PRIORITY CLAIM OF EARLIER NATIONAL APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Application No. 13/340,232 filed

December 29, 2011.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] This invention relates to processes and mixtures useful for oxidizing alkyl aromatic compounds. More particularly, the invention relates to the oxidation of alkyl aromatic compounds in which mother liquor is recycled.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Oxidation of alkyl aromatic compounds, e.g., toluene and xylenes are important commercial processes. A variety of oxidation products may be obtained including aromatic carboxylic acids such as terephthalic acid (1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid) and isophthalic acid (1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid) which are used, for example, in the polymer industry.

[0004] It is known that oxidation products, such as aromatic alcohols, aromatic aldehydes, aromatic ketones, and aromatic carboxylic acids, may solidify or crystallize at oxidation conditions and/or as the reaction mixture cools. Thus, mixtures of oxidation products may be produced which require further processing to increase the purity of the desired product. For example, in the production of terephthalic acid, the oxidation product is often referred to as crude terephthalic acid because it contains impurities including color bodies and intermediate oxidation products, especially 4-carboxybenzaldehyde (4-CBA). To obtain polymer grade or purified terephthalic acid, various purification steps are known in the art including: washing the crude terephthalic acid with water and/or a solvent, additional oxidation or crystallization steps, and reacting a solution of dissolved crude terephthalic acid with hydrogen at hydrogenation conditions usually including a catalyst comprising palladium and carbon. Often several purification steps are used.

[0005] US 2,833,816 discloses processes for oxidizing aromatic compounds to the corresponding aromatic carboxylic acids. A process for the liquid phase oxidation of alkyl aromatic compounds uses molecular oxygen, a metal or metal ions, and bromine or bromide ions in the presence of an acid. The metals may include cobalt and/or manganese. Exemplary acids are lower aliphatic mono carboxylic acids containing 1 to 8 carbon atoms, especially acetic acid.

[0006] US 6,355,835 discloses a process for the preparation of benzene dicarboxylic acids by liquid phase oxidation of xylene isomers using oxygen or air by oxidizing in the presence of acetic acid as a solvent, a cobalt salt as a catalyst, and an initiator. The oxidation step is followed by flashing the reaction mixture to remove volatile substances and cooling and filtering the material to get crude benzene di-carboxylic acid as a solid product and a filtrate. Recrystallizing the crude benzene di-carboxylic acid to obtain at least 99% purity and recycling of the filtrate are also disclosed.

[0007] US 7,094,925 discloses a process for preparing an alkyl-aromatic compound. The process includes mixing an oxidizing agent or sulfur compound in the presence of an ionic liquid. Air, dioxygen, peroxide, superoxide, or any other form of active oxygen, nitrite, nitrate, and nitric acid or other oxides or oxyhalides of nitrogen (hydrate or anhydrous) can be used as the oxidizing agent. The process is typically carried out under Bronstead acidic conditions. The oxidation is preferably performed in an ionic liquid containing an acid promoter, such as methanesulfonic acid. The product is preferably a carboxylic acid or ketone or intermediate compound in the oxidation, such as an aldehyde, or alcohol.

[0008] US 7,985,875 describes a process for preparing an aromatic polycarboxylic acid by liquid phase oxidation of a di- or tri-substituted benzene or naphthalene compound. The process involves contacting the aromatic compound with an oxidant in the presence of a carboxylic acid solvent, a metal catalyst, and a promoter in a reaction zone. The promoter is an ionic liquid comprising an organic cation and a bromide or iodide anion. The promoter is used in a concentration range of 10 to 50,000 ppm (based on solvent) with a preferred range of 10-1,000 ppm. No other promoters, such as bromine-containing compounds, need to be used in the process. The process produces crude terephthalic acid (CTA) having 1.4-2.2% 4-CBA. Purification of the CTA is required to obtain purified terephthalic acid (PTA).

[0009] US 2010/0174111 describes a process for purifying aryl carboxylic acids, such as terephthalic acid. The impure acid is dissolved or dispersed in an ionic liquid. A non-solvent (defined as a molecular solvent for which the ionic solvent has high solubility and for which the aryl carboxylic acid has little or no solubility) is added to the solution to precipitate the purified acid. [0010] US 7,692,036, US 2007/0155985, US 2007/0208193, and US 2010/0200804 disclose a process and apparatus for carrying out the liquid-phase oxidation of an oxidizable compound. The liquid phase oxidation is carried out in a bubble column reactor that provides for a highly efficient reaction at relatively low temperatures. When the oxidized compound is para-xylene, the product from the oxidation reaction is CTA which must be purified.

