OLEFINS This application is related to a co-filed patent application, titled“PROCESS FOR MAKING A HIGH VISCOSITY BASE OIL WITH AN IMPROVED VISCOSITY INDEX”, herein incorporated in its entirety. TECHNICAL FIELD

This application is directed to processes to make base oils by oligomerizing low boiling olefins using an ionic liquid catalyst. SUMMARY

This application provides a process for making a base oil, comprising:

oligomerizing one or more olefins having a boiling point less than 82°C (180°F) in the presence of an ionic liquid catalyst to produce a base oil having a kinematic viscosity at 40°C of greater than 1100 mm ² /s .

This application provides a process for making a base oil, comprising:

oligomerizing one or more olefins having a boiling point less than 82°C (180°F) in the presence of an ionic liquid catalyst to produce a base oil having a kinematic viscosity at 40°C of 300 mm ² /s or higher and a cloud point less than -20°C, wherein a wt% yield of products boiling at 482°C+ (900°F+) is at least 65 wt% of the total yield of products from the oligomerizing step.

This application also provides a process for making a base oil, comprising: oligomerizing one or more olefins having a boiling point less than 82°C (180°F) in the presence of an ionic liquid catalyst to produce a base oil having a kinematic viscosity at 40°C of greater than 1100 mm ² /s and a cloud point less than -20°C. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG 1 is a diagram of one embodiment of a static mixer loop reactor.

FIG 2 is a diagram of one embodiment of a fixed bed contactor reactor. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A base oil is an oil to which other oils or substances can be added to produce a finished lubricant.

Several different olefins have a boiling point less than 82°C (180°F). Some specific examples are shown below. Boiling Boiling

Compound(Synonym)

Point, °C Point, °C Compound (Synonym)

ethylene -103.7 cis-2-butene 3.7 propene (propylene) -47.6 2-methylpropene -6.6 1-butene -6.1 1-pentene 30 trans-2-butene 0.9 3-methylcyclobutene 32 2-methyl-1-butene 31 trans-2-pentene 36 cis-2-pentene 37 1-methylcyclobutene 37 2-methyl-2-butene 39 cyclopentene 44 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene 41 3-methyl-1-pentene 54 4-methyl-1-pentene 54 2,3-dimethyl-1-butene 56 4-methyl-trans-2-pentene 59 4-methyl-cis-2-pentene 56 2-methyl-1-pentene 61 1-hexene 63 2-ethyl-1-butene 64 cis-3-hexene 66 3-methylcyclopentene 65 2-methyl-2-pentene 67 trans-3-hexene 67 trans-2-hexene 68 3-methyl-trans-2-pentene 68 4,4,-dimethyl-1-pentene 72 cis-2-hexene 69 1-methylcyclopentene 76 3-methyl-cis-2-pentene 70 3,3-dimethyl-1-pentene 78 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene 73 4,4-dimethyl-cis-2-pentene 80 4,4-diemthyl-trans-2-pentene 77 3,4-dimethyl-1-pentene 81 2,3,3-trimethyl-1-butene 79 In one embodiment, the one or more olefins comprise predominantly or entirely alpha olefins. In one embodiment, the one or more olefins comprise propylene, 1- butene, or a mixture thereof. In another embodiment, the one or more olefins have a boiling point less than 65 °C, less than 50 °C, less than 40 °C, less than 30 °C, less than 20 °C, less than 10 °C, or less than 0 °C. Sources of propylene, for example, are described in US Patent Application No. 12/538,738, filed on August 10, 2009.

Ionic liquid catalyst is composed of at least two components which form a complex. The ionic liquid catalyst comprises a first component and a second component. The first component of the ionic liquid catalyst can comprise a Lewis Acid. The Lewis acid can be a metal halide compound selected from components such as Lewis Acidic compounds of Group 13 metals, including aluminum halides, alkyl aluminum halide, gallium halide, and alkyl gallium halide. Other Lewis Acidic compounds, such as Group 3, 4, and 5 metal halides, in addition to those of Group 13 metals, can also be used. Other specific examples include ZrCl ₄ , HfCl ₄ , NbCl ₅ , TaCl ₅ , ScCl ₃ , YCl ₃ , and mixtures thereof. The periodic table by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (TUPAC), version date 22 June 2007, is used for defining the Groups 3, 4, 5, and 13 metals. In one embodiment the first component is aluminum halide or alkyl aluminum halide. For example, aluminum trichloride can be the first component of the acidic ionic liquid.

