Power Generator Having A Plurality Of Arranged Power

Generator Units

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/744,884 filed April 14, 2006, entitled "Kinetic Energy Power Generator With Radially Symmetric Magnet and Coil Systems", which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

FIELD OF INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates generally to power generators, and more particularly, to an array of motion-specific electrical power generators having corresponding electrical and magnetic components that are movable relative to another.

DISCUSSION OF RELATED ART

[0003] Electrically powered devices that operate with remote access to electrical power sources are known. Examples include portable battery operated devices such as electronic consumer devices, which are prevalent in modern society. Such devices include, for example, mobile phones, personal data assistants, and portable music players (e.g., a CD player, iPod ^® ), each of which may include a microprocessor and other hardware and software configured to carry out various functions that require electric power. Thus, these devices typically include a rechargeable power source such as, for example, a rechargeable battery, which requires recharging by periodic connection to external electrical sockets, often via corresponding device-specific charging apparatuses. This required periodic connection to dedicated electrical sources via device-specific chargers, however, can often be onerous on users of the devices who may not have access to power outlets (e.g. while commuting to work or traveling) or to the device-specific charging apparatus. Moreover, given the shear number of such devices in use today, this periodic requirement to connect such devices to dedicated power sources results in a cumulatively significant use of electric power resources.

[0004] Another example of devices that requires access to power remotely are buoys placed in waters, e.g., ocean, lake, etc. Like portable electronic devices, buoys and similar remotely powered devices are subject to external motions. External motions can be categorized as simple and complex motions. Complex motions are composites of several types of simpler motion put together. More complex motions involve more moving parts or more different types of motion occurring concurrently. Exemplary simple motions are translational, traversal or rotational. Translational or traversal motions require passing or move over, along, or through an axis or a path. Rotational motion requires turning or revolving around or about an axis or center point. Each simple motion can occur and be described independently. For example, an object can move along or traverses a path without rotating, or it can rotate without moving along a path.

[0005] A reciprocating or oscillating motion is a complex motion involving a traversal movement along one path in one direction and another traversal motion in the reverse direction along substantially the same path. Bending, stretching, and twisting are somewhat more complicated types of motion. Elastic motions involve rotation and/or translation, with or without reciprocation. Each type of motion is controlled by a different type of force: translation by the net force acting on an object, rotation by torque produced by an off-center force, elastic motion by internal forces between different parts of an object. The strength of the forces can be measured by their effect on the motion of an object.

[0006] Conversion of external motion to electrical power is known. One previously considered source of power is the energy created by the movement of an object that is subject to external motion. Under normal circumstances, energy created by movement of an object (i.e., kinetic energy) is lost to the surrounding environment. Many methods and devices are known, however, which effectively harness such motion energy and convert it into electrical power by way of the electromagnetic field. Some common large scale examples include hydroelectric generated power, wind generated power, and automotive alternators

[0007] One known windmill powered generator generates electric power at remote locations by converting wind energy to electrical energy through an electromagnetic power generating motor having a rotating shaft coupled to the

turning blades of the windmill. The power generating motor of the windmill has a plurality of symmetrically arranged power generating units made of a circular plate that symmetrically positions a plurality of coils around the circumference of this coil plate. Each coil on the plate is made of a wire that is wound around a coil axis. The coil plate is sandwiched between two circular outer metal plates of high magnetic permeability having substantially the same size as the center coil plate. Each outer plate has an array of opposing magnets positioned symmetrically around the corresponding circumferences of the outer magnet plates such that when a pair of opposing outer magnets is aligned with a coil sandwiched between them, the created magnetic flux is substantially perpendicular to the coil's axis. The outer magnet plates rotate in tandem with the rotation of the motor shaft around the center coil plate which is fixed about the rotation axis of the motor. It should be noted that under this arrangement, however, the rotation axis of the motor is in parallel to the axes of the center coils.

[0008] In terms of small scale power generators, attempts have been made to use magnetic transducers with power generating capability. For example, U.S. Patent No. 5,347,186 discloses a linear motion electric power generator that uses a rare earth magnet and a coil that are positioned to move linearly back and forth relative to each other. The movement of the coil in the field of the magnet generates a current in the coil by using the repelling forces of polarized magnets to maintain a quasi-neutral position about which the relative motion occurs. Another example is U.S. Patent No. 5,818,132 which discloses a linear motion electric power generator for generating electric current from motions caused by intermittent force or repetitive forces (e.g., the forces on the heel of a shoe during walking or running). This can be accomplished by a moving magnet confined in such a manner that it can only move with bi-directional linear, or approximately linear, motion through two coils that are spaced apart from each other and connected electrically to produce current in the coils from lower power mechanical forces. The generated electrical current can be used for powering flashlights, alarm systems and communication devices worn around a body or located at places where conventional electric power sources are unavailable.

[0009] The above-described small scale power generators described above are commonly referred to as tubular type power generators. In a tubular type generator, a magnet is fit within a tube, with magnet poles being aligned along the long axis of the tube, which defines the path for the direction of magnet movement. A coil of wire, roughly positioned near the middle of the travel path of the magnet, is wound around the tube and about a coil axis that is in parallel to flux unidirectional path of the magnet as defined its North and South poles. Therefore when the magnet is directly within the coil, its loops are exposed to a substantial portion, if not, all of the available unidirectional flux being generated by the magnet. As the magnet is displaced from the center of the tube toward one end, the coil is exposed to a diminishing magnetic flux density either at the south pole or north pole. As the magnet reaches a rebound position and begins to return, the coil sees a building magnetic flux change that generates electric power or voltage. The same scenario is repeated as the magnet travels down the other end of the tube. It should be noted that the change in flux density produces the electric power in the coil, not the flux density by itself. Under this arrangement, the unidirectional magnetic flux axis is always in the same parallel direction to the coil axis and flux direction is fixed. In other words, a tubular type power generator presents a unidirectional magnetic flux to one or more coils having coil axes that are parallel to the movement axis of the magnet(s).