Purification is said to be easier than for conventional high temperature processes.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0011] One aspect of the invention is a process for oxidizing an alkyl-aromatic compound. In one embodiment, the process includes oxidizing the alkyl-aromatic compound to produce a first oxidation product; contacting at least a portion of the first oxidation product, a solvent comprising an ionic liquid, a bromine source, a catalyst, and an oxidizing agent to produce a second product comprising a mother liquor and at least one of an aromatic alcohol, an aromatic aldehyde, an aromatic ketone, and an aromatic carboxylic acid; and adding at least a portion of the mother liquor in the contacting step. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] Fig. 1 is a general process flow diagram for one embodiment of a process for producing purified oxidized alkyl aromatic compounds.

[0013] Fig. 2 is a general process flow diagram for another embodiment of a process for producing purified oxidized alkyl aromatic compounds. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0014] The process involves oxidizing an alkyl-aromatic compound to produce a first oxidation product. The initial oxidation process can be performed according to any known process for oxidizing alkyl-aromatic compounds, including, but not limited to, those described in the patents and applications above, or the processes described herein.

[0015] The second step involves contacting at least a portion of the first oxidation product, a solvent comprising an ionic liquid, a bromine source, a catalyst, and an oxidizing agent to produce a second product comprising a mother liquor and at least one of an aromatic alcohol, an aromatic aldehyde, an aromatic ketone, and an aromatic carboxylic acid. At least a portion of the mother liquor is added in the contacting step. [0016] In one embodiment, there is an additional step of contacting at least a portion of the second product, a second solvent comprising a second ionic liquid, a second bromine source, a second catalyst, and a second oxidizing agent to produce a third product comprising a second mother liquor. At least a portion of the second mother liquor can be added in one or both of the contacting steps.

[0017] The mother liquor can be added in a mixing tank positioned before a reaction zone, a feed line into a reaction zone, or directly into a reaction zone, depending on the design of the process.

[0018] Because of the low vapor pressure of ionic liquids, it is likely there will be low volatility losses, and the ionic liquid will remain in the mother liquor for recycle.

Furthermore, ionic liquids can have low decomposition levels, so the ionic liquid is unlikely to decompose during use. Thus, high levels of recycle can be obtained.

[0019] Optionally, one or more additional oxidation steps could follow. Processes according to the invention may include additional contacting steps of the invention as described herein, and/or the invention may be combined with other oxidizing steps such as conventional oxidizing steps known in the art. Multiple contacting or oxidation steps may be conducted in series and/or parallel and may be combined with other process steps, such as purification steps described herein.

[0020] If the additional oxidation steps involve the contacting steps of the invention, at least a portion of the mother liquor from the additional oxidation steps could be added in one or more of the previous contacting steps.

[0021] The contacting step(s) may be practiced in laboratory scale experiments through full scale commercial operations. The process may be operated in batch, continuous, or semi- continuous mode. The contacting step can take place in various ways. The order of addition of the components (e.g., alkyl-aromatic compound, solvent, bromine source, catalyst, and oxidizing agent) is not critical. For example, the components can be added individually, or two or more components may be combined or mixed before being combined or mixed with other components.

[0022] Fig. 1 is a general process flow diagram for an embodiment of a process for producing purified oxidized alkyl aromatic compounds.

[0023] The feed 200 is introduced into oxidation zone 210 along with an oxidizing agent 215. An overhead condenser 225 removes heat from the reflux stream to control reaction zone temperature, and an absorption zone 230 and dehydration zone 235 remove offgas and water from the reaction zone.

[0024] Effluent liquid 240 from the oxidation zone 210 is sent to a crystallization zone 300 to complete the crystallization process. The crystallization zone 300 can include one or more post reaction zones and/or one or more crystallizers. If a post reaction zone is needed to increase conversion further, additional oxidizing agent will be required. The post reaction zone can operate at lower pressure and lower temperature to help with crystallization. One or more crystallizers are used to complete the crystallization of the product, such as terephthalic acid at lower temperatures. Care must be taken not to co-crystallize impurities. The solvent comprising ionic liquids provides a medium where the impurities and/or intermediates remain in the solvent or are further oxidized to terephthalic acid, thereby substantially reducing the co-crystallized impurities.