The second component making up the ionic liquid catalyst is an organic salt or mixture of salts. These salts can be characterized by the general formula Q+A-, wherein Q-i- is an ammonium, phosphonium, or sulfonium cation and A- is a negatively charged ion such as CI-, Br-, C1O ₄ -, NO ₃ - . BF ₄ -, BCl ₄ -, PF ₆ -, SbF ₆ - . AlCl ₄ -, TaF ₆ -, CuCl ₂ -, FeCl ₃ - , HSO ₃ - , RSO ₃ -, SO ₃ CF ₃ - , alkyl-aryl sulfonate, and benzene sulfonate (e.g., 3- sulfurtrioxyphenyl). In one embodiment the second component is selected from those having quaternary ammonium halides containing one or more alkyl moieties having from about 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, such as, for example, trimethylamine hydrochloride, methyltributylammonium halide, or substituted heterocyclic ammonium halide compounds , such as hydrocarbyl substituted pyridinium halide compounds for example 1 -butylpyridinium halide, benzylpyridimum halide, or hydrocarbyl substituted imidazolium halides, such as for example, l -ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride.

In one embodiment the ionic liquid catalyst is selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbyl substituted pyridinium chloroaluminate, hydrocarbyl substituted imidazolium chloroaluminate, quaternary amine chloroaluminate, trialkyl amine hydrogen chloride chloroaluminate, alkyl pyridine hydrogen chloride chloroaluminate, and mixtures thereof. For example, the ionic liquid catalyst can be an acidic

haloaluminate ionic liquid, such as an alkyl substituted pyridinium chloroaluminate or an alkyl substituted imidazolium chloroaluminate of the general formulas A and B, respectively.

In the formulas A and B; R, R ₁ , R ₂ , and R ₃ are H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl or hexyl group, X is a chloroaluminate. In one embodiment the X is AlCl ₄ - or Al ₂ Cl ₇ -. In the formulas A and B, R, R ₁ , R _2, and R ₃ may or may not be the same. In one embodiment the ionic liquid catalyst is N-butylpyridinium chloroaluminate.

In one embodiment ionic liquid catalyst comprises a cation selected from the group of an alkyl-pyridinium, an alkyl-imidazolium, or a mixture thereof. In another embodiment the ionic liquid catalyst can have the general formula RR’ R” N H ⁺ Al ₂ Cl ₇ -, wherein N is a nitrogen containing group, and wherein RR’ and R” are alkyl groups containing 1 to 12 carbons, and where RR’ and R” may or may not be the same.

The presence of the first component can give the ionic liquid catalyst a Franklin or Lewis acidic character. In one embodiment the ionic liquid catalyst includes strongly Lewis acidic anions, such as Al ₂ Cl ₇ -. Al ₂ Cl ₇ -, for example, is a strongly Lewis acidic anion, while AlCl ₄ - is not. In one embodiment, the greater the mole ratio of the first component to the second component, the greater is the acidity of the ionic liquid catalyst.

Other examples of compounds which can be used as the ionic liquid catalyst include, 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [bmim+][PF6-],

Trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride [thtdPh+][Cl-], commercially available as CYPHOS IL 101™ (Hydrocarbon soluble (hexane, toluene) Tg—56° C), and 1-Ethyl-3- methylimidazolium tetrachloroaluminate [emim+][AlCl4-]. An ionic liquid that can be used as the second component in the ionic liquid catalyst includes

Trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride [thtdPh][Cl-].

