RIGUTTO MARCELLO STEFANO (NL)
WEBER THOMAS (NL)
VAN HAANDEL LENNART (NL)
SHELL OIL CO (US)
| EP2606972A1 | 2013-06-26 |
| C L A I M S 1. A process for the preparation of nanoparticles of MoS2 supported on TiO2 wherein the preparation is performed by reductive coprecipitation using aqueous solutions containing Ti and Mo precursor salts, and wherein MoS2 may be non-promoted or Co-promoted. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the Ti and Mo precursor salts are TiCl3 and (NH4)2MoS4, respectively. 3. The process of claim 2, wherein the preparation is in a single step directly from a solution of the respective metal salts TiCl3 and (NH4)2MoS4. 4. The process of claim 3, wherein the preparation is performed under acidic conditions and a chelating agent selected from EDTA or citric acid is added during preparation . 5. The process of claim 4, wherein the preparation is performed at a pH in the range of 3 to 4. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the preparation is in two steps from a dispersion of TiO2-x support precursor in a solution of (NH4)2MoS4, wherein the TiO2-x support precursor is prepared prior to introduction of the (NH4)2MoS4 salt. 7. The process of claim 6, wherein the TiO2-x support precursor is prepared by thermolysis or hydrolysis. 8. Use of MoS2 nanoparticles supported on titania as produced by the process of claims 1-7 as hydrodesulfurization catalysts. 9. The use of claim 8, wherein unpromoted and Co-promoted MoS2 nanoparticles supported on titania prepared by the process of claims 3-5 are used as hydrodesulfurization catalysts . 10. The use of claim 9, wherein Co-promoted MoS2 nanoparticles are used. |
Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of titania (TiO 2 ) -supported molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) nanoparticles and to the use of said nanoparticles obtained by said process as
hydrodesulphurization catalysts.
Background of the Invention
The synthesis of industrial heterogeneous catalysts, composed of highly dispersed active nanoparticles on a porous support, usually involves multiple steps. [1]
Typically, the support is prepared and shaped first and subsequently loaded with the desired metal salt
precursors . Several steps of drying, calcination and activation are then required to obtain the catalytically active phase, each exhibiting some inherent drawbacks. For example, during drying the precursor may migrate and agglomerate at the pore mouth. Calcination can lead to incorporation of the precursor into the support and activation may lead to initial sintering of metal nanoparticles, resulting in a loss of catalytic activity and/or selectivity . [1~2] The development of synthetic routes that involve fewer steps is thus not only
economically attractive, but it may also lead to a higher degree of control over materials properties.
Several one-step methodologies have been reported for the synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts containing noble [3] or non-noble [3b,4] metal nanoparticles. However, despite their simplified preparation, calcination and/or reduction may still be required to obtain the catalyst in its active state. Reduction by H 2 or other reducing agents such as NaBH 4 can be circumvented if the support facilitates reduction directly. Redox active supports (or their precursors) such as CeO 2 and TiO 2 are capable of reducing noble metal salts in solution to obtain supported metallic nanoparticles directly. [5] Such an approach has not yet been demonstrated for non-noble metals, although the deposition of small amounts of MS 2 (M = Mo, W) on TiO 2 by photoreduction suggests that a similar approach may work for transition metal disulfides (TMS) . [6]
TMS are an important class of materials that have attracted interest in a variety of fields such as catalysis and energy storage. [7] In particular, they are broadly applied in refineries to catalyze the removal of heteroatoms (S, N, 0, Ni, V, etc.) from oil.
Hydrotreating (HDT) catalysts are typically composed of Co or Ni promoted molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) nanoparticles supported on γ-Α1 2 O 3 . [8] Several researchers have reported that TiO 2 as a support improves intrinsic hydrodesulfurization (HDS) performance by a factor of four to five. [9] Nevertheless, practical applications of TiO 2 as support in HDS catalysts are limited by its maximum Mo-loading, which is constrained by the lower surface area compared with Al 2 O 3 . [9a ' 10]
Several strategies were proposed to overcome the low
Mo-capacity of TiO 2 . These strategies include the synthesis of high surface area TiO 2 [10] , mixed supports of TiO 2 with other metal oxides (ZrO 2 , A1 2 O 3 and SiO 2 ) [11] , and the synthesis of TiO 2 -coated A1 2 O 3 . Despite the higher Mo-loadings accommodated by these supports, in all cases
Co and Mo were added by post-impregnation. Recently, Nguyen et al. reported a single step synthesis of TiO 2 supported Co-Mo oxide HDT catalyst precursors by sol-gel method. By this approach, the Mo-loading could be varied up to 30 wt%. A drawback of this method was that part of the Mo was incorporated in the support and remained unsulfided. Consequently, the samples prepared by sol-gel method were less active than impregnated samples with the same Mo-loading.
