCCH group 1010 includes three downlink CCs: a PCell 1011, an SCell 1012, and an SCell 1013. The PUCCH group 1050 includes three downlink CCs in the present example: a PCell 1051, an SCell 1052, and an SCell 1053. One or more uplink CCs may be configured as a PCell 1021, an SCell 1022, and an SCell 1023. One or more other uplink CCs may be configured as a primary Scell (PSCell) 1061, an SCell 1062, and an SCell 1063. Uplink control information (UCI) related to the downlink CCs of the PUCCH group 1010, shown as UC1 1031, UC1 1032, and UC1 1033, may be transmitted in the uplink of the PCell 1021. Uplink control information (UCI) related to the downlink CCs of the PUCCH group 1050, shown as UC1 1071, UC1 1072, and UC1 1073, maybe transmitted in the uplink of the PSCell 1061. In an example, if the aggregated cells depicted in FIG. 10B were not divided into the PUCCH group 1010 and the PUCCH group 1050, a single uplink PCell to transmit UCI relating to the downlink CCs, and the PCell may become overloaded. By dividing transmissions of UCI between the PCell 1021 and the PSCell 1061, overloading may be prevented.

[0116] A cell, comprising a downlink carrier and optionally an uplink carrier, may be assigned with a physical cell ID and a cell index. The physical cell ID or the cell index may identify a downlink carrier and/or an uplink carrier of the cell, for example, depending on the context in which the physical cell ID is used. A physical cell ID may be determined using a synchronization signal transmitted on a downlink component carrier. A cell index may be determined using RRC messages. In the disclosure, a physical cell ID may be referred to as a carrier ID, and a cell index may be referred to as a carrier index. For example, when the disclosure refers to a first physical cell ID for a first downlink carrier, the disclosure may mean the first physical cell ID is for a cell comprising the first downlink carrier. The same/similar concept may apply to, for example, a carrier activation. When the disclosure indicates that a first carrier is activated, the specification may mean that a cell comprising the first carrier is activated.

[0117] In CA, a multi-carrier nature of a PHY may be exposed to a MAC. In an example, a HARQ entity may operate on a serving cell. A transport block may be generated per assignment/grant per serving cell. A transport block and potential HARQ retransmissions of the transport block may be mapped to a serving cell.

[0118] In the downlink, a base station may transmit (e.g., unicast, multicast, and/or broadcast) one or more Reference Signals (RSs) to a UE (e.g., PSS, SSS, CSI-RS, DMRS, and/or PT-RS, as shown in FIG. 5A). In the uplink, the UE may transmit one or more RSs to the base station (e.g., DMRS, PT-RS, and/or SRS, as shown in FIG. 5B). The PSS and the SSS may be transmitted by the base station and used by the UE to synchronize the UE to the base station. The PSS and the SSS may be provided in a synchronization signal (SS) I physical broadcast channel (PBCH) block that includes the PSS, the SSS, and the PBCH. The base station may periodically transmit a burst of SS/PBCH blocks.

[0119] FIG. 11A illustrates an example of an SS/PBCH block's structure and location. A burst of SS/PBCH blocks may include one or more SS/PBCH blocks (e.g., 4 SS/PBCH blocks, as shown in FIG. 11 A). Bursts may be transmitted periodically (e.g., every 2 frames or 20 ms). A burst may be restricted to a half-frame (e.g., a first half-frame having a duration of 5 ms). It will be understood that FIG. 11 A is an example, and that these parameters (number of SS/PBCH blocks per burst, periodicity of bursts, position of burst within the frame) may be configured based on, for example: a carrier frequency of a cell in which the SS/PBCH block is transmitted; a numerology or subcarrier spacing of the cell; a configuration by the network (e.g., using RRC signaling); or any other suitable factor. In an example, the UE may assume a subcarrier spacing for the SS/PBCH block based on the carrier frequency being monitored, unless the radio network configured the UE to assume a different subcarrier spacing.

[0120] The SS/PBCH block may span one or more OFDM symbols in the time domain (e.g., 4 OFDM symbols, as shown in the example of FIG. 11A) and may span one or more subcarriers in the frequency domain (e.g., 240 contiguous subcarriers). The PSS, the SSS, and the PBCH may have a common center frequency. The PSS may be transmitted first and may span, for example, 1 OFDM symbol and 127 subcarriers. The SSS may be transmitted after the PSS (e.g., two symbols later) and may span 1 OFDM symbol and 127 subcarriers. The PBCH may be transmitted after the PSS (e.g., across the next 3 OFDM symbols) and may span 240 subcarriers.

[0121] The location of the SS/PBCH block in the time and frequency domains may not be known to the UE (e.g., if the UE is searching for the cell). To find and select the cell, the UE may monitor a carrier for the PSS. For example, the UE may monitor a frequency location within the carrier. If the PSS is not found after a certain duration (e.g., 20 ms), the UE may search for the PSS at a different frequency location within the carrier, as indicated by a synchronization raster. If the PSS is found at a location in the time and frequency domains, the UE may determine, based on a known structure of the SS/PBCH block, the locations of the SSS and the PBCH, respectively. The SS/PBCH block may be a celldefining SS block (CD-SSB). In an example, a primary cell may be associated with a CD-SSB. The CD-SSB may be located on a synchronization raster. In an example, a cell selection/search and/or reselection may be based on the CD- SSB.

[0122] The SS/PBCH block may be used by the UE to determine one or more parameters of the cell. For example, the UE may determine a physical cell identifier (PCI) of the cell based on the sequences of the PSS and the SSS, respectively. The UE may determine a location of a frame boundary of the cell based on the location of the SS/PBCH block. For example, the SS/PBCH block may indicate that it has been transmitted in accordance with a transmission pattern, wherein a SS/PBCH block in the transmission pattern is a known distance from the frame boundary.

[0123] The PBCH may use a QPSK modulation and may use forward error correction (FEC). The FEC may use polar coding. One or more symbols spanned by the PBCH may carry one or more DMRSs for demodulation of the PBCH. The PBCH may include an indication of a current system frame number (SFN) of the cell and/or a SS/PBCH block timing index. These parameters may facilitate time synchronization of the UE to the base station. The PBCH may include a master information block (MIB) used to provide the UE with one or more parameters. The MIB may be used by the UE to locate remaining minimum system information (RMSI) associated with the cell. The RMSI may include a System Information Block Type 1 (SIB1). The SIB1 may contain information needed by the UE to access the cell. The UE may use one or more parameters of the MIB to monitor PDCCH, which may be used to schedule PDSCH. The PDSCH may include the SIB1. The SIB1 may be decoded using parameters provided in the MIB. The PBCH may indicate an absence of SIB1. Based on the PBCH indicating the absence of SIB1 , the UE may be pointed to a frequency. The UE may search for an SS/PBCH block at the frequency to which the UE is pointed.

[0124] The UE may assume that one or more SS/PBCH blocks transmitted with a same SS/PBCH block index are quasi co-located (QCLed) (e.g., having the same/similar Doppler spread, Doppler shift, average gain, average delay, and/or spatial Rx parameters). The UE may not assume QCL for SS/PBCH block transmissions having different SS/PBCH block indices.

[0125] SS/PBCH blocks (e.g., those within a half-frame) may be transmitted in spatial directions (e.g., using different beams that span a coverage area of the cell). In an example, a first SS/PBCH block may be transmitted in a first spatial direction using a first beam, and a second SS/PBCH block may be transmitted in a second spatial direction using a second beam. [0126] In an example, within a frequency span of a carrier, a base station may transmit a plurality of SS/PBC H blocks. In an example, a first PCI of a first SS/PBC H block of the plurality of SS/PBC H blocks may be different from a second PCI of a second SS/PBCH block of the plurality of SS/PBCH blocks. The PCIs of SS/PBCH blocks transmitted in different frequency locations may be different or the same.

[0127] The CSI-RS may be transmitted by the base station and used by the UE to acquire channel state information (CSI). The base station may configure the UE with one or more CSI-RSs for channel estimation or any other suitable purpose. The base station may configure a UE with one or more of the same/similar CSI-RSs. The UE may measure the one or more CSI-RSs. The UE may estimate a downlink channel state and/or generate a CSI report based on the measuring of the one or more downlink CSI-RSs. The UE may provide the CSI report to the base station. The base station may use feedback provided by the UE (e.g., the estimated downlink channel state) to perform link adaptation. [0128] The base station may semi-statically configure the UE with one or more CSI-RS resource sets. A CSI-RS resource may be associated with a location in the time and frequency domains and a periodicity. The base station may selectively activate and/or deactivate a CSI-RS resource. The base station may indicate to the UE that a CSI-RS resource in the CSI-RS resource set is activated and/or deactivated.

[0129] The base station may configure the UE to report CSI measurements. The base station may configure the UE to provide CSI reports periodically, aperiodically, or semi-persistently. For periodic CSI reporting, the UE maybe configured with a timing and/or periodicity of a plurality of CSI reports. For aperiodic CSI reporting, the base station may request a CSI report. For example, the base station may command the UE to measure a configured CSI-RS resource and provide a CSI report relating to the measurements. For semi-persistent CSI reporting, the base station may configure the UE to transmit periodically, and selectively activate or deactivate the periodic reporting. The base station may configure the UE with a CSI-RS resource set and CSI reports using RRC signaling.

[0130] The CSI-RS configuration may comprise one or more parameters indicating, for example, up to 32 antenna ports. The UE may be configured to employ the same OFDM symbols for a downlink CSI-RS and a control resource set (CORESET) when the downlink CSI-RS and CORESET are spatially QCLed and resource elements associated with the downlink CSI-RS are outside of the physical resource blocks (PRBs) configured for the CORESET. The UE may be configured to employ the same OFDM symbols for downlink CSI-RS and SS/PBCH blocks when the downlink CSI-RS and SS/PBCH blocks are spatially QCLed and resource elements associated with the downlink CSI-RS are outside of PRBs configured for the SS/PBCH blocks.

[0131] Downlink DMRSs may be transmitted by a base station and used by a UE for channel estimation. For example, the downlink DMRS may be used for coherent demodulation of one or more downlink physical channels (e.g., PDSCH). An NR network may support one or more variable and/or configurable DMRS patterns for data demodulation. At least one downlink DMRS configuration may support a front-loaded DMRS pattern. A front-loaded DMRS may be mapped over one or more OFDM symbols (e.g., one or two adjacent OFDM symbols). A base station may semi- statically configure the UE with a number (e.g. a maximum number) of front-loaded DMRS symbols for PDSCH. A DMRS configuration may support one or more DMRS ports. For example, for single user-MIMO, a DMRS configuration may support up to eight orthogonal downlink DMRS ports per UE. For multiuser-MI MO, a DMRS configuration may support up to 4 orthogonal downlink DMRS ports per UE. A radio network may support (e.g at least for CP-OFDM) a common DMRS structure for downlink and uplink, wherein a DMRS location, a DMRS pattern, and/or a scrambling sequence may be the same or different. The base station may transmit a downlink DMRS and a corresponding PDSCH using the same precoding matrix. The UE may use the one or more downlink DMRSs for coherent demodulation/channel estimation of the PDSCH.

[0132] In an example, a transmitter (e.g., a base station) may use a precoder matrices for a part of a transmission bandwidth. For example, the transmitter may use a first precoder matrix for a first bandwidth and a second precoder matrix for a second bandwidth. The first precoder matrix and the second precoder matrix may be different based on the first bandwidth being different from the second bandwidth. The UE may assume that a same precoding matrix is used across a set of PRBs. The set of PRBs may be denoted as a precoding resource block group (PRG).

[0133] A PDSCH may comprise one or more layers. The UE may assume that at least one symbol with DMRS is present on a layer of the one or more layers of the PDSCH. A higher layer may configure up to 3 DMRSs for the PDSCH.

[0134] Downlink PT-RS may be transmitted by a base station and used by a UE for phase-noise compensation. Whether a downlink PT-RS is present or not may depend on an RRC configuration. The presence and/or pattern of the downlink PT-RS may be configured on a UE-specific basis using a combination of RRC signaling and/or an association with one or more parameters employed for other purposes (e.g., modulation and coding scheme (MCS)), which may be indicated by DCI. When configured, a dynamic presence of a downlink PT-RS may be associated with one or more DCI parameters comprising at least MCS. An NR network may support a plurality of PT-RS densities defined in the time and/or frequency domains. When present, a frequency domain density may be associated with at least one configuration of a scheduled bandwidth. The UE may assume a same precoding for a DMRS port and a PT-RS port. A number of PT-RS ports may be fewer than a number of DMRS ports in a scheduled resource. Downlink PT-RS may be confined in the scheduled time/frequency duration for the UE. Downlink PT-RS may be transmitted on symbols to facilitate phase tracking at the receiver.

[0135] The UE may transmit an uplink DMRS to a base station for channel estimation. For example, the base station may use the uplink DMRS for coherent demodulation of one or more uplink physical channels. For example, the UE may transmit an uplink DMRS with a PUSCH and/or a PUCCH. The uplink DM-RS may span a range of frequencies that is similar to a range of frequencies associated with the corresponding physical channel. The base station may configure the UE with one or more uplink DMRS configurations. At least one DMRS configuration may support a front- loaded DMRS pattern. The front-loaded DMRS maybe mapped over one or more OFDM symbols (e.g., one or two adjacent OFDM symbols). One or more uplink DMRSs may be configured to transmit at one or more symbols of a PUSCH and/or a PUCCH. The base station may semi-statically configure the UE with a number (e.g. maximum number) of front-loaded DMRS symbols for the PUSCH and/or the PUCCH, which the UE may use to schedule a single-symbol DMRS and/or a double-symbol DMRS. An NR network may support (e.g., for cyclic prefix orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CP-OFDM)) a common DMRS structure for downlink and uplink, wherein a DMRS location, a DMRS pattern, and/or a scrambling sequence for the DMRS may be the same or different.

[0136] A PUSCH may comprise one or more layers, and the UE may transmit at least one symbol with DMRS present on a layer of the one or more layers of the PUSCH. In an example, a higher layer may configure up to three DMRSs forthe PUSCH.

[0137] Uplink PT-RS (which may be used by a base station for phase tracking and/or phase-noise compensation) may or may not be present depending on an RRC configuration of the UE. The presence and/or pattern of uplink PT- RS may be configured on a UE-specific basis by a combination of RRC signaling and/or one or more parameters employed for other purposes (e.g., Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS)), which may be indicated by DCI. When configured, a dynamic presence of uplink PT-RS may be associated with one or more DCI parameters comprising at least MCS. A radio network may support a plurality of uplink PT-RS densities defined in time/frequency domain. When present, a frequency domain density may be associated with at least one configuration of a scheduled bandwidth. The UE may assume a same precoding for a DMRS port and a PT-RS port. A number of PT-RS ports may be fewer than a number of DMRS ports in a scheduled resource. For example, uplink PT-RS may be confined in the scheduled time/frequency duration for the UE.

[0138] SRS may be transmitted by a UE to a base station for channel state estimation to support uplink channel dependent scheduling and/or link adaptation. SRS transmitted by the UE may allow a base station to estimate an uplink channel state at one or more frequencies. A scheduler at the base station may employ the estimated uplink channel state to assign one or more resource blocks for an uplink PUSCH transmission from the UE. The base station may semi-statically configure the UE with one or more SRS resource sets. For an SRS resource set, the base station may configure the UE with one or more SRS resources. An SRS resource set applicability may be configured by a higher layer (e.g., RRC) parameter. For example, when a higher layer parameter indicates beam management, an SRS resource in an SRS resource set of the one or more SRS resource sets (e.g., with the same/similar time domain behavior, periodic, aperiodic, and/or the like) may be transmitted at a time instant (e.g., simultaneously). The UE may transmit one or more SRS resources in SRS resource sets. An NR network may support aperiodic, periodic and/or semi-persistent SRS transmissions. The UE may transmit SRS resources based on one or more trigger types, wherein the one or more trigger types may comprise higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC) and/or one or more DCI formats. In an example, at least one DCI format may be employed for the UE to select at least one of one or more configured SRS resource sets. An SRS trigger type 0 may refer to an SRS triggered based on a higher layer signaling. An SRS trigger type 1 may refer to an SRS triggered based on one or more DCI formats. In an example, when PUSCH and SRS are transmitted in a same slot, the UE may be configured to transmit SRS after a transmission of a PUSCH and a corresponding uplink DMRS.

[0139] The base station may semi-statically configure the UE with one or more SRS configuration parameters indicating at least one of following: a SRS resource configuration identifier; a number of SRS ports; time domain behavior of an SRS resource configuration (e.g., an indication of periodic, semi-persistent, or aperiodic SRS); slot, mini- slot, and/or subframe level periodicity; offset for a periodic and/or an aperiodic SRS resource; a number of OFDM symbols in an SRS resource; a starting OFDM symbol of an SRS resource; an SRS bandwidth; a frequency hopping bandwidth; a cyclic shift; and/or an SRS sequence ID.

[0140] An antenna port is defined such that the channel over which a symbol on the antenna port is conveyed can be inferred from the channel over which another symbol on the same antenna port is conveyed. If a first symbol and a second symbol are transmitted on the same antenna port, the receiver may infer the channel (e.g., fading gain, multipath delay, and/or the like) for conveying the second symbol on the antenna port, from the channel for conveying the first symbol on the antenna port. A first antenna port and a second antenna port may be referred to as quasi colocated (QCLed) if one or more large-scale properties of the channel over which a first symbol on the first antenna port is conveyed may be inferred from the channel over which a second symbol on a second antenna port is conveyed. The one or more large-scale properties may comprise at least one of: a delay spread; a Doppler spread; a Doppler shift; an average gain; an average delay; and/or spatial Receiving (Rx) parameters.

[0141] Channels that use beamforming require beam management. Beam management may comprise beam measurement, beam selection, and beam indication. A beam may be associated with one or more reference signals. For example, a beam may be identified by one or more beamformed reference signals. The UE may perform downlink beam measurement based on downlink reference signals (e.g., a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS)) and generate a beam measurement report. The UE may perform the downlink beam measurement procedure after an RRC connection is set up with a base station.

[0142] FIG. 11B illustrates an example of channel state information reference signals (CSI-RSs) that are mapped in the time and frequency domains. A square shown in FIG. 11 B may span a resource block (RB) within a bandwidth of a cell. A base station may transmit one or more RRC messages comprising CSI-RS resource configuration parameters indicating one or more CSI-RSs. One or more of the following parameters may be configured by higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC and/or MAC signaling) for a CSI-RS resource configuration: a CSI-RS resource configuration identity, a number of CSI-RS ports, a CSI-RS configuration (e.g., symbol and resource element (RE) locations in a subframe), a CSI-RS subframe configuration (e.g., subframe location, offset, and periodicity in a radio frame), a CSI-RS power parameter, a CSI-RS sequence parameter, a code division multiplexing (CDM) type parameter, a frequency density, a transmission comb, quasi co-location (QCL) parameters (e.g., QCL-scramblingidentity, crs-portscount, mbsfn- subframeconfiglist, csi-rs-configZPid, qcl-csi-rs-configNZPid), and/or other radio resource parameters.

[0143] The three beams illustrated in FIG. 11 B may be configured fora UE in a UE-specific configuration. Three beams are illustrated in FIG. 11 B (beam #1 , beam #2, and beam #3), more or fewer beams may be configured. Beam #1 may be allocated with CSI-RS 1101 that may be transmitted in one or more subcarriers in an RB of a first symbol. Beam #2 may be allocated with CSI-RS 1102 that may be transmitted in one or more subcarriers in an RB of a second symbol. Beam #3 may be allocated with CSI-RS 1103 that may be transmitted in one or more subcarriers in an RB of a third symbol. By using frequency division multiplexing (FDM), a base station may use other subcarriers in a same RB (for example, those that are not used to transmit CSI-RS 1101) to transmit another CSI-RS associated with a beam for another U E . By using time domain multiplexing (TDM), beams used for the UE may be configured such that beams for the UE use symbols from beams of other UEs.

[0144] CSI-RSs such as those illustrated in FIG. 11 B (e.g., CSI-RS 1101, 1102, 1103) may be transmitted by the base station and used by the UE for one or more measurements. For example, the UE may measure a reference signal received power (RSRP) of configured CSI-RS resources. The base station may configure the UE with a reporting configuration and the UE may report the RSRP measurements to a network (for example, via one or more base stations) based on the reporting configuration. In an example, the base station may determine, based on the reported measurement results, one or more transmission configuration indication (TCI) states comprising a number of reference signals. In an example, the base station may indicate one or more TCI states to the UE (e.g., via RRC signaling, a MAC CE, and/or a DCI). The UE may receive a downlink transmission with a receive (Rx) beam determined based on the one or more TCI states. In an example, the UE may or may not have a capability of beam correspondence. If the UE has the capability of beam correspondence, the UE may determine a spatial domain filter of a transmit (Tx) beam based on a spatial domain filter of the corresponding Rx beam. If the UE does not have the capability of beam correspondence, the UE may perform an uplink beam selection procedure to determine the spatial domain filter of the Tx beam. The UE may perform the uplink beam selection procedure based on one or more sounding reference signal (SRS) resources configured to the UE by the base station. The base station may select and indicate uplink beams for the UE based on measurements of the one or more SRS resources transmitted by the UE.

[0145] In a beam management procedure, a UE may assess (e.g., measure) a channel quality of one or more beam pair links, a beam pair link comprising a transmitting beam transmitted by a base station and a receiving beam received by the UE. Based on the assessment, the UE may transmit a beam measurement report indicating one or more beam pair quality parameters comprising, e.g., one or more beam identifications (e.g , a beam index, a reference signal index, or the like), RSRP, a precoding matrix indicator (PMI), a channel quality indicator (CQI), and/or a rank indicator (Rl). [0146] FIG. 12A illustrates examples of three downlink beam management procedures: P1 , P2, and P3. Procedure P1 may enable a UE measurement on transmit (Tx) beams of a transmission reception point (TRP) (or multiple TRPs), e.g., to support a selection of one or more base station Tx beams and/or UE Rx beams (shown as ovals in the top row and bottom row, respectively, of P1 ). Beamforming at a TRP may comprise a Tx beam sweep for a set of beams (shown, in the top rows of P1 and P2, as ovals rotated in a counter-clockwise direction indicated by the dashed arrow). Beamforming at a UE may comprise an Rx beam sweep for a set of beams (shown, in the bottom rows of P1 and P3, as ovals rotated in a clockwise direction indicated by the dashed arrow). Procedure P2 may be used to enable a UE measurement on Tx beams of a TRP (shown, in the top row of P2, as ovals rotated in a counter-clockwise direction indicated by the dashed arrow). The UE and/or the base station may perform procedure P2 using a smaller set of beams than is used in procedure P1 , or using narrower beams than the beams used in procedure P1. This may be referred to as beam refinement. The UE may perform procedure P3 for Rx beam determination by using the same Tx beam at the base station and sweeping an Rx beam at the UE. [0147] FIG. 12B illustrates examples of three uplink beam management procedures: U 1 , U2, and U3. Procedure U1 may be used to enable a base station to perform a measurement on Tx beams of a UE, e.g., to support a selection of one or more UE Tx beams and/or base station Rx beams (shown as ovals in the top row and bottom row, respectively, of U1). Beamforming at the UE may include, e.g., a Tx beam sweep from a set of beams (shown in the bottom rows of U1 and U3 as ovals rotated in a clockwise direction indicated by the dashed arrow). Beamforming at the base station may include, e.g., an Rx beam sweep from a set of beams (shown, in the top rows of U1 and U2, as ovals rotated in a counter-clockwise direction indicated by the dashed arrow). Procedure U2 may be used to enable the base station to adjust its Rx beam when the UE uses a fixed Tx beam. The UE and/or the base station may perform procedure U2 using a smaller set of beams than is used in procedure P1 , or using narrower beams than the beams used in procedure P1. This may be referred to as beam refinement The UE may perform procedure U3 to adjust its Tx beam when the base station uses a fixed Rx beam.

[0148] A UE may initiate a beam failure recovery (BFR) procedure based on detecting a beam failure. The UE may transmit a BFR request (e.g., a preamble, a UCI, an SR, a MAC CE, and/or the like) based on the initiating of the BFR procedure. The UE may detect the beam failure based on a determination that a quality of beam pair link(s) of an associated control channel is unsatisfactory (e.g., having an error rate higher than an error rate threshold, a received signal power lower than a received signal power threshold, an expiration of a timer, and/or the like).

[0149] The UE may measure a quality of a beam pair link using one or more reference signals (RSs) comprising one or more SS/PBCH blocks, one or more CSI-RS resources, and/or one or more demodulation reference signals (DMRSs). A quality of the beam pair link may be based on one or more of a block error rate (BLER), an RSRP value, a signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) value, a reference signal received quality (RSRQ) value, and/or a CSI value measured on RS resources. The base station may indicate that an RS resource is quasi co-located (QCLed) with one or more DM-RSs of a channel (e.g., a control channel, a shared data channel, and/or the like). The RS resource and the one or more DMRSs of the channel may be QCLed when the channel characteristics (e.g., Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, delay spread, spatial Rx parameter, fading, and/or the like) from a transmission via the RS resource to the UE are similar or the same as the channel characteristics from a transmission via the channel to the UE.

[0150] A network (e.g., a gNB and/or an ng-eNB of a network) and/or the UE may initiate a random access procedure. A UE in an RRC_I DUE state and/or an RRCJNACTIVE state may initiate the random access procedure to request a connection setup to a network. The UE may initiate the random access procedure from an RRC_CONNECTED state. The UE may initiate the random access procedure to request uplink resources (e.g., for uplink transmission of an SR when there is no PUCCH resource available) and/or acquire uplink timing (e.g., when uplink synchronization status is non-synchronized). The UE may initiate the random access procedure to request one or more system information blocks (SIBs) (e.g., other system information such as SIB2, SIB3, and/or the like). The UE may initiate the random access procedure for a beam failure recovery request. A network may initiate a random access procedure for a handover and/or for establishing time alignment for an SCell addition. [0151] FIG. 13A illustrates a four-step contention-based random access procedure. Prior to initiation of the procedure, a base station may transmit a configuration message 1310 to the UE. The procedure illustrated in FIG. 13A comprises transmission of four messages: a Msg 1 1311, a Msg 2 1312, a Msg 31313, and a Msg 4 1314. The Msg 1 1311 may include and/or be referred to as a preamble (or a random access preamble). The Msg 2 1312 may include and/or be referred to as a random access response (RAR).

