TITLE OF INVENTION- "PT RULER"

Although the title is composed of one name, it actually consists of seven different types of PT Ruler, namely, the "PT Ruler, the "PTE Ruler", the "PT8 Ruler", the "PT8E Ruler, the "PTF Ruler, the "PTFE Ruler, and the "PTS Ruler. The reason they are being combined into one patent application is that they are all subject to the claims listed in this application.

The "PT Ruler" is named simply the "PT Ruler since it was the first of the seven rulers that this inventor invented (architectural ruler). The "PTE Ruler" is named as such since it is an engineering ruler, hence the letter Ε" after "PT".

The "PT8 Ruler is named as such since it has 8 sides, hence the "8" after "PT". The "PT8E Ruler is named as such since it is an eight sided, engineering ruler, hence the "8E" after "PT".

The "PTF Ruler is named as such since it is a flat ruler (architectural), hence the "F" after "PT".

The "PTFE Ruler is named as such since it is a flat ruler (engineering), hence the "F" and "E" after the "PT.

The "PTS Ruler" is named as such since it is Intended to be used as a school ruler, hence the "S" after the "PT". An application has been filed previously with the USPTO for each of the first four of the seven rulers listed above, namely, the "PT Ruler", the "PTE Ruler", the "PT8 Ruler", the "PT8E Ruler". The information on the applications is as follows:

PT Ruler

Type of application Non provisional Application number 12/247,089 File Date 7 October 2008 Name of Applicant Paul Thomas Wood

PTE Ruler

Type of application Provisional Application number 61177263 File Date 11 May 2009 Name of Applicant Paul Thomas Wood

PT8 Ruler

Type of application Provisional Application number 61181391 File Date 27 May 2009 Name of Applicant Paul Thomas Wood PT8E Ruler

Type of application Provisional

Application number 61183078

File Date 02 June 2009

Name of Applicant Paul Thomas Wood

The inventor has the intention of combining the above applications into one application, the intention of clarifying and modifying some of the elements of the original applications, the intention of adding three additional oilers that the claims pertain to, and, finally, the intention of presenting the claims and seven rulers to the international community.

TECHNICAL FIELD AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to the improvement of existing tools: the triangular shaped architectural scale ruler, the triangular shaped engineering scale ruler, the flat architectural scale ruler, the flat engineering scale ruler, and the flat (typically 12") school scale ruler. This invention also introduces a new, eight sided ruler which is facilitated by the claims listed in this application. The present invention , the "PT RULER", relates to 1) an improved orientation of scales for easy viewing, 2) an improved arrangement of scales, 3) improved primary & 4) improved secondary colors of scales, 5) improved font sizes of scales, 6) improved 1/16"=1' scale that allows for reading of actual measurements, 7) improved "tick marks" for easier reading, 8) improved numbering for engineering scales, 9) improved physical eight-sided ruler configuration ( for the new "PT8 Ruler and the "PT8E Ruler), that enables the addition of two additional scales, 10) the addition of two 16" on center scales for the PT8 Ruler, 11 ) the addition of a clear plastic holder for the insertion of special scales, 12) the addition of a 1/4" scale for the PT8E Ruler, 13) the addition of holes for a 3-ring binder and a hook, 14) the addition of a 1/4" scale and a 1"=10' scale for the PTS ruler, and 15) the removal of most of the 1/16" and millimeter tick marks for easier reading.

Since the invention has nothing to do with ornamental design, but rather with the utility of the tools, the application is for a utility patent.

Typically, architectural scale rulers, engineering scale rulers, and typical 12" school rulers are made of plastic, wood, metal, or a combination of these materials. For the PT Ruler, the materials and manner of manufacture will be similar to the existing manner of manufacture for existing architectural, engineering, and school rulers. The new part of the "PT Ruler invention is not a new type of manufacturing, but rather an improved orientation and scale characteristics for easier reading.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

CURRENT (TRADITIONAL) ARCHITECTURAL, ENGINEERING, AND SCHOOL SCALE RULERS

Presently, the traditional architectural, engineering, and school scale rulers have the following characteristics: VIEW/ ORIENTATION: They are designed to be viewed as in Fig. 35 of drawing page 28, so that the scale being viewed is the scale that is the furthest away from the person viewing the scale. If lines are drawn with the ruler, they are drawn using the side of the ruler furthest from the person drawing.