The aim of the present invention is to find a process which provides an improvement over the processes described in the prior art.
Summary of the invention
It has now been found that molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles supported on titania can be synthesized from aqueous solutions containing Ti and Mo precursor salts by an in situ redox reaction.
Accordingly, the present invention relates to a method for the preparation of nanoparticles of MoS 2 supported on TiO 2 wherein the preparation is performed by reductive coprecipitation (RCP) using aqueous solutions containing Ti and Mo precursor salts, and wherein MoS 2 is non-promoted or Co-promoted. By using the direct
synthesis process according to the invention non-promoted and Co-promoted MoS 2 nanoparticles supported on TiO 2 (MoS 2 /TiO 2 and Co-MoS 2 /TiO 2 , respectively) are produced.
The process according to the invention involves a redox reaction between Ti 3+ and MoS 4 2~ in aqueous solution and proceeds readily under mild conditions. It is believed that this is the first example of simultaneous formation of support and metal sulfide nanoparticles in a single step. Furthermore, unlike the sol-gel method, no evidence was found that co-precipitation may lead to encapsulation of active MoS 2 particles by the support.
The catalysts produced by the process according to the invention (i.e. the non-promoted and/or Co-promoted MoS 2 nanoparticles) proved to be highly active in the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of dibenzothiophene (DBT) under mild conditions (40 bar, 245°C), even in the absence of Co. The remarkable activity of the unpromoted catalyst, which is competitive with a commercial alumina supported Co-Mo reference, can be attributed to an increased hydrogenation activity. This suggests that Ti (TiO 2 ) may act as a promoter for MoS 2 in hydrogenation reactions. The as-synthesized catalysts were
characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) , energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) , X-ray diffraction (XRD) , X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) .
It is a further object of the present invention to provide for the use of molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles supported on titania as produced by the coprecipitation process of the present invention as hydrodesulfurization catalysts, wherein the molybdenum disulfide is non- promoted or Co-promoted.
Detailed description of the invention
The present invention relates to a process for the production of molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles
supported on titania from aqueous solutions containing Ti and Mo precursor salts by an in situ redox reaction.
The synthesis involves a redox process between Ti 3+ and
MoS 4 2~ , which proceeds readily under mild conditions in aqueous solution.
In an embodiment of the invention, preparation of the nanoparticles is in a single step directly from a solution of the respective metal salts TiCl 3 and
(NH 4 ) 2 MoS 4 .
In another embodiment of the invention, preparation of the nanoparticles is in two steps from a dispersion of TiO 2 -x support precursor in a solution of (NH 4 ) 2 MoS 4 , wherein the TiO 2 - x support precursor is prepared prior to introduction of the (NH 4 ) 2 MoS 4 salt.
Accordingly, catalysts were made in a single step, yielding amorphous catalysts with high Mo content, or in two steps to obtain MoS 2 supported on well-defined TiO 2 with lower Mo content. Catalysts obtained via single step reductive coprecipitation were highly active in the HDS of dibenzothiophene (DBT) , exceeding the activity of an alumina-supported Co-Mo reference. In contrast to alumina-supported catalysts, the addition of Co as promoter did not enhance the catalytic activity of
MoS 2 /TiO 2 to the same extent (+30%) as for alumina- supported Co-Mo catalysts. Instead, a change in
selectivity towards hydrogenolysis products at the expense of hydrogenation products was observed. It is suggested that Ti may act as a promoter for MoS 2 in hydrogenation reactions .
In an embodiment of the invention, the Ti and Mo precursor salts are TiCl 3 and (NH 4 ) 2 MoS 4 , respectively.
Preferably, the preparation is in a single step directly from a solution of the respective metal salts TiCl 3 and (NH 4 ) 2 MoS 4 .