[0010] For all electro-motive force (EMF) type power generator units, such as the ones described above, the relevant governing equation of physics is the applied version of Faraday's law. According to Faraday's law , the EMF (i.e., voltage) developed in a coil of wire is equal to the number of turns of the wire in the coil multiplied by the change in the magnetic flux that each loop is exposed to. Therefore, one of the goals of EMF power generator design is to maximize the power output of the generator by maximizing any or all of the terms of Faraday's law individually or in combination, subject to physical and material constraints. However, one of the disadvantages of tubular type power generators is that, due to their basic geometry, they are limited in their power generation potential.

[0011] Other examples include U.S. Patent Nos. 6,768,230; 6,798,090; 6,809,427; 6,812,583; 6,812,598; 6,833,780; and 6,861 ,772. The foregoing patents

describe systems of a related nature and are incorporated herein by reference to the extent permitted by law. In general, these patent documents disclose electromagnetic power generator systems wherein one or more magnets are moved relative to a conductor (e.g., one or more coils of wire) to induce electromotive forces (i.e., a flow of electrons) therein. More specifically, the magnets were moved relative to a stationary conductor so that the magnetic lines of flux radiating from the magnets intersect the conductor at right angles and induce the electromotive forces. An aspect of some of these designs is that the moving magnets can be disposed on an ultra-low friction ferrofluid bearing system. This allows construction of a power generator system wherein the magnets move in response to simple motions (low force - low input energy). The addition of the ultra- low friction bearing fluid (ferrofluid) allowed the generators to become feasible, whereas prior to this, the inherent internal friction(s) of these devices prevented the starting movement of the system and, therefore, no action was subsequently possible.

[0012] As mentioned above, small electronic mobile devices (e.g., mobile phones, cell phones, mp3 players, portable computers, etc.) require the use of various wall chargers connected to electrical sockets or other means of charging the mobile device, such as car battery chargers, that limit the mobility of the device when its battery is being charged. With the growing use of mobile devices in people's daily lives, it is more and more important that mobile devices be reliable and that the battery last through the day. A wall charger or a car battery charger may not always be a convenient way to recharge the battery of a mobile device. Also, due to the increasing use of mobile devices, it is more likely that the device battery may run out of power during the day in a location where a wall charger may not be available. Therefore, there is a need for alternative means of providing charge power to mobile electronic devices. There is a further need to provide a kinetic energy power generator that is connectable to consumer electronic devices to constantly charge these devices. There is an additional need for a holder to house a kinetic energy power generator that is wearable or other attachable to a person, animal or other object capable of motion (e.g., passive motion, intended motion) or in motion.

Summary of the Invention

[0013] Briefly, according to the present invention, a power generator comprises a plurality of power generator units arranged in three dimensions. One embodiment arranges the units to project radially outward from a central movement axis. Each power generator unit comprises a first member having an electrical component and a second member having a magnetic component movable relative to the electrical component such that an electromagnetic interactionbetween the electrical and magnetic components generates an electrical current in the electrical component. A movement unit coupled to at least one of the first member and the second member is adapted to reciprocatingly move the electrical and magnetic components relative to each other along the central movement axis. The electrical component comprises a coil having one or more windings of a conductor around a coil axis that is substantially perpendicular to the central movement axis.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0014] Examples for some embodiments of the invention will be described with respect to the following drawings, in which like reference numerals represent like features throughout the figures, and in which:

[0015] FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic perspective view of an exemplary power generator unit according to an embodiment of the invention;

[0016] FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of a yoked magnet array of the power generator unit of FIG. 1 taken along line 2-2;

[0017] FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of the power generator unit of FIG. 1 taken along line 3-3;

[0018] FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic top view of the yoked magnet array of the power generator unit of FIG. 2;

[0019] FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of the power generator unit of FIG. 1 taken along line 5-5 illustrating the use of ferrofluid bearings;

[0020] FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic side view of an example power generator unit with a fixed second member according to an embodiment of the invention;

[0021] FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic side view of an example power generator unit with a fixed first member according to an embodiment of the invention; and

[0022] FIGS. 8A-8C are a diagrammatic perspective view of an example power generator unit according to an embodiment of the invention;

[0023] FIG. 9 is a diagrammatic perspective view of an example power generator unit according to an embodiment of the invention;

[0024] FIG. 10 is a diagrammatic perspective view of an example power generator unit according to an embodiment of the invention;

[0025] FIG. 1 1 is a diagrammatic perspective view of an example power generator unit according to an embodiment of the invention;

[0026] FIGS 12A and 12B are diagrammatic perspective views of an example power generator unit according to an embodiment of the invention;

[0027] FIG. 13 is a diagrammatic perspective view of an example power generator unit according to an embodiment of the invention;

[0028] FIG. 14 is a diagrammatic perspective view the embodiment of the invention of FIG. 13;

[0029] FIG. 15 is a diagrammatic perspective view the embodiment of the invention of FIG. 13;

[0030] FIG. 16 is a diagrammatic perspective view the embodiment of the invention of FIG. 13;

[0031] FIG. 17 is a diagrammatic perspective view the embodiment of the invention of FIG. 13;

[0032] FIG. 18 is a diagrammatic perspective view the embodiment of the invention of FIG. 13;

[0033] FIG. 19 is a diagrammatic perspective view the embodiment of the invention of FIG. 13; and

[0034] FIGS 2OA and 2OB are diagrammatic perspective views of an example power generator unit according to an embodiment of the invention.

Detailed Description

[0035] In describing the example embodiments illustrated in the drawings, specific terminology is employed for the sake of clarity. However, the invention is not intended to be limited to the specific terminology so selected. It is to be understood that each specific element includes all technical equivalents that operate in a similar manner to accomplish a similar purpose.

[0036] In the following description of some of the example embodiments of the invention, directional words such as "top," "bottom," "upwardly," and "downwardly" are employed by way of description and not limitation with respect to the orientation of the power generator unit and its various components as illustrated in the drawings. Similarly, directional words such as "axial" and "radial" are also employed by way of description and not limitation.

DEFINITIONS

[0037] The term "couple" (and variations thereof), as used herein, means something that relates or links two things together.

[0038] The term "electrical component," as used herein, means an element or member relating to, producing, or operated by electricity.

[0039] The term "external," as used herein, means acting or coming from the outside.

