TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a process for treatment of water and to an apparatus therefor.

BACKGROUND ART

Water pollution is an ever growing problem in todays society. Generally, water pollutants can be grouped into seven classes as follows:

1. Sewage and other oxygen-demanding wastes

2. Infectious agents

3. Plant nutrients

4. Exotic organic chemicals

5. Inorganic minerals and chemical compounds

6. Sediments

7. Radioactive substances

Sewage and other oxygen-demanding wastes are generally carbonaceous organic materials that can be oxidized biologically (or sometimes chemically) to carbon dioxide and water. These wastes are problematic since their degradation leads to oxygen depletion, which affects (and can even kill) fish and other aquatic life; because they produce annoying odours; because they impair domestic and livestock water supplies by affecting taste, odours and colours; and because they may lead to scum and solids that render water unfit for recreational use.

Infectious agents are usually found in waste water from municipalities, sanatoriums, tanning and slaughtering plants and boats. This type of pollutant is capable of producing disease in men and animals, including livestock.

^* Plant nutrients (e.g. nitrogen and phosphorus) are capable of stimulating the growth of aquatic plants, which interfere with water uses and which later decay to produce annoying odours and increase the amount of oxygen-demanding waste in the water (see above).

Exotic organic chemicals include surfactants used in detergents, pesticides, various industrial products and the decomposition products of other organic compounds. Some of these compounds are known to be toxic to fish at very low concentrations. Many of these compounds are not readily biologically degradable.

Inorganic minerals and chemical compounds are generally found in water from municipal and industrial waste waters and from urban runoff. These pollutants can kill or injure fish and other aquatic life, and can also interfere with the suitability of water for drinking or industrial use. A prominent example is .the occurrence of mercury in water. Another example is salt pollution from NaCl and CaCl ₂ used to de-ice roads in winter in the northern, colder climates.

Sediments are soil and mineral particles washed from the land by storms and floodwaters, from croplands, unprotected forest soils, overgrazed pastures, strip mines, roads and bulldozed urban areas. Sediments fill stream channels and reservoirs; erode

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power turbines and pumping equipment; reduce the amount of sunlight available to aquatic plants; plug water filters; and blanket fish nests, spawn, and food supplies, thereby reducing the fish and shell fish populations.

Radioactive substances in water environments usually result from the wastes of uranium and thorium mining and refining; from nuclear power plants; and from industrial, medical, scientific utilization of radioactive materials.

It would be desirable to have a process for treating water which could remove at least one of the pollutants discussed above.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide a novel process for treating water.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a novel apparatus for treating water.

Accordingly, in one of its aspects, th present invention provides a process for treating wate comprising the steps of:

(a) feeding water into an electrolytic cel which comprises a first electrode and a secon electrode; and

(b) subjecting the water to electrolysis i the presence of an electrolyte; wherein the first electrode is spaced from an at least partially encompasses the second electrode.

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In another of its aspects, the present invention provides a process for treating water comprising the steps of:

(a) feeding water into an electrolytic cell which comprises a first electrode and a second electrode; and

(b) subjecting the water to electrolysis in the presence of an electrolyte and elemental carbon; wherein the first electrode is spaced from and at least partially encompasses the second electrode.

In yet another of its aspects, the present invention provides as apparatus for treating water comprising:

(a) an electrolytic cell which comprises a first electrode and a second electrode;

(b) means for introducing water to be treated into the cell;

(c) means for introducing an electrolyte into the cell;

(d) means for applying voltage to the cell; and

(e) means for removing water after treatment in the cell; wherein said first electrode is spaced from and at least partially encompasses the second electrode.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

Figure 1 is a top perspective view of a first and a second electrode;

Figure 2 is a sectional view along line II-II of Figure 1;

Figure 3 is a sectional view along line III- III of Figure 1;

Figure 4 is an elevation of a first and second electrode;

Figure 5 is a sectional view along line V-V of Figure 4;

Figure 6 is a sectional view of an apparatus for treating water; and

Figure 7 is a graph illustrating the σummulative COD reduction achievable using an embodiment of the invention.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

As used throughout the term "electrolysis" is meant to encompass passage of electricity through a solution to provide sufficient energy to cause an otherwise non-spontaneous reduction-oxidation (hereinafter referred to as "redox") reaction. Moreover, the term "electrolyte" is meant to encompass substances which dissociate in solution to produce ions thereby enabling the solution to conduct electricity.