SCALE ARRANGEMENT- TRIANGULAR ARCHITECTURAL RULER ONLY: The scales on the traditional triangular architectural scale ruler are arranged so that similar scales are on one side of the ruler. So the 1/8", 1/4",1/2", and 1" scales are on one of the triangular sides, the 3/32", 3/16", and 16" scales are on another one of the triangular sides, and the 3/8", 3/4", 1-1/2", and 3" scales are on the final triangular side.

SCALE COLOR: The color of the scales is typically black (both primary and secondary scales), with each of the triangular sides' mid section being colored, or with each of the three triangular sides being colored one color.

SCALE FONT: The font size of each of the scales is typically the same for each individual scale.

1/16"= V SCALE:

The typical 1/16"=1' scale, or "16" scale as it is typically marked, does not provide for a way to read actual measurements at a 1/16"=1 ' scale. In other words, at 2 inches, the mark is "2" for inches, instead of 32, which would be the scaled measurement.

TICK MARKS:

The tick marks are typically the same width (or size).

ENGINEERING SCALE

The typical engineering scale does not provide for the reading of actual scaled measurements. For instance, on the 1/10=1' scale, at 2", is marked "2" for inches. Therefore, to figure the actual measurement, the reading has to be multiplied by 10, or, 2 x 10= 20".

16" ON CENTER SCALES

The current architectural triangular ruler has no provision for any 16" on center scales.

CLEAR PLASTIC HOLDER

None of the architectural, engineering, or school rulers have a clear plastic holder for the insertion of special scales.

1/4" SCALE ON ENGINEERING RULER

The typical triangular engineering ruler has no 1/4" =1' scale. HOLES FOR 3-RING BINDER OR HOOK

None of the flat architectural or engineering oilers have holes for insertion into a

3-ring binder. Neither do they have a hole for insertion onto a hook.

1/4"=1' and 1 "=10' SCALES

Typical school rulers have just a 1"=16" (or "16") scale and a centimeter scale.

They do not have a 1/4"=1' scale or a 1"=10' scale.

CENTIMETER AND 1/16"=r SCALES

Typical school rulers have centimeter scales with millimeter tick marks on the entire length of the ruler, and 1/16"=1' scales with 1/16 ^™ tick marks the entire length of the ruler.

CURRENT (TRADITIONAL) 16" ON CENTER SCALE: There is no scale for 16" on center on the typical triangular architectural scale ruler .

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION- "PT RULER"

As mentioned previously, although this invention is called the "PT RULER", it actually includes 15 claims which are used by seven different rulers, which seven rulers are all a part of this application since all of the rulers use at least one of the claims listed. The "PT Ruler" and the "PTE Ruler" use the basic shape and measurement of the traditional triangular architectural scale ruler and the traditional engineering scale ruler. The "PTF Ruler" and the "PTFE Ruler" use the basic shape of the traditional architectural flat ruler and the traditional engineering flat ruler. The "PT8 Ruler" and the "PT8E Ruler" use a new shape which is described in claim 9. All of the seven rulers use the following claims: 1,3,5, & 7, However, the "PT RULER" improves on the existing architectural scale ruler by providing 1) a better view angle, 2) a better grouping of scales so that similar scales can be viewed by simply rotating the ruler, 3) better primary scale colors so that each scale has its unique primary color, 4) better secondary scale colors sot that the secondary scales can be differentiated from the primary scales, 5) different font sizes on each scale for easier reading, 6) improved 1/16"=1' scale that enables the reading of actual measurements, 7) variation in the width (or size) of tick marks for easier reading, 8) improved numbering of engineering scales to enable the reading of actual measurements, 9) improved 8-sided physical ruler design that enables the addition of two additional scales, 10) the addition of 16" on center scales (one based on 1/4" scale and one based on 3/16"scale) on the PT8 Ruler, 11 ) the addition of a clear plastic holder for the insertion of special scales, 12) the addition of a 1/4"=1 ' scale on the PT8E engineering scale, 13) the addition of holes on the flat architectural and engineering rulers to enable the insertion into 3-ring binders or for hanging on a hook, 14) the addition of a 1/4"=1' scale and a 1"=10' scale onto the PTS school ruler, and 15) the removal of most of the 1/16" and millimeter tick marks for easier reading.