[0040] The term "frequency," as used herein, means the number of occurrences of a repeated motion per unit of time. Non-limiting examples of frequency include .5 Hz, 1 Hz, 2 Hz, 5 Hz, etc.

[0041] The term "magnetic component," as used herein, means any of one or more elements or members having magnetic properties or relating to magnetism or magnets, such as, for example, permanent magnets of any shape.

[0042] The term "motion" means any simple or complex movement from a first position to a second position. Non-limiting examples of motion may include those caused by walking, running, ocean waves, and the like.

[0043] The term "oscillate" (and variations thereof), as used herein, means to move back and forth or to cause to move back and forth.

[0044] The term "oscillator," as used herein, means an apparatus establishing and maintaining oscillations of a frequency determined by its physical constants.

[0045] The term "power generator unit," as used herein, means any unit that generates electrical power. Non-limiting examples of a power generator unit may include battery chargers and power supplies.

[0046] The term "predetermined," as used herein, means to settle or decide in advance.

[0047] The term "property" (and variations thereof), as used herein, means any attribute or characteristic.

[0048] The term "range," as used herein, means an amount or extent of variation between two values such as, for example, the difference or interval between the smallest and largest values in a frequency distribution.

[0049] The term "reciprocating," (and variations thereof), as used herein, means to oscillate or move back and forth.

[0050] The term "spring element," as used herein, means any element that exhibits resilience or elasticity. A spring element can be a linear spring element or non-linear spring element. Examples of a linear spring elements are a coiled wire or any mechanical spring that has a constant spring coefficient. Nonlinear spring element have non-linear, e.g., exponential spring constants. Examples include repelling magnets, e.g., rebound magnets that have exponential spring coefficients.

[0051] A "spring-mass system," as used herein, means any system which, when displaced from its equilibrium position, experiences a restoring force proportional to the displacement. Non-limiting examples of a spring-mass system may include a simple harmonic oscillator, a driven harmonic oscillator, a damped harmonic oscillator, and a driven damped harmonic oscillator.

[0052] The term "yoke" (and variations thereof), as used herein, means something that binds, unites, couples, or connects at least two physical objects.

DESCRIPTION OF THE EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

[0053] FIG. 1 illustrates a power generator unit 1 having first and second members 10, 18. The first member 10 defines a longitudinal axis A and has a pair of parallel spaced opposing sides 1 1 , 13 defining an internal gap 12 between the sides 11 , 13 (see FIG. 2). The first member 10 also includes a magnetic component defined by two spaced arrays of magnets 20, 30 respectively disposed on opposing surfaces of the sides 1 1 , 13. Due to the presence of the magnet arrays 20, 30, the first member 10 is also referred to as the magnet rack or mag rack. Each array 20, 30 includes, respectively, one or more magnets 20a-20e, 30a- 3Oe. For purposes of illustration, only five magnets are shown in each array 20, 30 but the number of magnets in each array 20, 30 can be as few as a single magnet to as many magnets as can be arranged on the array 20, 30. Magnets can be arranged on each array linearly (e.g., single, in pairs, etc.). Where a plurality of magnets 20a-e, 30a-e are provided in the magnet array 20, 30, a high permeability magnetic yoke 16 (discussed further below) may serve to couple and link together the magnets disposed in the same magnet array 20, 30. The second member 18 includes an electrical component 24 that may come in various forms including, but not limited to, one or more electrical coils 24a-e. For purposes of illustration, only five coils 24a-e are shown associated with the second member 18, but the number of coils in each second member 18 can be as few as a coil to as many coils as can be arranged on the second member 18. The first and second members 10, 18 are moveably disposed relative to one another. In one exemplary embodiment, the second member 18 comprises a generally flat elongated coil carrier 22 having two opposing surfaces that face, respectively, the sides 11 , 13 of the first member 10. The electrical component 24 is embedded within, laminated on, potted within, extends through and/or is otherwise disposed on the carrier 22. For example, one more coils (e.g., coils 24a-24e) are inserted within the carrier 22. The first member 10 is structured to define a rectangular gap 12 sized to allow the flat carrier 22 to slideably move within the gap 12 in a reciprocal manner along a reciprocal longitudinal movement axis that is generally co-axial with the longitudinal axis A.

[0054] As shown in FIG. 1 , the first member 10 includes a number of support posts 14 extending across the gap 12 through a pair of guide slots 26 in the carrier 22 (i.e., the second member 18) that extend longitudinally along the carrier 22. The guide slots 26 extend substantially parallel to and offset from the longitudinal axis A (i.e., the reciprocal movement axis) and, in conjunction with at least the support posts 14, serve to guide the longitudinal movement of the first and second members 10, 18 relative to one another. The posts 14 may also serve to provide support to the opposing sides 1 1 , 13 of the first member 10 in resisting magnetic forces spanning the gap 12 (see, e.g., FIG. 2). The guide slots 26 and/or support posts 14 reduce rattle and extraneous vibration. An electromagnetic interaction is created between the magnetic and electrical components 20, 30, 24 that serves to produce an electrical current in the electrical component 24 when the magnetic and electrical components 20, 30, 24 are moved relative to one another. A similar device is disclosed in U.S. Application No. 1 1/359,671 , filed February 21 , 2006, (published as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007-0052302 on March 8, 2007), the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

[0055] At least one of the first and second members 10, 18 may be arranged to be subjected to a simple or complex motion or motions of one or more external objects (not shown) either directly or indirectly through a housing (see FIGS. 8A, 8B and 14). Furthermore, a spring element (not shown in FIG. 1 ; see FIGS. 6-7) may be provided in the power generator unit 1 and disposed to reciprocatingly move the first and second members 10, 18 relative to one another in response to simple or complex external motions. The spring element will be discussed in more detail below. The first and second members 10, 18, either alone or in combination, define a longitudinal movement axis along which the reciprocating movement of the electrical and magnetic components 20, 30, 24 relative to each other can take place. As mentioned above, the reciprocal longitudinal movement axis is generally co-axial with the longitudinal axis A.