[0152] The configuration message 1310 may be transmitted, for example, using one or more RRC messages. The one or more RRC messages may indicate one or more random access channel (RACH) parameters to the UE. The one or more RACH parameters may comprise at least one of following: general parameters for one or more random access procedures (e.g., RACH-configGeneral); cell-specific parameters (e.g., RACH-ConfigCommon); and/or dedicated parameters (e.g., RACH-configDedicated). The base station may broadcastor multicast the one or more RRC messages to one or more UEs. The one or more RRC messages may be UE-specific (e.g., dedicated RRC messages transmitted to a UE in an RRC_CONNECTED state and/or in an RRC_I NACTIVE state) The UE may determine, based on the one or more RACH parameters, a time-frequency resource and/or an uplink transmit power for transmission of the Msg 1 1311 and/or the Msg 31313. Based on the one or more RACH parameters, the UE may determine a reception timing and a downlink channel for receiving the Msg 21312 and the Msg 4 1314.

[0153] The one or more RACH parameters provided in the configuration message 1310 may indicate one or more Physical RACH (PRACH) occasions available for transmission of the Msg 1 1311. The one or more PRACH occasions may be predefined. The one or more RACH parameters may indicate one or more available sets of one or more PRACH occasions (e.g., prach-Configlndex). The one or more RACH parameters may indicate an association between (a) one or more PRACH occasions and (b) one or more reference signals. The one or more RACH parameters may indicate an association between (a) one or more preambles and (b) one or more reference signals. The one or more reference signals may be SS/PBCH blocks and/or CSI-RSs. For example, the one or more RACH parameters may indicate a number of SS/PBCH blocks mapped to a PRACH occasion and/or a number of preambles mapped to a SS/PBCH blocks.

[0154] The one or more RACH parameters provided in the configuration message 1310 may be used to determine an uplink transmit power of Msg 1 1311 and/or Msg 3 1313. For example, the one or more RACH parameters may indicate a reference power for a preamble transmission (e.g., a received target power and/or an initial power of the preamble transmission). There may be one or more power offsets indicated by the one or more RACH parameters. For example, the one or more RACH parameters may indicate: a power ramping step; a power offset between SSB and CSI-RS; a power offset between transmissions of the Msg 1 1311 and the Msg 3 1313; and/or a power offset value between preamble groups. The one or more RACH parameters may indicate one or more thresholds based on which the UE may determine at least one reference signal (e.g., an SSB and/or CSI-RS) and/or an uplink carrier (e.g., a normal uplink (NUL) carrier and/or a supplemental uplink (SUL) carrier).

[0155] The Msg 1 1311 may include one or more preamble transmissions (e.g., a preamble transmission and one or more preamble retransmissions). An RRC message may be used to configure one or more preamble groups (e.g., group A and/or group B). A preamble group may comprise one or more preambles. The UE may determine the preamble group based on a pathloss measurement and/or a size of the Msg 31313. The UE may measure an RSRP of one or more reference signals (e.g., SSBs and/or CSI-RSs) and determine at least one reference signal having an RSRP above an RSRP threshold (e.g., rsrp-ThresholdSSB and/or rsrp-ThresholdCSI-RS). The UE may select at least one preamble associated with the one or more reference signals and/or a selected preamble group, for example, if the association between the one or more preambles and the at least one reference signal is configured by an RRC message.

[0156] The UE may determine the preamble based on the one or more RACH parameters provided in the configuration message 1310. For example, the UE may determine the preamble based on a pathloss measurement, an RSRP measurement, and/or a size of the Msg 3 1313. As another example, the one or more RACH parameters may indicate: a preamble format; a maximum number of preamble transmissions; and/or one or more thresholds for determining one or more preamble groups (e g., group A and group B). A base station may use the one or more RACH parameters to configure the UE with an association between one or more preambles and one or more reference signals (e.g., SSBs and/or CSI-RSs). If the association is configured, the UE may determine the preamble to include in Msg 1 1311 based on the association. The Msg 1 1311 may be transmitted to the base station via one or more PRACH occasions. The UE may use one or more reference signals (e.g., SSBs and/or CSI-RSs) for selection of the preamble and for determining of the PRACH occasion. One or more RACH parameters (e.g., ra-ssb-OccasionMsklndex and/or ra-OccasionList) may indicate an association between the PRACH occasions and the one or more reference signals. [0157] The UE may perform a preamble retransmission if no response is received following a preamble transmission. The UE may increase an uplink transmit power for the preamble retransmission. The UE may select an initial preamble transmit power based on a pathloss measurement and/or a target received preamble power configured by the network. The UE may determine to retransmit a preamble and may ramp up the uplink transmit power. The UE may receive one or more RACH parameters (e.g., PREAMBLE_POWER_RAMPING_STEP) indicating a ramping step for the preamble retransmission. The ramping step may be an amount of incremental increase in uplink transmit power for a retransmission. The UE may ramp up the uplink transmit power if the UE determines a reference signal (e.g., SSB and/or CSI-RS) that is the same as a previous preamble transmission. The UE may count a number of preamble transmissions and/or retransmissions (e.g., PREAMBLE_TRANSMISSION_COUNTER). The UE may determine that a random access procedure completed unsuccessfully, for example, if the number of preamble transmissions exceeds a threshold configured by the one or more RACH parameters (e.g., preambleTransMax).

[0158] The Msg 2 1312 received by the UE may include an RAR. In some scenarios, the Msg 2 1312 may include multiple RARs corresponding to multiple UEs. The Msg 2 1312 may be received after or in response to the transmitting of the Msg 1 1311. The Msg 2 1312 may be scheduled on the DL-SCH and indicated on a PDCCH using a random access RNTI (RA-RNTI). The Msg 2 1312 may indicate that the Msg 1 1311 was received by the base station. The Msg 2 1312 may include a time-alignment command that may be used by the UE to adjust the UE’s transmission timing, a scheduling grant for transmission of the Msg 31313, and/or a Temporary Cell RNTI (TC-RNTI). After transmitting a preamble, the UE may start a time window (e.g., ra-ResponseWindow) to monitor a PDCCH for the Msg 2 1312. The UE may determine when to start the time window based on a PRACH occasion that the UE uses to transmit the preamble. For example, the UE may start the time window one or more symbols after a last symbol of the preamble (e.g., at a first PDCCH occasion from an end of a preamble transmission). The one or more symbols may be determined based on a numerology. The PDCCH may be in a common search space (e.g., a Typel -PDCCH common search space) configured by an RRC message. The UE may identify the RAR based on a Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI). RNTIs may be used depending on one or more events initiating the random access procedure. The UE may use random access RNTI (RA-RNTI). The RA-RNTI may be associated with PRACH occasions in which the UE transmits a preamble. For example, the UE may determine the RA-RNTI based on: an OFDM symbol index; a slot index; a frequency domain index; and/or a UL carrier indicator of the PRACH occasions. An example of RA-RNTI may be as follows:

RA-RNTI= 1 + sjd + 14 x t_id + 14 x 80 * fjd + 14 x 80 x 8 x ul_carrier_id where s_id may be an index of a first OFDM symbol of the PRACH occasion (e.g., 0 < sjd < 14), tjd may be an index of a first slot of the PRACH occasion in a system frame (e.g., 0 < tjd < 80), f_id may be an index of the PRACH occasion in the frequency domain (e.g., 0 < f_id < 8), and ul_carrierjd may be a UL carrier used for a preamble transmission (e.g., 0 for an NUL carrier, and 1 for an SUL carrier).

[0159] The UE may transmit the Msg 3 1313 in response to a successful reception of the Msg 2 1312 (e.g., using resources identified in the Msg 2 1312). The Msg 3 1313 may be used for contention resolution in, for example, the contention-based random access procedure illustrated in FIG. 13A. In some scenarios, a plurality of UEs may transmit a same preamble to a base station and the base station may provide an RAR that corresponds to a UE. Collisions may occur if the plurality of UEs interpret the RAR as corresponding to themselves Contention resolution (e.g., using the Msg 3 1313 and the Msg 4 1314) may be used to increase the likelihood that the UE does not incorrectly use an identity of another the UE. To perform contention resolution, the UE may include a device identifier in the Msg 3 1313 (e.g., a C-RNTI if assigned, a TC-RNTI included in the Msg 2 1312, and/or any other suitable identifier).

[0160] The Msg 4 1314 may be received after or in response to the transmitting of the Msg 3 1313. If a C-RNTI was included in the Msg 3 1313, the base station will address the UE on the PDCCH using the C-RNTI. If the UE's unique C-RNTI is detected on the PDCCH, the random access procedure is determined to be successfully completed. If a TC-RNTI is included in the Msg 3 1313 (e.g., if the UE is in an RRC_I DLE state or not otherwise connected to the base station), Msg 4 1314 will be received using a DL-SCH associated with the TC-RNTI. If a MAC PDU is successfully decoded and a MAC PDU comprises the UE contention resolution identity MAC CE that matches or otherwise corresponds with the CCCH SDU sent (e.g., transmitted) in Msg 3 1313, the UE may determine that the contention resolution is successful and/or the UE may determine that the random access procedure is successfully completed. [0161] The UE may be configured with a supplementary uplink (SUL) carrier and a normal uplink (NUL) carrier. An initial access (e.g., random access procedure) may be supported in an uplink carrier. For example, a base station may configure the UE with two separate RACH configurations: one for an SUL carrier and the other for an NUL carrier. For random access in a cell configured with an SUL carrier, the network may indicate which carrier to use (NUL or SUL). The UE may determine the SUL carrier, for example, if a measured quality of one or more reference signals is lower than a broadcast threshold. Uplink transmissions of the random access procedure (e.g., the Msg 1 1311 and/or the Msg 3 1313) may remain on the selected carrier. The UE may switch an uplink carrier during the random access procedure (e.g., between the Msg 1 1311 and the Msg 3 1313) in one or more cases. For example, the UE may determine and/or switch an uplink carrier for the Msg 1 1311 and/or the Msg 3 1313 based on a channel clear assessment (e.g., a listen- before-talk).

[0162] FIG. 13B illustrates a two-step contention-free random access procedure. Similar to the four-step contentionbased random access procedure illustrated in FIG. 13A, a base station may, prior to initiation of the procedure, transmit a configuration message 1320 to the UE. The configuration message 1320 may be analogous in some respects to the configuration message 1310. The procedure illustrated in FIG. 13B comprises transmission of two messages: a Msg 1 1321 and a Msg 2 1322. The Msg 1 1321 and the Msg 2 1322 may be analogous in some respects to the Msg 1 1311 and a Msg 2 1312 illustrated in FIG. 13A, respectively. As will be understood from FIGS. 13A and 13B, the contention- free random access procedure may not include messages analogous to the Msg 3 1313 and/or the Msg 4 1314. [0163] The contention-free random access procedure illustrated in FIG. 13B may be initiated for a beam failure recovery, other SI request, SCell addition, and/or handover. For example, a base station may indicate or assign to the UE the preamble to be used for the Msg 1 1321. The UE may receive, from the base station via PDCCH and/or RRC, an indication of a preamble (e.g., ra-Preamblelndex).

[0164] After transmitting a preamble, the UE may start a time window (e.g., ra-ResponseWindow) to monitor a PDCCH for the RAR. In the event of a beam failure recovery request, the base station may configure the UE with a separate time window and/or a separate PDCCH in a search space indicated by an RRC message (e.g., recoverySearchSpaceld). The UE may monitor for a PDCCH transmission addressed to a Cell RNTI (C-RNTI) on the search space. In the contention-free random access procedure illustrated in FIG. 13B, the UE may determine that a random access procedure successfully completes after or in response to transmission of Msg 1 1321 and reception of a corresponding Msg 2 1322. The UE may determine that a random access procedure successfully completes, for example, if a PDCCH transmission is addressed to a C-RNTI. The UE may determine that a random access procedure successfully completes, for example, if the UE receives an RAR comprising a preamble identifier corresponding to a preamble transmitted by the UE and/or the RAR comprises a MAC sub-PDU with the preamble identifier. The UE may determine the response as an indication of an acknowledgement for an SI request.

[0165] FIG. 13C illustrates another two-step random access procedure. Similar to the random access procedures illustrated in FIGS. 13Aand 13B, a base station may, prior to initiation of the procedure, transmit a configuration message 1330 to the UE. The configuration message 1330 maybe analogous in some respects to the configuration message 1310 and/or the configuration message 1320. The procedure illustrated in FIG. 13C comprises transmission of two messages: a Msg A 1331 and a Msg B 1332. [0166] Msg A 1331 may be transmitted in an uplink transmission by the UE. Msg A 1331 may comprise one or more transmissions of a preamble 1341 and/or one or more transmissions of a transport block 1342. The transport block 1342 may comprise contents that are similar and/or equivalent to the contents of the Msg 3 1313 illustrated in FIG. 13A. The transport block 1342 may comprise UCI (e.g., an SR, a HARQ ACK/NACK, and/or the like). The UE may receive the Msg B 1332 after or in response to transmitting the Msg A 1331. The Msg B 1332 may comprise contents that are similar and/or equivalent to the contents of the Msg 2 1312 (e.g., an RAR) illustrated in FIGS. 13A and 13B and/or the Msg 4 1314 illustrated in FIG. 13A.

[0167] The UE may initiate the two-step random access procedure in FIG. 13C for licensed spectrum and/or unlicensed spectrum. The UE may determine, based on one or more factors, whether to initiate the two-step random access procedure. The one or more factors may be: a radio access technology in use (e.g., LTE, NR, and/or the like); whether the UE has valid TA or not; a cell size; the UE’s RRC state; a type of spectrum (e.g., licensed vs. unlicensed); and/or any other suitable factors.

[0168] The UE may determine, based on two-step RACH parameters included in the configuration message 1330, a radio resource and/or an uplink transmit power for the preamble 1341 and/or the transport block 1342 included in the Msg A 1331. The RACH parameters may indicate a modulation and coding schemes (MCS), a time-frequency resource, and/or a power control for the preamble 1341 and/or the transport block 1342. A time-frequency resource for transmission of the preamble 1341 (e.g., a PRACH) and a time-frequency resource for transmission of the transport block 1342 (e.g., a PUSCH) may be multiplexed using FDM, TDM, and/or CDM. The RACH parameters may enable the UE to determine a reception timing and a downlink channel for monitoring for and/or receiving Msg B 1332.

[0169] The transport block 1342 may comprise data (e.g., delay-sensitive data), an identifier of the UE, security information, and/or device information (e.g , an International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)). The base station may transmit the Msg B 1332 as a response to the Msg A 1331 . The Msg B 1332 may comprise at least one of following: a preamble identifier; a timing advance command; a power control command; an uplink grant (e.g., a radio resource assignment and/or an MCS); a UE identifier for contention resolution; and/or an RNTI (e.g., a C-RNTI or a TC-RNTI). The UE may determine that the two-step random access procedure is successfully completed if: a preamble identifier in the Msg B 1332 is matched to a preamble transmitted by the UE; and/or the identifier of the UE in Msg B 1332 is matched to the identifier of the UE in the Msg A 1331 (e.g., the transport block 1342).

[0170] A UE and a base station may exchange control signaling. The control signaling may be referred to as L1/L2 control signaling and may originate from the PHY layer (e.g., layer 1) and/or the MAC layer (e.g., layer 2). The control signaling may comprise downlink control signaling transmitted from the base station to the UE and/or uplink control signaling transmitted from the UE to the base station.

[0171] The downlink control signaling may comprise: a downlink scheduling assignment; an uplink scheduling grant indicating uplink radio resources and/or a transport format; a slot format information; a preemption indication; a power control command; and/or any other suitable signaling. The UE may receive the downlink control signaling in a payload transmitted by the base station on a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH). The payload transmitted on the PDCCH may be referred to as downlink control information (DCI) . In some scenarios, the PDCCH may be a group common PDCCH (GC-PDCCH) that is common to a group of UEs.

[0172] A base station may attach one or more cyclic redundancy check (CRC) parity bits to a DCI in order to facilitate detection of transmission errors. When the DCI is intended for a UE (or a group of the UEs), the base station may scramble the CRC parity bits with an identifier of the UE (or an identifier of the group of the UEs). Scrambling the CRC parity bits with the identifier may comprise Modulo-2 addition (or an exclusive OR operation) of the identifier value and the CRC parity bits. The identifier may comprise a 16-bit value of a radio network temporary identifier (RNTI).

[0173] DCIs may be used for different purposes. A purpose may be indicated by the type of RNTI used to scramble the CRC parity bits. For example, a DCI having CRC parity bits scrambled with a paging RNTI (P-RNTI) may indicate paging information and/or a system information change notification. The P-RNTI may be predefined as "FFFE” in hexadecimal. A DCI having CRC parity bits scrambled with a system information RNTI (SI-RNTI) may indicate a broadcast transmission of the system information. The SI-RNTI may be predefined as “FFFF” in hexadecimal. A DCI having CRC parity bits scrambled with a random access RNTI (RA-RNTI) may indicate a random access response (RAR). A DCI having CRC parity bits scrambled with a cell RNTI (C-RNTI) may indicate a dynamically scheduled unicast transmission and/or a triggering of PDCCH-ordered random access. A DCI having CRC parity bits scrambled with a temporary cell RNTI (TC-RNTI) may indicate a contention resolution (e.g., a Msg 3 analogous to the Msg 3 1313 illustrated in FIG. 13A). Other RNTIs configured to the UE by a base station may comprise a Configured Scheduling RNTI (CS-RNTI), a Transmit Power Control-PUCCH RNTI (TPC-PUCCH-RNTI), a Transmit Power Control-PUSCH RNTI (TPC-PUSCH-RNTI), a Transmit Power Control-SRS RNTI (TPC-SRS-RNTI), an Interruption RNTI (INT-RNTI), a Slot Format Indication RNTI (SFI-RNTI), a Semi-Persistent CSI RNTI (SP-CSI-RNTI), a Modulation and Coding Scheme Cell RNTI (MCS-C-RNTI), and/or the like.

[0174] Depending on the purpose and/or content of a DCI, the base station may transmit the DCIs with one or more DCI formats. For example, DCI format 0_0 may be used for scheduling of PUSCH in a cell. DCI format 0_0 may be a fallback DCI format (e.g., with compact DCI payloads). DCI format 0 J may be used for scheduling of PUSCH in a cell (e.g., with more DCI payloads than DCI format 0_0). DCI format 1_0 may be used for scheduling of PDSCH in a cell. DCI format 1_0 may be a fallback DCI format (e.g., with compact DCI payloads). DCI format 1_1 may be used for scheduling of PDSCH in a cell (e.g., with more DCI payloads than DCI format 1_0). DCI format 2_0 may be used for providing a slot format indication to a group of UEs. DCI format 2_1 may be used for notifying a group of UEs of a physical resource block and/or OFDM symbol where the UE may assume no transmission is intended to the UE. DCI format 2_2 may be used for transmission of a transmit power control (TPC) command for PUCCH or PUSCH. DCI format 2_3 may be used for transmission of a group of TPC commands for SRS transmissions by one or more UEs. DCI format(s) for new functions may be defined in future releases. DCI formats may have different DCI sizes, or may share the same DCI size.

[0175] After scrambling a DCI with a RNTI, the base station may process the DCI with channel coding (e.g., polar coding), rate matching, scrambling and/or QPSK modulation. A base station may map the coded and modulated DCI on resource elements used and/or configured for a PDCCH. Based on a payload size of the DCI and/or a coverage of the base station, the base station may transmit the DCI via a PDCCH occupying a number of contiguous control channel elements (CCEs). The number of the contiguous CCEs (referred to as aggregation level) may be 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and/or any other suitable number. A CCE may comprise a number (e.g., 6) of resource-element groups (REGs). A REG may comprise a resource block in an OFDM symbol. The mapping of the coded and modulated DCI on the resource elements may be based on mapping of CCEs and REGs (e.g., CCE-to-REG mapping).

[0176] FIG. 14A illustrates an example of CORESET configurations for a bandwidth part. The base station may transmit a DCI via a PDCCH on one or more control resource sets (CORESETs). A CORESET may comprise a timefrequency resource in which the UE tries to decode a DCI using one or more search spaces. The base station may configure a CORESET in the time-frequency domain. In the example of FIG. 14A, a first CORESET 1401 and a second CORESET 1402 occur at the first symbol in a slot. The first CORESET 1401 overlaps with the second CORESET 1402 in the frequency domain. A third CORESET 1403 occurs ata third symbol in the slot. A fourth CORESET 1404 occurs at the seventh symbol in the slot. CORESETs may have a different number of resource blocks in frequency domain. [0177] FIG. 14B illustrates an example of a CCE-to-REG mapping for DCI transmission on a CORESET and PDCCH processing. The CCE-to-REG mapping may be an interleaved mapping (e.g., for the purpose of providing frequency diversity) or a non-interleaved mapping (e.g., for the purposes of facilitating interference coordination and/or frequency- selective transmission of control channels). The base station may perform different or same CCE-to-REG mapping on different CORESETs. A CORESET may be associated with a CCE-to-REG mapping by RRC configuration. A CORESET may be configured with an antenna port quasi co-location (QCL) parameter. The antenna port QCL parameter may indicate QCL information of a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) for PDCCH reception in the CORESET.

[0178] The base station may transmit, to the UE, RRC messages comprising configuration parameters of one or more CORESETs and one or more search space sets. The configuration parameters may indicate an association between a search space set and a CORESET. A search space set may comprise a set of PDCCH candidates formed by CCEs at a given aggregation level. The configuration parameters may indicate: a number of PDCCH candidates to be monitored per aggregation level; a PDCCH monitoring periodicity and a PDCCH monitoring pattern; one or more DCI formats to be monitored by the UE; and/or whether a search space set is a common search space set or a UE- specific search space set. A set of CCEs in the common search space set may be predefined and known to the UE. A set of CCEs in the UE-specific search space set may be configured based on the UE’s identity (e.g., C-RNTI).

[0179] As shown in FIG 14B, the UE may determine a time-frequency resource fora CORESET based on RRC messages. The UE may determine a CCE-to-REG mapping (e.g., interleaved or non-interleaved, and/or mapping parameters) for the CORESET based on configuration parameters of the CORESET. The UE may determine a number (e.g., at most 10) of search space sets configured on the CORESET based on the RRC messages. The UE may monitor a set of PDCCH candidates according to configuration parameters of a search space set. The UE may monitor a set of PDCCH candidates in one or more CORESETs for detecting one or more DCIs. Monitoring may comprise decoding one or more PDCCH candidates of the set of the PDCCH candidates according to the monitored DCI formats. Monitoring may comprise decoding a DCI content of one or more PDCCH candidates with possible (or configured) PDCCH locations, possible (or configured) PDCCH formats (e.g , number of CCEs, number of PDCCH candidates in common search spaces, and/or number of PDCCH candidates in the UE-specific search spaces) and possible (or configured) DCI formats. The decoding may be referred to as blind decoding. The UE may determine a DCI as valid for the UE, in response to CRC checking (e.g., scrambled bits for CRC parity bits of the DCI matching a RNTI value). The UE may process information contained in the DCI (e.g., a scheduling assignment, an uplink grant, power control, a slot format indication, a downlink preemption, and/or the like).

[0180] The UE may transmit uplink control signaling (e.g., uplink control information (UCI)) to a base station. The uplink control signaling may comprise hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) acknowledgements for received DL- SCH transport blocks. The UE may transmit the HARQ acknowledgements after receiving a DL-SCH transport block. Uplink control signaling may comprise channel state information (CSI) indicating channel quality of a physical downlink channel. The UE may transmit the CSI to the base station. The base station, based on the received CSI, may determine transmission format parameters (e.g., comprising multi-antenna and beamforming schemes) for a downlink transmission. Uplink control signaling may comprise scheduling requests (SR). The UE may transmit an SR indicating that uplink data is available for transmission to the base station. The UE may transmit a UCI (e.g., HARQ acknowledgements (HARQ-ACK), CSI report, SR, and the like) via a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) or a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH). The UE may transmit the uplink control signaling via a PUCCH using one of several PUCCH formats.

[0181] There may be five PUCCH formats and the UE may determine a PUCCH format based on a size of the UCI (e g., a number of uplink symbols of UCI transmission and a number of UCI bits). PUCCH format 0 may have a length of one or two OFDM symbols and may include two or fewer bits. The UE may transmit UCI in a PUCCH resource using PUCCH format 0 if the transmission is over one or two symbols and the number of HARQ-ACK information bits with positive or negative SR (HARQ-ACK/SR bits) is one or two. PUCCH format 1 may occupy a number between four and fourteen OFDM symbols and may include two or fewer bits. The UE may use PUCCH format 1 if the transmission is four or more symbols and the number of HARQ-ACK/SR bits is one or two. PUCCH format 2 may occupy one or two OFDM symbols and may include more than two bits. The UE may use PUCCH format 2 if the transmission is over one or two symbols and the number of UCI bits is two or more. PUCCH format 3 may occupy a number between four and fourteen OFDM symbols and may include more than two bits. The UE may use PUCCH format 3 if the transmission is four or more symbols, the number of UCI bits is two or more and PUCCH resource does not include an orthogonal cover code. PUCCH format 4 may occupy a number between four and fourteen OFDM symbols and may include more than two bits. The UE may use PUCCH format 4 if the transmission is four or more symbols, the number of UCI bits is two or more and the PUCCH resource includes an orthogonal cover code.