The following pages (pages ?? to ??) will include seven master categories, one for each of the seven rulers. Each master category will include 2 sections: the "DESCRIPTION OF THE VIEWS OF THE DRAWING" and the "DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION". MASTER CATEGORY 1- the "PT Ruler"

PT RULER- DESCRIPTION OF THE VIEWS OF THE DRAWING

Fig.1 on drawing page 1 is an "end view" of the ruler, and shows the end dimensions of the ruler.

Fig. 2 is an "end view" of the ruler, similar to the view in Fig. 1. This Fig.2 illustrates the positioning of the scales on the ruler, and illustrates the angle of view of Fig. 3, Fig. 4, and Fig. 5.

Fig. 3 is an elevation view of the ruler, and shows the actual length of the ruler. The angle of the view is illustrated in Fig.2 by an arrow with the "3" next to the arrow. This is the view one has when using the 1/4" scale.

Fig. 4 is an elevation view of the ruler. The angle of the view is illustrated in Fig. 2 by an arrow with the "4" next to the arrow. This is the view one has when using the 3/16" scale.

Fig. 5 is an elevation view of the ruler. The angle of the view is illustrated in Fig. 2 by an arrow with the "5" next to the arrow. This is the view one has when viewing the 1/16" scale.

Please see Fig. 3A, Fig. 3B, and Fig. 3C on drawing page 2 for enlarged views of Fig. 3. Please see Fig. 4A, Fig.4B, and Fig. 4C on drawing page 3 for enlarged views of Fig. 4. Please see Fig. 5A, Fig. 5B, and Fig. 5C on drawing page 4 for enlarged views of Fig. 5. PT RULER- DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION This invention, MASTER CATEGORY NUMBER 1, the ¹¹ PT RULER", has to do with improvements on the following aspects of the traditional triangular architectural scale ruler: improved ORIENTATION/VIEW, improved SCALE ARRANGEMENT, improved PRIMARY SCALE COLOR, improved SECONDARY SCALE COLOR, improved SCALE FONT, IMPROVED 1/16" SCALE ₇ and IMPROVED TICK MARKS. These improvements are described as follows:

PT Ruler- ORIENTATION/VIEW (CLAIM 1)

An architect views a scale on the typical architectural triangular ruler on the side furthest away from him/her, as illustrated in Fig. 35 on drawing page 28, requiring the architect to "lean over" the ruler. In practice, the architect typically faces the scale he/she is using toward him/her, so that the architect is forced to read the scale "upside down". However, with the "PT Ruler", where the scale is oriented as illustrated in Fig. 36 on drawing page 28, the architect can face the scale toward him/her and read the scale "right side up".

PT Ruler- SCALE ARRANGEMENT (CLAIM 2)

When an architect uses an architectural scale ruler to view a scaled architectural drawing, he/she usually uses scales that are related.

For instance, when the architect is viewing the plan or elevation views of architectural drawings, he/she typically uses the 1/4" / 1/8", the 3/16" / 3/32", and the 1/16" scales. The typical triangular architectural ruler allows him/her to "rotate" between the 1/4" and 3/16" scales, but, for the 1/16" scale, the architect has to flip the ruler "end to end". The "PT RULER" provides for him/her to simply rotate the ruler to go back and forth from the 1/4" scale, the 3/16" scale, and the 1/16" scale (refer to Fig.'s 3-5 on drawing page 1). To illustrate, let's say that the architect is viewing the ruler as in Fig.3 so that the 1/4" scale is in view. He/she rotates the ruler once and sees the 3/16" scale, as in Fig 4. If he/she rotates the ruler again, he/she sees the 1/16" scale, as in Fig 5. And so all related scales are viewed by simply rotating the ruler.

When the architect is viewing the detailed or enlarged views of architectural drawings, he/she typically uses the 3/4" / 3/8", 1" / 1/2", and the 1-1/2" / 3" scales. In order to use all of these scales on a typical architectural triangular ruler, the architect must "flip" the ruler end to end. The "PT RULER" provides for the architect to simply rotate the ruler to go back and forth from the 3/4" / 3/8", 1" / 1/2", and the 1-1/2" / 3" scales.