[0025] The crystallized product is separated from the solvent in a separator zone 305. The separator zone 305 can include one or more of filters, centrifuges, and dryers, as is known in the art.

[0026] Solvent 310 is used to wash the product crystals in the separator zone 305. The purified product 315 is dried and stored in a product silo. An additional separation device may be needed to ensure that the product meets the product specification before storage.

[0027] The washed mother liquor 320 is sent to solvent separator zone 325. The ionic liquid 260 is recycled back to the oxidation zone 210. Make-up ionic liquid 265 can be added as needed.

[0028] The catalyst 330 is sent for catalyst recovery.

[0029] The carboxylic acid solvent 335 is dehydrated in a dehydration zone 340. The carboxylic acid solvent 205 can be recycled back to the oxidation zone 210. Make-up carboxylic acid solvent 220 can be added if needed. The waste water 345 is removed.

[0030] Fig. 2 is a general process flow diagram for an embodiment having two reaction zones.

[0031] In some embodiments, any type of process can be used in the first reaction zone. For example, any of the commercially available processes discussed in the patents cited above or elsewhere can be used, if desired.

[0032] Feed 200, including an oxidizing agent 215 if present, enters the first reaction zone 210. The overhead condenser 225 removes heat from the reflux stream to control reaction zone temperature, and an absorption zone 230 and dehydration zone 235 remove offgas and water from the reaction zone.

[0033] The product from the first reaction zone is used as the feed 240 for the second oxidation reaction zone 245. The feed to the second oxidation reaction zone 245 also includes an oxidizing agent 250, and recycled ionic liquid stream 260. The ionic liquid solvent stream 260 can include make-up ionic liquid 265 as well as recovered ionic liquid.

[0034] The solvent in the second oxidation reaction zone 245 can include carboxylic acid solvent and ionic liquid. Compared to conventional processes, the amount of the carboxylic acid solvent is decreased when ionic liquids are used to avoid excessive solvent volumes.

[0035] The overhead condenser 270 removes heat from the reflux stream of the second oxidation reaction zone 245 to control the reactor temperature, and an absorption zone 275 and dehydration zone 280 remove offgas and water from the reaction zone.

[0036] The second oxidation reaction zone 245 can include a stream 285 to a heat exchanger 290 which is then returned to the second oxidation reaction zone 245. Depending on the reaction zone design, the cooler recycle stream can return to the vapor space, an upper stage of the reaction zone, or an appropriate location in a plug-flow reaction zone.

[0037] Effluent liquid 295 from the second oxidation reaction zone 245 is sent to a crystallization zone 300 to complete the crystallization process. The crystallization zone 300 can include one or more post reaction zones and/or one or more crystallizers. If a post reaction zone is needed to increase conversion further, additional oxidizing agent will be required. The post reaction zone can operate at lower pressure and lower temperature to help with crystallization. One or more crystallizers are used to complete the crystallization of the terephthalic acid at lower temperatures.

[0038] The crystallized product is separated from the solvent in a separator zone 305. The separator zone 305 can include one or more of filters, centrifuges, and dryers, as is known in the art.

[0039] Solvent 310 is used to wash the product crystals in the separator zone 305. The purified product 315 is dried and stored in the product silo. An additional separation device may be needed to ensure that the product meets the product specification before storage.

[0040] The washed mother liquor 320 is sent to solvent separator zone 325. The ionic liquid 260 is recycled back to the second oxidation reaction zone 245, and optionally the first oxidation reaction zone depending on the process being used in the first reactor. Make-up ionic liquid 265 can be added as needed.

[0041] The catalyst 330 is sent for catalyst recovery.

[0042] The carboxylic acid solvent 335 is dehydrated in a dehydration zone 340. The carboxylic acid solvent 205 can be recycled back to the first oxidation reaction zone 210. Make-up carboxylic acid solvent 220 can be added if needed. The waste water 345 is removed.

[0043] The first and second reaction zones can be in different reactors, if desired.