In one embodiment, a co-catalyst or promoter is added to the ionic liquid catalyst. Examples of co-catalysts or promoters are halide containing additives, such as alkyl halides or hydrogen halides. Other co-catalysts or promoters are Brønsted acids. A promoter is a substance that will accelerate the effect of a catalyst on a reaction. A Brønsted acid is any substance that can donate an H+ ion to a base. Brønsted acids are H+-ion or proton donors. Examples of Brønsted acids are HCl, HBr, HI, HF, sulfuric acid, +NH ₄ , CH ₃ CO ₂ H, and mixtures thereof.

The test methods used for boiling range distributions, initial boiling points, and upper boiling points of the one or more olefins and the base oils in this disclosure are ASTM D 2887-06a and ASTM D 6352-04. The test method is referred to herein as “SIMDIST”. The boiling range distribution determination by distillation is simulated by the use of gas chromatography. The boiling range distributions obtained by this test method are essentially equivalent to those obtained by true boiling point (TBP) distillation (see ASTM Test Method D 2892), but are not equivalent to results from low efficiency distillations such as those obtained with ASTM Test Methods D 86 or D 1160.

The base oil produced by the process has a high kinematic viscosity at 40°C. It is generally greater than 200 mm ² /s at 40°C, and in certain embodiments is 300 mm ² /s or higher. In some embodiments the base oil has a kinematic viscosity at 40°C of 400 mm ² /s or higher, 500 mm ² /s or higher, 600 mm2/s or higher, 700 mm ² /s or higher, 800 mm ² /s or higher, or even greater than 1100 mm ² /s. In one embodiment, the base oil has a kinematic viscosity at 40°C of greater than 1100 mm ² /s, 1200 mm ² /s or higher, greater than 1500 mm ² /s, or greater than 1600 mm ² /s. In one embodiment the base oil has a kinematic viscosity at 40°C from greater than 1100 mm ² /s to less than 5000 mm ² /s. The test method for determining kinematic viscosity at either 40°C or 100°C is ASTM D 445-09.

In one embodiment, the base oil has a viscosity index (VI) of 37 or higher, or greater than 39. In other embodiments the VI of the base oil is greater than 40, greater than 45, greater than 50, greater than 55, or greater than 60. In one embodiment the VI is less than 120, or less than 100. The test method for determining VI is ASTM D 2270-04.

In one embodiment, the base oil has a low cloud point, generally less than 0°C, and in certain embodiments the cloud point is less than -20°C, less than -30°C, less than - 40°C, less than -50°C, or less than -60°C. The test method for determining cloud point is ASTM D5773 - 10 Standard Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products (Constant Cooling Rate Method), or any other method that gives equivalent results.

In one embodiment, the initial boiling point of the base oil is 650°F (343°C) or less. In another embodiment the initial boiling point of the base oil is from 650°F (343°C) to 700°F (371°C). In one embodiment, the base oil has a boiling range of from 482°C+ (900°F+) to 815.6°C- (1500°F-). In other embodiments the boiling range is up to an upper limit of 749 °C- (1380°F-), 760°C- (1400°F-), or 788°C- (1450°F-). It is sometimes desired to have a broad range of boiling points as then the base oil can be distilled into different cuts having different kinematic viscosities, some of which are higher or lower than the kinematic viscosity at 40°C of the base oil. In one embodiment, the base oil has an upper boiling point greater than 735°C (1355°F).

In one embodiment, the oligomerizing conditions include temperatures between the melting point of the ionic liquid catalyst and its decomposition temperature. In one embodiment, the oligomerization conditions include a temperature of from about -10°C to about 150°C, such as from about 0 to about 100°C, from about 10 to about 100°C, from about 0 to about 50°C, from about 40°C to 60°C, or at around 50°C.

In one embodiment, the oligomerizing occurs in less than 5 hours, and in some embodiments can occur in less than 2 hours, or less than 1 hour. In one embodiment the oligomerizing occurs between 0.1 minutes and 60 minutes, between 10 minutes and 45 minutes, or between 15 minutes and 30 minutes.