[0182] The base station may transmit configuration parameters to the UE for a plurality of PUCCH resource sets using, for example, an RRC message. The plurality of PUCCH resource sets (e.g., up to four sets) may be configured on an uplink BWP of a cell. A PUCCH resource set may be configured with a PUCCH resource set index, a plurality of PUCCH resources with a PUCCH resource being identified by a PUCCH resource identifier (e.g. , pucch-Resou rceid) , and/or a number (e.g a maximum number) of UCI information bits the UE may transmit using one of the plurality of PUCCH resources in the PUCCH resource set. When configured with a plurality of PUCCH resource sets, the UE may select one of the plurality of PUCCH resource sets based on a total bit length of the UCI information bits (e.g., HARQ- ACK, SR, and/or CSI). If the total bit length of UCI information bits is two or fewer, the UE may select a first PUCCH resource set having a PUCCH resource set index equal to “0”. If the total bit length of UCI information bits is greater than two and less than or equal to a first configured value, the UE may select a second PUCCH resource set having a PUCCH resource set index equal to "1”. If the total bit length of UCI information bits is greater than the first configured value and less than or equal to a second configured value, the UE may select a third PUCCH resource set having a PUCCH resource set index equal to "2”. If the total bit length of UCI information bits is greater than the second configured value and less than or equal to a third value (e.g., 1406), the UE may select a fourth PUCCH resource set having a PUCCH resource set index equal to "3”.

[0183] After determining a PUCCH resource set from a plurality of PUCCH resource sets, the UE may determine a PUCCH resource from the PUCCH resource set for UCI (HARQ-ACK, CSI, and/or SR) transmission. The UE may determine the PUCCH resource based on a PUCCH resource indicator in a DCI (e.g., with a DCI format 1_0 or DCI for 1_1) received on a PDCCH. A three-bit PUCCH resource indicator in the DCI may indicate one of eight PUCCH resources in the PUCCH resource set. Based on the PUCCH resource indicator, the UE may transmit the UCI (HARQ- ACK, CSI and/or SR) using a PUCCH resource indicated by the PUCCH resource indicator in the DCI.

[0184] FIG. 15 illustrates an example of a wireless device 1502 in communication with a base station 1504 in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. The wireless device 1502 and base station 1504 may be part of a mobile communication network, such as the mobile communication network 100 illustrated in FIG. 1A, the mobile communication network 150 illustrated in FIG. 1B, or any other communication network. Only one wireless device 1502 and one base station 1504 are illustrated in FIG. 15, but it will be understood that a mobile communication network may include more than one UE and/or more than one base station, with the same or similar configuration as those shown in FIG. 15.

[0185] The base station 1504 may connect the wireless device 1502 to a core network (not shown) through radio communications over the air interface (or radio interface) 1506. The communication direction from the base station 1504 to the wireless device 1502 over the air interface 1506 is known as the downlink, and the communication direction from the wireless device 1502 to the base station 1504 over the air interface is known as the uplink. Downlink transmissions may be separated from uplink transmissions using FDD, TDD, and/or some combination of the two duplexing techniques.

[0186] In the downlink, data to be sent to the wireless device 1502 from the base station 1504 may be provided to the processing system 1508 of the base station 1504. The data may be provided to the processing system 1508 by, for example, a core network. In the uplink, data to be sent to the base station 1504 from the wireless device 1502 may be provided to the processing system 1518 of the wireless device 1502. The processing system 1508 and the processing system 1518 may implement layer 3 and layer 2 OSI functionality to process the data for transmission. Layer 2 may include an SDAP layer, a PDCP layer, an RLC layer, and a MAC layer, for example, with respect to FIG. 2A, FIG. 2B, FIG. 3, and FIG. 4A. Layer 3 may include an RRC layer as with respect to FIG. 2B.

[0187] After being processed by processing system 1508, the data to be sent to the wireless device 1502 may be provided to a transmission processing system 1510 of base station 1504. Similarly, after being processed by the processing system 1518, the data to be sent to base station 1504 may be provided to a transmission processing system 1520 of the wireless device 1502. The transmission processing system 1510 and the transmission processing system 1520 may implement layer 1 OSI functionality. Layer 1 may include a PHY layer with respect to FIG. 2A, FIG. 2B, FIG. 3, and FIG. 4A. For transmit processing, the PHY layer may perform, for example, forward error correction coding of transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping of transport channels to physical channels, modulation of physical channel, multiple-input multiple-output (Ml MO) or multi-antenna processing, and/or the like. [0188] At the base station 1504, a reception processing system 1512 may receive the uplink transmission from the wireless device 1502. At the wireless device 1502, a reception processing system 1522 may receive the downlink transmission from base station 1504. The reception processing system 1512 and the reception processing system 1522 may implement layer 1 OSI functionality. Layer 1 may include a PHY layer with respect to FIG. 2A, FIG. 2B, FIG. 3, and FIG. 4A. For receive processing, the PHY layer may perform, for example, error detection, forward error correction decoding, deinterleaving, demapping of transport channels to physical channels, demodulation of physical channels, MIMO or multi-antenna processing, and/or the like.

[0189] As shown in FIG. 15, a wireless device 1502 and the base station 1504 may include multiple antennas. The multiple antennas may be used to perform one or more MIMO or multi-antenna techniques, such as spatial multiplexing (e.g., single-user MIMO or multi-user MIMO), transmit/receive diversity, and/or beamforming. In other examples, the wireless device 1502 and/or the base station 1504 may have a single antenna.

[0190] The processing system 1508 and the processing system 1518 may be associated with a memory 1514 and a memory 1524, respectively. Memory 1514 and memory 1524 (e.g., one or more non-transitory computer readable mediums) may store computer program instructions or code that may be executed by the processing system 1508 and/or the processing system 1518 to carry out one or more of the functionalities discussed in the present application. Although not shown in FIG. 15, the transmission processing system 1510, the transmission processing system 1520, the reception processing system 1512, and/or the reception processing system 1522 may be coupled to a memory (e g., one or more non-transitory computer readable mediums) storing computer program instructions or code that may be executed to carry out one or more of their respective functionalities.

[0191] The processing system 1508 and/or the processing system 1518 may comprise one or more controllers and/or one or more processors. The one or more controllers and/or one or more processors may comprise, for example, a general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) and/or other programmable logic device, discrete gate and/or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, an on-board unit, or any combination thereof. The processing system 1508 and/or the processing system 1518 may perform at least one of signal coding/processing, data processing, power control, input/output processing, and/or any other functionality that may enable the wireless device 1502 and the base station 1504 to operate in a wireless environment.

[0192] The processing system 1508 and/or the processing system 1518 may be connected to one or more peripherals 1516 and one or more peripherals 1526, respectively. The one or more peripherals 1516 and the one or more peripherals 1526 may include software and/or hardware that provide features and/or functionalities, for example, a speaker, a microphone, a keypad, a display, a touchpad, a power source, a satellite transceiver, a universal serial bus (USB) port, a hands-free headset, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a media player, an Internet browser, an electronic control unit (e.g. , for a motor vehicle), and/or one or more sensors (e.g. , an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a temperature sensor, a radar sensor, a lidar sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, a light sensor, a camera, and/or the like). The processing system 1508 and/or the processing system 1518 may receive user input data from and/or provide user output data to the one or more peripherals 1516 and/or the one or more peripherals 1526. The processing system 1518 in the wireless device 1502 may receive power from a power source and/or may be configured to distribute the power to the other components in the wireless device 1502. The power source may comprise one or more sources of power, for example, a battery, a solar cell, a fuel cell, or any combination thereof. The processing system 1508 and/or the processing system 1518 may be connected to a GPS chipset 1517 and a GPS chipset 1527, respectively. The GPS chipset 1517 and the GPS chipset 1527 may be configured to provide geographic location information of the wireless device 1502 and the base station 1504, respectively.

[0193] FIG. 16A illustrates an example structure for uplink transmission. A baseband signal representing a physical uplink shared channel may perform one or more functions. The one or more functions may comprise at least one of: scrambling; modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued symbols; mapping of the complex-valued modulation symbols onto one or several transmission layers; transform precoding to generate complex-valued symbols; precoding of the complex-valued symbols; mapping of precoded complex-valued symbols to resource elements; generation of complex-valued time-domain Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) or CP- OFDM signal for an antenna port; and/or the like. In an example, when transform precoding is enabled, a SC-FDMA signal for uplink transmission may be generated. In an example, when transform precoding is not enabled, a CP-OFDM signal for uplink transmission may be generated by FIG. 16A. These functions are illustrated as examples and it is anticipated that other mechanisms may be implemented in various embodiments.

[0194] FIG. 16B illustrates an example structure for modulation and up-conversion of a baseband signal to a carrier frequency. The baseband signal may be a complex-valued SC-FDMA or CP-OFDM baseband signal for an antenna port and/or a complex-valued Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) baseband signal. Filtering may be employed prior to transmission.

[0195] FIG. 16C illustrates an example structure for downlink transmissions. A baseband signal representing a physical downlink channel may perform one or more functions. The one or more functions may comprise: scrambling of coded bits in a codeword to be transmitted on a physical channel; modulation of scrambled bits to generate complexvalued modulation symbols; mapping of the complex-valued modulation symbols onto one or several transmission layers; precoding of the complex-valued modulation symbols on a layer for transmission on the antenna ports; mapping of complex-valued modulation symbols for an antenna port to resource elements; generation of complex-valued timedomain OFDM signal for an antenna port; and/or the like. These functions are illustrated as examples and it is anticipated that other mechanisms may be implemented in various embodiments.

[0196] FIG. 16D illustrates another example structure for modulation and up-conversion of a baseband signal to a carrier frequency. The baseband signal may be a complex-valued OFDM baseband signal for an antenna port. Filtering may be employed prior to transmission.

[0197] A wireless device may receive from a base station one or more messages (e.g. RRC messages) comprising configuration parameters of a plurality of cells (e.g. primary cell, secondary cell). The wireless device may communicate with at least one base station (e.g. two or more base stations in dual-connectivity) via the plurality of cells. The one or more messages (e.g. as a part of the configuration parameters) may comprise parameters of physical, MAC, RLC, PCDP, SDAP, RRC layers for configuring the wireless device. For example, the configuration parameters may comprise parameters for configuring physical and MAC layer channels, bearers, etc. For example, the configuration parameters may comprise parameters indicating values of timers for physical, MAC, RLC, PCDP, SDAP, RRC layers, and/or communication channels.

[0198] A timer may begin running once it is started and continue running until it is stopped or until it expires. A timer may be started if it is not running or restarted if it is running. A timer may be associated with a value (e.g. the timer may be started or restarted from a value or may be started from zero and expire once it reaches the value). The duration of a timer may not be updated until the timer is stopped or expires (e.g., due to BWP switching) A timer may be used to measure a time period/window for a process. When the specification refers to an implementation and procedure related to one or more timers, it will be understood that there are multiple ways to implement the one or more timers. For example, it will be understood that one or more of the multiple ways to implement a timer may be used to measure a time period/window for the procedure. For example, a random access response window timer may be used for measuring a window of time for receiving a random access response. In an example, instead of starting and expiry of a random access response window timer, the time difference between two time stamps may be used. When a timer is restarted, a process for measurement of time window may be restarted. Other example implementations may be provided to restart a measurement of a time window.

[0199] A base station may transmit one or more MAC PDUs to a wireless device. In an example, a MAC PDU may be a bit string that is byte aligned (e.g., aligned to a multiple of eight bits) in length. In an example, bit strings may be represented by tables in which the most significant bit is the leftmost bit of the first line of the table, and the least significant bit is the rightmost bit on the last line of the table. More generally, the bit string may be read from left to right and then in the reading order of the lines. In an example, the bit order of a parameter field within a MAC PDU is represented with the first and most significant bit in the leftmost bit and the last and least significant bit in the rightmost bit.

[0200] In an example, a MAC SDU may be a bit string that is byte aligned (e g., aligned to a multiple of eight bits) in length. In an example, a MAC SDU may be included in a MAC PDU from the first bit onward. A MAC CE may be a bit string that is byte aligned (e.g. , aligned to a multiple of eight bits) in length. A MAC subheader may be a bit string that is byte aligned (e.g., aligned to a multiple of eight bits) in length. In an example, a MAC subheader may be placed immediately in front of a corresponding MAC SDU, MAC CE, or padding. A MAC entity may ignore a value of reserved bits in a DL MAC PDU.

[0201] In an example, a MAC PDU may comprise one or more MAC subPDUs. A MAC subPDU of the one or more MAC subPDUs may comprise: a MAC subheader only (including padding); a MAC subheader and a MAC SDU; a MAC subheader and a MAC CE; a MAC subheader and padding, or a combination thereof. The MAC SDU may be of variable size. A MAC subheader may correspond to a MAC SDU, a MAC CE, or padding.

[0202] In an example, when a MAC subheader corresponds to a MAC SDU, a variable-sized MAC CE, or padding, the MAC subheader may comprise: a Reserve field (R field) with a one bit length; an Format field (F field) with a one-bit length; a Logical Channel Identifier (LCID) field with a multi-bit length; a Length field (L field) with a multi-bit length, indicating the length of the corresponding MAC SDU or variable-size MAC CE in bytes, or a combination thereof. In an example, F field may indicate the size of the L field.

[0203] In an example, a MAC entity of the base station may transmit one or more MAC CEs (e.g., MAC CE commands) to a MAC entity of a wireless device. The one or more MAC CEs may comprise at least one of: a SP ZP CSI-RS Resource Set Activation/Deactivation MAC CE, a PUCCH spatial relation Activation/Deactivation MAC CE, a SP SRS Activation/Deactivation MAC CE, a SP CSI reporting on PUCCH Activation/Deactivation MAC CE, a TCI State Indication for UE-specific PDCCH MAC CE, a TCI State Indication for UE-specific PDSCH MAC CE, an Aperiodic CSI Trigger State Subselection MAC CE, a SP CSI-RS/CSI-IM Resource Set Activation/Deactivation MAC CE, a UE contention resolution identity MAC CE, a timing advance command MAC CE, a DRX command MAC CE, a Long DRX command MAC CE, an SCell activation/deactivation MAC CE (1 Octet), an SCell activation/deactivation MAC CE (4 Octet), and/or a duplication activation/deactivation MAC CE. In an example, a MAC CE, such as a MAC CE transmitted by a MAC entity of the base station to a MAC entity of the wireless device, may have an LCID in the MAC subheader corresponding to the MAC CE. In an example, a first MAC CE may has a first LCID in the MAC subheader that may be different than the second LCID in the MAC subheader of a second MAC CE. For example, an LCID given by 111011 in a MAC subheader may indicate that the MAC CE associated with the MAC subheader is a Long DRX command MAC CE.

[0204] In an example, the MAC entity of the wireless device may transmit to the MAC entity of the base station one or more MAC CEs. The one or more MAC CEs may comprise at least one of: a short buffer status report (BSR) MAC CE, a long BSR MAC CE, a C-RNTI MAC CE, a configured grant confirmation MAC CE, a single entry PHR MAC CE, a multiple entry PHR MAC CE, a Short truncated BSR, and/or a Long truncated BSR. In an example, a MAC CE may have an LCID in the MAC subheader corresponding to the MAC CE. In an example, a first MAC CE may has a first LCID in the MAC subheader that may be different than the second LCID in the MAC subheader of a second MAC CE. For example, an LCID given by 111011 in a MAC subheader may indicate that a MAC CE associated with the MAC subheader is a short-truncated command MAC CE.

[0205] In carrier aggregation (CA), two or more component carriers (CCs) may be aggregated. The wireless device may, using the technique of CA, simultaneously receive or transmit on one or more CCs, depending on capabilities of the wireless device. In an example, the wireless device may support CA for contiguous CCs and/or for non-contiguous CCs. CCs may be organized into cells. For example, CCs may be organized into one primary cell (PCell) and one or more secondary cells (SCells).

[0206] When configured with CA, the wireless device may have one RRC connection with a network. During an RRC connection establishment/re-establishment/handover, a cell providing NAS mobility information maybe a serving cell. During an RRC connection re-establish ment/handover procedure, a cell providing a security input may be the serving cell. In an example, the serving cell maybe a PCell.

[0207] In an example, the base station may transmit, to the wireless device, one or more messages (e.g., one or more downlink signals). The one or more messages may comprise one or more RRC messages, e.g., one or more RRC configuration/reconfiguration messages. For example, the one or more RRC messages may comprise one or more configuration parameters (e.g., one or more RRC configuration parameters).

[0208] In an example, the one or mor configuration parameters may comprise configuration parameters of a plurality of one or more SCells, depending on capabilities of the wireless device. When configured with CA, the base station and/or the wireless device may employ an activation/deactivation mechanism of an SCell to improve battery or power consumption of the wireless device. When the wireless device is configured with one or more SCells, the base station may activate or deactivate at least one of the one or more SCells. Upon configuration of an SCell, the SCell may be deactivated unless the SCell state associated with the SCell is set to "activated” or “dormant.” The wireless device may activate/deactivate the SCell in response to receiving an SCell Activation/Deactivation MAC CE.

[0209] For example, the base station may configure (e.g., via the one or more RRC messages/parameters) the wireless device with uplink (UL) bandwidth parts (BWPs) and downlink (DL) BWPs to enable bandwidth adaptation (BA) on a PCell. If carrier aggregation (CA) is configured, the base station may further configure the wireless device with at least one DL BWP (e.g., there may be no UL BWP in the UL) to enable BA on an SCell. For the PCell, an initial active BWP may be a first BWP used for initial access. In paired spectrum (e.g., FDD), the base station and/or the wireless device may independently switch a DL BWP and an UL BWP. In unpaired spectrum (e.g., TDD), the base station and/or the wireless device may simultaneously switch the DL BWP and the UL BWP.

[0210] In an example, the base station and/or the wireless device may switch a BWP between configured BWPs by means of a DCI or a BWP invalidity timer. When the BWP invalidity timer is configured for the serving cell, the base station and/or the wireless device may switch the active BWP to a default BWP in response to the expiry of the BWP invalidity timer associated with the serving cell. The default BWP may be configured by the network. In an example, for FDD systems, when configured with BA, one UL BWP for each uplink carrier and one DL BWP may be active at a time in the active serving cell. In an example, for TDD systems, one DL/UL BWP pair may be active ata time in the active serving cell. Operating on one UL BWP and one DL BWP (or one DL/UL pair) may improve the wireless device battery consumption. One or more BWPs other than the active UL BWP and the active DL BWP, which the wireless device may work on, may be deactivated. On the deactivated one or more BWPs, the wireless device may: not monitor PDCCH; and/or not transmit on PUCCH, PRACH, and UL-SCH. In an example, the MAC entity of the wireless device may apply normal operations on the active BWP for an activated serving cell configured with a BWP comprising: transmitting on UL-SCH; transmitting on RACH; monitoring a PDCCH; transmitting PUCCH; receiving DL-SCH; and/or (re-)initializing any suspended configured uplink grants of configured grant Type 1 according to a stored configuration, if any. In an example, on the inactive/idle BWP for each activated serving cell configured with a BWP, the MAC entity of the wireless device may: not transmit on UL-SCH; not transmit on RACH; not monitor a PDCCH; not transmit PUCCH; not transmit SRS, not receive DL-SCH; clear any configured downlink assignment and configured uplink grant of configured grant Type 2; and/or suspend any configured uplink grant of configured Type 1.

[0211] In an example, a DCI addressed to an RNTI may comprise a CRC of the DCI being scrambled with the RNTI. The wireless device may monitor PDCCH addressed to (or for) the RNTI for detecting the DCI. For example, the PDCCH may carry (or be with) the DCI. In an example, the PDCCH may not carry the DCI.

[0212] In an example, a set of PDCCH candidates for the wireless device to monitor is defined in terms of one or more search space sets. A search space set may comprise a common search space (CSS) set or a UE-specific search space (USS) set. The wireless device may monitor one or more PDCCH candidates in one or more of the following search space sets (e.g., one or more search space sets): a TypeO-PDCCH CSS set configured by pdcch-ConfigSIB1 in MIB or by searchSpaceSIBI in PDCCH-ConfigCommon or by searchSpaceZero in PDCCH-ConfigCommon for a DCI format with CRC scrambled by a SI-RNTI on the primary cell of the MCG, a TypeOA-PDCCH CSS set configured by searchSpaceOtherSystemlnformation in PDCCH-ConfigCommon for a DCI format with CRC scrambled by the SI-RNTI on the primary cell of the MCG, a Typel-PDCCH CSS set configured by ra-SearchSpace in PDCCH-ConfigCommon for a DCI format with CRC scrambled by a RA-RNTI, a MSGB-RNTI, or a TC-RNTI on the primary cell, a Type2- PDCCH CSS set configured by pagingSearchSpace in PDCCH-ConfigCommon for a DCI format with CRC scrambled by a P-RNTI on the primary cell of the MCG, a Type3-PDCCH CSS set configured by SearchSpace in PDCCH-Config with searchSpaceType = common for DCI formats with CRC scrambled by a I NT-RNTI, a SFI-RNTI, a TPC-PUSCH- RNTI, a TPC-PUCCH-RNTI, a TPC-SRS-RNTI, a CI-RNTI, or a power saving RNTI (PS-RNTI) and, only for the primary cell, a C-RNTI, a MCS-C-RNTI, ora CS-RNTI(s), and the USS set configured by SearchSpace in PDCCH-Config with searchSpaceType = ue-Specific for DCI formats with CRC scrambled by the C-RNTI, the MCS-C-RNTI, a SP-CSI- RNTI, the CS-RNTI(s), a SL-RNTI, a SL-CS-RNTI, or a SL-L-CS-RNTI.

[0213] In an example, the wireless device may monitor the one or more PDCCH candidates according to one or more configuration parameters of the search space set. For example, the search space set may comprise a plurality of search spaces (SSs). The wireless device may monitor the one or more PDCCH candidates in one or more CORESETs for detecting one or more DCIs. Monitoring the one or more PDCCH candidates may comprise decoding at least one PDCCH candidate of the one or more PDCCH candidates according to the monitored DCI formats. For example, monitoring the one or more PDCCH candidates may comprise decoding (e.g., blind decoding) a DCI content of the at least one PDCCH candidate via possible (or configured) PDCCH location(s), possible (or configured) PDCCH format(s), e.g., number of CCEs, number of PDCCH candidates in CSS set(s), and/or number of PDCCH candidates in the USS(s), and/or possible (or configured) DCI formats).

[0214] In an example, the wireless device may receive the C-RNTI (e.g., via one or mor previous transmissions) from the base station. For example, the one or more previous transmissions may comprise a Msg2 1312, Msg4 1314, or a MsgB 1332. If the wireless device is not provided the Type3-PDCCH CSS set or the USS set and if provided the Typel-PDCCH CSS set, the wireless device may monitor the one or more PDCCH candidates for DCI format 0_0 and DCI format 1_0 with CRC scrambled by the C-RNTI in the Typel-PDCCH CSS set.

[0215] For example, the one or more search space sets may correspond to one or more of searchSpaceZero, searchSpaceSIBI, searchSpaceOtherSystemlnformation, pagingSearchSpace, ra-SearchSpace, and the C-RNTI, the MCS-C-RNTI, or the CS-RNTI. The wireless device may monitor the one or more PDCCH candidates for the DCI format 0_0 and the DCI format 1_0 with CRC scrambled by the C-RNTI, the MCS-C-RNTI, or the CS-RNTI in the one or more search space sets in a slot where the wireless device monitors the one or more PDCCH candidates for at least the DCI format 0_0 or the DCI format 1_0 with CRC scrambled by the SI-RNTI, the RA-RNTI, the MSGB-RNTI, or the P-RNTI.

[0216] FIG. 17 shows several DCI formats. For example, the base station may use the DCI formats to transmit downlink control information to the wireless device. In an example, the wireless device may use the DCI formats for PDCCH monitoring. Different DCI formats may comprise different DCI fields and/or have different DCI payload sizes. Different DCI formats may have different signaling purposes. As shown in FIG. 17, DCI format 0_0 may be used to schedule PUSCH in one cell. In an example, DCI format 0_1 may be used to schedule one or multiple PUSCH in one cell or indicate CG-DFI (configured grant-Downlink Feedback Information) for configured grant PUSCH, etc.

[0217] In an example, the wireless device may support a baseline processing time/capability. For example, the wireless device may support additional aggressive/faster processing time/capability. In an example, the wireless device may report to the base station a processing capability, e.g., per sub-carrier spacing. In an example, a PDSCH processing time may be considered to determine, by a wireless device, a first uplink symbol of a PUCCH (e.g., determined at least based on a HARQ-ACK timing K1 and one or more PUCCH resources to be used and including the effect of the timing advance) comprising the HARQ-ACK information of the PDSCH scheduled by a DCI. In an example, the first uplink symbol of the PUCCH may not start earlier than a time gap (e.g., T _pr00i1 ) after a last symbol of the PDSCH reception associated with the HARQ-ACK information. In an example, the first uplink symbol of the PUCCH which carries the HARQ-ACK information may start no earlier than at symbol L1, where L1 is defined as the next uplink symbol with its Cyclic Prefix (CP) starting after the time gap T _{proc 1} after the end of the last symbol of the PDSCH. [0218] In an example, a PUSCH preparation/processing time may be considered for determining the transmission time of an UL data. For example, if the first uplink symbol in the PUSCH allocation for a transport block (including DM- RS) is no earlier than at symbol L2, the wireless device may perform transmitting the PUSCH. In an example, the symbol L2 may be determined, by a wireless device, at least based on a slot offset (e.g., K2), SLIV of the PUSCH allocation indicated by time domain resource assignment of a scheduling DCI. In an example, the symbol L2 may be specified as the next uplink symbol with its CP starting after a time gap with length 7^,2 after the end of the reception of the last symbol of the PDCCH carrying the DCI scheduling the PUSCH.

[0219] In an example, the one or more configuration parameters may comprise one or more DRX configuration parameters (e.g., DRX-Config). The one or more DRX configuration parameters may configure the wireless device with DRX operation. In an example, the one or more DRX configuration parameters may indicate monitoring the PDCCH for the DRX operation For example, when in an RRC_CONNECTED state, if the DRX operation is configured (e.g., the DRX is configured ora DRX cycle is configured), for all the activated Serving Cells (e.g., the serving cell), the MAC entity of the wireless device may monitor the PDCCH discontinuously using the DRX operation. Otherwise, the MAC entity may monitor the PDCCH continuously.