[0044] Suitable alkyl aromatic compounds or feeds to be oxidized include aromatic compounds comprising at least one benzene ring having at least one alkyl group. Methyl, ethyl, and isopropyl alkyl groups are preferred alkyl groups, although other alkyl groups can be used if desired. In an embodiment, the alkyl aromatic compound is selected from toluene, para-xylene, ortho-xylene, and meta-xylene. The feed may comprise more than one alkyl aromatic compound. As the oxidation reaction generally proceeds through successive degrees of oxidization, suitable feed compounds also include partially oxidized intermediates relative to the desired oxidized product. For example, in the production of terephthalic acid, the alkyl aromatic feed may comprise para-toluic acid and/or 4-carboxybenzaldehyde (4-CBA).

[0045] The solvent comprises at least one ionic liquid. Two or more ionic liquids can be used, if desired.

[0046] Generally, ionic liquids are non-aqueous, organic salts composed of ions where the positive ion is charge balanced with a negative ion. These materials have low melting points, often below 100°C, undetectable vapor pressure, and good chemical and thermal stability. The cationic charge of the salt is localized over hetero atoms, and the anions may be any inorganic, organic, or organometallic species.

[0047] Most ionic liquids are formed from cations that do not contain acidic protons. The synthesis of ionic liquids can generally be split into two parts: formation of the desired cation, and anion exchange to form the desired product. Quaternization of an amine or phosphine, for example, is the initial step in the synthesis of the cation of an ionic liquid. If it is not possible to form the desired anion directly by the quaternization reaction, a further step is required.

[0048] There are estimated to be hundreds of thousands of simple ion combinations to make ionic liquids, and an almost endless (10 ¹⁸ ) number of potential ionic liquid mixtures. This implies that it should be possible to design an ionic liquid with the desired properties to suit a particular application by selecting anions, cations, and mixture concentrations. Ionic liquids can be adjusted or tuned to provide a specific melting point, viscosity, density, hydrophobicity, miscibility, etc. for specific applications. The thermodynamics and reaction kinetics of processes carried out in ionic liquids are different from those in conventional media. This creates new opportunities for catalytic reactions, separations, combined reaction/separation processes, heat transfer agents, hydraulic fluids, paint additives, electrochemistry applications, as well as many others. Ionic liquids do not emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs), providing a basis for clean manufacturing, e.g., "green chemistry."

R ^~l ~ methyl, vinyl, ai!yl

R ² = ethyl, propyl, butyl, isobutyl,

propargyl, ally!, crotyi, methallyl

X = CI, Br

[0049] The organic cation can comprise a linear, branched, or cyclic heteroalkyl unit. The term "heteroalkyl" refers to a cation comprising one or more heteroatoms chosen from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, boron, arsenic, boron, antimony, aluminum, or phosphorous capable of forming a cation. The heteroatom can be a part of a ring formed with one or more other heteroatoms, for example, pyridinyl, imidazolinyl rings, that can have substituted or unsubstituted linear or branched alkyl units attached thereto. In addition, the cation can be a single heteroatom wherein a sufficient number of substituted or unsubstituted linear or branched alkyl units are attached to the heteroatom such that a cation is formed.

[0050] Non- limiting examples of heterocyclic and heteroaryl units that can be alkylated to form cationic units include imidazole, pyrazoles, thiazoles, isothiazoles, azathiozoles, oxothiazoles, oxazines, oxazolines, oxazaboroles, dithiozoles, triazoles, selenozoles, oxaphospholes, pyrroles, boroles, furans, thiphenes, phospholes, pentazoles, indoles, indolines, oxazoles, isothirazoles, tetrazoles, benzofuran, dibenzofurans, benzothiophenes, dibenzothiophenes, thiadiazoles, pyrdines, pyrimidines, pyrazines, pyridazines, piperazines, piperidines, morpholines, pyrans, annolines, phthalazines, quinazolines, and quinoxalines. [0051] The anionic portion of the ionic liquid can comprise an inorganic, organic, or organometallic moiety. Non-limiting examples of anions include inorganic anions: halogens, (e.g., F, CI, Br, and I); borides, BX ₄ , wherein X represents halogen, (e.g., BF ₄ , BC1 ₄ ), and the like; phosphates(V), PX ₆ ; PF ₆ , and the like; arsenate(V), AsX ₆ ; AsF ₆ , and the like; stibate(V) (antimony), SbX ₆ ; SbF ₆ , and the like; C0 ₃ ² ; N0 ₂ ^1_ , N0 ₃ ^1_ , S0 ₄ ^2~ , P0 ₄ ^3~ , (CF ₃ )S0 ₃ ^1_ .