Results and discussion
TiO 2 supported MoS 2 catalysts were synthesized from aqueous solutions of (NH 4 ) 2 MoS 4 and TiCl 3 by reductive co- precipitation (RCP) . The method involves hydrolysis and oxidation of TiCl 3 and simultaneous reduction and decomposition of (NH 4 ) 2 MoS 4 to MoS 2 (Figure 1) .
The involved redox process is formally described by the following half-reactions :
Genesis of the supported catalysts is likely an interplay between redox, hydrolysis and condensation reactions. TiCl 3 is hydrolyzed and subsequently
condensates to form a gel-like structure, similar to the early stage of TiO 2 synthesis from TiCl 4 . [14]
Simultaneously, Ti 3+ is oxidized by MoS 4 2~ , yielding MoS 2 . It was found that reduction of MoS 4 2~ proceeds readily under mild acidic or neutral conditions. Indeed, MoS 2 spontaneously precipitates upon addition of a neutral solution of Ti 3+ , chelated by nitrilotriacetic acid, to a neutral solution of (NH 4 ) 2 MoS 4 (see Supporting Information and Figure 6) . However, under alkaline conditions Ti 3+ is rapidly oxidized by water or hydroxyl anions to Ti 4+ .
Consequently, MoS 2 does not form under these conditions .
Under acidic conditions, the reduction of MoS 4 2~ by
Ti 3+ is in competition with its hydrolysis to MoS 3 (Equation 3), an amorphous Mo IV solid, which cannot take part in the redox process anymore . 1151
Mo VI S 4 2~ + 2H 3 0 + → Mo IV S 3 + H 2 S + 2 H 2 0 (3)
The formation of MoS 3 was suppressed by addition of a chelating agent (EDTA or citric acid) . The chelating agent stabilized Ti 3+ ions in solution, allowing the reaction between Ti 3+ and MoS 4 2~ to proceed in acidic media. The optimum pH for synthesis was between 3 and 4, resulting in a nearly stoichiometric ratio of TiO 2 and
MoS 2 (Table 1, Entry 1) . Accordingly, another embodiment of the invention relates to a process wherein the preparation of the nanoparticles is performed under acidic conditions, preferably at pH in the range of 3 to 4, and a chelating agent selected from EDTA or citric acid is added during preparation.
Synthesis and characterization of TiQ 2 - x support
Supported catalysts were synthesized either in a single step, directly from a solution of the respective metal salts (RCPl) or from a dispersion of TiO 2 - x support precursor (wherein x has a value between 0 and 0.3, as is common practice in solid-state chemistry to define non- stoichiometric /deficient structures) in a solution of (NH 4 ) 2 MoS 4 (RCP2) . The TiO 2 - x support precursor was prepared prior to introduction of the (NH 4 ) 2 MoS 4 salt. The advantage of this approach (RCP2) is that the morphology of the TiO 2 - x support precursor can be modified by adjusting synthesis parameters ( T, pH) without affecting the redox reaction between Ti 3+ and MoS 4 2~ , thus preventing unwanted side reactions .
An embodiment of the invention relates to two methods that can be employed to synthesize TiO 2 - x support precursors, being thermolysis or hydrolysis.
Accordingly, in the first method, thermolysis, TiO 2 - x was synthesized overnight from an acidic TiCl 3 solution at 100°C. In the second method, hydrolysis, aqueous TiCl 3 was hydrolyzed by adding a base (1M NaOH solution) and subsequently kept overnight at 60°C to obtain TiO 2 - X . Both methods yielded suspensions of fine blue TiO 2 - x particles, which oxidized within one hour to TiO 2 when exposed to air. As such, it was important to keep TiO 2 - x under inert atmosphere prior to reaction with thiomolybdate .
Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of TiO 2 particles obtained by thermolysis and hydrolysis are shown in Figure 2. Thermolysis yielded nanosized rods of approximately 200 nm in length that tended to form spherical aggregates. Electron diffraction (ED) confirmed that the particles were crystalline and were composed of the rutile polymorph, which was also confirmed by XRD (Figure 7) . TiO 2 nanoparticles obtained by hydrolysis were approximately 25 nm in length and were polycrystalline . Both rutile and brookite were identified by electron diffraction patterns, however the presence of anatase could not be excluded. Thus, the thermolysis and hydrolysis methods differ in the type of titania formed. Thermolysis gives mainly rutile and hydrolysis gives polycrystalline rutile - brookite. From a perspective of support phase control thermolysis is the preferred method .