[0220] For example, the wireless device may, based on the DRX operation being configured, use the DRX operation while communicating with the base station in the serving cell. For example, a MAC entity (or the MAC layer) of the wireless device, based on the DRX operation being configured, may control the PDCCH monitoring activity of the MAC entity. When the DRX operation is configured, the wireless device may monitor the PDCCH for at least one RNTI. In an example, the at least one RNTI may comprise one or more of the following: C-RNTI, cancelation indication RNTI (Cl- RNTI), configured scheduling RNTI (CS-RNTI), interruption RNTI (INT-RNTI), slot format indication RNTI (SFI-RNTI), semi-persistent channel state information RNTI (SP-CSI-RNTI), transmit power control physical uplink control channel RNTI (TPC-PUCCH-RNTI), transmit power control physical shared channel RNTI (TPC-PUSCH-RNTI), transmit power control sounding reference signal RNTI (TPC-SRS-RNTI), or availability indicator RNTI (AI-RNTI).

[0221] FIG. 18A shows an example of a non-terrestrial network. The non-terrestrial network (NTN) network (e.g., a satellite network) may be a network or network segment (e.g., an NG-RAN consisting of gNBs) for providing nonterrestrial NR access to wireless devices. The NTN may use a space-borne vehicle to embody a transmission equipment relay node (e.g., radio remote unit or a transparent payload) or a base station (or a regenerative payload). While a terrestrial network is a network located on the surface of the earth, an NTN may be a network which uses an NTN node (e.g., a satellite) as an access network, a backhaul interface network, or both In an example, an NTN may comprise one or more NTN nodes (or payloads and/or space-borne vehicles), each of which may provide connectivity functions, between the service link and the feeder link.

[0222] An NTN node may embark a bent pipe payload (e.g., a transparent payload) or a regenerative payload. The NTN node with the transparent payload may comprise transmitter/receiver circuitries without the capability of on-board digital signal processing (e.g., modulation and/or coding) and connect to a base station (e.g., a base station of an NTN or the NTN base station or a non-terrestrial access point) via a feeder link. In some respects, as shown in FIG. 18A, the base station (e.g., a gNB) may further comprise the transparent NTN node, the feeder link, and/or a gateway (e.g. , an NTN gateway). The gateway may be an earth station that is located at the surface of the earth, providing connectivity to the NTN payload using a feeder link. In some examples, the NTN node with the regenerative payload (e.g., the base station of the NTN or the NTN base station) may comprise functionalities of a base station, e.g., the on-board processing used to demodulate and decode the received signal and/or regenerate the signal before sending/transmitting it back to the earth. In some respects, as shown in FIG. 18A, the base station (e.g., the gNB) may further comprise the regenerative NTN node, the feeder link, and/or the gateway (e.g., the NTN gateway).

[0223] In some examples, the NTN node may be a satellite, a balloon, an air ship, an airplane, an unmanned aircraft system (UAS), an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), a drone, or the like. For example, the UAS may be a blimp, a high- altitude platform station (HAPS), e.g., an airborne vehicle embarking the NTN payload placed at an altitude between 8 and 50 km, or a pseudo satellite station. FIG. 18B is an example figure of different types of NTN platforms. In an example, a satellite may be placed into a low-earth orbit (LEO) at an altitude between 250 km to 1500 km, with orbital periods ranging from 90 - 130 minutes. From the perspective of a given point on the surface of the earth, the position of the LEO satellite may change. In an example, a satellite may be placed into a medium-earth orbit (MEO) at an altitude between 5000 to 20000 km, with orbital periods ranging from 2 hours to 14 hours. In an example, a satellite may be placed into a geostationary satellite earth orbit (GEO) at 35,786 km altitude, and directly above the equator. From the perspective of a given point on the surface of the earth, the position of the GEO satellite may not change.

[0224] FIG. 19A shows an example of an NTN with a transparent NTN platform. As shown in FIG. 19A, the NTN node (e.g., the satellite) may forward a received signal from the NTN gateway on the ground back to the earth over the feeder link. In an example, the gateway and the base station may not be collocated. The NTN node may forward a received signal to the wireless device or the base station from another NTN node, e.g., over inter-link satellite communication links.

[0225] The NTN node may generate one or more beams over a given area (e.g., a coverage area or a cell). The footprint of a beam (or the cell) may be referred to as a spotbeam. For example, the footprint of a cell/beam may move over the Earth's surface with the satellite movement (e.g., a LEO with moving cells or a HAPS with moving cells). The footprint of a cell/beam may be Earth fixed with some beam pointing mechanism used by the satellite to compensate for its motion (e.g., a LEO with earth fixed cells). As shown in FIG. 18B, the size of a spotbeam may range from tens of kilometers to a few thousand kilometers. For example, the size of the spotbeam may depend on the system design. [0226] A propagation delay may be an amount of time it takes for the head of the signal to travel from a sender (e.g., the base station or the NTN node) to a receiver (e.g., the wireless device) or vice versa. For uplink, the sender may be the wireless device and the receiver may be the base station/access network. For downlink, the sender may be the base station/access network and the receiver may be the wireless device. The propagation delay may vary depending on a change in distance between the sender and the receiver, e.g., due to movement of the NTN node, movement of the wireless device, a change of an inter-satellite link, and/or feeder link switching. [0227] FIG. 19B shows examples of propagation delay corresponding to NTNs of different altitudes. The propagation delay in the figure may be one-way latency/delay. In an example, one-way latency/delay may be an amount of time required to propagate through a telecommunication system from the sender (e g., the base station) to the receiver (e g., the wireless device). In an example shown in FIG. 19B, for the transparent NTN, the round-trip propagation delay (RTD or UE-gNB RTT) may comprise service link delay (e.g ., between the NTN node and the wireless device), feeder link delay (e.g., between the NTN gateway and the NTN node), and/or between the gateway and the base station (e.g., in the case the gateway and the NTN base station are not collocated). For example, the UE-gNB RTT (or the RTD) may be twice of the one-way delay between the wireless device and the base station. From FIG. 19B, in case of a GEO satellite with the transparent payload, the RTD may be four times of 138.9 milliseconds (approximately 556 milliseconds). In an example, the RTD of a terrestrial network (e.g., NR, E-UTRA, LTE) may be negligible compared to the RTD of an NTN scenario (e.g., the RTD of a terrestrial network may be less than 1 millisecond). A maximum RTD of a LEO satellite with the transparent payload and altitude of 600 km is approximately 25.77 milliseconds and with altitude of 1200 km is approximately 41 .77 milliseconds.

[0228] A differential delay within a beam/cell of a NTN node may depend on, for example, the maximum diameter of the beam/cell footprint at nadir. For example, the differential delay withing the beam/cell may depend on the maximum delay link in FIG. 19A. In an example, the differential delay may imply the maximum difference between communication latency that two wireless devices, e.g., a first wireless device (UE1) that is located close to the center of the cell/beam and a second wireless device (UE2) that is located close to the edge of the cell/beam in FIG. 19B, may experience while communicating with the base station via the NTN node. The first wireless device may experience a smaller RTD compared to the second wireless device. The link with a maximum propagation delay (e.g., the maximum delay link) may experience the highest propagation delay (or the maximum RTD) in the cell/beam. In an example, the differential delay may imply a difference between the maximum delay of the cell/beam and a minimum delay of the cell/beam. In an example, the service link to a cell/beam center may experience the minimum propagation delay in the cell/beam. Depending on implementation, for a LEO satellite, the differential delay may be at least 3.12 milliseconds and may increase up to 8 milliseconds. In an example of a GEO satellite, depending on implementation, the differential delay may be as large as 32 milliseconds.

[0229] The wireless device (e.g., the first wireless device and/or the second wireless device in FIG. 19B) may receive the one or more configuration parameters, e.g., the one or more RRC configuration parameters from the base station. For example, the one or more configuration parameters may comprise one or more NTN configuration parameters. In some aspects, the wireless device may indicate a capability for NR NTN access (e.g., nonTerrestrialNetwork-r17), e.g., to receive the one or more NTN configuration parameters (e.g., via one or more NTN-specific SIBs). For example, the one or more NTN configuration parameters may be received, by the wireless device, from a broadcast system information (e.g., SIB1 and/or the one or more NTN-specific SIBs). The one or more NTN configuration parameters may facilitate/manage the calculation/determination/measu rement of the propagation delay (e.g., the UE-gNB RTT) and/or a timing advance (TA) at one or more wireless devices (e.g., the wireless device) camping in the cell/beam. In an example, the one or more NTN configuration parameters may comprise at least one or more ephemeris parameters (e.g,, satellite ephemeris parameters or NTN ephemeris parameters), one or more common delay/TA parameters, a validity duration (or timer or window) for UL synchronization, an epoch time, and/or one or more timing offset parameters. The validity duration may be for uplink synchronization assistance information (e.g., the one or more NTN configuration parameters). In an example, the validity duration may indicate a maximum time during which the wireless device may apply the assistance information (e.g., the one or more NTN configuration parameters) without (re)acquiring new assistance information (e.g., without reacquiring the NTN-specific SIB or SIB1). For example, the one or more NTN configuration parameters may enable a TA reporting.

[0230] In an example, the wireless device may maintain/calculate a cell-specific timing offset, one or more beamspecific timing offsets, and/or a UE-specific timing offset (e.g., UE-specific K_Offset) based on the one or more timing offset parameters and/or one or more MAC CE commands and/or one or more RRC signaling. For example, the one or more timing offset parameters may comprise a first timing offset (e g., Koffset in ServingCellConfigCommon). In some aspects, the first timing offset may account for the maximum RTD of the cell/beam. For example, the wireless device may track/update/maintain the cell/beam-specific timing offset based on receiving an update of the first timing offset from the base station. For example, the wireless device may receive a second timing offset (e.g., a Differential UE- Specific Offset MAC CE). The wireless device may update/track/maintain the UE-specific timing offset based on the second timing offset and/or the cell-specific timing offset.

[0231] In some examples, the one or more timing offset parameters may configure/indicate a third timing offset. The wireless device (or the base station) may set a MAC-specific timing offset (or a MAC layer timing offset), denoted by K- Mac, based on the third timing offset. For example, K-Mac may be 0, e.g., when the third timing offset is not indicated/configured. For example, in an NTN scenario with the transparent NTN node, when the UL frame and the DL frame are aligned at the base station, the third timing offset may be absent from the one or more NTN configuration parameters or may be 0. In an example, as shown in FIG. 19B, the MAC-specific timing offset may indicate a portion of the propagation delay (e.g., the UE-gNB RTT) that the base station may pre-compensate (e.g., when the UL frame and the DL frame are not aligned at the base station), e.g., the third timing offset may indicate the difference between the UL frame/configuration timing and the DL frame/configuration timing at the base station. As shown in FIG. 19B, the UL frame and DL frame may be aligned at a reference point on the feeder link. For example, the reference point may be the NTN node, e.g., the third timing offset is equal to the feeder link delay.

[0232] To maintain uplink orthogonality, transmissions from different wireless devices in a cell/beam (e.g., the first wireless device and the second wireless device in FIG. 19B) may need to be time-aligned at the base station and/or the NTN node (e.g., satellite). In an example, time alignment/synchronization may be achieved by using different timing advance (TA) values at different wireless devices to compensate for their different propagation delays (or RTDs). As shown in FIG. 19B, the first wireless device may use the first TA value (e.g., TA ) and the second wireless device may use the second TA value (TAJ). [0233] For example, the wireless device may calculate/measure/maintain a current TA (value) of the wireless device (e.g. , NTA) based on at least a combination of a closed-loop TA procedure/control and/or an open-loop TA procedure/control. The current TA value of the first wireless device may be TAJ and the current TA value of the second wireless device may be TA_2.

[0234] The closed-loop TA procedure/control may be based on receiving at least one TA command (TAC) MAC CE from the base station. For example, the at least one TAC CE may comprise a TA (or an absolute TA) command field of a Msg2 1312 (ora MsgB 1332).

[0235] The open-loop TA procedure/control may require a GNSS-acquired position (or location information) of the wireless device and/or receiving the one or more NTN configuration parameters, e.g., the one or more ephemeris parameters (e.g., the satellite ephemeris data), and/or the one or more common delay/TA parameters (e.g., the common TA value). The wireless device may, based on an implemented orbital predictor/propagator model, may use the one or more ephemeris parameters (and/or the GNSS-acquired position) to measure/calculate/maintain movement pattern of the satellite, estimate/measure the service link delay, and/or to adjust the current TA value (e.g., the TA of the wireless device) via the open-loop TA procedure/control. In an example, a combination of the closed-loop TA control and the open-loop TA control may be based on adding/summing the open-loop TA value (e.g., derived/calculated based on the open-loop TA procedure/control) and the closed-loop TA value (or a portion of the closed-loop TA procedure/control).

[0236] In an example, the wireless device may calculate/measure/estimate the UE-gNB RTT (or the RTD) based on the current TA value and the third timing offset (e.g., K-Mac). For example, the UE-gNB RTT may be the summation of the current TA value and K-Mac. In an example, if the third timing offset is not indicated or when the K-Mac is 0, the wireless device may determine/measure the UE-gNB RTT based on the current TA value, e.g., the UE-gNB RTT is equal to the current TA value. In an example, the wireless device may maintai n/calcu late/update the open-loop TA value (or the UE-gNB RTT) over the validity duration. For example, the validity duration may indicate the validity period of the (satellite) ephemeris data/information and/or the one or more common TA parameters. In an example, the validity duration may specify/indicate a maximum period/window (e.g., corresponding to an orbit predictor/propagator model the wireless device is using to estimate/calculate the propagation delay and/or a maximum tolerable error in estimating/measuring/calculati ng the open-loop TA value) during which the wireless device may not require to read/update/acquire the satellite ephemeris data and/or to acquire the one or more NTN-specific SIBs. For example, upon or in response to acquiring the new (satellite) ephemeris data (or parameters) and/or the one or more NTN- specific SIBs, the wireless device may start/restart the validity duration based on the epoch time indicated by the one or more NTN configuration parameters. In an example, in response to determining that the validity duration being expired, the wireless device may acquire the one or more NTN-specific SIBs to receive an updated (satellite) ephemeris data/information and/or an update of the one or more common TA parameters. In an example, upon the expiry of the validity duration and when the wireless device is notable to acquire the one or more NTN-specific SIBs, the wireless device may become unsynchronized with the base station, e.g., for UL communication with the base station. [0237] In some aspects, in response to receiving the one or more NTN configuration parameters (e.g., via acquiring the one or more NTN-specific SIBs) and/or acquiring an updated GNSS-acquired position, the wireless device may calculate/measure/update the current TA value via the open-loop TA procedure/control. In another example, the wireless device may update the current TA value based on the closed-loop TA procedure/control, for example, based on receiving the one or more TAC MAC CEs. In an example, based on the current TA value being updated, the wireless device may adjust (recalculate) the UE-gNB RTT. In an example, based on receiving a new third timing offset, the wireless device may set K-Mac and adjust (recalculate) the UE-gNB RTT. In another example, the wireless device may periodically calculate/measure/update the current TA value. For example, the wireless device may, prior to performing an uplink transmission, calculate/measure/update the current TA value.

[0238] In an example, the wireless device may set the common TA/delay by zero in response to determining that the one or more common TA/delay parameters are absent from the one or more NTN configuration message. For example, when the reference point is located at the NTN node (e.g., the third timing offset is equal to the feeder link delay), the common TA/delay may be zero. In another example, for an NTN with the transparent payload, when the UL timing synchronization is held at the NTN node (e.g., the UL and DL frames are aligned at the base station), the wireless device may not pre-compensate the common TA.

[0239] In an example, the wireless device with GNSS capability may require estimating the propagation delay (or the service link delay) based on one or more measurements. For example, the one or more measurements may indicate the GNSS-acquired location information (position) of the wireless device. In an example, the one or more measurements may allow the wireless device to calculate/esti mate the propagation delay (or the open-loop TA value) using the GNSS-acquired position and the (satellite) ephemeris data/information. In another example, the one or more measurements may allow the wireless devices to estimate/calculate the propagation delay via one or more timestamps (e.g., the timestamp of a configured broadcast signal) and/or the epoch time. In an example, the one or more measurements may allow the wireless device to estimate/measure a variation rate by which the common TA and/or the service link delay changes over a period.

[0240] In existing technologies, a base station may configure a wireless device with one or more measurements configuration parameters (e.g., MeasConfig). In some examples, the one or more configuration parameters (e.g., the RRCReconfiguration or RRCResume) may comprise the one or more measurements configuration parameters. The one or more measurements configuration parameters may configure the wireless device to perform positioning measurements (e.g., one or more location related measurements and/or perform a positioning measurement procedure), e.g., on at least one Serving Cell (e.g., a Serving Cell) and/or on at least one non-Serving Cell. The one or more measurements configuration parameters (e.g., MeasConfig) may, in some examples, indicate (e.g., specify, configure) one or more measurements (e.g., the at least one measurement and/or the one or more location related measurements and/or the one or more positioning measurements) for performing the positioning measurements during one or more positioning measurement gaps (or one or more positioning measurement gap occasions/occurrences). The one or more measurements configuration parameters may, in some examples, indicate/configure the one or more positioning measurement gaps (e.g. , via PosGapConfig).

[0241] In existing technologies, in relation to performing the positioning measurements, the wireless device may request the base station (e.g., network) to activate or deactivate a positioning measurement gap of the the one or more positioning measurement gaps, e.g., by transmitting a positioning measurement gap request MAC CE. In some examples, the positioning measurement gap request MAC CE may be a Positioning Measurement Gap Activation Request MAC CE for requesting an activation of the positioning measurement gap, e.g., to perform the positioning measurement procedure during the positioning measurement gap. In some other examples, the positioning measurement gap request MAC CE may be a Positioning Measurement Gap Deactivation Request MAC CE for requesting a deactivation of the (activated) positioning measurement gap (e.g., stopping performing the positioning measurement procedure during the positioning measurement gap). In existing technologies, for transmitting the positioning measurement gap request MAC CE, the wireless device may determine whether the positioning measurement gap request being triggered and not being canceled. In some examples, in response to determining positioning measurement gap request not being canceled and UL-SCH resource(s) being available for a new UL transmission (e.g., the UL-SCH resource(s) accommodate the positioning measurement gap request MAC CE plus its subheader as a result of logical channel prioritization (LCP)), the wireless device may transmit the positioning measurement gap request MAC CE. In some other examples, in response to determining positioning measurement gap request not being canceled and UL-SCH resource(s) not being available for the new transmission (e.g., the UL-SCH resource(s) accommodate the positioning measurement gap request MAC CE plus its subheader as a result of the LCP), the wireless device may trigger a scheduling request (SR) for the positioning measurement gap request. The wireless device may cancel the triggered positioning measurement gap request based on transmitting the positioning measurement gap request MAC CE or the SR.

[0242] In existing technologies, in an NTN scenario, by movement/displacement of the NTN payload/node there may be a continuous (and/or substantial) change/fluctuation of the round-trip transmission delay between the wireless device and the base station (e.g., UE-gNB RTT). Based on existing technologies, the wireless device may lose UL synchronization (of the Serving Cell of the one or more Serving Cells), e.g., based on invalidity of the one or more NTN configuration parameters and/or an expiry of a validity timer (e.g., validity timer corresponding to/for the validity of the NTN configuration parameters). In some examples, the wireless device may lose the UL synchronization of the Serving Cell before transmitting the positioning measurement gap request MAC CE or after receiving a response from the base station (e.g., Positioning Measurement Gap Activation Command MAC CE).

[0243] In existing technologies, in an NTN scenario, the wireless device may, despite losing the UL synchronization (of the Serving Cell of the one or more Serving Cells), keep triggering the positioning measurement gap request and/or try to transmit (unsuccessfully) the positioning measurement gap request MAC CE. In some scenarios, any uplink transmission (e.g., transmission of the positioning measurement gap request MAC CE) may not be allowed while the wireless device is unsynchronized with the base station (e.g., the UL synchronization of the Serving Cell of the one or more Serving Cells is lost). In some examples, the wireless device may flush HARQ buffers (e.g., a HARQ buffer of the positioning measurement gap request MAC CE) based on losing the UL synchronization of the Serving Cell of the one or more Serving Cells while the positioning measurement gap request being triggered and not being canceled. In some cases, in response to (re)acquiring the NTN-specific SIB or SIB1 (e.g., validating the one or more NTN configuration parameters) and the triggered positioning measurement gap request being pending (not being canceled), the wireless device may attempt to transmit the positioning measurement gap request MAC CE while the HARQ buffer of the positioning measurement gap request MAC CE being flushed. This may result in undefined behavior/condition at the wireless device.

[0244] In another example, the wireless device may lose the UL synchronization of the Serving Cell of the one or more Serving Cells prior to transmitting the Positioning Measurement Gap Deactivation Request MAC CE of after receiving the Positioning Measurement Gap Activation Command MAC CE from the base station. The wireless device may maintain/keep the positioning measurement gap as activated despite losing the UL synchronization of the Serving Cell of the one or more Serving Cells. Based on implementation of existing technologies, in an NTN scenario, efficiency of the wireless device may reduce for activating/deactivating positioning measurement gap. In some examples, the wireless device may unnecessarily keep the positioning measurement gap as activated. This may increase consumed power or complexity of the wireless device, e.g., by performing one or more measurements during the positioning measurement gap.

[0245] According to example embodiments of the present disclosure, the wireless device may, based on a validity timer corresponding to the Serving Cell of the one or more Serving Cells, determine whether to request the base station (e.g., network) to activate/deactivate a positioning measurement gap of the one or more positioning measurement gaps (e g., whether to trigger the positioning measurement gap request or not). Some example embodiments may improve the efficiency of the positioning procedure in an NTN scenario and/or reduce the consumed power or complexity of the wireless device.

[0246] In an example embodiments of the present disclosure, the wireless device may, based on whether the UL synchronization of a Serving Cell of the one or more Serving Cells being lost or not (e.g., a validity timer corresponding to the Serving Cell being running or not), determine whether to request the base station (e.g., network) to activate/deactivate a positioning measurement gap of the one or more positioning measurement gaps (e.g., whether to trigger the positioning measurement gap request or not). In an example, based on obtaining/maintaining the UL synchronization of the Serving Cell of the one or more Serving Cells, e.g., the validity timer corresponding to the Serving Cell being running, the wireless device may trigger the positioning measurement gap request (e.g., request the base station to activate/deactivate the positioning measurement gap). For example, based on the one or more NTN configuration parameters not being valid (e.g., the validity timer being running), the wireless device may not trigger the positioning measurement gap request (e.g., request the base station to activate/deactivate the positioning measurement gap). [0247] In an example embodiment, the wireless device may determine a triggered measurement gap deactivation request (e.g., a Positioning Measurement Gap Deactivation Request MAC CE) being triggered and not being canceled. In an example embodiment, in response to the UL synchronization of the Serving Cell being lost (e.g., the expiry of the validity timer of the Serving Cell and/or the one or more NTN configuration parameters being invalid), the higher layers (e.g., the RRC sublayer) of the wireless device may send to/notify the lower layers (e.g., the MAC layer) of the wireless device to cancel the triggered measurement gap deactivation request. Some example embodiments may reduce possibility of undefined behaviour at the wireless device.

[0248] In an example embodiment, the base station may configure (e.g., via the one or more configuration parameters) the wireless device with a first configuration parameter. For example, in response to determining the first configuration parameter being indicated/configured (or being enabled or not being disabled or not being absent from the one or more configuration parameters), the wireless device may determine whether to trigger the positioning measurement gap activation/deactivation request or not based on whether the UL synchronization of the Serving cell of the one or more Serving Cells is lost or not (e.g., based on whether the one or more NTN configuration parameters being valid or not). For example, based on the first configuration parameter being indicated/configured (or being enabled or not being disabled or not being absent from the one or more configuration parameters) and the one or more NTN configuration parameters being invalid (e.g., the UL synchronization of the Serving cell of the one or more Serving Cells being lost), the wireless device may not trigger the positioning measurement gap activation/deactivation request. [0249] In an example embodiment, based on the one or more NTN configuration parameters being invalid (e.g., the validity timer of the Serving Cell not being running or being expired), the lower layers (e.g., the MAC layer) of the wireless device may cancel the triggered positioning measurement gap activation/deactivation request. For example, the wireless device may not request the base station to activate/deactivate the positioning measurement gap.

[0250] Some example embodiments may reduce complexity of the wireless device, e.g., by determining whether to trigger the positioning measurement gap activation/deactivation request based on whether the one or more NTN configuration parameters being valid or not.

[0251] In an example embodiment, in response to determining the UL synchronization of the Serving Cell being lost (e.g., the one or more NTN configuration parameters being invalid and/or the validity timer of the Serving Cell being expired), the wireless device may (automatically) deactivate an activated positioning measurement gap on the Serving Cell. For example, the wireless device may determine the positioning measurement procedure (e.g., using the activated position measurement gap) being ongoing. For example, the wireless device may stop/halt/suspend/deacti vate performing the positioning measurement procedure on the Serving Cell A benefit of deactivating the positioning measurement gap may be a reduction of the processing complexity/consumed power of the wireless device. A drawback of deactivating the positioning measurement gap may be reducing accuracy of location information at the wireless device and/or the base station.

[0252] In an example embodiment, the wireless device may deactivate the positioning measurement gap for/during a wait (or deactivation) window/duration/period. For example, the wait window may be for (re)acquiring the NTN-specific SIB and/or SIB1 (e.g., validating the one or more NTN configuration parameters) by the wireless device. For example, the wireless device may stop/halt/suspend performing the positioning measurement procedure on the Serving Cell during the wait window. In response to (re)acquiring the NTN-specific SIB and/or SIB1 (e.g., starting the validity timer and/or validating the one or more NTN configuration parameters), the wireless device may (automatically) start (or revive) the positioning measurement procedure on the Serving Cell.

[0253] In an example embodiment, in response to determining the UL synchronization of the Serving Cell being lost (e.g., the one or more NTN configuration parameters being invalid and/or the validity timer being expired), the wireless device may not deactivate the positioning measurement gap on the Serving Cell (e.g., the wireless device may keep the positioning measurement gap activated). For example, the wireless device may determine the positioning measurement procedure being ongoing. Some example embodiments may allow the wireless device (and/or the base station) keep performing positioning measurement procedure despite of losing the UL synchronization of the Serving Cell (e.g., improving performance/accuracy of a positioning procedure). The drawback may be an increase of the processing complexity/consumed power of the wireless device.