[0052] Other non-limiting examples of ionic liquid anions include substituted azolates, that is, five membered heterocyclic aromatic rings that have nitrogen atoms in either positions 1 and 3 (imidazolates); 1, 2, and 3 (1,2,3-triazolates); or 1, 2, 4 (1,2,4-triazolate).

Substitutions to the ring occur at positions that are not located in nitrogen positions (these are carbon positions) and include CN (cyano-), N0 ₂ (nitro-), and NH ₂ (amino) group appended to the heterocyclic azolate core.

[0053] Further non-limiting examples of anions include substituted or unsubstituted borides: B(R) ₄ ; substituted or unsubstituted sulfates: (RO)S(=0) ₂ 0; substituted or

unsubstituted acyl units RC0 ₂ , for example, acetate CH ₃ C0 ₂ , proprionate, CH ₃ CH ₂ C0 ₂ , butyrate CH ₃ CH ₂ CH ₂ C0 ₂ , and benzylate, C ₆ H ₅ C0 ₂ ; substituted or unsubstituted phosphates: (RO) ₂ P(=0)0; substituted or unsubstituted carboxylates: (RO)C(=0)0; substituted or unsubstituted azolates wherein the azolate can be substituted on a carbon atom by a unit chosen from cyano, nitro, and amino. R can be an organic, inorganic, or organometallic group. Non- limiting examples of R include hydrogen; substituted or unsubstituted linear branched, and cyclic alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched, and cyclic alkoxy; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; acyl; silyl; boryl;

phosphino; amino; thio; and seleno.

[0054] In an embodiment, ionic liquids suitable for use include, but are not limited to, one or more of imidazolium ionic liquids, pyridinium ionic liquids, tetra alkyl ammonium ionic liquids, and phosphonium ionic liquids. More than one ionic liquid may be used.

Imidazolium, pyridinium, and ammonium ionic liquids have a cation comprising at least one nitrogen atom. Phosphonium ionic liquids have a cation comprising at least one phosphorus atom. In an embodiment, the ionic liquid comprises a cation selected from alkyl imidazolium, di-alkyl imidazolium, and combinations thereof. In another embodiment, the ionic liquid comprises an anion selected from halides, acetate, carboxylates, and combinations thereof.

The ionic liquid may comprise at least one of 1- butyl 3 -methyl imidazolium acetate (BMImOAc), 1- butyl 3-methyl imidazolium bromide (BMImBr), 1- hexyl 3-methyl imidazolium acetate, and 1- hexyl 3-methyl imidazolium bromide.

[0055] The ionic liquid can be provided, or it can be generated in situ from appropriate precursors, or both. If it is generated in situ, the solvent comprises precursors of one or more ionic liquids. The ionic liquid precursors comprise a cation precursor, such as an alkyl imidazole, alkyl pyridine, alkyl amine, alkyl phosphine, and the like, and an anion precursor, such as alkyl or aryl halides or acetates. In an embodiment, the precursors are methyl imidazole and butyl bromide.

[0056] The mode of introducing the ionic liquid precursors may vary depending on the nature of the alkyl aromatics being oxidized and the nature and purity of the product desired. In one mode of addition, the cation precursors and the anion precursors (generally liquids at room temperature and pressure) are mixed with a carboxylic acid (for example, acetic acid) solvent and introduced into the oxidation reactor(s). In another mode of addition, the ionic liquid precursors may be mixed with the alkyl aromatic feed and introduced into the oxidation reactors. In another mode of addition, both cation and anion ionic liquid precursor components may be introduced into the bottom of the reactor without pre -mixing with any other oxidation reactor components such as the feed, carboxylic acid solvent, and catalyst package.

[0057] The solvent can also comprise a carboxylic acid. When carboxylic acids are used in the solvent, the amount of carboxylic acid is decreased compared with conventional processes in order to avoid excessive solvent volumes. The carboxylic acid desirably has from 1 to 7 carbon atoms. In an embodiment, the carboxylic acid comprises acetic acid. The solvent may contain more than one carboxylic acid. For example, the solvent may further comprise benzoic acid. In another embodiment, the carboxylic acid of the solvent is acetic acid.

