TENEBERG ERIC (SE)
| FR1197637A | 1959-12-02 | |||
| GB954268A | 1964-04-02 | |||
| US4093740A | 1978-06-06 | |||
| EP0304778A1 | 1989-03-01 | |||
| EP0317540A1 | 1989-05-24 |
| 1. | Process for the selective Nmonoacylation of cysteine, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that Lcysteine is acylated with an acid halide in water containing more than one chemical equi¬ valent, based on Lcysteine, of alkali carbonate within the tem¬ perature range of up to about 45°C. |
| 2. | Process according to claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the acylation is performed in a suitable mixture of water containing alkali carbonate and any against acid halide non reactive organic solvent miscible or nonmiscible with water within the temperature range of 15° to 45°C. |
| 3. | Process according to claim l> or 2, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that Lcysteine is acylated with one chemical equiva¬ lent of acid halide. |
| 4. | Process according to claim 1 or 2, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that Lcysteine is acylated with an excess of acid ha¬ lide resulting in the formation of N,SdiacylatedLcysteine, and in that one chemical equivalent, based on the N,Sdiacyla ted cysteine, of Lcysteine is added in water containing al¬ kali carbonate or a suitable mixture of water containing alkali carbonate and any against acid halide nonreactive organic sol¬ vent, resulting in the formation of Nmonoacylated cysteine, which is crystallized, whereupon the crystals are recovered by filtration and dried. |
| 5. | Process according to any of claims 1 4, c h a r a ct e r i s e d in that the acid halide is propyonyl chloride, isobu¬ tyryl chloride, pivaloyl chloride, pentyryl chloride or isopen tyryl chloride. |
| 6. | Process according to any of claims 2 5, c h a r a c t e ¬ r i s e d in that the solvent used in mixture with water is chosen from the group of alkyl chlorides such as methylene chlo¬ ride, lower aliphatic cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, alkylethers such as tert. butylmetyleter, alkylacetates such as ■etyl , propyl and butylacetat, alkylketons, alkylethers. |
| 7. | Process according to any of the preceeding claims, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the alkali carbonate is potassium carbonate. |
| 8. | Process according to any of the preceeding claims, c h a r a c t e r i se d in that NmonoacylatedLcysteine is reco vered in crystal form after the completion of the reaction by reducing pH to below 4, and/or cooling and/or evaporation of part of the organic solvent and/or adding of petroleumether, filtering off and drying of the crystals. |
Technical field
The present invention relates to an improved and simplified pro- cess for the selective N-monoacylation of cysteine.
Prior art
N-acylderivatives of L-cysteine typified by N-acetyl-L-cysteine and N-isobutyryl-L-cysteine have unique mucolytic properties and are of value for treatment of respiratory diseases.
Various methods of synthesis of N-monoacylated- -cysteine have been described in the literature, e.g. US-A-3 184 505, which discloses a process for the N-monoacylation of cysteine using al anoic acid anhydrides having up to 12 carbon atoms.
Although in principle synthesis of N-monoacylated-L-cysteine is a straight forward process, in practice several problems occur, i.a. to avoid the formation of N,S-diacylated compounds resp. to eliminate free acid formed by using acid anhydride.
Disclosure of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide an improved and simplified method for obtaining N-monoacylated-L-cysteine
by acylation of L-cysteine with one chemical equivalent of acid halide R-CO-X, wherein R is CH 2 CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , C(CH 3 ) 3 , (CH 2 ) 3 CH 3 or CH 2 CH(CH ) 2 and X prefereably is CI, without racemization of the starting material or by reaction of N,S-diacylated-L- cysteine
R
!
with one chemical equivalent of L-cysteine, without racemization of the starting material.
According to the invention the starting material, L-cysteine, is acylated with one chemical equivalent of acid halide, i.e. propyonyl chloride, isobutyryl chloride, pivaloyl chloride, pentyryl chloride or isopentyryl chloride in water containing more than one chemical equivalent, based on the L-cysteine, of alkali carbonate in the temperature range of up to about 45°C,
and within the pH range about 7.1 to about 10, resulting in the formation of N-monoacylated-L-cysteine.
The same result is obtained when per orming the acylation with one chemical equivalent of acid halide in a suitable mixture of water containing alkali carbonate and any against acid halide non-reactive organic solvent miscible or non-miscible with water in the temperature range of about -15°C to 45°C and within the pH range of about 7.1 - about 10.
N,S-diacylated-L-cysteine and one chemical equivalent of L-cys¬ teine in water containing alkali carbonate or a suitable mixture of water containing alkali carbonate and any reaction stable or¬ ganic solvent will result in N-monoacylated-L-cysteine.