The present process and apparatus may be advantageously utilized for treating water. The term "treating water" is meant to encompass desalination of water, deposition of metals, microbiological load reductions, purification of industrial waste effluents (non-limiting examples include mine water effluent, smelting operations effluent, electroplating effluent, pulp and paper effluent), municipal sewage treatment effluent and the like.

Moreover, the present process can be used to decompose, without pre-extraction, organo-chlorine compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyl's (PCB's), dioxins and furans, and organo-bromine compounds such as polybrominated biphenyls (PBB' s) , known to be detrimental to the environment. To the Applicant's knowledge, the only manner by which, for example, PCB's can be decomposed effectively and on a commercial scale is by extraction from the effluent (if necessary) followed by thermal treatment at extremely high temperatures (e.g. 1500°C and higher). Unfortunately, the -furnace required to operate such a process is very expensive to construct and to operate. Further, decomposition of PCB's in this manner often leads to another pollution problem, namely that of air by the products of decomposition. Still further, the operation of such a furnace must be monitored very carefully to ensure that temperature drops do not occur and result in emission of the toxic by-products (i.e. incomplete destruction) of the PCB's.

In accordance, with one aspect of the invention, water to be treated is fed into an electrolytic cell. The electrolytic cell comprises a

first electrode which is spaced from and at least partially encompasses a second electrode. Thus, one electrode functions as an anode whereas the other electrode functions as a cathode. It is not particularly important whether the first electrode functions as an anode or as a cathode. It is preferred that the cathode be the first electrode and the anode be the second electrode.

The first and second electrodes can be in a number of relationships with respect to one another. For example, in one embodiment, the first electrode can be the walls of the electrolytic cell and the second electrode can be held in place to be at least partially immersed in the water to be treated in the electrolyte cell.

In another, and preferred, embodiment the first and second electrodes are each elongate and are in a coaxial relationship with respect to one another. The shape of the cross-section of the first and second electrodes is not particularly restricted, nor need the second electrode be solid. For example, it is possible for this cross-sectional shape to be triangular, square, rectangular, hexagonal and the like. Preferably, the cross-section of the first and second electrodes is substantially circular. Such an arrangement of first and second electrodes allows for the use of a plurality of electrode pairs in the same electrolytic cell - this is not feasible using a plurality of parallel plate electrodes.

An illustration of an arrangement comprising a first and second electrode in a coaxial relationship

with respect to one another may be found in Figures 1, 2 and 3 wherein a second electrode 12 is a cylindrical solid disposed within a first electrode 10. First electrode 10 is a hollow cylinder which at least partially encompasses second electrode 12. In a more preferred- embodiment, first electrode 10 comprises a plurality of perforations 14. While the distance between first electrode 10 and second electrode 20 is not particularly restricted, it is preferred that the ratio of the diameter of the first electrode to the diameter of the second electrode be in the range of from about 1.10 to about 3.50, more preferably from about 1.10 to about 1.75, most preferably from about 1.10 to about 1.30.

In yet another, and preferred, embodiment the first and second electrodes are both spherically shaped. An illustration of such an arrangement is shown in Figures 4 and 5 wherein a second solid electrode 22 is disposed within a first electrode 20 (see Figure 5). First electrode 20 is a hollow sphere which preferably comprises a plurality of perforations 24. Second electrode 22 is spaced from first electrode 20 by externally clamping a non-conductive section 26 which is connected to second electrode 22. First electrode 20 may comprise an opening large enough to permit entry (and withdrawal) of second electrode 22, or in the alternative, first electrode 20 may comprise one or more removably engageable sections (e.g. first electrode 20 may comprise two semi-spheroids) to permit entry (and withdrawal) of second electrode 22. Preferably, first electrode 20 and second electrode 22 have co-incident centers.

The composition of the first and second electrodes is not particularly restricted provided the electrodes are capable of functioning as such in an electrolytic cell. In accordance with an aspect of the invention, water to be treated is subjected to electrolysis in the presence of carbon. This carbon may be a component of one or both of the first and second electrodes, or it may be added to the electrolytic cell in any suitable form during electrolysis.

Non-limiting examples of materials suitable for use as first and second electrodes include AISI Types 304 (carbon content typically 0.08 percent by weight) and 317L (carbon content typically 0.03 percent by weight) stainless steel.

In another embodiment elemental carbon is added to the electrolytic cell, such addition being achieved by any suitable means. Such means would be within the purview of a person skilled in the art. Preferably, such carbon is in the form of graphite. The graphite can be in the form of a powder added to the electrolytic cell or a solid rod which is immersed in the electrolytic cell during the process.