[0254] In an example embodiment, the base station may configure (e.g., via the one or more configuration parameters) the wireless device with a second configuration parameter. The second configuration parameter may, for example, indicate whether to (automatically) deactivate the (activated) positioning measurement gap or not in response to the UL synchronization of the Serving cell of the one or more Serving Cells being lost. For example, in response to determining the second configuration parameter being indicated/configured (or being enabled or not being disabled or not being absent from the one or more configuration parameters), the wireless device may determine whether to deactivate the positioning measurement gap based on the UL synchronization of the Serving cell of the one or more Serving Cells being lost (e.g , based on whether the one or more NTN configuration parameters being valid or not). For example, based on the second configuration parameter not being indicated/configured (or being disabled or not being enabled or being absent from the one or more configuration parameters) and the UL synchronization of the Serving cell of the one or more Serving Cells being lost, the wireless device may not deactivate the positioning measurement gap on the Serving Cell (e.g., the wireless device may keep the positioning measurement gap activated).

[0255] In an example embodiment, the wireless device may transmit a UE capability message to the base station. For example, the UE capability of the wireless device may indicate a capability of the wireless device for performing the one or more measurements when the UL synchronization of a Serving Cell is lost (e.g., due to the expiry of a validity timer of the Serving Cell and/or invalidity of the one or more configuration parameters). In some other cases, the UE capability message may indicate a capability of the wireless device for automatically deactivating the (activated) positioning measurement gap or not in response to the UL synchronization of the Serving cell of the one or more Serving Cells being lost.

[0256] FIG. 20 shows an example embodiment of a positioning procedure in wireless communications systems per an aspect of the present disclosure. For example, the wireless device may be in an RRC connected state/mode (e.g., an RRC_CONNECTED state) and/or in an RRC non-connected state/mxttode (e.g., an RRC J NACTIVE/I DLE state or an RRCJDLE state). In some implementations, FIG. 20 may show an implementation of a method (or a process) for a positioning procedure.

[0257] The wireless device may, for example, communicate with the base station via a non-terrestrial network ( NTN), e.g., the wireless device and the base station may operate in the NTN and/or the base station may be an NTN base station and/or a cell (e.g., a Serving Cell of one or more Serving Cells) may be part of the NTN. For example, the cell may be a Serving Cell or a non-Serving Cell.

[0258] As shown in FIG. 20, the wireless device may, from the base station and at time TO, receive the one or more configuration parameters (e.g., the one or more RRC configuration parameters). The one or more configuration parameters may, for example, comprise one or more serving cell (e.g., the one or more Serving Cells or the one or more cells) configuration parameters (e.g., ServingCellConfigCommon, ServingCellCon figCommonS IB, and/or ServingCellConfig) for configuring one or more cells (e.g., the one or more Serving Cells).

[0259] For example, the one or more cells may comprise a master (or primary) cell group (MSG) and/or a secondary cell group (SCG). In some cases, a cell of the one or more cells may be a primary secondary cell (PSCell), or a primary cell (PCell), or a secondary cell (SCell), or a special cell (SpCell). In some other cases, a cell of the one or more cells may belong to a first cell group corresponding to a primary TAG (pTAG) or a second cell group corresponding to a secondary TAG (sTAG). For example, the one or more configuration parameters may configure the wireless device for multi-cell communication and/or carrier aggregation.

[0260] The one or more configuration parameters (e.g., using the RRCReconfiguration or RRCResume) may comprise one or more measurements configuration parameters (e.g., MeasConfig). In an example, the one or more measurements configuration parameters may configure the wireless device to perform measurements (e.g., one or more measurements or one or more location related measurements and/or perform a positioning measurement procedure), e.g., on at least one Serving Cell (e.g., the Serving Cell) or on at least one non-Serving Cell. The one or more measurements configuration parameters (e.g., MeasConfig) may indicate/specify/configure the one or more measurements (e.g., the at least one measurement and/or the one or more location related measurements). In some cases, one or more measurements configuration parameters (e.g., MeasConfig) may cover/comprise intra-frequency, inter-frequency and inter-RAT mobility as well as configuration of measurement gaps. The wireless device may perform the one or more measurements (e.g., the one or more location related measurements and/or the positioning measurement procedure) using/based on the one or more measurements configuration parameters (e.g., MeasConfig). For example, to perform the positioning procedure the wireless device may perform the one or more measurements (e g., the at least one measurement and/or the one or more location related measurements).

[0261] For example, the one or more measurements configuration parameters may comprise at least one of the following: measurement objects indicating a list of (measurement) objects on which the wireless device may perform measurements (e.g., the one or more location related measurements); and/or reporting configurations; and/or measurement identities indicating a list of measurement identities where each measurement entity (of the list of measurement identities) links one measurement object (of the measurement objects) with one reporting configuration (of the reporting configurations); and/or quantity configurations (e.g., QuantityConfig) indicating/defining measurement filtering configuration used for all event evaluation and related reporting, and for periodical reporting of a measurement (e g., a location related measurement of the one or more location related measurement); and/or measurement gaps (e.g., MeasGapConfig) indicating one or more periods/windows/durations for performing the measurements (e.g., the one or more location related measurement); and/or measurement thresholds (e.g., s-MeasureConfig) for NR SpCell RSRP measurement controlling when the wireless device performs the measurements (e.g., based on SS/PBCH block or RSRP of CSI-RS) on non-serving cell(s).

[0262] As shown in FIG. 20, the one or more configuration parameters may comprise the one or more NTN configuration parameters. For example, the wireless device may receive the one or more NTN configuration parameters by acquiring SIB1 and/or the NTN-specific SIB (e.g., SIB19).

[0263] In some cases, as shown in FIG. 20, the one the one or more NTN configuration parameters may comprise a plurality of NTN-specific configuration parameters (e.g., ntn-Config), e.g., one or more NTN-specific configuration parameters. For example, the one the one or more NTN configuration parameters may comprise the one or more ephemeris parameters (e.g., the satellite ephemeris data and/or at least one satellite ephemeris data/information), and/or the one or more common delay/TA parameters (e.g., at least one common TA/delay parameter) and/or a reference location (e.g., referenceLocation) and/or antenna polarization mode(s) (e.g., vertical horizontal, right-hand circular, or left-hand circular) of at least one NTN node/payload. The base station may communicate with the wireless device via the at least one NTN node/payload (e.g., via at least one service link).

[0264] As shown in FIG. 20, a first NTN-specific configuration parameters of the plurality of the NTN-specific configuration parameters (or the one or more NTN configuration parameters) may correspond to a first Serving Cell of the one or more Serving Cells (e.g., NTN-Config-r17 IE of the NTN-specific SIB). For example, the one or more NTN configuration parameters may comprise one or more second NTN-specific configuration parameters corresponding to one or more NTN neighbour cells (e.g., NTN-Config-r17 IE of ntn-NeighCellConfigLIst IE of the NTN-specific SIB). For example, an NTN neighbour cell of the one or more NTN neighbour cells may be one of the one or more Serving Cells. In another example, an NTN neighbour cell of the one or more NTN neighbour cells may not be one of the one or more Serving Cells (e.g., may be a non-Serving Cell). In some examples, as shown in FIG. 20, an NTN neighbour cell of the one or more NTN neighbour cells may correspond to a physical cell ID (e.g., PhysCellld'/ and/or a carrier frequency. [0265] In some examples, a cell of the one or more cells may be the (first) Serving Cell or a cell of the one or more NTN neighbour cells. For example, the cell may comprise one or more NTN nodes and/or one or more service links (e g., for communicating with the wireless device). For example, the cell (e.g., the Serving Cell) may comprise one or more second cells (e.g., each cell of the one or more second cells may correspond to each of one or more service links or the one or more NTN nodes).

[0266] In some examples, an NTN node may (only) be a transmission point (TP) for transmitting DL positioning reference (DL-PRS) signals. For example, the NTN node may not be associated with a cell of the one or more cells or a service link of the at least one service link. For example, the NTN node may (only) be for receiving UL SRS signals (e.g., from the wireless device).

[0267] In some examples, an NTN node maybe a reception point (RP) for performing the positioning procedure. The NTN node may comprise a set of geographically collocated antennas (e.g. , comprising an antenna of a UL-SRS-only RP or SRS only RP). For example, the NTN node may correspond to a cell of the one or more cells.

[0268] For example, an NTN-specific configuration parameters of the plurality of the NTN-specific configuration parameters (e.g., the first NTN-specific configuration parameters or a second NTN-specific configuration parameters of the one or more second NTN-specific configuration parameters) may comprise one or more corresponding ephemeris parameters (e.g., corresponding satellite ephemeris data, e.g., ephemerisinfo), and/or the one or more corresponding common delay/TA parameters (e.g., ta-lnfo) and/or one or more corresponding antenna polarization mode(s) (e.g., vertical horizontal, right-hand circular, or left-hand circular) for UL/DL communications on a corresponding service link (or a corresponding Serving Cell).

[0269] In some cases, a Serving Cell corresponding to an NTN-specific configuration parameters of the plurality of the NTN-specific configuration parameters may comprise a single NTN node/payload. The one or more corresponding ephemeris parameters (e.g., corresponding satellite ephemeris data, e.g., ephemerisinfo), and/or the one or more corresponding common delay/TA parameters (e.g., ta-lnfo) and/or the one or more corresponding antenna polarization mode(s) (e.g., vertical horizontal, right-hand circular, or left-hand circular) may correspond to a service link corresponding to the single NTN node.

[0270] In some other cases, a Serving Cell corresponding to an NTN-specific configuration parameters of the plurality of the NTN-specific configuration parameters may comprise one or more NTN nodes/payloads. The one or more corresponding ephemeris parameters (e.g., corresponding satellite ephemeris data, e g., ephemerisinfo), and/or the one or more corresponding common delay/TA parameters (e.g., ta-lnfo) and/or the one or more corresponding antenna polarization mode(s) (e.g., vertical horizontal, right-hand circular, or left-hand circular) may, for example, correspond to one or more service links corresponding to the one or more NTN nodes/payloads.

[0271] For example, the wireless device may determine at least one common TA/delay using/based on the one or more common TA parameters of the plurality of NTN-specific configuration parameters. Each common TA/delay of the at least one common TA/delay may correspond to a TAG and/or a Serving Cell of the one or more Serving Cells and/or an NTN node of the one or more NTN nodes. The at least one common TA/delay may correspond to one or more TAGs (e.g., a primary TAG ora secondary TAG). A common TA/delay of the at least one common TA/delay may correspond to a Serving Cell (e.g., the one or more Serving Cells) and/or a non-Serving Cell (e.g., of one or more non-Serving Cells). In some examples, a common TA/delay of at least one common TA/delay may correspond to a feeder link of a Serving Cell or a feeder link of a non-Serving Cell. The wireless device may determine a common TA/delay of at least one common TA/delay based on one or more common TA parameters of a corresponding NTN-specific configuration parameters of the plurality of the NTN-specific configuration parameters. [0272] For example, the wireless device may determine at least one service link delay using/based on the one or more ephemeris parameters of the plurality of NTN-specific configuration parameters. Each service link delay of the at least one service link delay may correspond to a TAG and/or a Serving Cell of the one or more Serving Cells and/or an NTN node of the one or more NTN nodes. The at least one service link delay may correspond to one or more TAGs (e.g. , a primary TAG or a secondary TAG). A common TA/delay of the at least one service link delay may correspond to a Serving Cell (e.g., the one or more Serving Cells) and/or a non-Serving Cell (e.g., of one or more non-Serving Cells). In some examples, a service link delay of at least one service link delay may correspond to a service link of a Serving Cell ora service link of a non-Serving Cell. The wireless device may determine a service link delay of at least one service link delay based on one or more ephemeris parameters of a corresponding NTN-specific configuration parameters of the plurality of the NTN-specific configuration parameters.

[0273] For example, the wireless device may determine at least one open-loop TA (e.g., each open-loop TA of the at least one open-loop TA may correspond to a TAG or a Serving Cell of the one or more Serving Cells and/or an NTN node of the one or more NTN nodes) using/based on the plurality of NTN-specific configuration parameters. The at least one open-loop TA may correspond to one or more TAGs (e.g., a primary TAG or a secondary TAG). An open-loop TA of the at least one open-loop TA may correspond to a Serving Cell (e.g., the one or more Serving Cells) and/or a non-Serving Cell (e.g., of one or more non-Serving Cells). In some examples, an open-loop TA of at least one openloop TA may correspond to an NTN node of the at least one NTN node. The wireless device may determine an openloop TA of at least one open-loop TA based on a corresponding common TA/delay and/or a corresponding service link delay. For example, the wireless device may, corresponding to an open-loop TA of at least one open-loop TA, determine a corresponding UE-gNB RTT.

[0274] For example, the wireless device may determine/maintain/calculate at least one TA value (e.g., each TA value of the at least one TA value may correspond to a TAG or a Serving Cell of the one or more Serving Cells) using/based on the at least one open-loop TA and/or one or more TAC MAC CEs. The one or more TAG MAC CEs may be received, by the wireless device, from the one or more Serving Cells or the Serving Cell or the at least one Serving Cell. For example, a first (or each) TAC MAC CE of the one or more TAC MAC CEs may comprise a first TA fix/correction/update (or a first TA value) and at least one first index/ID. The at least one first index/ID may be one of the following: a first TAG ID, and/or a first cell ID, and/or a first beam ID, and/or a first NTN node I D/index, and/or the like. Based on receiving the first TAC MAC CE of the one or more TAC MAC CEs, the wireless device may calculate/maintain/update/determi ne a TA value of the at least one TA value corresponding to the indicated the at least one first TAG ID The at least one TA value may correspond to one or more TAGs (e.g., a primary TAG or a secondary TAG). A TA value of the at least one TA value may correspond to a Serving Cell (e.g., the one or more Serving Cells) and/or a non-Serving Cell (e.g., of one or more non-Serving Cells). In some examples, a TA value of at least one TA value may correspond to an NTN node of the at least one NTN node.

[0275] For example, the wireless device may determine at least one UE-gNB RTT (e.g., each UE-gNB RTT of the at least one UE-gNB RTT may correspond to a TAG or a Serving Cell of the one or more Serving Cells) using/based on the plurality of NTN-specific configuration parameters. The at least one UE-gNB RTT may correspond to one or more TAGs (e.g., a primary TAG or a secondary TAG). A UE-gNB RTT of the at least one UE-gNB RTT may correspond to a Serving Cell (e.g., the one or more Serving Cells) and/or a non-Serving Cell (e g., of one or more non-Serving Cells). In some examples, a UE-gNB RTT of at least one UE-gNB RTT may correspond to an NTN node of the at least one NTN node. The wireless device may determine a UE-gNB RTT of at least one UE-gNB RTT based on a corresponding openloop TA (a corresponding TA value) and/or a corresponding M AC-layer timing offset (e.g., K-Mac). In some examples, the wireless device may determine a UE-gNB RTT of the at least one UE-gNB RTT based on (e.g., by summing) the corresponding open-loop TA value (or a corresponding TA value) of the at least one open-loop TA value (e.g., in ms/slots/symbols/subframes) and a corresponding MAC-layer timing offset (e.g., K-Mac) (e.g., in ms/slots/symbols/subframes).

[0276] In an example, as shown in FIG. 20, each NTN-specific configuration parameter of the plurality of NTN- specific configuration parameters may comprise an MAC-layer timing offset (e.g., K-Mac or Kmac), e.g., corresponding to a feeder link and/or an NTN node and/or a Serving Cell and/or a non-Serving Cell, or the like. For example, the one or more NTN configuration parameters may indicate one or more MAC-layer timing offsets corresponding to the one or more feeder links and/or the one or more Serving Cells. For example, the one or more NTN configuration parameters may indicate a first MAC-layer timing offset of the one or more MAC-layer timing offsets corresponding to the primary TAG. In some examples, the one or more NTN configuration parameters may indicate a second MAC-layer timing offset of the one or more MAC-layer timing offsets corresponding to the secondary TAG.

[0277] For example, the one or more NTN configuration parameters may indicate a first MAC-layer timing offset of the one or more MAC-layer timing offsets corresponding to the primary TAG or a first cell group (e.g., the MSG). In some examples, the one or more NTN configuration parameters may indicate a second MAC-layer timing offset of the one or more MAC-layer timing offsets corresponding to the secondary TAG and/or a second cell group (e.g., the SCG). [0278] In an example, each NTN-specific configuration parameter of the plurality of NTN-specific configuration parameters may comprise a cell-specific timing offset (e.g., CellSpecific_K_offset), e.g., corresponding to a Serving Cell or a TAG or a service link of the Serving Cell or an NTN node of the Serving Cell, or the like. For example, the one or more NTN configuration parameters may indicate one or more (or at least one) cell-specific timing offsets corresponding to the one or more service links and/or one or more NTN nodes/payloads and/or the one or more cells (e.g., the one or more Serving Cells).

[0279] For example, the one or more NTN configuration parameters may indicate a first cell-specific timing offset of the one or more cell-specific timing offsets corresponding to the primary TAG or a first cell group (e.g., the MSG). In some examples, the one or more NTN configuration parameters may indicate a second cell-specific timing offset of the one or more cell-specific timing offsets corresponding to the secondary TAG and/or a second cell group (e.g., the SCG).

[0280] For example, the wireless device may use the one or more NTN configuration parameters to determine/measu re/calcu late/maintain/update/estimate the at least one open-loop TA value of the wireless device and/or the at least one common TA/delay and/or the at least one service link delay and/or the at least one UE-gNB RTT and/or at least one TA value. In some cases, each TA value of the at least one TA value (and/or each open-loop TA value of the at least one open-loop TA value and/or each cell-specific timing offset of the at least one cell-specific timing offset and/or each MAC-layer timing offset of the at least one MAC-layer timing offset) may correspond to a Serving Cell and/or a service link and/or a TAG and/or an NTN node and/or a feeder link, and/or the like.

[0281] In some other cases, the wireless device may, based on the one or more NTN configuration parameters, determine/measure/maintain one or more NTN-specific parameters/values. In some implementations, the one or more NTN-specific parameters/values (and/or the one or more NTN configuration parameters) may comprise a type of NTN payload (e.g., a GEO satellite, a MEO satellite, a LEO satellite, and/or a HAPS) corresponding to the at least one Serving Cell. In some implementations, the one or more NTN-specific parameters/values (and/or the one or more NTN configuration parameters) may comprise a type of the cell/beam (e.g., an Earth-fixed cell/beam or an Earth-moving cell/beam) corresponding to the at least one Serving Cell or one or more non-Serving Cells. In some cases, the wireless device may determine at least one location information (or position) of the at least one NTN node/payload based on the one or more NTN configuration parameters and/or the one or more NTN-specific parameters/values. For example, the wireless device may use the one or more NTN configuration parameters (e.g., the one or more ephemeris parameters and/or the one or more common delay/TA parameters and/or referenceLocation) to calculate/determine/maintain/update the at least one location information of the at least one NTN node/payload (e.g., satellite).

[0282] The wireless device may maintain/obtain UL synchronization of the one or more cells in response to acquiring/reacquiring the NTN-specific SIB and/or SIB1 (e.g., receiving the one or more NTN configuration parameters). For example, the wireless device may determine whether UL synchronization of a first cell of the one or more cells and/or a second cell of the one or more cells being lost or not.

[0283] In some cases, in response to obtaining the UL synchronization of the first cell of the one or more cells (e.g., based on receiving the one or more NTN configuration parameters or receiving the one or more NTN configuration parameters corresponding to the first cell), the wireless device may determine the UL synchronization of the second cell of the one or more cells being obtained/maintained. For example, in response to losing the UL synchronization of the first cell of the one or more cells, the wireless device may determine the UL synchronization of the second cell of the one or more cells being lost. For example, the first cell may correspond to the primary TAG. In some cases, the first cell may be the cell that the wireless device is receiving the NTN-specific SIB and/or SIB1. In some cases, the first cell may be a PCell and/or be a cell of the MSG. For example, the wireless device may determine the UL synchronization of the second cell being lost based on a validity timer of the first cell being expired. For example, the wireless device may determine the UL synchronization of the second cell being obtained based on the validity timer of the first cell being running.

[0284] In some examples, the wireless device may obtain/maintain UL synchronization of the second cell independently from the UL synchronization of the first cell. For example, the wireless device may not determine the UL synchronization of the second cell being lost in response to the UL synchronization of the first cell being lost. In another example, the wireless device may not determine the UL synchronization of the second cell being obtained in response to the UL synchronization of the first cell being obtained. For example, the wireless device may determine the UL synchronization of the second cell being lost based on a validity timer of the second cell being expired. The wireless device may, for example, determine the UL synchronization of the second cell being obtained based on the validity timer of the second cell being running.

[0285] In an example, an NTN-specific configuration parameters of the plurality of the NTN-specific configuration parameters may comprise a duration ntn-UISyncValidityDuration and/or an epochTime. In some cases, the wireless device may start/restart at least one validity timer/window/period/duration (e.g ., with the duration UlSyncValidityDuration) based on acquiring/reacquiring the NTN-specific SIB and/or SIB1 (e.g., receiving the one or more NTN configuration parameters). A validity timer (e.g., T430 timer) of the at least one validity timer may correspond to a cell (e.g., the Serving Cell or an NTN neighbour cell) of the one or more cells and/or a TAG (e.g., the primary TAG or the secondary TAG) and/or a service link of the at least one service link and/or an NTN node or the at least one NTN node and/or a cell group (e.g., the PCG or SCG).

[0286] In an embodiment, e.g., in the RRC inactive/idle state, the wireless device may start/restart a (each) validity timer (e.g., corresponding to a cell of the one or more cells, e.g., a Serving Cell of the one or more Serving Cells, and/or a TAG and/or a service link of the at least one service link and/or a cell group and/or an NTN node of the at least one NTN node) in response to receiving the one or more NTN configuration parameters, e.g., an NTN-specific configuration parameters corresponding to the cell (e.g., the Serving Cell) and/or the TAG and/or the service link of the at least one service link and/or the cell group and/or the NTN node of the at least one NTN node. For example, the wireless device may start/restart the validity timer (e.g., of the Serving Cell) with a duration ntn-UISyncValidityDuration of the corresponding NTN-specific configuration parameters from a subframe indicated by an epochTime of the corresponding NTN-specific configuration parameters. In some scenarios, the wireless device may determine the epochTime based on a subframe that the corresponding NTN-specific configuration parameters (and/or the NTN-specific SIB or SIB1) is received/acquired and/or a system information (SI) modification window and/or an SFN. The wireless device may require (or attempt to re-acquire) the NTN-specific SIB (e.g., SIB19) and/or SIB1 before expiry of a validity timer of the at least one validity timer (e.g., before an end of the duration indicated by ntn-UISyncValidityDuration of the NTN- specific configuration parameters of the corresponding Serving Cell).

[0287] In an example, in response to a validity timer of the at least one validity timer (e.g., corresponding to a Serving Cell of the one or more Serving Cells and/or a non-Serving Cell and/or the TAG and/or the service link of the at least one service link and/or the cell group and/or the NTN node of the at least one NTN node) being expired, the wireless device may determine UL synchronization of each Serving Cell of the one or more Serving Cells being lost (e.g., the wireless device may stop the at least one validity timer, if running). For example, the wireless device (re)-acquire the NTN-specific SIB and/or SIB1. For example, based on the validity timer corresponding to a cell of the one or more cells (e.g., a PCell or a cell in the pTAG or a cell in MCG or a PsCell) being expired, the wireless device may determine UL synchronization of each Serving Cell of the one or more Serving Cells being lost (e.g., the wireless device may stop the at least one validity timer, if running).

[0288] In an example, in response to a validity timer of the at least one validity timer (e.g., corresponding to a Serving Cell of the one or more Serving Cells) being expired, the wireless device may determine UL synchronization of the Serving Cell of the one or more Serving Cells being lost. For example, the wireless device (re)-acquire the NTN-specific SIB and/or SIB1.

[0289] In some other cases, corresponding to each open-loop TA value of the at least one TA value (or a TAG or a Serving Cell of the one or more Service Cells), the wireless device may run/mai ntai n/start/restart a validity timer/window/duration. In response to a validity timer corresponding to a TAG or a Serving Cell being expired, the wireless device may determine UL synchronization of the corresponding Serving Cell (or each Serving Cell of the one or more Serving Cells or a corresponding non-Serving Cell) being lost. For example, the wireless device (re)-acquires the NTN-specific SIB and/or SIB1 and/or corresponding NTN-specific configuration parameters

[0290] In some implementations, the wireless device may transmit a UE-capability message to the base station. The UE capability message may indicate a capability of the wireless device for (simultaneously) mai ntai ning/esti mati ng/updating/measuring/calculati ng the at least one open-loop TA value of the wireless device (and/or the at least one UE-gNB RTT). In other implementations, the UE-capability message may indicate a capability of the wireless device for maintaining (e.g., running, starting, restarting) the at least one validity timer corresponding to the one or more Serving Cells (e.g., comprising the Serving Cell and the one or more NTN neighbour cells). In other implementations, the UE-capability message may indicate a capability of the wireless device for maintaining (e.g., running, starting, restarting) a single validity timer corresponding to all Serving Cells (e.g., comprising the Serving Cell and the one or more NTN neighbour cells).

[0291] For example, the UE-capability message may indicate a capability of the wireless device for simultaneously communicating to the base station via the at least one NTN node/payload and/or at least one service link (and/or at least one feeder link). For example, an NTN node of the at least one NTN node may correspond to a Serving Cell. In some other cases, an NTN node of the at least one NTN node may correspond to a non-Serving Cell. In some examples, the at least one NTN node may correspond to different Serving Cells.