PT Ruler- PRIMARY SCALE COLOR (CLAIM 3)

The color of the scales on a typical architectural ruler is black, with each of the triangular side's mid section being colored, or with the scales on each of the three triangular sides being colored one color. The "PT RULER" uses only one color per scale: the 1/4" scale is red, the 3/16" scale is green, the 1/16" scale is black, the 3/4" scale is blue, the 1" scale is purple, and the 1-1/2" scale is orange. Since each scale has its own individual color, the architect is more likely to use the correct scale, especially when switching back and forth between scales (refer to Fig.'s 3-5 on drawing page 1).

PT Ruler- SECONDARY SCALE COLOR (CLAIM 4) On the typical triangular architectural scale ruler, the twin scales, like the 1/4" / 1/8", the 3/16" / 3/32" scales, etc., are colored the same color, usually black. However, on the PT Ruler, the secondary scale is colored black, so that it stands apart from its twin scale. For example, in Fig.3, the primary scale (the 1/4" scale) is colored red, whereas the secondary scale (the 1/8" scale) is colored black (refer to Fig.3A on drawing page 2). And, for example, in Fig 4, the primary scale (the 3/16" scale) is colored green, whereas the secondary scale (the 3/32" scale) is colored black. This feature, the secondary scale being a different color from the primary scale, provides the architect with a clear distinction between the primary and secondary scales.

PT Ruler- SCALE FONT (CLAIM 5)

On a typical architectural scale ruler, the fonts used for each scale are the same size. However, on the "PT RULER", the font sizes are varied for ease of viewing. For instance, in Fig.3, the 1/4" scale has larger fonts for 0,4,8,12,16,20,etc, which allows for easier reading of the measurement (refer to Fig. 3 on drawing page 1). PT Ruler- IMPROVED 1/16" SCALE (CLAIM 6)

On a typical triangular architectural ruler, the inches are marked, not with the amount of 1/16" tick marks (or actual measurement), but rather with number of inches. On the PT Ruler, the number of actual 1/16" tick marks is indicated at each inch (inches are indicated also). And so, if an architect were reading a plan scaled at 1/16"=T, and he were scaling a building that was 4" long on the drawing, he could read that the number of scaled feet would be 64' (indicated at the 4" tick mark). Please refer to Fig. 5 on drawing page 1.

PT Ruler- TICK MARK SIZE (CLAIM 7)

On a typical triangular architectural scale ruler, the tick marks (the marks that indicate where to read the scaled measurement) are all the same size. However, on the PT Ruler, the tick marks are varied in size for easy reading. For instance, in Fig. 3A on drawing page 2, the tick marks are bigger for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc.

MASTER CATEGORY 2- the "PTE Ruler"

PTE RULER- DESCRIPTION OF THE VIEWS OF THE DRAWING

Fig.6 on drawing page 5 is an "end view" of the ruler, and shows the end dimensions of the ruler.

Fig. 7 is an "end view" of the ruler, similar to the view in Fig. 6. This Fig.7 illustrates the positioning of the scales on the ruler, and illustrates the angle of view of Fig. 8, Fig. 9, and Fig. 10.

Fig. 8 is an elevation view of the ruler, and shows the actual length of the ruler. The angle of the view is illustrated in Fig.7 by an arrow with the "8" next to the arrow. This is the view one has when using the 1"=10' scale.

Fig. 9 is an elevation view of the ruler. The angle of the view is illustrated in Fig. 7 by an arrow with the "9" next to the arrow. This is the view one has when using the 1"= 20' scale.

Fig. 10 is an elevation view of the ruler. The angle of the view is illustrated in Fig. 7 by an arrow with the "10" next to the arrow. This is the view one has when viewing the

1 "=30' scale.

Please see Fig. 8A, Fig. 8B, and Fig. 8C on drawing page 6 for enlarged views of Fig. 8. Please see Fig. 9A, Fig. 9B, and Fig. 9C on drawing page 7 for enlarged views of Fig. 9. Please see Fig. 10A, Fig. 10B, and Fig. 10C on drawing page 8 for enlarged views of Fig. 10. PTE RULER- DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION This invention, MASTER CATEGORY NUMBER 2, the ¹¹ PTE RULER", has to do with improvements on the following aspects of the traditional triangular engineering scale ruler: improved ORIENTATION/VIEW, improved PRIMARY SCALE COLOR, improved SCALE FONT, improved TICK MARK SIZE, and IMPROVED SCALE NUMBERING. These improvements are described as follows:

PTE Ruler- ORIENTATION/VIEW (CLAIM 1 , same as in PT Ruler)

This claim is "Claim 1", the same as in the PT Ruler in Master Category 1, and has to do with the user being able to view the ruler "right side up".