[0056] As illustrated in FIG. 2, the two yoked magnet arrays 20, 30 of the first member 10 of the power generator unit 1 include the first magnet array 20 having, for example, magnets 20a, 20b, 20c, 2Od, and 2Oe, which are spaced apart from, and respectively correspond with, magnets 30a, 30b, 30c, 3Od, and 3Oe, of the

second magnet array 30. Although each magnet array 20, 30 is shown as having five magnets 20a-e, 30a-e, the number of magnets in each array 20, 30 may vary depending on space requirements and based on particular applications of the power generator unit 1. The magnets in each array 20, 30 may be made from various types of magnetic materials including, but not limited to grade 38 NdFeB (neodymium iron boron), rare earth magnets or the like.

[0057] As can be seen in FIG. 2, the polarity of each respective magnet 20a-e in the first magnet array 20 is arranged such that it is attracted to the corresponding magnets 30a-e in the second magnet array 30 across gap 12. The pole-indication arrows shown in FIG. 2 for each respective magnet point towards the north-seeking pole of the respective magnet (hereinafter north pole or north magnetic pole). For example, the pole indication arrow for magnet 20a indicates that the magnet's north pole is adjacent to the gap 12 and facing the south pole of magnet 30a. Furthermore, each magnet 20a-e, 30a-e in a given array 20, 30 is oriented to have a polarity orientation opposite to that of any immediately adjacent magnets in the same given magnet array 20, 30. That is, the polarities of magnets in a given magnet array alternate. Additionally, a respective magnet 20a-e, 30a-e in a given magnet array 20, 30 may have a magnetic strength that is the same as or different from each other magnet 20a-e, 30a-e in the same magnet array 20, 30.

[0058] The first array 20 of magnets is disposed on the first side 11 of the first member 10 and the second array 30 of magnets is disposed on the second side 13 of the first member 10 such that the magnets 20a-e, 30a-e of the two arrays 20, 30 face each other across the gap 12. In this configuration, the magnetic flux generated by the magnetic component 20, 30 is substantially perpendicular to the reciprocal movement path of the one or more electric components 24. Each magnet 20a-e, 30a-e in each of the first and second arrays 20, 30 has a magnetic polarity facing the movement path. Adjacent magnets 20a-e, 30a-e in each array 20, 30 are oriented to have sides with opposite polarities (N or S) sequentially facing the movement path within the gap 12 of the one or more coils 24a-e forming the electrical component 24. Each pair of opposing magnets 20a-e, 30a-e on the first and second sides 1 1 , 13 are also oriented to have opposite polarities with respect to each other facing the movement path within the gap 12. The first and second sides

11 , 13 of the first member 10 must be made of a sufficiently strong material so as not to buckle or bow in response to the attractive forces of the magnets 20a-e, 30a- e across the gap 12. Given that the attractive forces between the magnets 20a-e, 30a-e are related exponentially to the distance of the gap 12, a slightly larger gap 12 can be used to reduce the attractive forces and reduce the tendency for the sides 11 , 13 to distort. It may be desirable to use a light-weight material for the first member 10 including, but not limited to, strong organic polymers (e.g., plastic including, but not limited to, polycarbonate, polysulfone or the like); high strength, lightweight metallic alloys; and ceramics or other more dense materials (e.g., glass, brass, tungsten, etc.). As discussed below, it is also possible to construct the power generator unit 1 with support posts 14 spanning the gap 12 through slots 26 in the carrier 22 of the second member 18 to ensure structural rigidity.

[0059] As shown in FIGS. 1-2, each magnet 20a-e, 30a-e in a given magnet array 20, 30 is coupled and linked to the other magnets 20a-e, 30a-e in the same magnet array 20, 30 by a yoke 16 having a high magnetic permeability. The yoke 16 may be made of any high magnetic permeability material including, but not limited to mu (μ) metal, various nanomagnetic materials, Permalloy, steel (e.g., 1010 iron steel), Back Iron, or the like. Mu metal is a special iron nickel alloy that has extremely high magnetic permeability and is often used to provide magnetic shielding. Ideally, the yoke 16 would be configured to effect complete magnetic shielding so that the strong magnet fields of the magnet arrays 20, 30 will not exist outside of the power generator unit 1. Furthermore, due to the high magnetic permeability of the yoke 16 and the fact that adjacent magnets 20a-e, 30a-e in each magnet array 20, 30 are arranged in alternating orientations, magnetic lines of flux from each magnet 20a-e, 30a-e can be very efficiently conducted to neighboring magnets 20a-e, 30a-e in the same given magnet array 20, 30.

[0060] As shown in FIGS. 1-2, the magnets 20a-e, 30a-e are depicted as being cylindrical. However, the magnets 20a-e, 30a-e may come in various shapes including, but not limited to, cubed (i.e., square sides), bar-shaped (i.e., rectangular sides) or other geometric shape. Furthermore, the size of the gap 12 between the parallel opposing sides 11 , 13 of the first member 10 is exaggerated in the figures for illustration purposes.

[0061] FIG. 3 illustrates the carrier 22 of the second member 18 movably disposed in the gap 12. Attached to, or embedded within, the carrier 22 includes the electrical component 24 comprising one or more conductive coils 24a-e (i.e., coils 24a, 24b, 24c, 24d, and/or 24e). Any one of the coils 24a-e can be formed from conductors wound about a respective coil axis 28a-e. As illustrated, the conductors forming, respectively, the coils 24a-e are wound about their respective coil axes 28a-e. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, the coil axis 28a-e is perpendicular to the movement axis or path taken by the first and second members 10, 18 as the first and second members 10, 18 move relative to each other. Although each electrical component 24 is shown as having five coils 24a-e, the number of coils in the electrical component 24 may vary depending on space requirements and based on particular applications of the power generator unit 1. As stated above, each coil 24a-e defines a coil axis 28a-e about which the turns of the respective coil 24a-e are disposed. Each coil axis 28a-e is oriented substantially parallel with the magnetic flux lines of the magnets 20a-e and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis A.