Synthesis and characterization of MoS 2 /TiQ 2 catalysts
Four catalysts were prepared via the two RCP routes; their compositions are listed in Table 1. An unpromoted and Co-promoted catalyst with high Mo-loadings were prepared in a single step from aqueous solution by RCPl. The addition of Co during synthesis did not affect the redox process between Ti 3+ and MoS 4 2~ and yielded similar materials as far as the states of Ti and Mo are concerned. Therefore, only characterization of the unpromoted catalyst samples is discussed in the following paragraphs .
For RCP2 catalysts, TiO 2 - x support precursors were synthesized either by thermolysis (RCP2-T) or hydrolysis (RCP2-H) . Next, a solution of thiomolybdate was introduced, which was immediately reduced by the TiO 2 - x phase to form MoS 2 nanoparticles on a TiO 2 surface. This procedure yielded catalysts with low Mo loadings, likely due to the limited availability of Ti 3+ on the TiO 2 - x surface as indicated by the light blue color of the material. The specific surface areas (SSA) of catalysts prepared by RCPl and RCP2 were comparable (100-130 m 2 g _1 , Table 1) . The SSA' s were obtained on MoS 2 -loaded samples, which suggests that the SSA of TiO 2 synthesized by RCP is substantially higher than that of a typical TiO 2 support
(P25, SSA = 50 m 2 g _1 ) .
The transmission electron microscope (TEM) images in Figure 3 show catalysts synthesized by the RCPl and RCP2 methods. The presence of crystalline TiO 2 or MoS 2 phases in MoS 2 /TiO 2 -RCPl could not be confirmed by electron diffraction (Figure 3a inset), indicating that the catalyst was mainly amorphous. A high resolution TEM (HR- TEM) image of the same particle did reveal the presence of stacked MoS 2 layers with a characteristic d-spacing of 0.615 nm (Figure 3b). The TEM image of MoS 2 /TiO 2 -RCP2-T
(Figure 3c) clearly shows deposits on the TiO 2 rods. Furthermore, the presence of MoS 2 in the same region was identified by HR-TEM (Figure 3d) . This suggests that both synthesis methods successfully yielded MoS 2 . No crystalline MoS 2 could be detected by XRD, which may be attributed to the small particle size or disordered structure of the MoS 2 phase (Figure 7) . The homogeneity of MoS 2 on the support was evaluated by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and is shown in Figure 4. In both samples prepared by RCPl and RCP2, the intensity of the Mo K and Ti K fluorescence lines varied simultaneously over the length of the linescan, indicating an even loading of Mo on TiO 2 (Figure 4d) . The stoichiometry of S to Mo could not be determined directly by EDX since the emission lines of the S K (2307 eV) and Mo L shell (2293 eV) overlapped. Instead, the (S K + Mo L) /Mo K intensity ratio was compared to that of bulk MoS 2 as displayed in Figure 4b. The obtained ratio for the samples was similar to bulk MoS 2 , pointing to a successful reduction of thiomolybdate to MoS 2 .
In Figure 5 the X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) of
MoS 2 /TiO 2 -RCPl and MoS 2 /TiO 2 -RCP2-T are compared with that of bulk MoS 2 . The Mo 3d XP spectra reveal the presence of Mo in the 4+ and 6+ oxidation states. A lower binding energy (BE) was observed for the TiO 2 supported samples with respect to the bulk MoS 2 reference (Table 2) . This shift in BE is attributed to electron donation from TiO 2 to MoS 2 , which indicates a strong TMS-support interaction. The S 2p XP spectra are mainly composed of S 2~ and S 2 2~ species. [16] A small amount of oxidized S was also identified (SO x 2~ ) . This indicates that oxidized Mo and S species were likely formed by oxidation of MoS 2 during storage under ambient conditions. The sulfidation of Ti was not observed in the as synthesized samples. The stoichiometry of reduced sulfur to molybdenum for the samples prepared by RCP is comparable to bulk MoS 2 (Table
2), in line with the EDX results. A survey scan confirms that the as-synthesized catalysts are mainly composed of Mo, S, Ti and 0 (Figure 8) . Residual C and N species were also detected in the survey scan of the as synthesized samples. In view of the low solubility of EDTA, this is attributed to the presence of EDTA in the as-synthesized materials. Nevertheless, EDTA thermally decomposes under reaction conditions. Thus, it is not expected that it affected the catalytic properties of the materials.