PTE Ruler- PRIMARY SCALE COLOR (CLAIM 3, same as in PT Ruler) This claim is "Claim 3", the same as in the PT Ruler in Master Category 1 , and has to do with the fact that each of the scales has a unique color: red for 1"=1O' scale, green for the r=20' scale, black for the 1"=3O' scale, blue for the 1"=4O' scale, purple for the 1"= 50' scale, and orange for the 1"=60' scale.

PTE Ruler- SCALE FONT (CLAIM 5, same as in PT Ruler) This claim is "Claim 5", the same as in the PT Ruler in Master Category 1 , and has to do with the fact that font sizes are varied for ease of viewing. For instance, in Fig.8, the 1"=10' scale has larger fonts for 0,20,40,60,etc, which allows for easier reading of the measurement. PTE Ruler- TICK MARK SIZE (CLAIM 7, same as in PT Ruler)

This claim is "Claim 7", the same as in the PT Ruler in Master Category 1 , and has to do with the fact that the tick mark sizes are varied for easier reading.

PTE Ruler- ACTUAL MEASUREMENT NUMBERING (Claim 8) On a typical engineering ruler, the measurement numbers have to be multiplied by 10. As an example, at one inch on the 1"=10' scale would measure 1, which would have to be multiplied by 10 to get the correct reading of 10. However, on the PTE Ruler, at one inch on the 1"=1O' scale, the reading would be 10, the correct reading (no multiplying necessary). This feature also applies to all the other scales on the ruler. Please refer to Fig.'s 8-10 on drawing page 5.

MASTER CATEGORY 3- the "PT8 Ruler"

PT8 RULER- DESCRIPTION OF THE VIEWS OF THE DRAWING

Fig.11 on drawing page 8 is an "end view" of the ruler, and shows the end dimensions of the ruler.

Fig. 12 is an "end view" of the ruler, similar to the view in Fig. 11. This Fig.12 illustrates the positioning of the scales on the ruler, and illustrates the angle of view of Fig. 13, Fig.

14, Fig. 15, and Fig. 16.

Fig. 13 is an elevation view of the ruler, and shows the actual length of the ruler. The angle of the view is illustrated in Fig.12 by an arrow with the "13" next to the arrow. This is the view one has when using the 1/4"=1' scale.

Fig. 14 is an elevation view of the ruler. The angle of the view is illustrated in Fig. 12 by an arrow with the "14" next to the arrow. This is the view one has when using the

3/16"=1' scale.

Fig. 15 is an elevation view of the ruler. The angle of the view is illustrated in Fig. 12 by an arrow with the "15" next to the arrow. This is the view one has when viewing the

1/16"=1' scale.

Fig. 16 is an elevation view of the ruler. The angle of the view is illustrated in Fig. 12 by an arrow with the "16" next to the arrow. This is the view one has when viewing the 16" on center scale (based on 1/4" scale).

Please see Fig. 13A, Fig. 13B, and Fig. 13C on drawing page 10 for enlarged views of Fig. 13. Please see Fig. 14A, Fig. 14B, and Fig. 14C on drawing page 11 for enlarged views of

Fig. 14.

Please see Fig. 15A, Fig. 15B, and Fig. 15C on drawing page 12 for enlarged views of

Fig. 15.

Please see Fig. 16A, Fig. 16B, and Fig. 16C on drawing page 13 for enlarged views of

Fig. 16.

PT8 RULER- DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION This invention, MASTER CATEGORY NUMBER 3, the "PT8 RULER", has to do with improvements on the following aspects of the traditional triangular architectural scale ruler: improved ORIENTATION/VIEW, improved SCALE ARRANGEMENT, improved PRIMARY SCALE COLOR, improved SECONDARY SCALE COLOR, improved SCALE FONT, improved 1/16" SCALE, improved TICK MARK SIZE, and the IMPROVED 8 SIDED SHAPE, and the addition of two 16" on center scales, one based on 1/4" scale, and one based on 3/16" scale. These improvements are described as follows:

PT8 Ruler- ORIENTATION/VIEW (CLAIM 1, same as in PT Ruler)

This claim is "Claim 1", the same as in the PT Ruler in Master Category 1, and has to do with the user being able to view the ruler "right side up".