In yet another embodiment, carbon may be the sole component of either or both of the first and second electrodes. Non-limiting examples of carbon materials suitable for use as the sole component of the electrode include graphite and the like.

The electrolyte suitable for use in the invention is not particularly restricted. Preferably the electrolyte is strong (i.e. ionizes substantially

completely). Non-limiting examples of stron electrolytes include HN0 ₃ , HCI0 ₄ , H ₂ S0 ₄ , HC1, HI, HBr ,HC10, , HBrO, , alkali hydroxides, alkaline-eart hydroxides (e.g. calcium hydroxide) and most salts (e.g calcium chloride and sodium chloride). Preferably, th electrolyte is selected from calcium chloride, sodiu chloride, calcium hydroxide and mixtures thereof. Th electrolyte may be added in any suitable form. Fo example, if the electrolyte is a solid, it may b dissolved in the water to be treated prior to entry int or while actually in the electrolytic cell Alternatively, the electrolyte may be dissolved an stored as a solution in a separate vessel. Th electrolyte solution would then be added, as required t the electrolyte cell. If the electrolyte is in the for of a liquid, it may be added, as required, to th electrolytic cell either neat or in the form of a dilut aqueous solution.

With reference to Figure 6, there i illustrated at 30 an apparatus for treating water Apparatus 30 comprises an electrolyte cell 32 comprisin a first electrode 34 (the anode in this arrangement) an a second electrode 36 (the cathode in this arrangement) First electrode 34 and second electrode 36 are in coaxial relationship with respect to one another a illustrated in Figures 1, 2 and 3. Electrodes 34 and 3 are connected to a direct current source 40 via wire 38. Electrolytic cell 32 comprises inlets 42 and 4 which are used to introduce electrolyte and water to b treated into electrolytic cell 32. It is no particularly important which inlet is used for t electrolyte and the water. Electrolytic cell 32 furth

comprises a graphite rod 46 which may be replaced as i becomes consumed during the process.

In operation, water to be treated an electrolyte are introduced via inlets 42 and 44 int electrolytic cell 32 to form a water/electrolyte mixtur 48. Concurrently, direct current source 40 is turned o to supply thereby electricity to electrodes 34 and 36.

Upon the application of electricity t electrodes 34 and 36, electrolysis of mixture 48 occurs Depending on the nature of the water to be treated and or the impurities contained therein, precipitation wil result either in deposition of solids (not shown) at t bottom of cell 32 or in formation of floe (not shown) o the surface of mixture 48. If the former occurs relatively purified water may be removed from the top cell 32 by any suitable means such as overflo techniques (not shown). Alternatively, if the formati of floe occurs, relatively purified water may be remov from the bottom of cell 32 by any suitable means such a pump (not shown). In either case the mode of removi the relatively purified water from the apparatus within the purview of a person skilled in the ar Electrolysis according to the present process may al lead to decomposition of various impurities in the wat to gaseous by-products which thereafter diffuse from t water.

It should be appreciated that the process c be carried out in a batch mode or in a continuous mod It is preferred to carry the process out in a continuo mode.

Embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the following Examples which should not be construed so as to limit the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLE 1

A bulk sample of crude effluent was obtained from a major pulp and paper manufacturer. Portions of this sample were treated in an electrolytic cell comprising two cathode-anode pairs similar to the one illustrated in Figures 1-3 herein. Each anode and cathode was constructed of AISI Type 304 stainless steel. Two power supplies, each capable of providing 6 volts/2 amps, were connected in series to the cathode- anode pairs.

Four such electrolytic cells were set up in series whereby the effluent from the first cell could be transferred, after filtration of any precipitate, to the second cell and so on.

To initiate the test, 1950 mL of crude effluen was introduced into the first electrolytic cell. Electrolysis of the effluent was conducted at 37°C for 15 minutes. Agitation of the effluent was provided at 3 minute intervals. The electrolyte used during the test was calcium chloride (0.580 g). At the end of the test period the treated effluent was filtered and the filtrate was introduced into the second electrolytic cell wherein electrolysis was conducted under identical conditions (i.e. temperature,

electrolyte, time period and agitation) as in the first electrolytic cell. This procedure was repeated for the third and fourth electrolytic cells. The treated effluent from the fourth electrolytic cell was filtered and the filtrate therefrom was analyzed for comparison with the original crude effluent.