Catalytic hydrodesulfurization properties
The catalytic activity and selectivity of samples prepared by RCPl and RCP2 were evaluated in the liquid- phase HDS of dibenzothiophene (DBT) at 4.0 MPa and 245°C. Desulfurization of DBT can proceed via two pathways as displayed in Scheme 1. Desulfurization of DBT via hydrogenolysis (DDS) yields biphenyl as product, whereas hydrogenation of DBT followed by sulfur extraction (HYD) yields cyclohexylbenzene that can further be hydrogenated to bicyclohexane .
Scheme 1. Simplified mechanism of the desulfurization of DBT via direct desulfurization (DDS) or hydrogenat ion (HYD) .
Table 3 reports the results obtained from DBT activity tests of RCP and reference samples. Additional selectivity (Figure 10) and Arrhenius plots (Figure 9) are provided in the Supporting Information. The reference samples were MoS 2 supported on P25 titania (65% anatase, 35% rutile) and a γ-Α1 2 O 3 supported commercial Co-Mo catalyst . Highest activities were obtained for unpromoted and Co-promoted MoS 2 /TiO 2 prepared by RCPl, which exceeded the activity of the commercial reference with comparable metal loading. Thus, another embodiment of the invention relates to the use of unpromoted and Co-promoted MoS 2 nanoparticles supported on titania prepared by the single step process as described herein as hydrodesulfurization catalysts. Catalysts prepared by RCP2 showed similar activity as the MoS 2 /P25 reference, but were significantly less active than samples prepared by RCPl.
The high activity of MoS 2 /TiO 2 -RCPl, as compared with the commercial catalyst, is remarkable since it does not contain a promoter. The sample was about eight times more active than MoS 2 /TiO 2 prepared by impregnation or RCP2. However, the production rate constant of biphenyl (BP) was similar for all unpromoted samples supported on TiO 2 . The high activity obtained by the RCPl method can thus be attributed to increased hydrogenation activity. The higher apparent activation energy of MoS 2 /TiO 2 -RCPl points to a different formation mechanism of this sample compared to the others. When Co was present in the catalyst (Co-MoS 2 /TiO 2 -RCPl ) , the selectivity towards BP increased drastically while the overall rate only increased by 30%. The Mo-loading remained constant, indicating that active HYD sites were replaced by DDS sites .
Several researchers have reported an increased hydrogenation activity of MoS 2 catalysts supported on TiO 2 versus those on other support materials . [llb ' 17] It has been proposed that Ti 3+ , which may form under the reducing HDS conditions, could act as an electronic promoter in hydrogenation reactions over Ti-S-Mo sites. [17 ' 18] The present results agree with this proposition, as addition of Co led to increased DDS activity at the expense of HYD activity. This suggests that Co resides at MoS 2 edge sites that would otherwise be promoted by Ti . Consequently, Co-promotion in MoS 2 /TiO 2 catalysts does not increase the overall HDS rate to the same extent as it does in γ-Α1 2 O 3 supported catalysts. [9c ' 17]
Despite the similar textural properties of catalysts prepared by RCPl and RCP2, their morphologies as observed by TEM were obviously different. RCP2 and impregnated samples, which exhibited a relatively low hydrogenation activity, were prepared by depositing MoS 2 on a well- defined TiO 2 support. On the other hand, catalysts prepared by RCPl were composed of co-precipitated MoS 2 and amorphous TiO 2 . It is anticipated that the RCPl method yielded more Ti-promoted sites that are active in hydrogenation, which may explain the increased hydrogenation activity of these materials. Further studies in our laboratory aim to characterize the amorphous TiO 2 support and explore the unique activity of MoS 2 /TiO 2 -RCP catalysts in ultra-deep HDS applications with real feed.