[0062] During movement between the first and second members 10, 18, any given coil 24n will be intersected by magnetic flux lines of the opposite polarity as compared to the immediately adjacent coil 24a-e because of the alternating polarity orientations of respective adjacent magnets 20a-e, 30a-e in the magnet arrays 20, 30. Thus, the direction of current flow in one coil 24a-e will be opposite to the direction of current flow in an adjacent coil 24a-e. The additional benefits of wiring of the coils either in parallel or series versus wiring each coil independently of the other coils, is usually dictated by the respective geometry of the placement of the coils with respect to the magnets. In some cases, wiring of the coils 24a-e independently has the most advantage, as when a magnet pair is not interacting with a coil (end stroke) that coil is essentially providing no benefit while if connected in any way directly to the other coils, provides a loss path. Independent connection of the coils, at least the end coils, eliminates this downfall. Parallel and series wiring of the coils 24a-e are most useful when the coils 24a-e are experiencing magnetic flux from the magnets 20a-e, 30a-e and/or when the pitch of the coils 24a-e and magnets 20a-e, 30a-e are equal. If the coils 24a-e are wired in parallel or series, and if a coil 24a-e becomes exposed (i.e., is not covered by the arrays 20,30), the

coil 24a-e is non-energized and acts as a resistor to the system since the voltages from the coils 24a-e are combined. However, if the coils 24a-e are independently wired, this issue is eliminated. One of the benefits of series wiring is that higher voltages can be generated. Alternatively, diodes and other semiconductor devices known in the art can be used to effectively condition the power outputs of the coils 24a-e. As seen in FIG. 1 , the coils 24a-e are connected electrically and/or mechanically to an electrical conductor 31 , such as a wire, cable or the like, that can be operatively connected (mechanically and/or electrically) to an electronic device (and, by extension, to the rechargeable power source of the electronic device).

[0063] In one exemplary embodiment, the coils 24a-e are immersed in a ferrofluid and force is applied (for example, mild centrifugation or evacuation) to facilitate infiltration. The point of the infiltration is to allow the coil 24a-e to exhibit some properties like that found in a coil wrapped around a ferrite core. A "doughnut hole" formed in the center of the coil 24a-e allows ferrofluid to flow through the center of the coil 24a-e (i.e., through the hole). Once the fluid has evenly penetrated the coil's intricacies the ferrofluid liquid can be evaporated to leave the nano-ferrite particles (approximately 5-10 nm in diameter) within the coil 24a-e. In another embodiment, the particles are suspended in super critical carbon dioxide which can readily evaporate following infiltration. In one embodiment, the ferromagnetic particles are fixed on the one or more electric components 24 (e.g., the coil) according to a desired direction. The ferromagnetic particles can be oriented by exposure to magnetic fields, for example, via external magnets or by energizing the coil 24a-e with electricity during evaporation. In order to prevent movement or orientation of the ferrite particles, a trace of a soluble resin can be added to the ferrofluid so that the nano-ferrite particles are "glued down." Alternatively, a dense solution of nano-ferrite particles in a polymerizable matrix can be used so that after the coil has been completely infiltrated, the matrix can be polymerized to leave the particles "frozen" in place. The addition of ferrofluid to the coil 24a-e or any slightly ferro-magnetic material provides improved flux transmission. In the alternative, another way of impregnating coils 24a-e is accomplished by mixing the nano- particles in epoxy resin, then using the resulting slurry to encapsulate the conductor used to form the coil 24a-e as the conductor is wound to form the coil 24a-e. The

conductor used to form the coil 24a-e may come in various forms, including, but not limited to, an iron-clad wire.

[0064] FIG. 4 illustrates a diagrammatic top view of the yoked magnet array 20 of the first member 10 of the power generator unit 1 and shows two magnetic bearing arrays 32, 34 having bearing magnets 32a-d and 34a-d, respectively, which may be employed in the power generator unit 1 to reduce friction resulting from relative movement between the first and second members 10, 18. The magnets 20a-e associated with the side 11 are indicated in phantom to show their position beneath the yoke 16. FIG. 5 illustrates the power generator unit 1 as seen in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis A and illustrating the use of magnetic ferrofluid bearings (as shown in FIG. 4). The spaced apart magnetic bearing arrays 32 and 34 are aligned with narrow side edges of the carrier 22 of the second member 18. Small drops 36 of ferrofluid placed proximate each of the bearing magnets 32a-d, 34a-d allow the first and second members 10, 18 to move relative to one another in an essentially friction-free manner. The use of ferrofluid bearings is described in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,768,230; 6,809,427; and 6,812,583, which are hereby incorporated by reference. Alternatively, or in combination with the foregoing side-positioned ferrofluid-based magnetic bearing arrays 32, 34, each of the magnets 2On, 3On of the magnet arrays 20, 30 may be provided with ferrofluid 42 which forms a meniscus 43 at a surface interface between the first and second members 10, 18. The ferrofluid meniscus 43 tends to center the carrier 22 within the gap 12 which reduces the chance of any possible friction that could result from contact of the carrier 22 with any side 1 1 , 13 of the first member 10 that defines the gap 12. The self centering phenomenon is also evident in the cross wise direction, though in this example of lesser degree due to the lesser sized edge magnets. Additionally, the meniscus 43 acts as a lens and further focuses the magnetic lines of flux from magnets 20a-e, 30a-e on the coil 24a-e.

[0065] FIG. 6 illustrates a power generator unit 100 having a first member 110 and a second member 1 18 arranged to move relative to one another, in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. The first member 1 10 defines longitudinal axis A and includes a magnetic component having a first magnet arrays 120 and a second magnet array (not shown) on an opposite side of the first