A comparison of the metal and ionic species content for the crude effluent and the filtrate from the fourth electrolytic cell is provided in Table 1 wherein all units are in ppm. Testing was conducted pursuant to APHA Standard Methods #16 and included the use of inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. In Table 1 there is also provided (where possible) an indication of the maximum acceptable concentration of the particular species allowed by the Ontario Drinking Water Objective (ODWO).

As is evident from Table 1, a reduction or maintenance was achieved in the concentration of virtually all species tested. In the case of phosphate, iron and manganese it was possible to reduce the concentration from otherwise unacceptable levels to levels significantly below the maximum acceptable concentration allowed by the ODWO. Significant reduction in concentration was also achieved for magnesium, aluminum, barium, boron, chromium, copper, lead, titanium, vanadium, zinc and zirconium. The increase in the concentration of calcium is attributable to the presence of a calcium-based electrolyte and ma be reduced by using reduced levels of such a electrolyte.

The chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the crude ef luent was determined by oxidation of organic matter in the effluent (APHA Standard Methods #16). Oxidation was achieved utilizing a boiling acidic dichromate solution. COD is a measurement of the concentration of chemicals in a sample of water which may consume dissolved oxygen in the sample. In this instance the COD of the crude effluent was found to be 1590 ppm. In contrast the COD of the filtrate from the fourth

Strontium 0.19 0.27

Thallium 0.074 <0.06

Titanium 0.045 0.01

Vanadium 0.007 0.00

Zinc 5.0 0.437 0.00

Zirconium 0.01 <0.00

** derived from sulfuric acid used to preserve sample

electrolytic cell was found to be 80 ppm. The data fo COD reduction for each of the four electrolytic cell (E.C. ) is presented in Table 2. The dramatic reductio in COD which was achieved is illustrated in Figure where it can be seen that it may be possible to achiev 100% COD reduction by utilizing seven electrolyti cells.

TABLE 2

Crude Effluent

Filtrate from First E.C.

Filtrate from Second E.C.

Filtrate from Third E.C.

Filtrate from Fourth E.C.

EXAMPLE 2

In this Example, a number of tests were conducted to illustrate the applicability of the present invention to treating water samples containing PCB's. Two types of PCB's were used: PCB 1242 (a mixture of biphenyls containing about 42% chlorine) and PCB 1260 (a mixture of biphenyls containing about 60% chlorine).

Sample solutions were prepared by dissolving 50 micrograms of the PCB in sufficient distilled water to provide 1 litre of solution. Thus the final concentration of PCB in the solution was 50 ppb. Portions of the sample solution were treated in an electrolytic cell comprising an cathode-anode pair similar to the one illustrated in Figures 1-3 herein. The anode was constructed of Type AGSX Carbon (graphite) and the cathode of AISI Type 304 stainless steel. A power supply capable of providing 18 volts/6 amps was connected to the cathode-anode pair.

^• To initiate the test, 1000 mL of the sample solution was introduced into the electrolytic cell. Electrolysis of the sample solution was conducted at 70°C for 20 minutes. Agitation of the sample solution was provided at 3 minute intervals. The electrolyte used during the process was sodium chloride (0.4 g).

The sample solution was analyzed before and after treatment to determine the concentration of PCB. This analysis was conducted using gas chromatography (electron capture detector). The results of this analysis are provided in Table 3.

TABLE 3

As is evident from Table 3, a significant reduction in PCB concentration was achieved. It will be appreciated that this reduction was achieved relatively easily (i.e. at a temperature less than 100 ^C C) when compared wit prior art techniques (discussed above) for decomposin PCB's. Further, with the present process, a powe outage would not be catastrophic since there are n known potential emission problems associated with th present process.

EXAMPLE 3

In this Example, PCB's were treated using th same sample solution and the same electrolytic cel which were used in Example 2. In this Example, however, the power supply used was capable of providing 4 volts/6 amps.

To initiate the test, 1000 mL of the sampl solution was introduced into the electrolytic cell Electrolysis of the sample solution was conducted a 37°C for 46 minutes. Mild agitation of the sampl solution was continuously provided. The electrolyt

used during the process was either sodium chloride (0.39 g) or calcium chloride (0.40 g).

The sample solution was analyzed before and after treatment in the manner described in Example 2. The results of the analysis are provided in Table 4.