Conclusions
Unpromoted and cobalt-promoted molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles supported on titania were synthesized from aqueous solutions containing Ti and Mo precursor salts by an in situ redox reaction. The synthesis method, reductive co-precipitation (RCP), is simple and proceeds under mild conditions. Moreover, catalysts prepared via this way have higher Mo-loading than those prepared via impregnation and are comparable with commercial catalysts. Analysis by EDX indicated that the samples were composed of homogeneously dispersed MoS 2 nanoparticles on amorphous TiO 2 . The morphology of TiO 2 could be controlled by synthesis of TiO 2 - x prior to MoS 2 deposition, but this was at the expense of a lower Mo loading. Highest activities were obtained for promoted RCPl samples, which exceeded the performance of a commercial reference in DBT HDS. Thus, an embodiment of the invention relates to the use of Co-promoted MoS 2 nanoparticles supported on titania prepared by the single step process as described herein as hydrodesulfurization catalysts. The addition of Co as promoter did not enhance the catalytic activity of MoS 2 /TiO 2 to the same extend ( +30%) as for Al 2 O 3 -supported Co-Mo catalysts. However, the promoter did change the selectivity towards hydrogenolysis products at the expense of hydrogenation products. This points to the substitution of Ti-promoted sites by Co-promoted sites upon addition of Co.
Description of the drawings
Figure 1 : Schematic representation of the one-step (RCPl) and two-step (RCP2) reductive coprecipitation processes. While in RCPl the product forms directly in an aqueous solution of the precursor salts, RCP2 involves
preparation of TiO 2 - x and subsequent loading with MoS 2 . Figure 2: TEM images of TiO 2 prepared by thermolysis (a) or hydrolysis (b) . Inset: electron diffraction pattern. Figure 3. TEM images of a) MoS 2 /TiO 2 prepared by RCPl in water. Inset: ED pattern, b) HRTEM image of the same sample. MoS 2 is indicated, c) MoS 2 /TiO 2 -RCP2-T . d) HRTEM picture of the same sample. The (110) crystal lattice of rutile TiO 2 and stacked MoS 2 particles are indicated.
Figure 4. TEM-EDX linescan of (a) MoS 2 /TiO 2 -RCP 1 and (b)
MoS 2 /TiO 2 -RCP2-T . The linescan started at 1 as indicated in the TEM image (left) and the intensities of the emission lines are plotted on the right. The black dotted line indicates the intensity ratio of (S K + Mo L) /Mo K emission lines of a bulk MoS 2 reference sample. According to standard terminology in electron microscopy the labels K and L refer to the electron structure of the atoms (K, L,M, ... shells) .
Figure 5: Fitted Mo 3d (left) and S 2p (right) XP spectra of a) bulk MoS 2 reference, b) MoS 2 /TiO 2 -RCP2-T and c)
MoS 2 /TiO 2 -RCPl . The datapoints are represented by open circles and the lines represent the fits. The various contributions to the fit are labeled in the graphs. The spectra of MoS 2 /TiO 2 -RCP2 were magnified six times.
Figure 6: secondary electron TEM image (left) and HR-TEM image (right) of sample MoS 2 -sol.
Figure 7: X-ray diffractograms of TiO 2 and MoS 2 /TiO 2 prepared by RCP2 after thermolysis or hydrolysis.
Figure 8: XPS survey scan of sample MoS 2 /TiO 2 -RCPl .
Figure 9: Arrhenius plot obtained from the DBT activity data of RCP samples and a commercial reference. Figure 10: Selectivity as a function of temperature.
Lines connect the points and are only drawn to guide the eye . The invention is illustrated by the following non- limiting examples.
Examples Materials preparation
A detailed description of the materials synthesis is provided in the Supporting Information (vide infra) . Key aspects of the materials synthesis are given below. The RCP synthesis procedure was modified from Xie et al . [5a] MoS 2 /TiO 2 -RCPl was synthesized from aqueous solutions of
TiCl 3 and (NH 4 ) 2 MoS 4 at 100°C. The promoted material, Co- MoS 2 /TiO 2 -RCPl, was synthesized via the same procedure with Co (NO 3 ) 2 · 6H 2 0 added to the TiCl 3 solution. For the preparation of RCP2 materials, TiO 2 - x was synthesized first by thermolysis (T) or hydrolysis (H) . In
thermolysis, TiO 2 - x was formed overnight at 60°C from an aqueous solution of TiCl 3 in HC1, stabilized by NaCl . In hydrolysis, TiO 2 - x was formed overnight at 60°C by basification of acidic TiCl 3 solution with NaOH (1M) . TiO 2 - x was filtered and washed and redispersed in water.