[0292] As shown in FIG. 20, an (or each) NTN-specific configuration parameters of the plurality of the NTN-specific configuration parameters may comprise at least one (antenna) polarization mode/information. For example, the at least one antenna polarization mode of an NTN-specific configuration parameters may comprise at least one DL antenna polarization mode (e.g., ntn-PolarizationDL) indicating one or more polarization information/modes for DL transmissions (e.g., PDCCH/PDSCH/SSB transmissions) on the corresponding service link (e.g., the service link of the Serving Cell corresponding to the NTN-specific configuration parameters). In another example, the at least one antenna polarization mode may comprise at least UL antenna polarization modes/information (e.g., ntn-PolarizationUL indicating one or more polarization information/modes for UL transmissions (e.g., PUSCH/PUCCH/PRACH/SRS transmissions) on the service link (e.g., the service link of the Serving Cell corresponding to the NTN-specific configuration parameters). [0293] In an example, an antenna polarization mode of an NTN node/payload of a Serving Cell (or a non-Serving Cell) may be based on the at least one antenna polarization mode of an NTN-specific configuration parameters. For example, the antenna polarization mode of an NTN node/payload may correspond to a DL antenna polarization mode on the corresponding service link (e.g. , for DL transmission) or an UL antenna polarization mode on the corresponding service link (e.g., for UL transmission). In some cases, the at least UL antenna polarization mode of the NTN node/payload of a Serving Cell (or a non-Serving Cell) may be the same as the at least DL antenna polarization mode of the NTN node/payload of a Serving Cell (or a non-Serving Cell).

[0294] For example, the positioning procedure (or operation) may comprise a positioning measurement procedure and/or the positioning measurement gap activation/deactivation procedure and/or the location measurement indication and/or a positioning measurement gap activation/deactivation request. The wireless device may perform the positioning procedure (or operation) for at least one Serving Cell of the one or more Serving Cells and/or at least one non-Serving Cell. For example, the wireless device may perform the positioning procedure for/corresponding to a service link corresponding to a Serving Cell or a non-Serving Cell. In some cases, the wireless device may perform the positioning procedure for/corresponding to an NTN node (of the at least one NTN node) corresponding to a Serving Cell or a nonServing Cell. In some other cases, the wireless device may perform the positioning procedure for/corresponding to a service link (of the at least one service link) corresponding to a Serving Cell or a non-Serving Cell.

[0295] For example, the one or more configuration parameters may comprise one or more positioning RS (PRS) configuration parameters. The one or more PRS configuration parameters may configure the wireless device with one or more DL PRS resource sets (e.g., via NR-DL-PRS-ResourceSet and NR-DL-PRS-Resource). Each DL PRS resource set of the one or more DL PRS resource sets may comprise a number (K>f) of DL PRS resource(s). The one or more PRS configuration parameters (e.g., via NR-DL-PRS-PositioningFrequencyLayer, NR-DL-PRS-ResourceSet and NR-DL-PRS-Resource) may configure each DL PRS resource set of the one or more DL PRS resource sets. In some examples, the one or more PRS configuration parameters may configure the wireless device with one or more DL PRS positioning frequency layer configurations (e.g., via NR-DL-PRS-PositioningFrequencyLayer).

[0296] A DL PRS resource set of the one or more DL PRS resource sets (e.g., configured by NR-DL-PRS- ResourceSet) may comprise of one or more DL PRS resources. In an example, the one or more DL PRS resources may comprise at least one of: nr-DL-PRS-ResourceSetID (e.g., indicating an identity of the DL PRS resource set), dl- PRS-Periodicity-and-ResourceSetSlotOffset (e.g., indicating how many times the DL-PRS resource is repeated for a single instance of the DL-PRS resource set), dl-PRS-ResourceRepetitionFactor, dl-PRS-ResourceTimeGap (e.g., indicating an offset in number of slots between two repeated instances of a DL PRS resource with the same nr-DL- PRS-ResourcelD within a single instance of the DL PRS resource set), dl-PRS-MutingOption1 and dl-PRS- MutingOption2. NR-DL-PRS-SFNO-Offset, dl-PRS-ResourceList(e.g., indicating one or more DL PRS resources that are contained within one DL PRS resource set), dl-PRS-CombSizeN, dl-PRS-ResourceBandwidth, dl-PRS-StartPRB, and/or dl-PRS-NumSymbols. For example, a DL PRS resource of a DL PRS resource set may comprise at least one of: nr-DL-PRS-ResourcelD, dl-PRS-SequencelD, dl-PRS-CombSizeN-AndReOffset, dl-PRS-ResourceSlotOffset dl-PRS- ResourceSymbolOffset, and/or dl-PRS-QCL-Info. For example, the wireless device may (uniquely) identify/determine a DL PRS resource one of the one or more DL PRS resource sets based on at least one of: dl-PRS-ID, nr-DL-PRS- ResourceSetlD, and/or nr-DL-PRS-ResourcelD-r16. In some cases, the wireless device may determine the DL PRS being transmitted from a Serving Cell or a non-Serving Cell, e.g., based on the one or more configuration parameters (e.g., at least one of dl-PRS-ID, nr-PhysCelllD, nr-CellGloballD, and/or nr-ARFCN). For example, to perform the positioning measurement procedure (e.g., the positioning procedure), the one or more configuration parameters (e.g., nr-DL-PRS-Referencelnfo) may indicate that the wireless device may use one or more DL PRS resources as a reference for DL RSTD, DL PRS-RSRP, and/or UE Rx-Tx time difference measurements. The reference (e.g., provided by nr-DL-PRS-Referencelnfo) may comprise a dl-PRS-ID, a DL PRS resource set ID, and optionally a single DL PRS resource ID or a list of DL PRS resource IDs.

[0297] In some cases, the one or more DL PRS resource sets (e.g., configured by NR-DL-PRS-ResourceSet) may be referred to as pre-configured assistance data or DL-PRS assistance data during an (ongoing) LPP positioning session. For example, the base station may send/transmit the DL-PRS assistance data (e.g., the one or more PRS configuration parameters) before or during the ongoing LPP positioning session).

[0298] In some implementations, a DL PRS resource set (e.g., of a cell, e.g., a Serving Cell or a non-Serving Cell) of the one or more DL PRS resource sets may correspond to at least one antenna polarization mode (e.g., the at least one DL antenna polarization mode), e.g., vertical horizontal, right-hand circular, or left-hand circular). For example, the at least one polarization mode may comprise an antenna polarization mode of the wireless device and/or an antenna polarization mode of the NTN node/payload. In some examples, a DL PRS resource set may comprise an indication indicating the at least one antenna polarization mode (e.g., vertical horizontal, right-hand circular, or left-hand circular). For example, as shown in FIG. 20, the positioning procedure may be based on the at least one polarization mode (e.g., corresponding to the DL PRS resource set).

[0299] In some embodiments, the positioning procedure may be based multiple NTN nodes/payloads (e.g., multiple satellites and/or corresponding to the at least one service link), e.g., comprising the NTN payloads/nodes corresponding to the one or more Serving Cells and/or one or more non-Serving Cells.

[0300] In some other embodiments, the positioning procedure may be based on multiple time instance measurements corresponding to a single NTN node/payload (e.g., satellite) of a Serving Cell of the one or more Serving Cells or a non-Serving Cell. For example, each time instance measurement (e.g., during a (positioning) measurement gap occasion) of the multiple time instance measurements being associated with a location/position (and/or an attribute/characteristics/features of a service link) of/corresponding to the single NTN node.

[0301] In some implementations, the attribute of the service link (e.g., a service link of the at least one service link and/or the service link corresponding to the Serving Cell or the NTN node) may be at least one of one or more attributes of the service link. For example, the one of one or more attributes of the service link may comprise (or be) at least one of the following: a UE-gNB RTT corresponding to the service link (e.g., the UE-gNB RTT of the Serving Cell of the one or more Serving Cells), a propagation delay of the service link, and/or a length of the service link (e.g., distance between the wireless device and the NTN payload or a relative location/position of the NTN node/payload to the location/position of the wireless device and/or distance between the wireless device and the reference location), and/or an elevation angle of the service link, and/or the like. For example, the one or more attributes of the service link may be based on (or depend on) an GNSS-acquired position (or a location information) of the wireless device.

[0302] In some examples, the service link may comprise one or more intermediary nodes (e.g., airplanes and/or drones (UAV) and/or HAPS nodes/payload and/or low-orbit satellites). For example, using the one or more NTN configuration parameters corresponding to the Serving Cell, the wireless device may determine the one or more attributes of the service link of/corresponding to the Serving Cell or the NTN node.

[0303] In some other implementations, the one or more attributes of the service link may be based on one or more timestamps (e.g., the timestamp of the one or more NTN configuration parameters and/or the timestamp of the NTN- specific SIB) and/or an epoch time (e.g., an epoch time of the NTN-specific SIB or an epoch time of SIBx, where x=1, 2, ...). For example, the determining the least one location information/position of the NTN node of the at least one NTN node may be based on the one or more timestamps.

[0304] In an embodiment, the wireless device may, based on performing the positioning procedure, may measure and report a first number of DL RSTD measurements (e.g., 4 DL RSTD measurements) e.g., per a dl-PRS-ID (e.g., UE- specific TRP ID corresponding to the one or more PRS configuration parameters) and/or per a DL antenna polarization mode. In some cases, each measurement of the first number of DL RSTD measurements may be between a different pair of DL PRS resources (or DL PRS resource sets), e.g., each DL PRS resource may be associated with (or identified by) the dl-PRS-ID and/or a DL antenna polarization mode. In an example embodiment, the first number of DL RSTD measurements (e.g., on the same pair of dl-PRS-ID) may use one or more reference timings (e.g., corresponding to the multiple time instance measurements). The wireless device may transmit the report to the base station. In some examples, each measurement of the first number of DL RSTD measurements may correspond an antenna polarization mode of the wireless device and/or an NTN node (e.g., for DL or UL communication via a service link of the at least one service link).

[0305] In an example, the one or more measurements configuration parameters may comprise one or more positioning measurement gaps (e.g., configured via PosGapConfig and/or GapConfig). For example, the wireless device may perform the one or more location related measurements based on (or using or during) the one or more positioning measurement gaps. In some cases, a positioning measurement gap of the one or more positioning measurement gaps may be a per-UE measurement gap (e.g., gapType is perUE). In some other cases, a positioning measurement gap of the one or more positioning measurement gaps may be a per-RF (e.g., per- RF1 or per-RF2) measurement gap (e.g., gapType is perRF1/perRF2).

[0306] In an example embodiment, a positioning measurement gap of the one or more positioning measurement gaps may correspond to a DL antenna polarization mode (e.g., on the service link corresponding to a cell, e.g., a Serving Cell or a non-Serving Cell) of the at least one DL antenna polarization mode. [0307] In some scenarios, to performing the positioning procedure, the wireless device may setup/configure a positioning measurement gap of measurement gaps (e.g. , the one or more positioning measurement gaps), e.g., based on a measurement gap length (in ms) of the positioning measurement gap; and/or a measurement gap repetition period (in ms) of the positioning measurement gap; and/or a gap offset of the positioning measurement gap (e.g., gapOffset), and/or the one or more NTN configuration parameters, e.g., corresponding to a cell a Serving Cell ora non-Serving Cell. For example, the wireless device may setup/configure a positioning measurement gap of the measurement gaps (e.g., the one or more positioning measurement gaps) based on the NTN configuration parameters corresponding to the cell (e.g., physical cell ID, epoch time, SFN, a polarization mode/information, or the like). In an example, to setup/configure the positioning measurement gap of the measurement gaps (e.g., the one or more positioning measurement gaps), the wireless device may determine at least one of the following being satisfied: gapFRI is set to setup, and/or gapFR2 is set to setup, and/or gapUE is set to setup. Based on (or using) the measurement gap (e.g., the gapOffset of the positioning measurement gap), the wireless device may, e.g., based on determining a SFN and a subframe (of the DL frame/configuration), e.g., corresponding to the cell, identify/determine an occasion (e.g., a DL occasion/symbol/slot/frame/subframe and/or a timer instance) that the positioning measurement gap may start/occur (e.g., a first/starti ng/earliest/initial subframe of the measurement gap). For example, the wireless device may apply a measurement gap TA (e.g., mgta) of the positioning measurement gap, e.g., based on an open-loop TA (and/or the UE- g NB RTT) corresponding to the Serving Cell (or a non-Serving Cell) or a TAG. In some scenarios, the wireless device may start performing the one or more location related measurements the measurement gap TA (e.g., mgta before the fi rst/starting/earl iest/in itial subframe of the positioning measurement gap (e.g., prior to occurrence of the positioning measurement gap or the subframe that the positioning measurement gap starts/occurs), e.g., based on the at least one DL antenna polarization mode and/or an antenna polarization mode corresponding to the positioning measurement gap.

[0308] In some implementations, the wireless device may configure/determine a reference signal (RS) measurement timing (e.g., a positioning RS (PRS)). In an example, the wireless device may setup/identify a first/starting/initial/earliest SS/PBCH block measurement timing configuration (SMTC) in accordance with a periodicityAndOffset parameter (providing Periodicity and Offset value) of the one or more measurement configuration parameters (e.g., in a smtd configuration and/or smtc2 configuration and/or smtc3 configuration and/or smtc4 configuration, and the like). In some cases, the wireless device may, based on a periodicity parameter in a smtc (that is not the smtd, e.g., smtc2 and/or smtc3 and/or smtc4) configuration, setup/determine/configure the measurement gap. For example, the wireless device may setup/determine/configure the measurement gap based on an Offset (derived/determined from parameter periodicityAndOffset of the corresponding smtc configuration) and/or a duration parameter from the smtd configuration. In some other cases, the wireless device may setup/determine a RSSI measurement timing configuration (RMTC) in accordance with the one or more measurement configuration parameters (e.g., rmtc-Periodicity and/or rmtc- SubframeOffset). [0309] The wireless device (e.g., in the RRC_CONNECTED state) may maintain a measurement object list of the measurement objects, a reporting configuration list of the reporting configurations, and a measurement identities list of the measurement identities. The measurement object list may, for example, comprise at least one of: NR measurement object(s), CLI measurement object(s), inter-RAT objects, and/or L2 U2N Relay objects. The reporting configuration list may, for example, comprise at least one of: NR, inter-RAT, and/or L2 U2N Relay reporting configurations. In some implementations, for the NR measurement object(s), the wireless device may measure and report on a Serving Cell (of the one or more Serving Cells) and/or detected cells (e.g., these are cells that are not listed within the measurement objects but are detected by the wireless device on the SSB frequency(ies) and subcarrier spacing(s) indicated by the measurement objects) and/or listed cells (e.g., indicted by the measurement objects and/or the one or more NTN configuration parameters).

[0310] For example, the wireless device may, to perform the positioning procedure, perform a (positioning) measurement of the one or more measurements (e.g., the one or more location related measurements), e.g., corresponding to at least one cell (e.g., Serving Cell and/or non-Serving Cell). In some cases, the wireless device may perform the measurement by measuring one or multiple beams of a cell (e.g., the Serving Cell) of the at least one cell. In some examples, the wireless device may apply a layer 3 filtering for performing the measurement, e.g., when the measurement is not performed for RSSI and/or CLI measurement. In some cases, the measurement may be based on the antenna polarization mode of the wireless device and/or the NTN node corresponding to the cell (e.g., on the DL/UL service link of the cell) of the at least one cell.

[0311] In an example, corresponding to the at lease one Serving Cell and/or non-Serving Cell (e.g., the Serving Cell and/or the one or more NTN neighbour cells), the positioning procedure may be for validating location information/position of the wireless device (e.g., Network verified UE location) and/or an NTN node/payload (e.g., a satellite) and/or the base station. In some aspects, the positioning procedure may be based on at least one of the following: an enhanced-cell identification (E-CID) method/procedure, a downlink-time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA) method/procedure, downlink-angle of departure (DL-AoD) method/procedure, Multiple round-trip time (Multi-RTT) method/procedure, an uplink-time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA) method/procedure, and/or an uplink-angle of arrival (UL-AoA) method/procedure, and/or an AI/ML-based positioning procedure. The positioning procedure may be based on a UE Positioning function of NG-RAN which provides the mechanisms to support or assist the calculation of the geographical position of the wireless device. For example, position knowledge of the wireless device may be used, for example, in support of Radio Resource Management functions, location-based services for operators, subscribers, and third-party service providers.

[0312] In some aspects, the wireless device may perform the positioning procedure by executing/performing/conducting the one or more location related measurements, e.g., corresponding to the at least one cell and/or the at least one NTN node. For example, the one or more location related measurements may be for/toward the one or more radio access technologies (RATs), e.g., E-UTRA (eutra-RSTD) and/or NR (nr-RSTD, nr-UE- RxTxTimeDiff, nr-PRS-RSRP and/or NTN segment, or the like (e.g., 6G). [0313] The positioning procedure may comprise one or more location related measurements, e.g., corresponding to the at least one NTN node (e.g., corresponding to a same Serving Cell) and/or at least one Serving Cell and/or at least one service link. For example, the wireless device may, based on (or by using or via) the one or more positioning measurement gaps and to perform the positioning procedure, perform the one or more location related measurements. In some implementations, the one or more configuration parameters (e.g., via LPP) may configure the wireless device to measure PRS for any RSTD, PRS-RSRP, and UE Rx-Tx time difference measurement, e.g., to perform the one or more location related measurements. For example, the one or more location related measurements may comprise NR positioning measurements (e.g., RSTD, PRS-RSRP, UE Rx-Tx time difference, NR E-CID, and PRS-RSRPP measurements). The one or more location related measurements may correspond to the one or more RATs. In some cases, the one or more location related measurements may be based on gap-based (e.g., using the one or more positioning measurement gaps) measurements and/or gapless measurements.

[0314] The wireless device may measure at least one PRS resource of the DL PRS resource set (of the one or more DL PRS resource sets) during a positioning measurement gap. In some example, the at least one PRS resource of the DL PRS resource set may correspond to the at least one antenna polarization mode of the wireless device and/or the NTN node/payload, e.g., corresponding to the cell (e.g., a Serving Cell or a non-Serving Cell). For example, the wireless device may measure the at least one PRS resource of the DL PRS resource set (of the one or more DL PRS resource sets) that are fully or partially overlapped with the positioning measurement gap (occasion). The at least one (DL) PRS resource may be fully (or partially) overlapped with the positioning measurement gap based on all (or some) of the instances of the PRS resource being overlapped with the positioning measurement gap. The wireless device may (uniquely) identify/determine a (DL) PRS based on at least one of dl-PRS-ID, a nr-DL-PRS-ResourceSetID, and/or a nr- DL-PRS-ResourcelD-r16, and/or a physical cell ID of the cell corresponding to a serving NTN node or a service link. For example, the wireless device may determine that the at least one DL PRS (resource) being transmitted (from the base station) from/via the Serving Cell (of the one or more Serving Cells) and/or via an NTN node corresponding to a service link. In some cases, the Serving Cell may be the same as a Serving Cell defined/identified/determined by an SS/PBCH block (e.g., the DL PRS and the SS/PBCH block are transmitted from the same Serving Cell). In some other cases, the DL PRS may be transmitted (by the base station) from a non-Serving Cell. In some cases, the DL PRS may be transmitted (by the base station) from a Serving Cell (or a non-Serving Cell) via the at least one NTN node and/or via at least one service link.

[0315] FIG. 21 shows an example embodiment of a procedure for positioning measurement gap activation/deactivation in wireless communications systems per an aspect of the present disclosure. In some scenarios, FIG. 21 depicts an example embodiment of a procedure for requesting activation/deactivation of a positioning measurement gap (e.g., at a base station and/or a wireless device). For example, FIG. 21 may illustrate an example of a location measurement indication procedure (e.g., for requesting activation/deactivation of the positioning measurement gap) in an RRC connected state/mode (e.g., an RRC_CONNECTED state) and/or in an RRC nonconnected state/mode (e.g., an RRCJ NACTIVE/I DLE state or an RRC_I DLE state). In some implementations, FIG. 21 may show an implementation of a method (or a process) for the positioning procedure. By/via/based on the location measurement indication procedure, the wireless device may indicate to (or inform/notify) the base station (or the network), e.g., via a cell (e.g., a Serving Cell or a non-Serving Cell), that the wireless device is starting (e.g., by requesting a positioning measurement gap activation) one or more location related measurements or stopping (e.g., by requesting a positioning measurement gap deactivation) the one or more location related measurements. For example, the positioning procedure may comprise the one or more location related measurements corresponding to the at least one NTN node (e.g., corresponding to a same Serving Cell) and/or at least one Serving Cell and/or at least one service link.

[0316] The base station may communicate with the wireless device via/using one or more cells (e.g., one or more Serving Cells/serving cells). For example, the wireless device may be in an RRCJ DLE (or an RRC idle) state/mode and/or an RRCJNACTIVE/IDLE (or an RRC inactive/idle) state/mode, or an RRC_CONNECTED (or an RRC connected) state/mode. For example, the wireless device may be in a RRC non-connected state/mode (e.g., the RRC inactive/idle state/mode or the RRC idle state/mode). The wireless device may, for example, communicate with the base station via a non-terrestrial network (NTN), e.g., the wireless device and the base station may operate in the NTN and/or the base station may be an NTN base station and/or a cell (e.g., a Serving Cell of the one or more Serving Cells) may be part of the NTN. For example, the cell may be a Serving Cell or a non-Serving Cell.

[0317] As shown in FIG. 21 , the wireless device may, from the base station, receive the one or more configuration parameters (e.g., the one or more RRC configuration parameters). The one or more configuration parameters may, for example, comprise one or more serving cell (e.g., the one or more Serving Cells or the one or more cells) configuration parameters (e.g., ServingCellConfigCommon, Sen/ingCellConfigCommonSIB, and/or ServingCellConfig) for configuring the one or more cells (e.g., the one or more Serving Cells). In some examples, the one or more configuration parameters may comprise the one or more NTN configuration parameters. For example, the one or more cells may comprise a master (or primary) cell group (MSG) and/or a secondary cell group (SCG). In some cases, a cell of the one or more cells may be a primary secondary cell (PSCell), or a primary cell (PCell), or a secondary cell (SCell), or a special cell (SpCell). In some other cases, a cell of the one or more cells may belong to a first cell group corresponding to a primary TAG (pTAG) or a second cell group corresponding to a secondary TAG (sTAG). For example, the one or more configuration parameters may configure the wireless device for multi-cell communication and/or carrier aggregation.

[0318] As shown in FIG. 21 , the one or more configuration parameters may comprise the one or more NTN configuration parameters. For example, the wireless device may receive the one or more NTN configuration parameters by acquiring SIB1 and/or the NTN-specific SIB (e.g., SIB19). The one or more configuration parameters may, for example, comprise the one or more positioning RS (PRS) configuration parameters. The one or more configuration parameters (e.g., using/via the RRCReconfiguration or RRCResume} may comprise one or more measurements configuration parameters (e.g., MeasConfig). In an example, the one or more measurements configuration parameters may configure the wireless device to perform measurements (e.g., the one or more location related measurements and/or perform the positioning measurement procedure), e.g., on at least one Serving Cell (e.g., the Serving Cell) or on at least one non-Serving Cell.

[0319] In an example, the wireless device may receive a message (e g., NR-DL-TDOA-RequestLocationlnformation message and/or NR-DL-AoD-ProvideAssistanceData message and/or nr-Multi-RTT-RequestLocationlnformation message and/or nr-ECID-RequestLocationlnformation message) from Location Management Function (LMF) (e.g., via LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP)). The base station may transmit the message to the wireless device, e.g., via a DL signal (e.g., PDSCH or PDCCH). In some cases, the message may be an RRC message. In some other cases, the message may be a MAC CE. The message may request the wireless device to measure and/or report (the one or more) measurements (e.g., PRS-RSRP, DL Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD), PRS-RSRPP, and/or one or more UE Rx-Tx time difference), e.g., for the at least one cell. In some cases, the wireless device may, for Enhanced- cell identification (E-CID) (e.g., NR E-CID) positioning, report at leastone of the following: SS-RSRP, SS-RSRQ, CSI- RSRP, and CSI-RSRQ. For example, the (requested) report (e.g., based on receiving the message) may be based on the antenna polarization mode of the wireless device and/or the NTN node corresponding to the cell (e.g., on the DL/UL service link of the cell) of the at least one cell.

[0320] The wireless device may initiate/start performing a measurement (e.g., a location measurement, e.g., a location related measurement of the one or more location related measurements) based on an indication for initiating the measurement. For example, an RRC or MAC layer of the wireless device may receive the indication for initiating the measurement from higher layers of the wireless device (e.g., layers above the RRC layer). For example, the indication for initiating the measurement may be in response to receiving the message form the LMF (e.g., via LPP), e.g., at the RRC layer (or MAC layer) or the higher layers of the wireless device (e.g., layers above the RRC layer). In some cases, the indication for initiating the measurement may be in response to starting an LPP positioning session (e.g., at the wireless device and/or the base station). In some examples, the wireless device may receive the indication for initiating the measurement during the ongoing LPP positioning procedure.

[0321] In some other examples, the wireless device may initiate/start/trigger the location measurement indication procedure (e.g., after successful AS security activation and in response to (or based on) the indication for initiating the measurement). In an example embodiment, the wireless device may determine UL synchronization of a cell (e.g., a Serving Cell or a non-Serving Cell) being maintained/obtained (e.g., a validity timer corresponding to the cell being running).

[0322] In response to the UL synchronization of a cell (e.g., a Serving Cell or a non-Serving Cell) being lost (e.g., a validity timer corresponding to the cell being lost), the wireless device may not initiate/start/trigger (or avoid/bypass initiati ng/starti ng/triggering) the location measurement indication procedure. For example, the wireless device may (re)acquire the NTN configuration parameters (e.g., NTN-specific SIB or SIB1), e.g., corresponding to the cell, before initiating/starting/triggering the location measurement indication procedure.