TABLE 4

PCB 1242 PCB 1260 Original concentration (ppb) 50 50

Electrolyte: Sodium Chloride

Final Concentration (ppb) 1.0 0.1

% Reduction 98.0 99.8

Electrolyte: Calcium Chloride

Final Concentration (ppb) 0.9 0.4

% Reduction 98.2 99.2

EXAMPLE 4

In this Example, a number of tests wer conducted to illustrate the applicability of the presen invention to treating water samples containing dioxin and furans. A dioxin sample solution comprising mixture of tetra-chloro, penta-chloro, hexa-chloro hepta-chloro and octa-chloro dioxins was provided. furan sample solution containing a mixture of tetra chloro, penta-chloro, hexa-chloro, hepta-chloro an octa-chloro furans was provided.

Portions of these sample solutions wer treated in an electrolytic cell similar to the on identified in Example 2. In this Example, however, th power supply used was capable of providing 48 volts/ amps.

To initiate the test, 950 mL of the sample solution was introduced into the electrolytic cell. Electrolysis of the sample solution was conducted at 37°C for 60 minutes. Mild agitation of the sample solution was continuously provided. The electrolyte used during the process was calcium chloride (0.5 g). During electrolysis of the sample solution (dioxin and furan) the temperature increased to about 95°C and the volume of the solution decreased (by evaporation) to about 800 mL.

The sample solution was analyzed before and after treatment in the manner described in Example 2. The results of this analysis are provided in Table 5 and include the determined concentration of each species in the untreated sample solution.

The data provided in Table 5 are not believed to be absolutely precise. Specifically, for each group of compounds, the reference standard used for analysis was a single isomer. For example, the tetra-chloro dioxin used was a mixture of 22 isomers whereas only one isomer was used as the reference standard during analysis. Accordingly, the result for each particular group is believed to be representive (i.e. not absolute for each member of the group) for the group as a whole. In any event, Table 5 provides clear evidence that the concentration of dioxins and furans in water samples may be reduced significantly using the present process.

EXAMPLE 5

In this Example, a number of tests were conducted to illustrate the applicability of the present invention to treating water samples containing selected bacteria. Two types of bacteria were used: Escherichia coli (E. coli ) and Pseudomonas . aeruginosa__ (P. aeruginosa). These bacteria were selected since they are pathogenic to humans.

Sample solutions were prepared by dispensing (and mixing) a 1 mL aliquot of the bacteria, which was provided in the form of a culture, into 1000 mL of an isotonic solution. The sample solutions were subjected to electrolysis using the same electrolytic cell which was used in Example 2. In this Example, however, the power supply used was capable of providing 12 volts/6 amps.

To initiate the test, 1000 mL of the sample solution was introduced into the electrolytic cell. Electrolysis of the sample solution was conducted in a manner whereby the temperature did not exceed 40°C. This was necessary to ensure that reduction in bacteria could not be attributed to thermal effects. Mild agitation of the sample solution was continuously provided. An electrolyte was not required for this test since the bacteria were dispersed in an isotonic solution.

The sample solution was analyzed before and after treatment using conventional bacteria counting techniques. The results of this analysis together with the reaction time and temperature for each test are provided in Table 6. In Table 6, a "count" represents

the number of viable (i.e. living) bacterial cells per milliliter of diluted culture.

As is evident from Table 6, the present process was able to completely destroy both types of bacteria.

TABLE 5

Dioxin Sam le Solution

Furan Sam le Solution

Notes: N.D. None detected N.C. Not calculatable

TABLE 6

E . coli aerug

Before treatment, count 3.0 x 10 ⁶ 2.1 x 10 ⁶

After treatment, count

Reaction time for P. aeruginosa = 30 minutes Temperature ,= 16°-40°C <1

Reaction time for E. coll *•= 23 minutes Temperature = 18° -40° C <1

EXAMPLE 6 - (Experiments 1 - 2)

In this Example, a number of tests were conducted to illustrate the importance of having a first electrode spaced from and at least partially encompassing a second electrode. Preferably, the first (preferably the cathode) and second (preferably the anode) electrodes are in a coaxial arrangement (Figures 1-3). In such an arrangement, the spacing between the two electrodes may be represented by the ratio of the annular cathode inner diameter to the diameter of the cylindrical anode. Thus, for this Example specific variables have been defined as follows:

d ₂ = inner diameter of annular cathode d _x = diameter of cylindrical anode

R = d ₂ /d _x

A bulk sample of crude effluent was obtaine from a major pulp and paper manufacturer. A number o experiments were conducted according to the followin general procedure. To initiate each experiment, 1000 m of crude effluent was introduced into an electrolyti cell comprising an anode and a cathode. The exac arrangement and construction of the anode and cathod was varied and this will be described in detai hereinafter. Electrolysis was conducted at temperature of 20°C for 10 minutes. Agitation of th effluent was provided continuously. The electrolyt used was calcium chloride (0.5 g). The power suppl used was capable of providing 12 volts/6 amps. At th end of the test period, the treated effluent wa filtered and the filtrate therefrom was analyzed usin the conventional analytical techniques described i Example 1.