member 110 from the first magnet array 120. The first member 110 is "stationary" relative to the second member 118 in that fasteners 1 12 connect the first member 110 to a housing (not shown) or other object (not shown) to which the power generator unit 100 is affixed and does not move relative to that housing or object. The second member 118 includes an electrical component 124 that may come in various forms including, but not limited to, one or more electrical coils, movable relative to one or more magnetic components (i.e., the magnet arrays 120) such that an interaction between the one or more electrical and magnetic components (124,120) generates an electrical current in the electrical component 124. In FIG. 6, a spring element 128 moveably couples the first member 1 10 to a carrier 122 of the second member 118 to define a spring-mass system such that when the first member 110 is subjected to external motion M, the spring element 128 causes the second element 118 to reciprocatingly move relative to the first member 110 and thereby generate an electrical current in the coils 124. The embodiment depicted in FIG. 7 is substantially the same as that depicted in FIG. 6 except that a second member 218 of a power generator unit 200 is subjected to the external motion M such that the spring element 228 causes a first member 210 to reciprocatingly move relative to the second member 118 and thereby generate an electrical current in the coils 224. The second member 1 18 is "stationary" relative to the first member 110 in that the second member 1 18 is connected to a housing (not shown) or other object (not shown) to which the power generator unit 100 is affixed and does not move relative to that housing or object. In both FIGS. 6 and 7, the spring element (128, 228) may be a mechanical coil spring or other spring elements or, alternatively, a system of rebound magnets, springs or other spring elements forming a non-linear spring mass system arranged to reciprocatingly move the magnet array 120, 220 away from respective ends of the second member 118, 218 as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007-0052302, published March 8, 2007, hereby incorporated by reference. Furthermore, assuming the power generator units 100 and 200 are oriented vertically, a spring element (not shown) attached between a bottom of the second member 1 18, 218 and a bottom edge of the first member 110, 210 could provide a similar effect (likewise if a spring element was attached on both the bottom and top sides of the second member 118, 128 and respective bottom and top sides of the first member 110, 210). In one

embodiment, the power generator unit 1 , 100, 200 may contain rebound springs, magnets, or elastomeric bumpers (not shown) for over travel protection. In FIGS. 6 and 7, at least one of the first and second members 110, 210, 1 18, 218 is generally fixed in position relative to the other member 1 18, 128, 1 10, 210.

[0066] The external motion can comprises any type of simple or complex motion or a plurality of external motions each having a predetermined frequency range and the spring element can have a plurality of spring elements that define a plurality of spring-mass systems configured to reciprocatingly move the electrical and magnetic components relative to each other. Each spring element can be a linear spring element or non-linear spring element. Examples of a linear spring elements are coiled wire or mechanical springs having constant spring coefficients. Nonlinear spring elements can be repelling magnets, e.g., rebound magnets, that have exponential spring coefficients.

[0067] The magnetic component of the power generating unit described above thus generates a concentrated magnetic field with alternating magnetic flux directions that are substantially perpendicular to the movement axis of the coils of the electrical component. As the magnets move and magnetic flux crosses each coil, an electrical current is induced in the coil. The faster the magnet moves in relation to the coil, the more electric energy is generated. The magnetic component in the first member comprises an array of opposing magnet pairs that with alternating flux paths or reversing direction from one opposing magnet pair to another. The electrical component of the second member comprises a number of coils positioned between the array of opposing magnets with their respective coil axis perpendicular to their movement axis.

[0068] Unlike a tubular type power generator, which presents a unidirectional flux to a coil, the one or more coils of the electrical element 24 of the second member 18 are exposed to alternating and bidirectional magnetic flux paths. From one end, as each opposing magnet pair (e.g., magnet pairs 20a/30a, 20b/30b, 20c/30c, 20d/30d, 20e/30e, etc.) of the arrays 20, 30 approaches a respective coil, the coil is subjected to an increasing magnetic flux in one direction as a first opposing magnet pair (e.g., a magnet pair comprising magnets 20b, 30b) approaches the coil. The magnetic flux appears at an instantaneous maximum

when the first pair of magnets is directly over a center of the coil. The flux experienced by the coil then abruptly drops off as the first magnet pair departs. Then, as the second opposing magnet pair approaches the coil, the coil experiences an abruptly building flux in the opposite direction as was from the first magnet pair. Again, there exists an instantaneous maximum flux in the opposite direction experienced by the coil, as the second pair of magnets is substantially over center of the coil. This flux reversal repeats for as many pairs of magnets are made to be within the first member 18 (i.e., the mag rack). As the last pair of magnets departs the coil, the coil experiences a diminishing magnetic flux. It should be noted that the coils are exposed to an increasing and diminishing magnetic flux as the magnetic component approaches or departs from the electrical component 24 during movement. However, the exemplary embodiment of the present invention exposes the electrical component 24 to alternating reversals of magnetic flux direction within short distances of travel resulting in rapid flux changes experienced by the coil which substantially increases its power generation capability.

[0069] In another exemplary embodiment, for each opposing magnet pair, only one magnet can be positioned somewhere in the flux circuit and the flux could be directed to the coil with shaped ferro-magnetic materials, such as iron, where the magnet exposes the coil to magnetic flux and the ferro-magnetic material forms a conduit for alternatingly reversing magnetic flux direction. Such magnetic flux direction reversal comprises the change in flux with respect to time as a parameter for maximizing generated voltage under Faraday's law. Any physical, electrical or magnetic parameters can be selected and adjusted for tuning the resonant coupling of the power generating unit to external motion in order to maximize power generation efficiency.

Star Configuration

[0070] FIGS. 8A-8C depict an exemplary power generator 100 according to one aspect of the present invention. The power generator 100 has a support member 81 for supporting a plurality of power generating units 110, forming a star shaped structure. The star shaped structure of the power generator 100 is formed from the plurality of radially extending power generator units 1 10. Each power unit 110 comprises a first member or casing 10 and a second member 18 (shown in FIG. 1 )

comprising a carrier 22, as described above. As shown in FIG. 8A, the plurality of power generator units 1 10 have a symmetrical arrangement with respect to a central movement axis B. In one exemplary embodiment, the carrier 22 contains one or more electrical components, such as coils 24, and the first member has one or more magnetic components that are movable relative to the electrical component. As described above, an electromagnetic interaction between the one or more electrical and magnetic components generates electrical currents in the one or more electrical component that are captured for power generation purposes. In one embodiment, the coil having one or more windings around a coil axis (shown in FIG. 3) that is substantially perpendicular to the central movement axis B. As explained above, a fluid bearing containing ferromagnetic particles can be used to facilitate the movement of the first and second members relative to each other.

[0071] The power generator is configured to be subjected to an external motion having a predetermined frequency bandwidth that is dependent on type of motion, e.g., walking motion, jogging motion, wave motion, etc. In one exemplary embodiment, the power generator 100 is tuned to provide resonant coupling to the external motion, resulting in improved electric power generation. One system and method for tuning the power generator 100 to be resonantly coupled to external motion is fully described by the inventor of the instant application in a related patent application titled "Motion-Specific Power Generator Unit And Method of Generating Power Using Same" (Attorney Docket No.: 80417-243195), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety to the extent permitted by law.