[0323] By/via/based on the location measurement indication procedure, the wireless device may indicate to (or inform/notify), the base station (or the network), e.g., via a cell (e.g., a Serving Cell or a non-Serving Cell), that the wireless device is starting (e.g., by requesting a positioning measurement gap activation or Positioning Measurement Gap Activation Request) one or more location related measurements or stopping (e.g., by requesting a positioning measurement gap deactivation or Positioning Measurement Gap Deactivation Request) the one or more location related measurements. The wireless device may notify/inform the base station via transmitting an UL signal/message (e.g., a MAC CE or an RRC signaling) to the base station (e.g., via the cell). For example, the UL signal/message (e.g., for requesting the positioning measurement gap activation/deactivation) may comprise/indicate at least one positioning measurement gap of the one or more positioning measurement gaps. In some examples, the wireless device may, e.g., for or during the initiated/started/triggered the location measurement indication procedure, determine activating/deactivating the at least one positioning measurement gap of the one or more positioning measurement gaps (e.g., determine requesting the positioning measurement gap activation/deactivation).

[0324] The wireless device may trigger/initiate a procedure for a positioning measurement gap request, e.g., in response to (or based on or after receiving) the indication for initiating the measurement or in response to (or after) starti ng/initiati ng/triggering the location measurement indication procedure. In some cases, the procedure for the positioning measurement gap request may be for (indicating/triggering/requesting) activating/deactivating at least one positioning measurement gap of the one or more positioning measurement gaps. For example, the wireless device may indicate/trigger/request activating/deactivating the at least one positioning measurement gap of the one or more positioning measurement gaps, e.g., in response to (or based on or after receiving) the indication for initiating the measurement.

[0325] In some cases the wireless device may determine the (or the at least one) measurement gap (e.g., for positioning) being sufficient for the one or more location related measurements. For example, the higher layers (e.g., the RRC layer) of the wireless device may, e.g., corresponding to the Positioning Measurement Gap Activation Request, trigger lower layers (e.g., the MAC layer) of the wireless device to initiate the measurement gap activation request using UL MAC CE (e.g., transmitting the UL signal/message to the base station indicating a request for the positioning measurement gap activation). In some other cases, the wireless device may, e.g., corresponding to the Positioning Measurement Gap Deactivation Request, trigger lower layers (e.g., the MAC layer) of the wireless device to initiate the measurement gap deactivation request using UL MAC CE (e.g., transmitting the UL signal/message to the base station indicating a request for the positioning measurement gap deactivation).

[0326] In some scenarios, the wireless device may perform a location related measurement of the one or more location related measurements toward/for one or more one or more radio access technologies (RATs), e.g., towards/for E-UTRA or NR. In some other scenarios, the wireless device may perform the location related measurement of the one or more location related measurements for start subframe and slot timing detection towards E-UTRA. In some examples, the wireless device may perform the location measurement during a (or at least one) measurement gap of the measurement gaps or the one or more positioning measurement gaps.

[0327] In some cases, in response to the indication for initiating the measurement, the wireless device may determine the positioning procedure being initiated/triggered to an indicate start e.g., an indication start of the one or more location related measurements, or an indication start of start of subframe and slot timing detection towards E-UTRA). In some examples, the indication start may correspond to a RAT of the one or more RATs. For example, the wireless device may determine the positioning procedure being initiated/triggered for RSTD measurements towards E-UTRA. In another example, the wireless device may determine the positioning procedure being initiated/triggered for positioning measurement towards NR. For example, the wireless device may determine the at least one measurement gap for performing the positioning procedure not being sufficient.

[0328] In some cases, the base station may configure the wireless device to perform the positioning procedure/operation without requiring maintaining the UL synchronization with a cell (e.g., a Serving Cell ora nonServing Cell). The wireless device may, regardless of whether the UL synchronization of the cell being lost or not and in response to the indication for initiating the measurement, initiate/trigger the positioning procedure to the indicate start. In an example, the wireless device may, while the UL synchronization of the cell being lost (e.g., the validity timer of the cell being expired), initiate/trigger the positioning procedure to the indicate start. In another example, the wireless device may, while the UL synchronization of the cell being maintained (e.g., the validity timer of the cell being running), initiate/trigger the positioning procedure to the indicate start.

[0329] In some other cases, the base station may configure the wireless device to perform the positioning procedure/operation with requiring maintaining the UL synchronization with a cell (e.g., a Serving Cell or a non-Serving Cell). The wireless device may, based on the UL synchronization of the cell being obtained and in response to the indication for initiating the measurement, initiate/trigger the positioning procedure to the indicate start.

[0330] The wireless device may, to perform the positioning procedure (e.g., upon or based on the positioning measurement procedure being initiated/triggered to the indicate start of the one or more location related measurements), perform at least one measurement (e.g., one or more measurements and/or the one or more location related measurements) during a (or an activated) positioning measurement gap (e.g., the measurement gap or the at least one measurement gap the one or more positioning measurement gaps). In some cases, the wireless device may set one or more contents/fields of LocationMeasurementlndication message. Based on the (ongoing) positioning measurement procedure being initiated to the indicate start of the one or more location related measurements and/or the one or more RATs, the wireless device may set a measurementindication content/field of the one or more contents of LocationMeasurementlndication message. In some examples, the wireless device may set to measurementindication content/field of the one or more contents of LocationMeasurementlndication message to the eutra-RSTD (e.g., when the (ongoing) measurement procedure is initiated for positioning measurement towards E-UTRA and/or when (ongoing) measurement procedure is initiated for RSTD measurements towards E-UTRA) ora nr-PRS-Measurement(e g., when the ongoing measurement procedure is initiated for positioning measurement towards NR). In another example, the wireless device may set the measurementindication content/field of the one or more contents of LocationMeasurementlndication message to a value eutra-FineTimingDetection (e.g., when the positioning measurement procedure is initiated to the indicate start of subframe and slot timing detection towards E-UTRA). In some cases, the wireless device may submit the LocationMeasurementlndication message to the lower layers (e.g., the MAC layer) of the wireless device for transmission. For example, the wireless device may transmit the LocationMeasurementlndication message.

[0331] In an example embodiment, e.g., in response to the indication for initiating the measurement, the wireless device may, based on whether the UL synchronization of the Serving Cell (or the one or more Serving Cells) being lost or not (e.g., the validity timer corresponding to the Serving Cell and/or a TAG and/or a service link of the at least one service link being running or not), determine whether to request the base station (e.g., network) to activate/deactivate a positioning measurement gap of the one or more positioning measurement gaps (e.g., whether to trigger the positioning measurement gap request or not). In an example, based on the UL synchronization of the Serving Cell (or the one or more Serving Cells) being obtained/maintained or not being lost, e.g., the validity timer corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG and/or the service link being running, the wireless device may trigger the positioning measurement gap request (e.g., request the base station, e.g., on the Serving Cell, to activate/deactivate the positioning measurement gap). For example, based on the one or more NTN configuration parameters (e.g., corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG or the service link) not being valid (e.g., the validity timer corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG or the service link being running), the wireless device may not trigger the positioning measurement gap request (e.g., request the base station, e.g., on the Serving Cell, to activate/deactivate the positioning measurement gap). In some cases, the wireless device may determine a time alignment timer (e.g., timeAlignmentTimer of the TAG (or the Serving Cell) being running. For example, requesting the base station, e.g., on the Serving Cell, to activate/deactivate the positioning measurement gap may be based on identity/l D/index of the positioning measurement gap (e.g., Positioning MG ID of Positioning Measurement Gap Activation/deactivation request MAC CE). For example, the positioning measurement gap may correspond to at least one DL antenna polarization mode (e.g., on the service link of the Serving Cell or an NTN node of the Serving Cell).

[0332] In an example embodiment, in response to determining the time alignment timer (e.g., timeAlignmentTimei) of the TAG (or the Serving Cell) being stopped/expired, the wireless device may not trigger the positioning measurement gap request (e.g., request the base station, e.g., on the Serving Cell, to activate/deactivate the positioning measurement gap). For example, the wireless device may determine the UL synchronization of the Serving Cell or the TAG not being lost, e.g., the validity timer corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG being running.

[0333] In an example embodiment, in response to determining the time alignment timer (e.g., timeAlignmentTimer) of the TAG (or the Serving Cell) being running and the UL synchronization of the Serving Cell or the TAG not being lost (e.g., the validity timer corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG being running), the wireless device may trigger the positioning measurement gap request (e.g , request the base station, e g., on the Serving Cell, to activate/deactivate the positioning measurement gap). In response to determining the time alignment timer (e.g., timeAlignmentTimer) of the TAG (or the Serving Cell) being running and the UL synchronization of the Serving Cell or the TAG being lost (e.g., the validity timer corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG being expired), the wireless device may not trigger the positioning measurement gap request (e.g., not request the base station, e.g., on the Serving Cell, to activate/deactivate the positioning measurement gap). [0334] In an example embodiment, as shown in FIG. 21, the wireless device may, based on the one or more NTN configuration parameters (e.g., corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG) being valid (e.g., the validity timer corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG being running), request the base station (e.g., network) to activate/deactivate a positioning measurement gap of the at least one measurement gap (e.g., whether to trigger the positioning measurement gap request or not). For example, based on the one or more NTN configuration parameters (e.g., corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG) not being valid (e.g., the validity timer corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG being running), the wireless device may not trigger the positioning measurement gap request (e.g., request the base station, e.g., on the Serving Cell, to activate/deactivate the positioning measurement gap).

[0335] As shown in FIG. 21 , based on the triggered positioning measurement gap request, the wireless device may transmit a positioning measurement gap request MAC CE to the base station, e.g., on/via the Serving Cell or via the service link of the at least one service link. The positioning measurement gap request MAC CE may be a measurement gap activation request MAC CE (e.g., a Positioning Measurement Gap Activation Request MAC CE) for requesting activation of the positioning measurement gap. In some other examples, the positioning measurement gap request MAC CE may be a measurement gap deactivation request MAC CE (e.g., Positioning Measurement Gap Deactivation Request MAC CE) for requesting deactivation of the (activated) positioning measurement gap. For example, the wireless device may determine the UL synchronization of the Serving Cell (or the one or more Serving Cells) being obtained (e.g., the validity timer corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG being running).

[0336] The Positioning Measurement Gap Activation/deactivation request MAC CE may be identified by MAC subheader with a corresponding eLCID (e.g., codepoint of 238 and/or an index of 302). The Positioning Measurement Gap Activation/deactivation request MAC CE may comprise one or more fields. The one or more fields may comprise at least one of: a positioning MG ID field (e.g., with a length of 4 bits) indicating an identifier for the positioning measurement gap; and/or a A/D field (e.g., with a length of 1 bit) indicating activation or deactivation of the positioning measurement gap; and/or at least one physical cell ID (e.g., cell ID of the at least one Serving Cell and/or at least one non-Serving Cell); and/or a polarization mode (e.g., of an NTN node on a service link corresponding to a cell); and/or an NTN node ID corresponding to the service link corresponding to a Serving Cell or a non-Serving Cell. For example, based on the A/D field of the Positioning Measurement Gap Activation/deactivation request MAC CE being set to '1 ’, the wireless device may request the activation of the positioning measurement gap. For example, based on the A/D field of the Positioning Measurement Gap Activation/deactivation request MAC CE being set to 'O’, the wireless device may request the deactivation of the positioning measurement gap.

[0337] In some cases, the wireless device may, to request the base station (e.g., network) to activate or deactivate the positioning measurement gap, determine a remaining duration of the validity timer (e.g., a time to an expiry of the validity timer) corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG being larger than a threshold. In some cases, the one or more configuration parameters may indicate/configure the threshold. In other examples, the wireless device may determine the threshold (e.g., based on the one or more NTN configuration parameters, e.g., corresponding to the Serving Cell and/or the TAG). For example, the threshold may be the UE-gNB RTT corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG. The threshold may, for example, be greater than the UE-gNB RTT corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG. For example, the threshold may be smaller than the UE-gNB RTT corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG. [0338] In example embodiments, based on the one or more NTN configuration parameters (e.g., corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG) being valid (e.g., the validity timer corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG being running), to request the base station (e.g., network) to activate the positioning measurement gap, the wireless device may trigger the measurement gap activation request (e.g., Positioning Measurement Gap Activation Request MAC CE). In an example, the higher layers (e.g., the RRC sublayer) of the wireless device may notify/trigger the lower layers (e.g., the MAC layer) of the wireless device to initiate/trigger the measurement gap activation request (e.g., to trigger a Positioning Measurement Gap Activation Request). In some implementations, the higher layers (e.g., the RRC sublayer) of the wireless device may send to an indication to the lower layers (e.g., the MAC layer) of the wireless device. The indication may instruct/notify/trigger the lower layers (e.g., the MAC layer) of the wireless device to transmit measurement gap activation request MAC CE (e.g., a Positioning Measurement Gap Activation Request MAC CE). to transmit measurement gap activation request MAC CE (e.g., a Positioning Measurement Gap Activation Request MAC CE). For example, the wireless device may, based on the triggered measurement gap activation request (e.g., a triggered Positioning Measurement Gap Activation Request MAC CE), transmit, to the base station, e.g., on the Serving Cell, the positioning measurement gap activation request MAC CE (e.g., Positioning Measurement Gap Activation Request MAC CE).

[0339] In example embodiments, based on the one or more NTN configuration parameters (e.g., corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG) being valid (e.g., the validity timer corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG being running) and to to request the base station (e.g., network) to deactivate the positioning measurement gap, the wireless device may trigger the measurement gap deactivation request (e.g., Positioning Measurement Gap Deactivation Request MAC CE). In an example, the higher layers (e.g., the RRC sublayer) of the wireless device may notify/trigger the lower layers (e.g., the MAC layer) of the wireless device to initiate/trigger the measurement gap deactivation request. In some implementations, the higher layers (e.g., the RRC sublayer) of the wireless device may send to an indication to the lower layers (e.g., the MAC layer) of the wireless device. The indication may instruct/notify/trigger the lower layers (e.g., the MAC layer) of the wireless device to transmit measurement gap deactivation request MAC CE (e.g., a Positioning Measurement Gap Deactivation Request MAC CE). For example, the wireless device may, based on the triggered measurement gap deactivation request (e.g., a triggered Positioning Measurement Gap Deactivation Request MAC CE), transmit, to the base station, e.g., on the Serving Cell, a positioning measurement gap deactivation request MAC CE (e.g., Positioning Measurement Gap Deactivation Request MAC CE). For example, the wireless device may deactivate (all) activated measurement gap(s) for positioning (e.g., corresponding to the Serving Cell). [0340] For transmitting, e.g., to the base station on the Serving Cell, the positioning measurement gap activation/deactivation request MAC CE (e.g., the Positioning Measurement Gap Activation/Deactivation Request MAC CE), the wireless device may determine whether the positioning measurement gap request (e.g., the positioning measurement gap activation/deactivation request) being triggered and not canceled. For example, in response to determining positioning measurement gap request being canceled, the wireless device may not transmit the positioning measurement gap activation/deactivation request MAC CE. For example, the wireless device may determine the UL synchronization of the Serving Cell (or the one or more Serving Cells) being obtained/maintained (e.g. , the validity timer of the Serving Cell and/or the TAG being running) and/or the time alignment timer (corresponding to the TAG) being running.

[0341] For example, in response to determining the positioning measurement gap request not being canceled and at least one UL-SCH resource being available fora new UL transmission (e.g., on the Serving Cell), the wireless device may, by instructing a Multiplexing and Assembly procedure to generate the Positioning Measurement Gap Activation/Deactivation Request MAC CE (e.g., according to the triggered positioning measurement gap request), transmit, to the base station, the positioning measurement gap activation/deactivation request MAC CE. For example, the wireless device may determine the at least one UL-SCH resource accommodating the positioning measurement gap request MAC CE plus its subheader (e.g , based on or as a result of logical channel prioritization (LCP)) . For example, the wireless device may transmit a MAC PDU comprising the positioning measurement gap activation/deactivation request MAC CE. The wireless device may cancel the triggered positioning measurement gap request based on transmitting the positioning measurement gap activation/deactivation request MAC CE.

[0342] In some other examples, in response to determining positioning measurement gap request not being canceled and the at least one UL-SCH resource not being available for the new transmission (e.g., the UL-SCH resource(s) accommodate the positioning measurement gap request MAC CE plus its subheader as a result of the LCP), the wireless device may trigger (or send to the base station) a scheduling request (SR) for the positioning measurement gap activation/deactivation request. In an example embodiment, the wireless device may determine a fourth configuration parameter for the SR for the positioning measurement gap activation/deactivation request being enabled (or indicated/configured or not being disabled). The one or more configuration parameters may indicate/configure the fourth configuration parameter. For example, the one or more configuration problems may comprise one or more SR configuration parameters corresponding to/for the positioning measurement gap activation/deactivation request. The wireless device may cancel the triggered positioning measurement gap request based on transmitting the SR for the positioning measurement gap activation/deactivation request.

[0343] For example, in response to transmitting the positioning measurement gap activation request MAC CE or the SR for the positioning measurement gap activation request, the base station may transmit a confirmation for activation of the positioning measurement gap. For example, the base station may transmit a DL MAC CE for Positioning Measurement Gap Activation Command (e.g., a Positioning Measurement Gap Activation Command MAC CE).

[0344] In some examples, in response to transmitting the positioning measurement gap deactivation request MAC CE or the SR for the positioning measurement gap deactivation request, the base station may transmit a confirmation for deactivation of the positioning measurement gap. For example, the base station may transmit to the wireless device the DL MAC CE for Positioning Measurement Gap Deactivation Command (e.g., the Positioning Measurement Gap Deactivation Command MAC CE). [0345] The Positioning Measurement Gap Acti vation/Deactivation Command MAC CE may be identified by MAC subheader with a corresponding eLCID (e.g., codepoint of 237 and/or an index of 301). The Positioning Measurement Gap Activation/Deacti vation Command MAC CE may comprise one or more fields. The one or more fields may comprise at least one of: a positioning MG ID field (e.g., with a length of 4 bits) indicating an identifier for the positioning measurement gap; and/or a A/D field (e.g., with a length of 1 bit) indicating activation or deactivation of the positioning measurement gap; and/or at least one physical cell ID (e.g., cell ID of the at least one Serving Cell and/or at least one non-Serving Cell); and/or a polarization mode (e.g., of an NTN node on a service link corresponding to a cell); and/or an NTN node corresponding to the service link corresponding to a Serving Cell or a non-Serving Cell. For example, based on the A/D field of the Positioning Measurement Gap Activation/Deactivation Command MAC CE being set to 'T, the wireless device may activate the positioning measurement gap (e.g., corresponding to the Serving Cell and/or the polarization mode and/or the NTN node of the service link). Based on the A/D field of the Positioning Measurement Gap Activation/Deactivation Command MAC CE being set to ‘O’, the wireless device may deactivate the positioning measurement gap (e.g., corresponding to the Serving Cell and/or the polarization mode and/or the NTN node of the service link).

[0346] In some examples, the wireless device may deactivate the positioning measurement gap (e.g., corresponding to the Serving Cell and/or the polarization mode and/or the NTN node of the service link), based on receiving Positioning Measurement Gap Deactivation Command MAC CE. In some other examples, the wireless device may activate the positioning measurement gap (e.g., corresponding to the Serving Cell and/or the polarization mode and/or the NTN node of the service link), based on receiving Positioning Measurement Gap Activation Command MAC CE. [0347] For/during the (activated) positioning measurement gap, the wireless device may, on at least one serving cell of the one or more Serving Cells and in the corresponding frequency range of the positioning measurement gap (e.g., configured/indicated by the one or more measurement configuration parameters, e.g., measGapConfig) and/or corresponding the polarization mode, perform the one or more location related measurements. In some cases, the wireless device may perform at least one of the following: not performing a transmission of HARQ feedback, SR, and CSI; and/or not reporting SRS; and/or not transmit on UL-SCH except for Msg3 or a MSGA payload of a random access procedure. In some other cases, based on a random access response (RAR) window (e.g., ra- ResponseWindow or msgB-ResponseWindow) and/or a contention resolution timer (e.g., ra- ContentionResolutionTimer) is running, the wireless device may monitor PDCCH during the activated positioning measurement gap. For example, during the activated positioning measurement gap, the wireless device may not monitor the PDCCH (e.g., when RAR window is not running or when the contention resolution timer is not running) and/or receive on DL-SCH.

[0348] In some implementations, the wireless device may determine a triggered measurement gap deactivation request (e.g., Positioning Measurement Gap Deactivation Request MAC CE) not being canceled. In an example, for the triggered measurement gap deactivation request, the wireless device may determine from the higher layers (e.g., the RRC sublayer) of the wireless device an indication, for the initiation of the measurement gap deactivation request, being (previously) sent to the lower layers (e.g. , the MAC layer) of the wireless device. In an example embodiment, in response to determining the one or more NTN configuration parameters (e.g., corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG) being invalid (e.g., the validity timer corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG being expired), the higher layers (e.g., the RRC sublayer) of the wireless device may send to/notify the lower layers (e.g., the MAC layer) of the wireless device to cancel the triggered measurement gap deactivation request. For example, the higher layers (e.g., the RRC sublayer) of the wireless device may send an indication to the lower layers (e.g., the MAC layer) of the wireless device. The indication may instruct/notify the lower layers (e.g., the MAC layer) of the wireless device to cancel the triggered positioning measurement gap activation/deactivation request (e.g., the triggered Positioning Measurement Gap Activation/Deactivation Request MAC CE). The lower layers (e.g., the MAC layer) of the wireless device may, based on receiving the indication, cancel the triggered measurement gap deactivation request. In some scenarios, based on cancelling the triggered positioning measurement gap request, the wireless device may stop (e.g., if running) a SR prohibit timer (e.g., sr-ProhibitTimer) corresponding to the triggered SR for the positioning measurement gap activation/deactivation request.

[0349] In some implementations, the base station may configure (e.g., via the one or more configuration parameters) the wireless device with a second configuration parameter. According to an example embodiment, the one or more configuration parameters may comprise the second configuration parameter. The second configuration parameter may, for example, indicate whether the wireless device use/adopt the one or more NTN configuration parameters (e.g., corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG) to determine whether to trigger the positioning measurement gap activation/deactivation request or not. For example, in response to determining the second configuration parameter being indicated/configured (or being enabled or not being disabled or not being absent from the one or more configuration parameters), the wireless device may determine whether to trigger the positioning measurement gap activation/deactivation request or not based on the UL synchronization of the Serving cell of the one or more Serving Cells being lost or not (e.g., based on whether the one or more NTN configuration parameters (e.g., corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG) being valid or not). For example, based on the second configuration parameter being indicated/configured (or being enabled or not being disabled or not being absent from the one or more configuration parameters) and the one or more NTN configuration parameters (e.g., corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG) being invalid (e.g., the UL synchronization of the Serving cell of the one or more Serving Cells being lost), the wireless device may not trigger the positioning measurement gap activation/deactivation request.

[0350] In some implementations, the wireless device may transmit a UE-capability message to the base station. In an example embodiment, the UE capability message may indicate a capability of the wireless device for activating/deactivating the positioning measurement gap when the UL synchronization of a Serving Cell is maintained/obtained (e.g., the validity timer corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG running). In an example embodiment, the UE capability message may indicate a capability of the wireless device for activating/deactivating the positioning measurement gap when the UL synchronization of a Serving Cell is lost (e.g., the validity timer corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG being expired). [0351] Example embodiments may reduce complexity of the wireless device (e.g., by determining whether to trigger the positioning measurement gap activation/deactivation request based on whether the one or more NTN configuration parameters (e.g., corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG) being valid or not).

[0352] FIG. 22 shows an example embodiment of a procedure for positioning measurement gap activation/deactivation in wireless communications systems per an aspect of the present disclosure. In some scenarios, FIG. 22 may show an example embodiment of a procedure for requesting activation/deactivation of a positioning measurement gap (e.g., at a base station and/or a wireless device). For example, FIG. 22 may illustrate an example of a location measurement indication procedure (e.g., for requesting activation/deactivation of the positioning measurement gap) in an RRC connected state/mode (e.g., an RRC_CONNECTED state) and/or in an RRC nonconnected state/mode (e.g., an RRC_INACTIVE/IDLE state or an RRCJDLE state). In some implementations, FIG. 22 may show an implementation of a method (or a process) for the positioning procedure.

[0353] The base station may communicate with the wireless device via/using the one or more cells (e.g., the one or more Serving Cells). The wireless device may, for example, communicate with the base station via a non-terrestrial network (NTN), e.g., the wireless device and the base station may operate in the NTN and/or the base station may be an NTN base station and/or a cell (e.g., a Serving Cell of the one or more Serving Cells) may be part of the NTN. For example, the cell may be a Serving Cell or a non-Serving Cell. As shown in FIG. 21 , the wireless device may, from the base station, receive the one or more configuration parameters (e.g., the one or more RRC configuration parameters). The one or more configuration parameters may, for example, comprise the one or more serving cell (e.g., the one or more Serving Cells or the one or more cells) configuration parameters (e.g., ServingCellConfigCommon, ServingCellConfigCommonSIB, and/or ServingCellConfig) for configuring the one or more cells (e.g., the one or more Serving Cells).

[0354] In some examples, the one or more configuration parameters may comprise the one or more NTN configuration parameters. For example, the one or more configuration parameters may comprise one or more positioning RS (PRS) configuration parameters. The one or more PRS configuration parameters may, for example, configure the wireless device with one or more DL PRS resource sets (e.g., via NR-DL-PRS-ResourceSet and NR-DL- PRS-Resource). The one or more configuration parameters (e.g., using the RRCReconfiguration or RRCResume) may comprise one or more measurements configuration parameters (e.g., MeasConfig). In an example, the one or more measurements configuration parameters may configure the wireless device to perform measurements (e.g., the one or more location related measurements), e.g., on the Serving Cell or on a non-Serving Cell.

[0355] In an example, the wireless device may receive the message (e.g., NR-DL-TDOA-RequestLocationlnformation message and/or NR-DL-AoD-ProvideA.ssistanceData message and/or nr-Multi-RTT-RequestLocationlnformation message and/or nr-ECID-RequestLocationlnformation message) from LMF via LPP requesting the wireless device to measure and/or report (e.g., PRS-RSRP, DL RSTD, PRS-RSRPP, and/or one or more UE Rx-Tx time difference) measurements. The wireless device may initiate performing a measurement (e.g., a location measurement, e.g., a location related measurement of the one or more location related measurements), e.g., based on receiving the indication for initiating the measurement from higher layers (e.g., a layer above the RRC sublayer, e.g., IP layer, PDU layer, Application layer) and/or based on receiving the message form LMF via LPP. In some cases, the wireless device may determine the positioning procedure being initiated to indicate start of the one or more location related measurements.