[0058] In an embodiment, the solvent has a ratio of the carboxylic acid to the ionic liquid within a range of l : 16 to 16: 1 by weight, or 1 : 9 to 9 : 1 by weight, or 3 : 17 to 17 : 3 by weight, or 1 :4 to 4: 1 by weight, or 1 :3 to 3: 1 by weight, or 3:7 to 7:3 by weight, or 7: 13 to 13:7 by weight, or 2:3 to 3 :2 by weight, or 9: 11 to 11 :9 by weight, or 1 : 1 by weight. The amount of ionic liquid includes ionic liquid precursors, if present. The optional ionic solid or material capable of forming an ionic salt in solution discussed below, if present, is included in the amount of ionic liquid. [0059] Optionally, an ionic solid, such as ammonium acetate (NH ₄ OAc) and/or ammonium bromide (NH ₄ Br), can be added to the mixture. Alternatively, a material which is capable of forming an ionic salt in solution can be added. The material can form the ionic salt in solution by combining with ions present in the solution. For example, in a solution containing bromide (for example in the form of HBr) or acetate ions (for example, in the form of acetic acid), ammonia could combine with the bromide or acetate ions forming ammonium bromide or ammonium acetate. The use of one or more ionic solids or materials capable of forming an ionic salt in solution provided an additional reduction in the level of impurities.

[0060] In an embodiment, the amount of ionic solid and material capable of forming an ionic salt in solution ranges from 5 wt% to 45 wt%, relative to the weight of the solvent, or from 10 wt% to 45 wt%, relative to the weight of the solvent. The solvent includes the carboxylic acid, the ionic liquid and/or ionic liquid precursors, the optional ionic solid or material capable of forming an ionic salt in solution, the optional water.

[0061] Optionally, the solvent may further comprise water. The water may be added to the mixture or generated in the mixture during the oxidation process. In an embodiment, the amount of water ranges from 0.01 wt% to 5 wt%, relative to the weight of the carboxylic acid. The amount of water may range from 0.1 wt% to 2 wt%, relative to the weight of the carboxylic acid.

[0062] In an embodiment, the ratio of solvent to alkyl-aromatic compound in the mixture ranges from 1 : 1 to 10: 1 by weight, or from 1.5: 1 to 6: 1 by weight, or from 2: l to 4: 1 by weight. The solvent includes the carboxylic acid, the ionic liquid and/or ionic liquid precursor, the optional ionic solid or material capable of forming an ionic salt in solution, the optional water.

[0063] The catalyst comprises at least one of cobalt, manganese, titanium, chromium, copper, nickel, vanadium, iron, molybdenum, tin, cerium and zirconium. In an embodiment, the catalyst comprises cobalt and manganese. The metal may be in the form of an inorganic or organic salt. For example, the metal catalyst may be in the form of a carboxylic acid salt, such as, a metal acetate and hydrates thereof. Exemplary catalysts include cobalt (II) acetate tetrahydrate and manganese (II) acetate, individually or in combination. In an embodiment, the amount of manganese (II) acetate is less than the amount of cobalt (II) acetate

tetrahydrate by weight. [0064] The amount of catalyst used in the invention may vary widely. For example, the amount of cobalt may range from 0.001 wt% to 2 wt% relative to the weight of the solvent. In an embodiment, the amount of cobalt ranges from 0.05 wt% to 2 wt% relative to the weight of the solvent. The amount of manganese may range from 0.001 wt% to 2 wt% relative to the weight of the solvent. In an embodiment, the amount of manganese ranges from 0.05 wt% to 2 wt% relative to the weight of the solvent. In another embodiment, the ratio of cobalt to manganese ranges from 3: 1 to 1 :2 by weight on an elemental metal basis.

[0065] Bromine sources are generally recognized in the art as being catalyst promoters and include bromine, ionic bromine, e.g. HBr, NaBr, KBr, NH ₄ Br; and/or organic bromides which are known to provide bromide ions at the oxidation conditions, such as,

benzylbromide, mono and di-bromoacetic acid, bromoacetyl bromide, tetrabromoethane, ethylene di-bromide. In an embodiment, the bromine source comprises or consists essentially of or consists of hydrogen bromide. The amount of hydrogen bromide may range from 0.01 wt% to 5 wt%, relative to the weight of the solvent. In another embodiment, the amount of hydrogen bromide ranges from 0.05 wt% to 2 wt%, relative to the weight of the solvent. The solvent includes the carboxylic acid, the ionic liquid, the ionic liquid precursors, the optional ionic solid or material capable of forming an ionic salt in solution, the optional water.