In one embodiment, the oligomerizing conditions include an LHSV of the one or more olefins from 0.1 to 10, from 0.5 to 5, from 1 to 5, or from 1 to 1.5.

In one embodiment, the oligomerizing conditions include a molar ratio of the one or more olefins to a halide containing additive of greater than 50, greater than 100, greater than 200, greater than 300, or greater than 400. US Patent Publication No.

20100065476A1 teaches how adjusting and maintaining a high molar ratio of olefin to halide containing additive increases the production of C10+ products.

The oligomerizing is conducted in any reactor that is suitable for the purpose of oligomerizing the one or more olefins in the presence of an ionic liquid catalyst to make the base oil. The oligomerizing can be conducted in a single step or in multiple steps. Examples of reactors that can be used are continuously stirred tank reactors (CTSR), nozzle reactors (including nozzle loop reactors), tubular reactors (including continuous tubular reactors), fixed bed reactors (including fixed bed contactor reactors), and loop reactors (including static mixer loop reactors). Fixed bed contactor reactors are described in Patent Application No. 12/824,893, filed June 28, 2010. One embodiment of a fixed bed contactor reactor is shown in FIG. 2. Static mixer loop reactors use a static mixer placed in a loop in which part of an effluent of the static mixer is recycled to an inlet of the static mixer. Static mixer loop reactors achieve agitation and mixing of the one or more olefins and the ionic liquid catalyst by pumping the one or more olefins and the ionic liquid catalyst through a static mixer in a loop. The static mixer loop reactor behaves kinetically much like a CTSR reactor, but as conversion rates increase, the behavior of the reactor changes to behave more like a plug flow reactor with effluent recycle. The shear mixer loop reactor is easily built in a small volume layout that allows for operation under pressure even in small laboratory units. The contact efficiency can be changed by changing the pressure drop over the static mixer. In one embodiment, a single pass through the static mixer is sufficient to achieve near quantitative conversion of the one or more olefins. In one embodiment, the recycle of the effluent increases the heat capacity and enables more efficient control of an exotherm from the oligomerizing. One embodiment of a static mixer loop reactor is shown in FIG. 1.

The process can be continuous, semi-continuous, or batch. By continuous is meant a process that operates (or is intended to operate) without interruption or cessation. For example a continuous process would be one where the reactants (such as the one or more olefins or the ionic liquid catalyst) are continually introduced into one or more reactors and the base oil is continually withdrawn. By semi-continuous is meant a system that operates (or is intended to operate) with periodic interruption. For example a semi-continuous process to produce a base oil would be one where the reactants are continually introduced into one or more reactors and the base oil product is

intermittently withdrawn. A batch process is one that is not continuous or semi- continuous.

In one embodiment, the process entails splitting the one or more olefins into more than one feed stream for feeding into a reactor comprising the ionic liquid catalyst at different locations. One process for doing this is described in US Patent Publication US20090171134.

In one embodiment, the process employs a nozzle dispersion whereby the one or more olefins and the ionic liquid catalyst are injected through at least one nozzle into a reactor to effect the oligomerizing step. In this embodiment, the at least one nozzle provides intimate contact between the one or more olefins and the ionic liquid catalyst for greater product and oligomerizing control. One process for doing this is described in US Patent Publication US20090166257.

In one embodiment, a fresh ionic liquid catalyst is added continuously to the reactor and a passivated ionic liquid catalyst is withdrawn continuously from the reactor. The ionic liquid catalyst can be passivated, for example, by lowering its acidity. This can happen, for example, by complexing with conjunct polymers that form as a byproduct during the oligomerizing. By continuously adding fresh ionic liquid catalyst to the reactor the catalyst activity can be controlled. The passivated ionic liquid catalyst can be regenerated in full or in part, and recycled back to the reactor.

In one embodiment, such as when a fixed bed contactor is used, the ionic liquid catalyst is in the reactor with a solid support. In this embodiment, it is possible for the average residence time for the ionic liquid catalyst in the reactor to be different than the average residence time for the one or more olefins in the reactor.