[0356] As shown in FIG. 22, the wireless device may trigger the positioning measurement gap request to request the base station (e.g., network) to activate/deactivate the positioning measurement gap of the at least one measurement gap. In an example, the higher layers (e.g., the RRC sublayer) of the wireless device may notify/trigger the lower layers (e.g., the MAC layer) of the wireless device to initiate/trigger the measurement gap activation/deactivation request. In some examples, the higher layers (e.g., the RRC sublayer) of the wireless device may send an indication to the lower layers (e.g., the MAC layer) of the wireless device. The indication may trigger the lower layers (e.g., the MAC layer) of the wireless device to trigger a measurement gap activation/deactivation request (e.g., a Positioning Measurement Gap Activation/Deactivation Request MAC CE).

[0357] In an example embodiment, as shown in FIG. 22, the lower layers (e.g., the MAC layer) of the wireless device may, based on the triggered measurement gap activation/deactivation request and whether the one or more NTN configuration parameters (e.g., corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG) being invalid or not (e.g., whether the validity timer corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG being expired or not and/or whether the UL synchronization of the Serving Cell being lost or not), determine whether to cancel the triggered measurement gap activation/deactivation request or not. For example, the lower layers (e.g., the MAC layer) of the wireless device may determine whether to transmit the positioning measurement gap activation/deactivation request MAC CE and/or whether to trigger a scheduling request (SR) for the triggered measurement gap activation/deactivation request or not. [0358] In an example embodiment, as shown in FIG. 22, based on the one or more NTN configuration parameters (e.g., corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG) being invalid (e.g., the validity timer corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG not being running or being expired), e.g., whether the UL synchronization of the Serving Cell being lost, the lower layers (e.g., the MAC layer) of the wireless device may cancel the trigger the positioning measurement gap activation/deactivation request. For example, the wireless device may not request the base station to activate/deactivate the positioning measurement gap.

[0359] In some examples, the higher layers (e.g., the RRC sublayer) of the wireless device may inform/notify the lower layers (e.g., the MAC sublayer) of the wireless device that the UL synchronization is lost (e.g., for UL transmission with the base station and/or on a Serving Cell of the one or more Serving Cells). For example, the higher layers (e.g., the RRC sublayer) of the wireless device may send/transmit a first indication to the lower layers (e.g., the MAC layers) of the wireless device for indicating the UL synchronization (e.g., of the Serving Cell) being lost. For example, the first indication may indicate UL synchronization of each serving cell (e.g., each Serving Cell of the one or more Serving Cells and/or the Serving Cell) being lost. In an example, the wireless device may flush all HARQ buffers (e.g., a HARQ buffer of MAC PDU comprising the positioning measurement gap activation/deactivation request MAC CE) and/or not perform an (e.g., any) uplink transmission on the (or each) Serving Cell of the one or more Serving Cells. In an example, the wireless device may stop the location related measurements (e.g., corresponding to a cell, e.g., the Serving Cell). For example, the wireless device may set a measurementindication of LocationMeasurementlndication message to the value release.

[0360] In some implementations, the base station may configure (e.g., via the one or more configuration parameters) the wireless device with a second configuration parameter. According to an example embodiment, the one or more configuration parameters may comprise the second configuration parameter. The second configuration parameter may, for example, indicate whether the wireless device use/adopt the one or more NTN configuration parameters (e.g., corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG) to determine whether to cancel the triggered the positioning measurement gap activationldeactivation request or not. For example, in response to determining the second configuration parameter being indicated/configured (or being enabled or not being disabled or not being absent from the one or more configuration parameters), the wireless device may determine whether to cancel the triggered the positioning measurement gap activationldeactivation request or not based on the UL synchronization of the Serving cell of the one or more Serving Cells being lost or not (e.g., based on whether the one or more NTN configuration parameters (e.g., corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG) being valid or not). For example, based on the second configuration parameter being indicated/configured (or being enabled or not being disabled or not being absent from the one or more configuration parameters) and the one or more NTN configuration parameters (e.g., corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG) being invalid (e.g., the UL synchronization of the Serving cell of the one or more Serving Cells being lost), the wireless device may cancel the triggered the positioning measurement gap activation/deactivation request.

[0361] Some example embodiments may reduce complexity of the wireless device (e.g., by determining whether to cancel the trigger the positioning measurement gap activation/deactivation request based on the one or more NTN configuration parameters (e.g., corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG) being invalid).

[0362] FIG. 23 shows an example embodiment of a procedure for positioning measurement gap activation/deactivation in wireless communications systems per an aspect of the present disclosure. In some scenarios, FIG. 23 may show an example embodiment of a procedure for requesting activation/deactivation of a positioning measurement gap (e.g., at a base station and/or a wireless device). For example, FIG. 23 may illustrate an example of a location measurement indication procedure (e.g., for requesting activation/deactivation of the positioning measurement gap) in an RRC connected state/mode (e.g., an RRC_CONNECTED state) and/or in an RRC nonconnected state/mode (e.g., an RRC_INACTIVE/IDLE state or an RRCJDLE state). In some implementations, FIG. 23 may show an implementation of a method (or a process) for the positioning procedure.

[0363] The base station may communicate with the wireless device via/using the one or more cells (e.g., the one or more Serving Cells). For example, the wireless device may be in the RRC_CONNECTED (or the RRC connected) state/mode. The wireless device may, for example, communicate with the base station via a non-terrestrial network (NTN), e.g., the wireless device and the base station may operate in the NTN and/or the base station may be an NTN base station and/or a cell (e.g., a Serving Cell of the one or more Serving Cells) may be part of the NTN. For example, the cell may be a Serving Cell of the one or more Serving Cells. As shown in FIG. 23, the wireless device may, from the base station, receive the one or more configuration parameters (e.g., the one or more RRC configuration parameters). The one or more configuration parameters may, for example, comprise the one or more serving cell (e g., the one or more Serving Cells or the one or more cells) configuration parameters (e.g., ServingCellConfigCommon, ServingCellConfigCommonSIB, and/or ServingCellConfig) for configuring the one or more cells (e.g., the one or more Serving Cells).

[0364] In some examples, the one or more configuration parameters may comprise the one or more NTN configuration parameters. For example, the one or more configuration parameters may comprise one or more positioning RS (PRS) configuration parameters. The one or more PRS configuration parameters may, for example, configure the wireless device with one or more DL PRS resource sets (e.g., via NR-DL-PRS-ResourceSet and NR-DL- PRS-Resource). The one or more configuration parameters (e.g., using the RRCReconfiguration or RRCResume may comprise one or more measurements configuration parameters (e.g., MeasConfig). In an example, the one or more measurements configuration parameters may configure the wireless device to perform measurements (e.g., the one or more location related measurements), e.g., on at least one Serving Cell of the the one or more Serving Cells or on at least one non-Serving Cell.

[0365] In an example, the wireless device may receive the message (e.g., NR-DL-TDOA-RequestLocationlnformation message and/or NR-DL-AoD-ProvideA.ssistanceData message and/or nr-Multi-RTT-RequestLocationlnformation message and/or nr-ECID-RequestLocationlnformation message) from LMF via LPP requesting the wireless device to measure and/or report (e.g., PRS-RSRP, DL RSTD, PRS-RSRPP, and/or one or more UE Rx-Tx time difference) measurements. The wireless device may initiate performing (or perform) the positioning measurement procedure, e.g., performing a (or at least one) measurement (e.g., a location measurement, e.g., a location related measurement of the one or more location related measurements), e.g., based on receiving the indication for initiating/performing the positioning measurement procedure from higher layers (e.g., a layer above the RRC sublayer, e.g., LMF via LPP, and/or based on receiving the message form LMF via LPP). In some cases, the wireless device may determine the positioning measurement procedure being initiated/triggered to an indicate start of the one or more location related measurements. In some cases, the positioning procedure being initiated/triggered for RSTD measurements towards E- UTRA. In some other cases, the positioning procedure being initiated/triggered for positioning measurement towards NR.

[0366] As shown in FIG. 23, the wireless device may, by/for performing the positioning procedure, perform the measurement (e.g., the one or more location related measurements) during a positioning measurement gap of the one or more positioning measurement gaps. For example, the wireless device may, by/for performing the positioning measurement procedure, activate the positioning measurement gap (e.g., based on embodiments of FIG. 20 and/or FIG. 21 discussed above).

[0367] In an example embodiment, as shown in FIG. 23, in response to determining the UL synchronization of the Serving Cell being lost (e.g., the one or more NTN configuration parameters (e.g., corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG) being invalid and/or the validity timer corresponding to the Serving Cell being expired), the wireless device may (automatically) deactivate the positioning measurement gap on the Serving Cell. For example, the wireless device may determine the positioning measurement procedure, using/via the position measurement gap, being ongoing. For example, the wireless device may stop/halt/suspend performing the positioning measurement procedure on the Serving Cell. For example, the wireless device may, to stop/halt/suspend performing the positioning measurement procedure, initiate the positioning measurement procedure to an indicate stop (e.g., an indicate stop of the one or more location related measurements or an indication stop of of subframe and slot timing detection towards E-UTRA).

[0368] Some example embodiments may allow the wireless device (and/or the base station) stop performing the positioning measurement procedure (e.g., by deactivating the positioning measurement gap) in response to losing the UL synchronization of the Serving Cell. For example, based on the positioning procedure being a TDOA and/or a AOD method, the wireless device may stop performing the positioning measurement procedure (e.g., by deactivating the positioning measurement gap) in response to losing the UL synchronization of the Serving Cell.

[0369] A benefit of deactivating the positioning measurement gap may be a reduction of the processing complexity/consumed power of the wireless device. A drawback of deactivating the positioning measurement gap may be an inaccurate location information at the wireless device and/or the base station.

[0370] In some examples, the wireless device may deactivate the positioning measurement gap for/during a wait (or deactivation) window/duration/period. For example, the wait window may be for (re)acquiring the NTN-specific SIB and/or SIB1 (e.g., validating the one or more NTN configuration parameters) by the wireless device. For example, the wireless device may stop/halt/suspend performing the positioning procedure on the Serving Cell during the wait window.

[0371] In response to (re)acquiring the NTN-specific SIB and/or SIB1 (e.g., starting the validity timer, e g., corresponding to the Serving Cell, and/or validating the one or more NTN configuration parameters, e.g., corresponding to the Serving Cell), the wireless device may start (or revive) the positioning procedure on the Serving Cell. For example, the wireless device may, to stop/halt/suspend performing the positioning measurement procedure, initiate the positioning procedure to indicate start. For example, the wireless device may obtain the UL synchronization of the Serving Cell. In some examples, the wireless device may (automatically) activate the (deactivated) positioning measurement gap, e.g., based on (re)acquiring the NTN-specific SIB and/or SIB1. For example, the wireless device may start the positioning measurement procedure from the EpochTime of the one or more NTN configuration parameters (e.g., corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG) and/or an occasion that the one or more NTN configuration parameters (e.g., corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG) become available and/or when (e.g., a slot, subframe, frame, or symbol that) the validity timer is started.

[0372] The wireless device may, to stop performing the positioning procedure (e.g., to initiate the positioning measurement procedure to indicate stop), set one or more contents of LocationMeasurementlndication message. Based on the (ongoing) positioning procedure being initiated to indicate stop (e.g., being sopped/halted/suspended) of the one or more location related measurements, the wireless device may set a measurementindication content of the one or more contents of LocationMeasurementlndication message to the value release. The wireless device may submit the LocationMeasurementlndication message to lower layers (e.g., MAC layer or PHY layer) for transmission, e.g., after (successfully) (re)acquiring NTN-specific SIB.

[0373] In some cases, in response to the expiry of the wait window and/or not (successfully) (re)acquiring NTN- specific SIB and/or SIB1 (e.g., failing to validate the one or more NTN configuration parameters (e.g., corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG)), the wireless device may stop the positioning procedure.

[0374] In some implementations, the wireless device may determine a triggered measurement gap deactivation request (e.g., Positioning Measurement Gap Deactivation Request MAC CE) not being canceled. In an example, for the triggered measurement gap deactivation request, the wireless device may determine (from the higher layers (e.g., the RRC sublayer) of the wireless device) an indication, for the initiation of the measurement gap deactivation request, being (previously) sent to the lower layers (e.g., the MAC layer) of the wireless device. In an example embodiment, in response to determining the one or more NTN configuration parameters (e.g., corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG) being invalid (e.g., the expiry of the validity timer corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG), the higher layers (e.g., the RRC sublayer) of the wireless device may send to/notify the lower layers (e.g., the MAC layer) of the wireless device to cancel the triggered measurement gap deactivation request.

[0375] In an example embodiment, in response to determining the UL synchronization of the Serving Cell being lost (e.g., the one or more NTN configuration parameters (e.g., corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG) being invalid and/or the validity timer corresponding to the Serving Cell and/or the TAG being expired), the wireless device may not deactivate the positioning measurement gap on the Serving Cell (e.g., the wireless device may keep the positioning measurement gap activated). For example, the wireless device may determine the positioning measurement procedure, using the position measurement gap, being ongoing Some example embodiments may allow the wireless device (and/or the base station) keep performing positioning procedure despite losing the UL synchronization of the Serving Cell, e.g., for Network verified UE location.

[0376] The drawback may be an increase of the processing complexity/consumed power of the wireless device. For example, when the positioning procedure is based on the multi-RTT based positioning procedure and/or the multi-RTT method and/or when the positioning procedure is based on determining a Tx-Rx time difference measurement, the wireless device may keep performing the positioning procedure despite of losing the UL synchronization of the Serving Cell.

[0377] In some implementations, the base station may configure (e.g., via the one or more configuration parameters) the wireless device with a third configuration parameter. According to an example embodiment, the one or more configuration parameters may comprise the third configuration parameter. The third configuration parameter may, for example, indicate whether the wireless device deactivates the positioning measurement gap or not in response to the UL synchronization of the Serving cell of the one or more Serving Cells being lost. For example, in response to determining the third configuration parameter being indicated/configured (or being enabled or not being disabled or not being absent from the one or more configuration parameters), the wireless device may determine whether to deactivate the positioning measurement gap based on the UL synchronization of the Serving cell of the one or more Serving Cells being lost (e.g. , based on whether the one or more NTN configuration parameters (e.g., corresponding to the Serving Cell or the TAG) being valid or not).

[0378] For example, based on the third configuration parameter not being indicated/configured (or being disabled or not being enabled or being absent from the one or more configuration parameters) and the UL synchronization of the Serving cell of the one or more Serving Cells being lost, the wireless device may not deactivate the positioning measurement gap on the Serving Cell (e.g., the wireless device may keep the positioning measurement gap activated). [0379] In some cases, the UE capability message may indicate a capability of the wireless device for activating/deactivating the positioning measurement gap when the UL synchronization of a Serving Cell is lost (e.g., due to the expiry of a validity timer and/or invalidity of the one or more configuration parameters). In some other cases, the UE capability message may indicate a capability of the wireless device for automatically deactivating the (activated) positioning measurement gap in response to the UL synchronization of the Serving cell of the one or more Serving Cells being lost. In some other cases, the UE capability message may indicate a capability of the wireless device for performing the positioning procedure when the UL synchronization of the Serving cell of the one or more Serving Cells is lost.

[0380] An example method comprising: receiving, by a wireless device, one or more configuration parameters comprising: one or more non-terrestrial network (NTN) configuration parameters indicating a validity timer; and one or more measurement gap configuration parameters indicating one or more positioning measurement gaps; starting a validity timer in response to the receiving the one or more NTN configuration parameters; receiving a positioning measurement gap request for activating or deactivating at least one positioning measurement gap of the one or more positioning measurement gaps; based on the validity timer running and the receiving the positioning measurement gap request, initiating/triggering the positioning measurement gap request; and transmitting an uplink signal for the initiated/triggered positioning measurement gap request.

[0381] The above-example method, wherein the initiated/triggered positioning measurement gap request is at least one of: a positioning measurement gap activation request medium access control (MAC) control element (CE), wherein the positioning measurement gap request being for activating the at least one positioning measurement gap of the one or more positioning measurement gaps; or a positioning measurement gap deactivation request MAC control element CE, wherein the positioning measurement gap request being for deactivating the at least one positioning measurement gap of the one or more positioning measurement gaps.

[0382] One or more of the above-example methods, further comprising transmitting the initiated/triggered positioning measurement gap request, wherein the initiated/triggered positioning measurement gap request is either the positioning measurement gap activation request MAC CE or the positioning measurement gap deactivation request MAC CE. [0383] One or more of the above-example methods, further comprising canceling, based on the transmitting the initiated/triggered positioning measurement gap request, at least one of: the triggered positioning measurement gap activation MAC CE; or the triggered positioning measurement gap deactivation MAC CE. [0384] One or more of the above-example methods, wherein the initiating/triggering the positioning measurement gap request is further based on the validity timer running at a time the positioning measurement gap request is received. [0385] One or more of the above-example methods, further comprising: receiving a second positioning measurement gap request for activating or deactivating a second positioning measurement gap of the one or more positioning measurement gaps; and in response to the receiving the second positioning measurement gap request, avoiding/bypassing initiating/initiating a second positioning measurement gap request based on the validity timer being expired.

[0386] One or more of the above-example methods, wherein the second positioning measurement gap request is not initiated/triggered during a first window; wherein: the first window is from an expiry of a validity timer; and the first window is stopped in response to starting the validity timer in response to acquiring new one or more NTN configuration parameters.

[0387] One or more of the above-example methods, further comprising: receiving a third positioning measurement gap request for activating or deactivating a third positioning measurement gap of the one or more positioning measurement gaps; and in response to the receiving the third positioning measurement gap request, determining a time duration to an expiry of the validity timer being greater than a threshold; and initiating, based on the determining, a third positioning measurement gap request.

[0388] One or more of the above-example methods, wherein the threshold is preconfigured.

[0389] One or more of the above-example methods, wherein the threshold is based on a round trip transmission delay (RTT) between the wireless device and a base station.

[0390] One or more of the above-example methods, further comprising: determining, after the initiating/triggering the positioning measurement gap request, the one or more NTN configuration parameters being invalid; and canceling, based on the determining, at least one of: the triggered positioning measurement gap activation MAC CE; or the triggered positioning measurement gap deactivation MAC CE.

[0391] One or more of the above-example methods, further comprising: receiving a fourth positioning measurement gap request for activating a fourth positioning measurement gap of the one or more positioning measurement gaps; activating, in response to the receiving the fourth positioning measurement gap request, the fourth positioning measurement gap of the one or more positioning measurement gaps; determining, after the at least one positioning measurement gap of the one or more positioning measurement gaps being activated, the one or more NTN configuration parameters being invalid; and deactivating, in response to the one or more non-terrestrial network (NTN) configuration parameters being invalid, the fourth positioning measurement gap of the one or more positioning measurement gaps.

[0392] One or more of the above-example methods, further comprising activating the fourth positioning measurement gap of the one or more positioning measurement gaps in response to acquiring new one or more non-terrestrial network (NTN) configuration parameters. [0393] One or more of the above-example methods, further comprising triggering, in response to the initiating/initiating the positioning measurement gap request, a medium access control (MAC) layer of the wireless device to trigger at least one of the positioning measurement gap activation MAC CE or the positioning measurement gap deactivation MAC CE.

[0394] One or more of the above-example methods, further comprising: determining the positioning measurement gap request being triggered and not canceled; and in response to receiving an indication for losing uplink synchronization of a serving cell, canceling the triggered positioning measurement gap request.

[0395] One or more of the above-example methods, wherein the indication for losing uplink synchronization of the serving cell is based on an expiry of a validity timer of the one or more NTN configuration parameters.

[0396] One or more of the above-example methods, further comprising determining a time alignment timer, corresponding to a timing advance (TA) group, being running.

[0397] One or more of the above-example methods, wherein the receiving the positioning measurement gap request, for activating at least one positioning measurement gap of the one or more positioning measurement gaps, is based on an indication for starting a positioning procedure.

[0398] One or more of the above-example methods, wherein the receiving the positioning measurement gap request, for deactivating at least one positioning measurement gap of the one or more positioning measurement gaps, is based on an indication for stopping a positioning procedure.

[0399] One or more of the above-example methods, wherein the receiving the positioning measurement gap request, for activating at least one positioning measurement gap of the one or more positioning measurement gaps, is based on determining at least one positioning measurement gap of the one or more positioning measurement gaps not being sufficient for performing one or more measurements of the positioning procedure

[0400] One or more of the above-example methods, further comprising determining at least one uplink shared channel (UL-SCH) resource being available, wherein the transmitting the uplink signal, for the initiated/triggered positioning measurement gap request, is via the at least one UL-SCH resource.

[0401] One or more of the above-example methods, wherein the transmitting the uplink signal comprises transmitting an uplink MAC CE.

[0402] One or more of the above-example methods, further comprising determining no UL-SCH resource being available for transmitting the uplink signal, for the initiated/triggered positioning measurement gap request.

[0403] One or more of the above-example methods, further comprising transmitting a scheduling request (SR) for the initiated/triggered positioning measurement gap request.

[0404] One or more of the above-example methods, wherein the one or more configuration parameters comprise SR configurations corresponding to positioning measurement gap request.

[0405] One or more of the above-example methods, further comprising receiving a positioning measurement gap command in response to the transmitting the uplink signal for the triggered/initiated positioning measurement gap request, wherein the positioning measurement gap command is one of: a positioning measurement gap activation command MAC C E , indicting activation of the at least one positioning measurement gap of the one or more positioning measurement gaps; or a positioning measurement gap deactivation command MAC CE, indicting deactivation of the at least one positioning measurement gap of the one or more positioning measurement gaps

[0406] An example method comprising: receiving, by a wireless device, one or more configuration parameters comprising: one or more non-terrestrial network (NTN) configuration parameters indicating a validity timer; and one or more measurement gap configuration parameters indicating one or more positioning measurement gaps; starting a validity timer in response to the receiving the one or more NTN configuration parameters; receiving a positioning measurement gap request for activating or deactivating at least one positioning measurement gap of the one or more positioning measurement gaps; based on the validity timer and the receiving the positioning measurement gap request, initiating/triggering the positioning measurement gap request; and transmitting an uplink signal for the initiated/triggered positioning measurement gap request.

[0407] An example method comprising: receiving, by a wireless device, one or more configuration parameters comprising: one or more non-terrestrial network (NTN) configuration parameters indicating a validity timer; and one or more measurement gap configuration parameters indicating one or more positioning measurement gaps; starting a validity timer in response to the receiving the one or more NTN configuration parameters; based on the validity timer, determining initiating/triggering a positioning measurement gap request for activating or deactivating at least one positioning measurement gap of the one or more positioning measurement gaps; and transmitting an uplink signal for the initiated/triggered positioning measurement gap request.

[0408] An example method comprising: receiving, by a wireless device, one or more configuration parameters comprising: one or more non-terrestrial network (NTN) configuration parameters indicating a validity timer; and one or more measurement gap configuration parameters indicating one or more positioning measurement gaps; starting a validity timer in response to the receiving the one or more NTN configuration parameters; determining, while the validity timer is running, initiating/triggering a positioning measurement gap request for activating or deactivating at least one positioning measurement gap of the one or more positioning measurement gaps; and transmitting an uplink signal for the initiated/triggered positioning measurement gap request.

[0409] An example method comprising: receiving, by a wireless device, one or more configuration parameters comprising: one or more non-terrestrial network (NTN) configuration parameters indicating a validity timer; and one or more measurement gap configuration parameters indicating one or more positioning measurement gaps; starting a validity timer in response to the receiving the one or more NTN configuration parameters; and in response to the validity timer being expired, avoiding/bypassing initiating/triggering a positioning measurement gap request for activating or deactivating at least one positioning measurement gap of the one or more positioning measurement gaps.

[0410] An example method comprising: receiving, by a wireless device, one or more configuration parameters indicating: one or more non-terrestrial network (NTN) configuration parameters for maintaining uplink synchronization of a serving cell; and one or more measurement gap configuration parameters corresponding to one or more positioning measurement gaps; determining, in response to the uplink synchronization of the serving cell being obtained, initiating/triggering a positioning measurement gap request for activating or deactivating at least one positioning measurement gap of the one or more positioning measurement gaps; and transmitting an uplink signal based on the triggered positioning measurement gap request.

[0411] An example method comprising: receiving, by a wireless device, one or more configuration parameters indicating: one or more non-terrestrial network (NTN) configuration parameters for maintaining uplink synchronization of a serving cell; and one or more measurement gap configuration parameters corresponding to one or more positioning measurement gaps; and in response to the uplink synchronization of the serving cell being lost, avoiding/bypassing initiating/triggering a positioning measurement gap request for activating or deactivating at least one positioning measurement gap of the one or more positioning measurement gaps.

[0412] An example method comprising: receiving, by a wireless device, one or more configuration parameters indicating: one or more non-terrestrial network (NTN) configuration parameters corresponding to one or more cells; and one or more measurement gap configuration parameters corresponding to one or more positioning measurement gaps; and in response to the one or more NTN configuration parameters of a cell of the one or more cells not being valid, avoiding/bypassing initiating/triggering a positioning measurement gap request for activating or deactivating at least one positioning measurement gap of the one or more positioning measurement gaps.

[0413] An example method comprising: receiving, by a wireless device, one or more configuration parameters indicating: one or more non-terrestrial network (NTN) configuration parameters corresponding to one or more cells; and one or more measurement gap configuration parameters corresponding to one or more positioning measurement gaps; in response to the one or more NTN configuration parameters of a cell of the one or more cells being valid, initiating/triggering a positioning measurement gap request for activating or deactivating at least one positioning measurement gap of the one or more positioning measurement gaps; and transmitting an uplink signal based on the triggered positioning measurement gap request.