One critical aspect of the invention is the use of alkali car¬ bonate, preferably potassium carbonate, in water as a buffer, giving the desired pH of about 7.1 - • about 10 in the reaction mixture, prefereably 8 - 9.5.
After the reaction is completed, pH is reduced momentarily down to below 4, and prefereably below 2 by the addition of a strong acid, such as cone, hydrochloric acid. The N-monoacylated- -cys¬ teine then crystallizes, eventually after cooling of the reac- tion mixture and/or the addition of petroleu ether and/or after evaporation of part of the organic solvent and then the crystals may be filtered off and dried.
The monoacylation is performed in water buffered with alkali carbonate, prefereably sodium or potassium carbonate, or in a mixture of water and an against acid halide non-reactive organic solvent. Suitable solvents to be used in mixture with water are alkyl chlorides such as methylene chloride, lower aliphatic cyc¬ lic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, alkylethers such as tert. - butylmetyleter, alkylacetates such as etyl-, propyl- and butyl- acetat, alkylketons, alkylesters.
The invention will be further explained below by working examp¬ les illustrating the synthesis of N-isobutyryl-L-cysteine.
Example 1
Potassium carbonate (180 g) is dissolved in water (500 ml) . Me- thylene chloride (500 ml) is added and the mixture is cooled to -8°C. Isobutyryl chloride (87 g, 0.82 mol) is added followed by the addition of L-cysteine (100 g, 0.82 mol) . The temperature is adjusted to 20 - 25°C and after 2 hours at this temperature hyd¬ rochloric acid cone. (150 ml) is added to pH < 1. The heavy met- hylene chloride phase containing the product is separated. N- isobutyryl-L-cysteine is crystallized by addition of petroleum- ether (500 ml) , filtered off and dried at 50°C in vacuum. Yield: 129 g (84 %) . Purity HPLC:, 99.5 %.
Example 2
Potassium carbonate (134 g, 0.96 mol) and L-cysteine (72 g, 0.6 mol) are dissolved in water (360 ml) . The temperature is adjus¬ ted to 10°C and isobutyryl chloride (63.6 g, 0.6 mol) is added slowly. The temprature is then adjusted to 24°C and after 2 hours at this temperature ethyl acetate (200 ml) is added. Hyd¬ rochloric acid cone. (120 ml) is added to pH < 1 and the heavy water phase is discharged. N-isobutyryl-L-cysteine is crystal¬ lized by addition of petroleu ether (400 ml) , filtered off and dried at 50°C in vacuum. Yield: 96 g (84 %) . Purity HPLC: 98.5 %.
Example 3
82.3 g N,S-diisobutyrylcysteine is dissolved in a mixture of 200 ml water, 200 ml methylene chloride and 56.7 g potassium carbo¬ nate. 38.0 g L-cysteine is added at room temperature. After 1 hour hydrochloric acid cone. (75 ml) is added to a pH of 0.54.
The water phase is discharged. N-isobutyrylcysteine is crystal¬ lized by addition of petroleumether (40 - 65°) , the crystals are filtered off and dried.
Yield: 96.2 g (80 %) . Purity HPLC: 98.1 %.
Example 4
Tert. -butylmetyleter (80 ml) is added to a mixture of water (115 ml), potassium carbonate (37.5 g) and L-cysteine (20.2 g) and the temperature is adjusted to 8°C. Isobutyryl chloride (17.8 g) is added dropwise and the reaction mixture is heated to 25°C. pH of the mixture is 9.5. After 1 hour at 25°C, hydrochloric acid cone. (35 ml) is added to pH 0.5. The reaction mixture is cooled whereby the product crystallizes. The crystals are filtered off and dried.
Yield: 30.2 g (94.7 %) . Purity HPLC: 97.3 %.
Example 5
Butylacetate (80 ml) is added to a mixture of water (115 ml) , potassium carbonate (37.5 g) and L-cysteine (20.2 g) and the temperature is adjusted to 4°C. Isobutyryl chloride (17.8 g) is added dropwise and the reaction mixture is heated to 25°C. pH of the mixture is 9.5. After 1 hour at 25°C hydrochloric acid cone. (35 ml) is added to pH 0.53. The water phase is discharged. 14 % of the organic phase is evaporated, the reaction mixture is cooled, and the product crystallizes. Petroleumether (40 - 65°) is added, the crystals are filtered off at 2°C and dried. Yield: 24.8 g (75 %) . Purity HPLC: 98.6 %
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