MoS 2 /TiO 2 -RCP2 materials were then synthesized by
addition of an aqueous (NH 4 ) 2 MoS 4 solution to the
suspension of TiO 2 - x under inert conditions. Characterization
N 2 adsorption isotherms were measured at -196°C on a Micromeretics Tristar II. Prior to analysis, samples were heated at 160°C for 4 hr under flowing N 2 . Specific surface area was determined by the BET method.
Transmission Electron Microscopy measurements were made with a Tecnai-20F microscope operated at 200kV and equipped with a field-emission gun. The elemental analysis by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was performed on the same microscope, utilizing an EDAX analyzer with TIA software. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded with a PANalytical X'pert PRO powder diffractometer equipped with a sealed Cu anode tube, operated at 45 kV and 40 mA. Samples were ground with a mortar and pestle prior to analysis. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed with a Kratos AXIS Ultra spectrometer, equipped with a
monochromatic X-ray source and a delay-line detector (DLD) . Spectra were obtained using the aluminium anode (Al Ka = 1486.6 eV) . Survey scans were measured at a constant pass energy of 160 eV and region scans at 40 eV. The background pressure was 2 x 10 ~9 mbar . Energy
correction was performed by using the C Is peak at 284.6 eV as a reference. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was recorded with a PANalytical spectrometer equipped with a MagiX Pro (PW2440) . Samples were mixed with A1 2 O 3 and a glass bead was sintered for analysis. Catalytic hydrodesulfurization activity
The catalytic activity was determined by means of dibenzothiophene (DBT) hydrodesulfurization in a fixed bed high-pressure tubular reactor with a down-flow
(trickle flow) of gas and liquid feed (40 bar, H 2 flow of 2.25 ml min _1 ,WHSV of 1.4 h _1 ) . The reactor, 240 mm in length and 4 mm in diameter (ID) was packed with 400 mg of 30 to 80 mesh catalyst particles sandwiched between two ZrO 2 layers. The catalysts were pretreated with n- hexadecane (Sigma-Aldrich) spiked with 5.2% tetranonyl pentasulfide (TNPS, Sigma-Aldrich) at 280°C for 5 hours and subsequently at 340°C for 24 hours. Afterwards, the temperature was lowered to 200°C for 8 hours. Then, the feed was switched to the reaction feed (5 wt . % DBT, 2 wt . % adamantane in n-hexadecane) . After equilibration for 2 hours, the temperature was increased to the desired reaction temperature (245°C) . Steady-state activity was measured after 24 hours of reaction by offline GC-FID.
Supporting Information
1. Experimental details
Catalysts were prepared by one-step RCP or two-step RCP . To prevent oxidation of Ti(III) by air, all solutions were prepared in a glovebag (purged 3 times with oxygen- free N 2 gas) from demineralized and degassed water.
1.1 One-step reductive co-precipitation
In a typical one-step RCP experiment, 1 g (3.8 mmol) ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (ATM, Sigma-Aldrich) was dissolved in 40 ml water and 10 ml ammonia (25%, Sigma- Aldrich) and filtered to remove residual particles (pH 11) . A Ti [EDTA] solution was prepared by dissolving 2.48 g (7.6 mmol) ethylendiaminetetraacetic acid diammonium hydrate salt (EDTA, Sigma-Aldrich) in 30 ml water, adding
7.6 ml (7.6 mmol) titanium trichloride in hydrochloric acid (2-3M) solution (Sigma-Aldrich) and 2.1 ml
concentrated ammonia. For promoted samples, 30 ml aqueous solution of cobalt nitrate hexahydrate (1.7 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich) was slowly poured into the dark-purple TiCl 3 solution. The obtained Ti [EDTA] solution (pH 1) was added dropwise to the ATM solution. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 24 hours at 100°C. A black suspension was formed, which was centrifuged and washed with water. The black residue was dried in nitrogen atmosphere at 50°C. A black solid was obtained.
1.2 Two-step reductive co-precipitation
In a typical two-step RCP experiment, 1 g (3.8 mmol) ATM was dissolved in 50 ml 0.2M citric acid or EDTA solution and subsequently filtered to remove residual particles. The pH was adjusted to 11 by adding concentrated ammonia (25%) . The ATM solution was added to a blue suspension of reduced titanium oxide (TiO 2 - x ) in water prepared either via thermolysis or hydrolysis. The suspension was refluxed for 16 hours at 60°C. A dark brown suspension was formed, which was centrifuged and washed with water. The brown residue was dried in nitrogen atmosphere at
50°C. A dark brown solid was obtained.