[0066] Suitable oxidizing agents for the process provide a source of oxygen atoms to oxidize the p-xylene and/or p-toluic acid, and/or another intermediate oxidization product at the oxidation conditions employed. Examples of oxidizing agents include peroxides, superoxides, and nitrogen compounds containing oxygen such as nitric acids. In an embodiment, the oxidizing agent is a gas comprising oxygen, e.g. air, carbon dioxide, and molecular oxygen. The gas may be a mixture of gases. The amount of oxygen used in the process is preferably in excess of the stoichiometric amount required for the desired oxidation process. In an embodiment, the amount of oxygen contacted with the mixture ranges from 1.2 times the stoichiometric amount to 100 times the stoichiometric amount. Optionally, the amount of oxygen contacted with the mixture may range from 2 times the stoichiometric amount to 30 times the stoichiometric amount.

[0067] At least a portion of the components provides a liquid phase, although dissolution of one or more of the mixture components may not be complete at any or some time during the process. The liquid phase may be formed by mixing the components at ambient conditions. In another embodiment, the liquid phase is formed as the temperature of the mixture increases to the oxidation temperature. A mixture of the components may be formed prior to the oxidation step, in the same or different vessel as that used in the oxidation step. In another embodiment, a mixture of the components is formed in an oxidation reactor, e.g. adding various streams of the components individually and/or in combination to a continuous or semi-continuous oxidation reactor. The combined components, and/or various streams of the components may be heated before they are mixed together.

[0068] Though many conventional alkyl aromatic oxidation processes are typically conducted in a mixed phase, and often include three phases (e.g. solid, gas, and liquid), they are frequently referred to in the art as "liquid phase" oxidation processes because the oxidation conditions are maintained to provide at least a portion of the mixture in the liquid phase. It is also known in the art that the number of phases present may vary over time during the process. Processes according to the instant invention may also be conducted in a liquid phase or mixed phase in a similar manner as known in the art.

[0069] Conventional, liquid phase oxidation reactors as known in the art may be used to practice the invention. Examples include vessels, which may have one or more mechanical agitators, and various bubble column reactors such as those described in US 7,692,036. It is also known to design, operate, and control such reactors and the oxidation reaction for the oxidation conditions employed including, e.g., the temperature, pressure, liquid and gas volumes, and corrosive nature of the liquid and gas phases where applicable. See, e.g. US 7,692,036 and US 6,137,001.

[0070] The contacting step[s] can take place under oxidizing conditions, if desired.

Suitable oxidizing conditions generally include a temperature ranging from 125°C to 275°C and a pressure ranging from atmospheric, i.e. 0 MPa(g), to 6 MPa(g) and a residence time ranging from 5 seconds to 2 weeks. That is, the mixture has a temperature and a pressure within these ranges and may be maintained within these ranges for a period of time within the residence time range. In another embodiment, the temperature ranges from 175°C to 225°C; and the temperature may range from 190°C to 235°C. In an embodiment, the pressure ranges from 1.2 MPa(g) to 6.0 MPa(g); and the pressure may range from 1.5 MPa(g) to 6.0 MPa(g). In a further embodiment, the residence time ranges from 10 minutes to 12 hours. The oxidation temperature, pressure and residence time may vary based on a variety of factors including for example, the reactor configuration, size, and whether the process is, batch, continuous, or semi-continuous. An oxidation condition may also vary based on other oxidation conditions. For example, use of a particular temperature range may enable use of a different residence time range.

[0071] In an embodiment, the terephthalic acid produced by the instant invention may precipitate, crystallize, or solidify in a liquid phase mixture at the oxidation conditions and/or as the mixture cools. Thus, a mixture according to the invention may further comprise solid terephthalic acid. Other compounds, including color bodies, and other oxidation products may solidify with or be trapped in the solid oxidation product thus reducing the purity of the desired product. In an embodiment, the mixture comprises a liquid phase. The mixture may comprise a gas phase such as when the oxidizing agent is added as a gas. The mixture may comprise a solid phase e.g. a mixture component, an oxidation product, or a by-product fails to dissolve or solidifies in the mixture. In an embodiment, the mixture comprises a liquid phase, a solid phase and optionally a gas phase. In another embodiment, the mixture comprises a liquid phase and a gas phase.