[0072] In one embodiment, a spring element (not shown) is coupled to at least one of the casing 10 and carrier 22 to define a spring-mass system that is responsive to the external motion for reciprocatingly moving the first member and the second member relative to each other along the movement axis. The spring element can be one or more linear springs, e.g., a spiraling coil, or nonlinear springs, e.g., repelling magnets with opposite polls facing each other in a proximity. Thus, the current invention may be used to generate power for electronic devices used in items which are known to undergo repetitive motion. Exemplary external battery powered devices that can use the electric current supplied by the power generator of the invention include sensors or transducers of ocean buoys. Because

of the remote location of ocean buoys, it is desirable that they have an independent power supply that can be maintained for long periods of time. The present invention allows an ocean buoy to charge its battery or power its electronics by means of electricity generated from the kinetic energy of ocean swells and waves. The amplitude of wave motion experienced by buoys is sufficiently great that that motion may operate the generator by means of a direct mechanical coupling without additional systems to enhance resonance further.

[0073] Accordingly, the power generator of the present invention is composed of a support structure 81 , a system of coils 24 embedded in carriers 22 radiating around the center of the support structure 81 in a substantially symmetric manner, a movement unit (not shown), and a system of magnets 20, 30 coupled to, and movable along the carriers 22. Each carrier 22 and its associated magnets 20, 30 comprise one unit of the overall generator. As described, in one embodiment, the magnetic component consists of an array of magnets 20, 30 wherein the magnetic poles along one surface of the system are magnetically yoked 16 by a layer of material with high magnetic permeability such as mu metal or even soft iron to form a "back iron" for the array. The systems are arranged such that the movement of the support casing results in relative movement between the system of magnets and coils embedded in the power generator units with such relative movement resulting in the generation of electrical current, as shown in FIGS. 8A-8C.

[0074] In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 8A, the power generator units are coupled to one another along their length around the movement axis B. As shown, the power generator units can be coupled to each other by a plurality of interconnected casings 10 to move together reciprocally along the movement axis B. FIGS. 8B and 8C show a cross sectional view of the power generator of FIG. 8A with power generator units 110 arranged radiating around the axis of movement B, along two axes C1 and C2, in a substantially symmetrical configuration.

[0075] Although the embodiment of the power generator shown in FIGS. 8A-8C only has four (4) power generating units 110 with the carriers 22, embedded coils and casings 10 embedded with magnets 20, 30, the power generator of the invention may have any number of power generating units as shown in FIGs. 9-11. FIG. 9 depicts the cross sectional view of another embodiment of the present

invention comprising six power generator units extending along three centrally intersecting axes, D1-D3. FIG. 10 depicts the cross sectional view of an embodiment of the present invention comprising eight power generator units extending along four centrally intersecting axes, E1-E4. FIG. 1 1 depicts the cross sectional view of still another embodiment of the present invention comprising sixteen power generator units extending along eight centrally intersecting axes, F1- F8.

[0076] As the number of symmetrically power generating units 1 10 around the movement axis B increases, the spacing of the carriers relative to each other around the axis decreases, namely, the power generating units become positioned closer and closer to each other. Another exemplary embodiment of the invention integrates the magnetic yokes of the closely spaced power generating units to provide common magnetic link between adjacent power generating units.

[0077] Accordingly, one aspect of the present invention relates to a kinetic energy power generator with radially symmetric systems of magnets and coils. The present can be used in combination with resonant coupling to external motion to generate electric power more efficiently by capturing energy from the surrounding environment by the movement of an object, even from small amplitudes of input motion.

Rectangular Configuration

[0078] FIGS. 12A and 12B depict an exemplary power generator according to one aspect of the present invention. The power generator 200 has a support member 122 for supporting a plurality of parallel positioned power generating units 210 which form a structure having a generally rectangular shape. The rectangular shaped structure of the power generator 200 is formed from a plurality of power generator units 210 arranged in a plurality of rows 123A, 123B located parallel to one another. Each power generator unit 210, see FIG. 12A, comprises a first member 10 and a second member 18 (shown in FIG. 1 ). The second member 18 comprises one of more electrical components, such as coils 24 and the carrier 22, as described above. The first member 10 comprises one or more magnetic components that are movable relative to the second member 18. As shown in FIG. 12B, the plurality of power units 210 are arranged with respect to a central

movement axis H that is perpendicular to the support surface 122 (shown by a point for extending into and out of the page). As described above, an electromagnetic interaction between the one or more electrical and magnetic components generates electrical currents in the one or more electrical component which currents are captured for power generation purposes. In one embodiment, the coils 24 have one or more windings around a coil axis (shown in FIG. 3) which coil axis is substantially perpendicular to the central movement axis H. As explained above, a fluid bearing containing ferromagnetic particles can be used to facilitate the movement of the first and second members relative to each other. The power generator is configured to be subjected to an external motion having a predetermined frequency bandwidth that is dependent on the type of motion, e.g., walking motion, jogging motion, wave motion, etc. available for energy capture. In one exemplary embodiment, the power generator is tuned to provide resonant coupling to the external motion, resulting in improved electric power generation, as described above.

[0079] As illustrated in FIGS. 20A-B, the power generator of the present invention need not be arranged in only a symmetrical manner. As seen in FIG. 2OA, a rectilinear array linear generator can be in the form of a ninety degree array or, as seen in FIG. 2OB, can be a relatively short, linearly arranged array.

[0080] As shown in FIG. 12B, the power generator of the present invention is composed of a support structure 122, a system of coils 24 embedded in coil carriers 22n, arranged in rows 123A, 123B located parallel to one another in support structure 122 in, a movement unit (not shown), and a system of magnets coupled to, and movable along the carriers. As described, in one embodiment, the magnet system consists of a plurality of arrays of magnets 2On, 3On wherein the magnetic poles along one surface of the system are magnetically yoked 16 by a layer of material with high magnetic permeability such as mu metal or even soft iron, e.g., back iron. The systems are arranged such that the movement of the support structure 122 results in relative movement between the magnet arrays 2On, 3On and coils 24n embedded in the power generator units with such relative movement resulting in the generation of electrical current, as shown in FIGS. 12A and 12B.