In one embodiment, the ionic liquid catalyst and the one or more olefins do not form an emulsion. One technical advantage of this embodiment of the process can thus be that the phase separation of the ionic liquid catalyst from the base oil is significantly less difficult; requiring less equipment, having reduced process complexity, requiring less time, or combinations thereof.

In one embodiment, there is a difference between a flow of a hydrocarbon feed comprising the one or more olefins and a flow of the ionic liquid catalyst into a reactor. In one embodiment, for example, the ratio of the flow of the hydrocarbon feed to the flow of the ionic liquid catalyst into a fixed bed contactor reactor can be from about 10:1 to about 1000:1; from about 50:1 to about 300:1; or from about 100:1 to about 200:1, by volume, when the one or more olefins constitute 20-25 wt% of the hydrocarbon feed. In some embodiments, a flow of the ionic liquid catalyst during an introducing of the ionic liquid catalyst to a reactor and a flow of a feed stream comprising the one or more olefins can be varied independently to optimize the process.

In one embodiment a reactor used for the oligomerizing is operated adiabatically. During an adiabatic process, any temperature changes are due to internal system fluctuations, and there is no externally supplied heating or cooling. Operating in this mode can provide significant equipment savings and reductions in process complexity. One way that temperature in the reactor can be maintained in a suitable range is by having a volatile hydrocarbon from a reaction zone in the reactor evaporate to cool the reactor. By having a volatile hydrocarbon from the reaction zone evaporate to cool the reactor the temperature in the reactor can be maintained within 10°C, within 5°C, or within 1°C. In one embodiment, a volatile hydrocarbon from the reaction zone in the reactor evaporates to cool the reactor and the reactor is maintained at a temperature from 25 to 100°C, such as 30 to 70°C, 35 to 50°C, 35 to 40°C, or about 40 to 50°C. This means of cooling the reactor can be highly scalable, and can be used on any reactor size from a small micro-unit reactor in a research lab, to a reactor in a pilot plant, and up to a full size reactor in a large refinery operation. Examples of volatile hydrocarbons from the reaction zone that can provide cooling include C ₆ - normal alkanes, isoparaffins, and olefins having a boiling point less than about 15°C. Specific examples are ethylene, ethane, propane, n-butane, isobutane, isobutene, and mixtures thereof.

In one embodiment, a wt% yield of products boiling at 482°C+ (900°F+) is greater than 25 wt% of a total yield of products from the oligomerizing step. In some embodiments, the wt% yield of products boiling at 482°C+ (900°F+) is at least 35 wt%, at least 45 wt%, at least 50 wt%, at least 65 wt%, greater than 70 wt%, or at least 75 wt% of a total yield of products from the oligomerizing step.

In one embodiment, the oligomerizing is done in a presence of one or more alpha olefins, such as one or more C4+, one or more C5+, one or more C6+, one or more C8+, or one or more C10+ alpha olefins. The presence of the C4+, C5+, C6+, C8+, or C10+ alpha olefins can increase the VI of the base oil. For example the VI can be increased by at least 5, at least 10, or at least 15. In some embodiments, the VI is increased but the cloud point is not increased.

The alpha olefins can come from any source, such as from a Fischer-Tropsch process, a refinery process, derived from a thermal cracking of heavier hydrocarbons, or derived from a pyrolysis of a polymer. In one embodiment, the alpha olefins are produced by the conversion of tertiary alcohols over a zeolite catalyst. One process to do this is described in US Patent No. 5,157,192. In one embodiment the alpha olefins are derived from the pyrolysis of a waste plastic, such as polyethylene. Processes for the thermal cracking of Fischer-Tropsch derived waxy feeds to produce olefins are taught in US Patent Nos. 6,497,812 and 6,703,535. Processes for the pyrolysis of waste plastic are taught in US Patent Nos. 6,774,272 and 6,822,126. In one embodiment, the alpha olefins are cut from a high purity Normal Alpha Olefin (NAO) process made by ethylene oligomerization. Very high (99%+) purity C6+, C8+, or C10+ alpha olefins can be produced using a modified Ziegler ethylene chain growth technology, for example.