1.3 Preparation of blue titania
Blue titania was prepared by thermolysis (see Y. Xie, K. Ding, Z. Liu, R. Tao, Z. Sun, H. Zhang, G. An, J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 6648-6649) or hydrolysis.
Thermolysis: 10 g of an aqueous solution of TiCl 3 (20%) and hydrochloric acid (3%) (Alpha Aesar) was added to 26 g of an aqueous solution of NaCl (30%) (Sigma-Aldrich) . A purple solution was obtained. After refluxing for 16 hours at 100°C under nitrogen atmosphere a blue
suspension was obtained, which was filtered, washed and redispersed in water.
Hydrolysis: 5.9 g of a solution of TiCl 3 (20%) in hydrochloric acid (3%) solution was dissolved in 45 ml water. Subsequently, 24 ml 1 M NaOH (Sigma-Aldrich) were slowly added and the solution turned black. After refluxing at 60°C in nitrogen atmosphere for 16 hours a blue suspension was obtained with a pH of 1. The solution was neutralized by adding 1 M NaOH.
1.4 Preparation of Ti [NTA] solution
11.6 g nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) were suspended in 60 ml water. The pH was adjusted to 9 with concentrated ammonia solution (25%) and the solution became clear.
Subsequently, 11.6 ml of an aqueous solution of TiCl 3 (20%) and HC1 (3%) were added dropwise and under vigorous stirring to the NTA solution. The solution turned green. During the addition of TiCl 3 it is important to maintain the pH of the solution to above 2 to prevent
precipitation. The pH was increased by adding a saturated (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 · NH 4 HCO 3 solution (do not use ammonia to increase the pH since it will precipitate Ti 3+ ) . When all the TiCl 3 was added to the solution, the pH was adjusted to 7 with saturated (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 ·ΝΗ 4 ΗCO 3 solution and the volume was adjusted to 100 ml with water. A dark blue/green solution was obtained with a concentration of 0.1M Ti and 0.4M NTA.
1.4 Mo -Ti redox reaction in aqueous solution
In a typical experiment, 76 ml Ti [NTA] solution were added via a septum to a round-bottom flask under nitrogen atmosphere. Meanwhile 1 g of ATM was dissolved in 50 ml
0.2M citric acid solution. The solution (pH 7) was stirred at room temperature for one hour and then filtered under nitrogen atmosphere to remove residual particles. A dark-red solution was obtained and added to the dark blue Ti [NTA] solution via a septum. A black precipitate was immediately formed and the pH dropped to 6.5. The suspension was refluxed for 4 hours at 60°C. The pH increased to 7-7.5. The black suspension was
centrifuged and washed with water. The black residue was dried in nitrogen atmosphere at 50°C. A fine black powder was obtained.
2. Redox reaction between Mo 6+ and Ti 3+ in aqueous solution .
To investigate the redox reaction between Ti 3+ and Mo 6+ , it is important to exclude any pH effects that can lead to undesired precipitation of side products. Neutral solutions of Ti 3+ and MoS 4 2~ were prepared by chelation according to the procedure described in section 1. When the Ti [NTA] solution was added to the ATM solution at room temperature, a black precipitate formed instantly, indicating that the redox reaction between Ti 3+ and MoS 4 2~ is fast.
Chemical analysis by XRF (sample 6, Table SI) reveals that the product consists of MoS 2 particles with a nearly stoichiometric ratio of S to Mo. Titanium does not precipitate from solution as only trace amounts of titanium were detected in the sample. The TEM pictures (Fig 6) show that the particles are rather large (-200 nm) and are composed of amorphous MoS 2 . Layered
structures are visible in the HR-TEM image; the distance between planes is characteristic of the interlayer distance in stacked MoS 2 particles along the [001] direction. The negligible presence of titanium in the sample can be rationalized by chelation of Ti 4+ with NTA, which form stable complexes under reaction conditions. Thus, Ti III [NTA] is oxidized to Ti IV [NTA] , which remains stable in solution. Simultaneously Mo VI S 4 2- is reduced to Mo IV S 2 , which is insoluble and immediately precipitates to form the black suspension.
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