Experiment 1

The electrodes used in this Experiment wer arranged in the manner illustrated in Figures 1- herein. Thus, the anode was a solid rod dispose coaxially with the cylindrical cathode. Both the anod and the cathode were constructed of AISI Type 30 stainless steel.

The value R for the anode and cathode wa varied according to Table 7. In Table 7, d ₂ was hel constant at 0.875 inches. The spacing between th electrodes (and thus R) was altered by altering d _x .

The results of this Experiment are provided in Table 8 wherein all units are in ppm.

From the data in Table 8 it can be readily appreciated that the reduction in or maintenance of concentration of the following species is favoured at relatively low values for R (i.e. relatively narrow spacing);

COD Magnesium Sulfate

Calcium Sodium Strontium

Aluminum Barium Phosphate

Boron Cobalt

Copper Iron

Lead Manganese

Molybdenum Silicon

Silver Thallium

Titanium Vanadium

Zinc Zirconium

TABLE 8

COD

Calcium

Magnesium

Sodium

Potassium

Aluminum

Barium

Boron

Cadmium

Chromium

Cobalt

Copper

Iron

Lead

Manganese

Molybdenum

Nickel

Silicon

Silver

Strontium

Thallium

Titanium

Vanadium Zinc

Zirconium

Sulfate

Phosphate

TABLE 8 Con ' d

The only members in Table 8 not found in this list are potassium, calcium and chromium. Thus, it is preferred that R be in the range of from about 1.10 to about 3.50, more preferably from about 1.10 to about 1.75, most preferably from about 1.10 to about 1.30.

Experiment 2

The test conditions used in this Experimen were identical to those described in Experiment 1. However in this Experiment the electrodes used were no in a coaxial arrangement. Rather, the anode and cathod in this Experiment were in the form of flat rectangula plates in a parallel arrangement with respect to on another. Both plates were constructed from AISI Typ 304 stainless steel. The surface area of each side o each plate was identical to the surface area of th solid cylindrical anode (curved surface) having diameter of 0.500 inches used in Experiment 1. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that, since neithe of the electrodes at least partially encompasses th other, this Experiment is outside the scope of th present invention.

In this Experiment, the distance (W) betwee the parallel electrodes was varied. The results of th analytical tests performed on effluents treated in thi Experiment are provided in Table 9.

As is evident from the data in Table 9, th process using parallel plate electrodes did not exhibi a dominent preference for narrow or for wide spacin between the parallel plates when compared with th results obtained in Experiment 1 (i.e. high preferenc

for coaxial arrangement of electrodes having narrow

TABLE 9

CRUDE EFFLUENT (FROM EXAMPLE W (in)

1) 0.0625 0.25 0.5 1.0 2.

185 185 22

230 230 4

72 72 11

7.2 8.7 8.

4.7 4.6 1. <0.03 <0.03 0.

0.056 0.068 0.

1.2 1.2 0. <0.002 <0.002 <0.

0.018 0.15 0.

0.014 0.026 <0.

0.045 0.067 0.

2.3 1.6 0. <0.02 <0.02 <0.

1.1 1.1 0.

0.088 0.05 <0.

2.0 3.0 <0.

3.3 7.5 <0.01 <0.01 <0.

0.27 0.27 0.

<0.06 <0.06 <0.

<0.01 <0.01 0.

<0.005 <0.005 <0.

0.007 0.015 0. <0.01 <0.01 <0.

186 210 1 <0.18 <0.18 1.

spacing). Specifically, reduction in concentration of the following species is favoured at relatively low spacing between the plates:

COD Silver

Magnesium Thallium

Sodium Titanium

Aluminum Vanadium

Barium Zinc

Lead Zirconium

Silicon Phosphate

whereas reduction in concentration of the following species is favoured at relatively high spacing between the plates:

Calcium Iron

Potassium Manganese

Boron Molybdenum

Cadmium Nickel

Chromium Strontium

Cobalt Sulfate Copper

In view of the foregoing, there is a surprising, unexpected and beneficial result achieved by utilizing the electrode configuration described in Experiment 1 of this Example.