The base oil can be used in any application where a bright stock or other high viscosity synthetic lubricant can be used. The base oil can be used, for example, to replace one or more thickeners used in formulating other products. Examples of thickeners are polyisobutylenes, high molecular weight complex esters, butyl rubbers, olefin copolymers, styrene-diene polymers, polymethacrylates, styrene-esters, and ultra high viscosity PAOs. Examples of high molecular weight complex esters that can be used as thickeners are the products trademarked by Croda International PLC, such as Priolube® 1847, 1851, 1929, 2040, 2046, 3952, 3955, and 3986. As used in this disclosure, an“ultra high viscosity PAO” has a kinematic viscosity between about 150 and 1,000 mm ² /s or higher at 100 °C.

The base oil can be blended with one or more additives to make a finished lubricant. The additives used will depend on the type of finished lubricant. Additives which can be blended with the base oil, to provide a finished lubricant, include those which are intended to improve select properties of the finished lubricant. Typical additives include, for example, pour point depressants, anti-wear additives, EP agents, detergents, dispersants, antioxidants, viscosity index improvers, viscosity modifiers, friction modifiers, demulsifiers, antifoaming agents, corrosion inhibitors, rust inhibitors, seal swell agents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, lubricity improvers, metal deactivators, gelling agents, tackiness agents, bactericides, fungicides, fluid-loss additives, colorants, and the like. In some embodiments, the total amount of additives in the finished lubricant will be approximately 0.1 to about 30 weight percent of the finished lubricant. The use of additives in formulating finished lubricants is well documented in the literature and well known to those of skill in the art.

Examples of finished lubricants are: sugar milling lubricants, gear oils, transmission fluids, chain oils, greases, hydraulic fluids, metalworking fluids, aluminum rolling oils, and engine oils (including two-stroke and four-stroke engine oils). The base oil can be used for gear oils used in heavily loaded, low speed gears where boundary lubrication conditions often prevail, such as in worm gears. In one embodiment, the base oil is blended with one or more other base oils to make a base oil blend having an improved property selected from the group consisting of increased bearing film strength, reduced scuffing wear, reduced oil consumption, and combinations thereof. One method for measuring increased bearing film strength is the ASTM D2670 - 95(2010) Standard Test Method for Measuring Wear Properties of Fluid Lubricants (Falex Pin and Vee Block Method). One method for measuring reduced scuffing wear is the ASTM D5182 - 97(2008) Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Scuffing Load Capacity of Oils (FZG Visual Method). One method for measuring reduced oil consumption is ASTM D6750 - 10a Standard Test Methods for Evaluation of Engine Oils in a High-Speed, Single- Cylinder Diesel Engine—1K Procedure (0.4 % Fuel Sulfur) and 1N Procedure (0.04 % Fuel Sulfur).

The base oil can also be blended with an emulsifier so that it provides both thickening and emulsifying properties to a finished lubricant that is eventually blended with it. EXAMPLES Example 1:

A mixture of 73 wt% propylene and 27 wt% propane from a refinery was introduced into an autoclave containing 1-butylpyridinium heptachloroaluminate ionic liquid under conditions to produce oligomerization of the propylene. The mixture was allowed to stir in the autoclave until there was no decrease in the pressure of the gaseous mixture. The oligomerization was done at zero °C and the temperature rise was controlled by cooling. Oligomerization of the propylene in the ionic liquid produced 55-60 wt% heavy oils having a kinematic viscosity of 65 mm ² /s at 100°C, a kinematic viscosity of greater than 3100 mm ² /s at 40°C, a cloud point of less than -60°C, and a pour point of +4°C. The pour point was not related to wax formation in the oil at low temperature, but rather was due to its very high kinematic viscosity. The heavy oil had a VI of 40. Example 2:

A mixture of 77 wt% propylene and 23 wt% propane from a refinery was introduced into an autoclave containing 1-butylpyridinium heptachloroaluminate ionic liquid and about 10 mol% of C10 and C12 alpha olefins (approximately 20 wt% combined C10 and C12 olefins) under conditions to produce oligomerization of the propylene. The mixture was allowed to stir in the autoclave until there was no decrease in the pressure of the gaseous mixture. The oligomerization was done at zero °C and the temperature rise was controlled by cooling. Oligomerization of the propylene in the ionic liquid in the presence of the C10 and C12 olefins resulted in a heavy oil with a boiling range of 410 to 1360°F. This heavy oil was hydrotreated and fractionated into two fractions: (900°F+) 900-1360°F at 61 wt% yield, and (900°F-) 410-900°F at 49 wt% yield. The 900°F+ fraction had a kinematic viscosity of 42 mm ² /s at 100°C, a kinematic viscosity of 1010 mm ² /s at 40°C, a VI of 76, a cloud point of less than -60°C, and a pour point of -14°C. The 900°F- fraction had a kinematic viscosity of 4 mm ² /s at 100°C, a kinematic viscosity of 22 mm ² /s at 40°C, a VI of 75, a cloud point of less than -60°C, and a pour point of - 56°C. The VI was significantly improved by the presence of longer chain alpha olefins during the oligomerization of propylene. The kinematic viscosity of the 900°F+ fraction still maintained a kinematic viscosity at 40°C of 300 mm ² /s or higher. Example 3:

A mixture of propylene, n-butane, and 19 wt% dodecene was introduced into a fixed bed contactor reactor containing 1-butylpyridinium heptachloroaluminate ionic liquid, under conditions to produce oligomerization of the propylene. The fixed bed contactor reactor is described in US Patent Application number 12/824,893, filed June 28, 2010. The oligomerization was done in a single step under the following conditions: olefin LHSV of from 1 to 1.5 (calculated based on the empty contactor reactor), olefin/HCl molar ratio of about 500, temperature about 40-45°C, and greater than 90 wt% olefin conversion. The fixed bed contactor reactor required no agitation. The fixed bed contactor had no internal heat-transfer surface, and the temperature was adiabatically controlled by evaporation of the butane. One advantage of the fixed bed contactor reactor was that the flow of the ionic liquid was independent of the flow of the other reactants in the reactor. Oligomerization of the propylene and dodecene in the ionic liquid produced a heavy oil having a kinematic viscosity at 100°C of 24 mm ² /s and a VI of 87. The heavy oil was hydrotreated and fractionated into three fractions, 65 wt% boiling at 930°F and higher, 27 wt% boiling from 680 to 930°F, and 7 wt% boiling at less than 680°F. The properties of the fraction boiling at 930°F and higher were:

kinematic viscosity at 100°C of 57 mm ² /s, VI of 78, kinematic viscosity at 40°C of at least 1614 mm ² /s, and cloud point less than -60°C. By including the dodecene in the reactor, the VI of the fraction boiling at 930°F and higher was increased by at least 15. Example 4:

A mixture of propylene, n-butane, and 19 wt% 1-octene was introduced into the same fixed bed contactor reactor described in Example 3 containing 1-butylpyridinium heptachloroaluminate ionic liquid, under conditions to produce oligomerization of the propylene. The oligomerization was done in a single step under the following conditions: olefin LHSV of 1 to 1.5 (calculated based on the empty contactor reactor), olefin/HCl molar ratio about 500, temperature about 40-45°C, and greater than 90 wt% olefin conversion. Oligomerization of the propylene and the 1-octene in the ionic liquid produced a heavy oil having a kinematic viscosity at 100°C of 29 mm ² /s and a VI of 82. The heavy oil was hydro treated and fractionated into three fractions, 67 wt% boiling at 930°F and higher, 27 wt% boiling from 680 to 930°F, and 6 wt% boiling at less than 680°F. The properties of the fraction boiling at 930°F and higher were: kinematic viscosity at 100°C of 69 mm ² /s, VI of 75, and kinematic viscosity at 40°C of at least 2336. Example 5:

A mixture of 77 wt% propylene and 23 wt% propane from a refinery was introduced into an autoclave containing 1-butylpyridinium heptachloroaluminate ionic liquid and about 15 mol% of C10 alpha olefins (approximately 28 wt% combined C10 and C12 olefins) under conditions to produce oligomerization of the propylene. The mixture was allowed to stir in the autoclave until there was no decrease in the pressure of the gaseous mixture. The oligomerization was done at zero °C and the temperature rise was controlled by cooling. Oligomerization of the propylene in the ionic liquid in the presence of the C10 and C12 olefins resulted in a heavy oil with a boiling range of 410 to 1360°F. This heavy oil was hydrotreated and fractionated into two fractions: (900°F+) 900-1360°F at 65 wt% yield, and (900°F-) 410-900°F at 45 wt% yield. The 900°F+ fraction had a kinematic viscosity of 36 mm ² /s at 100°C, a kinematic viscosity of 711 mm ² /s at 40°C, a VI of 81, a cloud point of less than -60°C, and a pour point of -16°C. The 900°F- fraction had a kinematic viscosity of 4.5 mm ² /s at 100°C, a kinematic viscosity of 25 mm ² /s at 40°C, a VI of 80, a cloud point of less than -60°C, and a pour point of -52°C. The VI was significantly improved by the presence of longer chain alpha olefins during the oligomerization of propylene. The kinematic viscosity of the 900°F+ fraction still maintained a kinematic viscosity at 40°C of 300 mm ² /s or higher. Example 6:

A mixture of 77 wt% propylene and 23 wt% propane from a refinery was introduced into an autoclave containing 1-butylpyridinium heptachloroaluminate ionic liquid and approximately 30 wt% of alpha olefins derived from waste plastics by pyrolysis. The waste plastics alpha olefins were comprised of various alpha olefins that fell in the boiling range of 140-310°F (mostly C5-C10 olefins and 3.4% aromatics (mostly naphthalene or derivatives). The reaction was run as described in Example 5. The mixture was allowed to stir in the autoclave until there was no decrease in the pressure of the gaseous mixture (indication of near complete propylene consumption). The oligomerization produced an oligomer in the boiling range of 330- 1360 °F. The oligomerization product was hydrotreated and fractionated into two fractions: 900°F+ (482°C+) at 49 wt% yield, and (900°F-) 410-900°F at 51 wt% yield. The 900°F+ fraction had a kinematic viscosity of 70.6 mm ² /s at 100°C, a kinematic viscosity of 1608 mm ² /s at 40°C, a VI of 90, a cloud point of less than -60°C, and a pour point of -2 °C. The VI was significantly improved by the presence of alpha olefins derived by pyrolysis of waste plastics and the kinematic viscosity of the 900°F+ fraction still maintained a kinematic viscosity at 40°C of greater than 300 mm ² /s. The term“comprising” means including the elements or steps that are identified following that term, but any such elements or steps are not exhaustive, and an embodiment can include other elements or steps. For the purposes of this specification and appended claims, unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities, percentages or proportions, and other numerical values used in the specification and claims, are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term "about." Furthermore, all ranges disclosed herein are inclusive of the endpoints and are independently combinable. Whenever a numerical range with a lower limit and an upper limit are disclosed, any number falling within the range is also specifically disclosed.

Any term, abbreviation or shorthand not defined is understood to have the ordinary meaning used by a person skilled in the art at the time the application is filed. The singular forms“a,”“an,” and“the,” include plural references unless expressly and unequivocally limited to one instance. All of the publications, patents and patent applications cited in this application are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if the disclosure of each individual publication, patent application or patent was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety.

This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the invention. Many modifications of the exemplary embodiments of the invention disclosed above will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the invention is to be construed as including all structure and methods that fall within the scope of the appended claims. Unless otherwise specified, the recitation of a genus of elements, materials or other components, from which an individual component or mixture of components can be selected, is intended to include all possible sub-generic combinations of the listed components and mixtures thereof.