[0072] As noted above and discussed below, it has been discovered that the invention may be used to produce an oxidation product having different amounts of contaminants relative to those observed in conventional processes. In addition, the invention provides new ways to control the level of various contaminants in the oxidation product. In an embodiment, a process according to the invention further comprises forming the oxidation product as a solid, optionally at the oxidizing conditions, to produce the solid oxidation product and a mother liquor. The solid oxidation product may be separated from the mother liquor, i.e. liquid phase, and the mother liquor of the process may be recycled and reused in the contacting step or other steps of the process described below.

[0073] Processes according to the invention, may comprise one or more additional oxidizing steps. In an embodiment, a second oxidation step includes a second oxidizing temperature that is lower than the temperature of the first oxidizing step. Processes according to the invention may include additional contacting steps of the invention as described herein, and/or the invention may be combined with other oxidizing steps such as conventional oxidizing steps known in the art. Multiple contacting and/or oxidation steps may be conducted in series and/or parallel and may be combined with other process steps such as purification steps described herein.

[0074] In another embodiment, the invention further comprises purifying the oxidation product. Purifying may comprise one or more additional steps to isolate and purify the oxidation product. Examples of purifying steps include: separating wherein the oxidation product is separated from the mother liquor or another liquid phase such as by filtration and/or centrifugation; washing wherein the oxidation product is washed, for example with water and/or another solvent component; drying the oxidation product; and hydrogenation processes. Although hydrogenation processes can be used for purification, they are less desirable than other purification methods due to the cost. Such additional processing steps have been described in the general literature and are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art to be used in various combinations to purify oxidation products of the invention. See for example, the references cited in this application and the art cited therein.

[0075] A purification step of the instant invention may further comprise one or more solvent contacting steps. A solvent contacting step comprises contacting an oxidation product, also including washed or dried solid oxidation products, with a third solvent comprising at least one of water, a carboxylic acid, an ionic liquid and/or ionic liquid precursor, and a mother liquor to produce a purified oxidation product. In an embodiment, the solvent of the solvent contacting step contains ionic liquid and carboxylic acid, and optionally mother liquor. The composition of the solvent for the solvent contacting step can be as described above for the contacting step.

[0076] Solvent contacting may leach impurities from the solid oxidation product, and/or the oxidation product may be partially or completely dissolved in the solvent. Solvent contacting conditions include a solvent contacting temperature. The solvent contacting temperature may be lower than the oxidation temperature. In an embodiment, the solvent contacting temperature is at least 20°C lower than the oxidation temperature. Solvent contacting may be practiced for example in the one or more crystallizers that follow the oxidation reactor in some conventional processes. The oxidation product may solidify, precipitate, or crystallize in the solvent of the solvent contacting step.

[0077] The product made by the process, either initially or following one or more additional oxidizing and/or purification steps, can contain less than 2500 ppm 4-CBA, or less than 2000 ppm 4-CBA, or less than 1500 ppm 4-CBA, or less than 1000 ppm 4-CBA, or less than 750 ppm 4-CBA, or less than 500 ppm 4-CBA, or less than 250 ppm 4-CBA, or less than 100 ppm 4-CBA, or less than 50 ppm 4-CBA, or less than 25 ppm 4-CBA.

[0078] It should be noted that the terms "first", "second", and "third" etc. are being used to distinguish one component, or composition, or stage, or zone, or reactor etc. from another. It is not necessarily the case that a "second" stage or zone, for example, physically or temporally follows a "first" stage or zone. Depending on the context, it could be before or after, as would be understood by those of skill in the art.

[0079] While at least one exemplary embodiment has been presented in the foregoing detailed description of the invention, it should be appreciated that a vast number of variations exist. It should also be appreciated that the exemplary embodiment or exemplary

embodiments are only examples, and are not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the invention in any way. Rather, the foregoing detailed description will provide those skilled in the art with a convenient road map for implementing an exemplary embodiment of the invention. It being understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements described in an exemplary embodiment without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.