[0081] In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 12A and 12B, the power generator units 210 arranged in rows 123A, 123B are coupled to a first rack or a

second rack 121 A, 121 B, respectively, along their length and parallel to movement axis H (which extends into and out of the page) so that each array moves together, reciprocally along the movement axis H.

[0082] Although the embodiment of the power generator shown in FIGS. 12A and 12B only has eight (8) power generating units 210 located in two racks 121A, 121 B, the power generator 200 of the invention may have any number of power generating units 21 Oand/or racks 121. Another exemplary embodiment of the invention integrates the magnetic yokes of those power generating units 210 that are closely disposed next to each other so as to provide a common and integrated magnetic circuit (link) between adjacent poer generating units 210.

[0083] Accordingly, one aspect of the present invention relates to a kinetic energy power generator with a rectangularly configured system of magnets and coils. The present invention can be used in combination with resonant coupling to external motion to generate electric power more efficiently by capturing lost energy from the surrounding environment by the movement of an object, even from small amplitudes of input motion.

Circular Configuration

[0084] FIGS. 13-19 depict an exemplary power generator 300 according to one aspect of the present invention. FIG. 13 shows a power generator arranged in a circular configuration. The power generator 300 comprises a support member (not shown), at least one circular first member 310, similar to the first member 10 above, and at least one circular second member 318, similar to the second member 18 above, arranged circumferentially about a central movement axis G. In the exemplary power generator 300 depicted in FIG. 13, the circular second member 318 comprises at least one circular part 315 containing one or more electrical components, such as coils 24 (see FIG. 15-17). The circular first member 310 comprises at least one magnetic component that is movable relative to the circular second member 318 (see FIGS. 14, 15-17). As shown in FIGS. 13-18, the circular first member 310 contains two magnet arrays 132A, 132B of magnetic components such as magnets 133n, that are movable relative to the electrical components. As described above, an electromagnetic interaction between the one or more electrical and magnetic members generates electrical currents in the one or more electrical

component which currents are captured for power generation purposes. In one embodiment, the electrical component is a coil 24 having one or more windings around a coil axis that is substantially perpendicular to the central movement axis G. As explained above, a fluid bearing containing ferromagnetic particles can be used to facilitate the movement of the first and second members relative to each other.

[0085] The power generator 300 is configured to be subjected to an external motion having a predetermined frequency bandwidth that is dependent on type of motion, e.g., walking motion, jogging motion, wave motion, etc. or a rotational motion or reciprocal motion. In one exemplary embodiment, the power generator300 is tuned to provide resonant coupling to the external motion, resulting in improved electric power generation, as described above. In another exemplary embodiment, the power generator 300 is subjected to rotational motion about a central movement axis G. Thus, a movement unit (not shown) couples the circular firs member 310 and the circular second member 318 such that the respective electrical and magnetic components of the members move in a linear reciprocal fashion or in a rotational reciprocal or continuous fashion relative to each other along the central movement axis G.

[0086] ,As shown in FIGS. 13-18, the power generator 300 of the present invention is composed of a support structure (not shown), a first circular member 310, a second circular member 318, and a movement unit (not shown). The second circular member 318 comprises a system of coils 24 embedded in a circular part 135. The first member 310 comprises a system of magnets 133n, arrange in two arrays 132A, 132B disposed circumferentially around a central movement axis G, and two circular yoke backings 316A, 316B, which approximates the shape pr the circular carrier 315. As described above and depicted in FIGS. 14, 16, 17 and 18, the system of magnets consists of two magnet arrays 132A, 132B wherein the magnetic poles along the surface opposite the ring 131 are magnetically yoke by a layer 16 of material having high magnetic permeability such a mu metal of soft iron, e.g., black iron. The systems are arrange such that the movement of the power generator results in relative movement between the system of magnets and coild embedded in the power generator units with such relative movement resulting in generation of electric current as shown in FIGS. 16 and 17.

[0087] Although the embodiment of the power generator shown in FIGS. 13-18 contain only one ring 131 and two magnet arrays 132A, 132B, the power generator of the present invention may have any number of rings and magnet arrays. FIG. 19 depicts a kinetic power generator having a first member 310 comprising four magnet arrays, 132A-132D, arranged concentrically about the movement axis G, and three carriers 315A-315C, arranged between the magnet arrays 123A-123D in order of decreasing size. Those magnet arrays 132B, 132C located between two circular carriers 315A-315C are able to interact simultaneously with two rings 131 and do not require a circular yoke 316. Those magnet arrays 132A, 132D that boarder only one ring 131 include a circular yoke 316A, 316B.

[0088] The exemplary embodiments described in FIGS. 13 -19 may also comprise a movement unit (omitted for clarity) which may be coupled to each magnet array 132A, 132B and the support structure 135, such that the magnet arrays 132A, 132B may move reciprocating Iy along movement axis G (e.g., into and out of the paper) or rotate about movement axis G. The movement unit may be coupled by means of a spring element (omitted for clarity). The spring element may be comprised, for example, of at least one spring and/or magnet. Movement of the plurality of magnet arrays 132A, 132B results in relative movement between the system of magnets and coils embedded in the carriers with such relative movement resulting in the generation of electrical current.

[0089] Accordingly, one aspect of the present invention relates to a kinetic energy power generator with radial systems of magnets and coils. The present can be used in combination with resonant coupling to external motion to generate electric power more efficiently by capturing energy from the surrounding environment by the movement of an object, even from small amplitudes of input motion.

[0090] In another embodiment of the present invention, the housing may contain rebound springs, magnets or elastomeric bumpers for over travel protection. The rebound springs conserve the energy of the system by preventing the spring mass system from transferring energy back to the support casing and outside environment. In addition, the device is protected from mechanical damage due to the contact between the spring mass system and the support casing.

[0091] The following claims are thus to be understood to include what is specifically illustrated and described above, what is conceptually equivalent, what can be obviously substituted and also what essentially incorporates the essential idea of the invention. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that various adaptations and modifications of the just-described preferred embodiment can be configured without departing from the scope of the invention. The illustrated embodiment has been set forth only for the purposes of example and that should not be taken as limiting the invention. Therefore, it is to be understood that, within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced other than as specifically described herein.