PT8 Ruler- SCALE ARRANGEMENT (CLAIM 2, same as in PT Ruler)

This claim is "Claim 2", the same as in the PT Ruler in Master Category 1 , and has to do with the user being able to rotate between related scales. PT8 Ruler- PRIMARY SCALE COLOR (CLAIM 3, same as in PT Ruler) This claim is "Claim 3", the same as in the PT Ruler in Master Category 1 , and has to do with the fact that each of the scales has a unique color.

PT8 Ruler- SECONDARY SCALE COLOR (CLAIM 4, same as in PT Ruler) This claim is "Claim 4", the same as in the PT Ruler in Master Category 1 , and has to do with the fact that on "twin scales", like the 1/4" / 1/8" scales, are different colors for easier reading.

PT8 Ruler- SCALE FONT (CLAIM 5, same as in PT Ruler)

This claim is "Claim 5", the same as in the PT Ruler in Master Category 1 , and has to do with the fact that font sizes are varied for ease of viewing.

PT8 Ruler- IMPROVED 1/16" SCALE (CLAIM 6, same as in PT Ruler)

This claim is "Claim 6", the same as in the PT Ruler in Master Category 1 , and has to do with the ability to read the scaled dimension at each inch mark.

PT8 Ruler- TICK MARK SIZE (CLAIM 7, same as in PT Ruler)

This claim is "Claim 7", the same as in the PT Ruler in Master Category 1 , and has to do with the fact that the tick mark sizes are varied for easier reading. PT8 Ruler- NEW 8 SIDED CONFIGURATION (Claim 9} Please refer to Fig.'s 17-18 on drawing page 14. The new 8 sided configuration of the ruler, which is enabled by the fact that each scale can be placed "right side up" (claim 1), allows for the addition of two additional scales.

PT8 Ruler CLAIM 10- TWO 16" ON CENTER SCALES FOR THE PT8 RULER, ONE BASED ON 1/4" SCALE, AND ONE BASED ON 3/16" SCALE. The PT8 Ruler is an architectural ruler, which for the first time can hold 8 different scales. This allows for the addition of two 16" on center scales, one based on the 1/4" scale, and one base on the 3/16" scale (refer to Fig. 13 and Fig. 16 on drawing page 9). These two scales, which are not on typical architectural rulers, are very useful to architects, and useful to many other building trades.

MASTER CATEGORY 4- the "PT8E Ruler"

PT8E RULER- DESCRIPTION OF THE VIEWS OF THE DRAWING

Fig.17 on drawing page 14 is an "end view" of the ruler, and shows the end dimensions of the ruler.

Fig. 18 is an "end view" of the ruler, similar to the view in Fig. 17. This Fig.18 illustrates the positioning of the scales on the ruler, and illustrates the angle of view of Fig. 19, Fig.

20, Fig. 21 , and Fig. 22.

Fig. 19 is an elevation view of the ruler, and shows the actual length of the ruler. The angle of the view is illustrated in Fig.18 by an arrow with the "19" next to the arrow. This is the view one has when using the f '=10' scale.

Fig. 20 is an elevation view of the ruler. The angle of the view is illustrated in Fig. 18 by an arrow with the "20" next to the arrow. This is the view one has when using the

1"=20' scale.

Fig. 21 is an elevation view of the ruler. The angle of the view is illustrated in Fig. 18 by an arrow with the "21 " next to the arrow. This is the view one has when viewing the

1"=30' scale.

Fig. 22 is an elevation view of the ruler. The angle of the view is illustrated in Fig. 18 by an arrow with the "22" next to the arrow. This is the view one has when viewing the

1/4"=1' scale.

Please see Fig. 19A, Fig. 19B, and Fig. 19C on drawing page 15 for enlarged views of Fig. 19. Please see Fig. 2OA, Fig. 2OB, and Fig. 20C on drawing page 16 for enlarged views of

Fig. 20.

Please see Fig. 21A, Fig. 21B, and Fig. 21C on drawing page 17 for enlarged views of

Fig. 21.

Please see Fig. 22A, Fig. 22B, and Fig. 22C on drawing page 18 for enlarged views of

Fig. 22.

PT8E RULER- DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION This invention, MASTER CATEGORY NUMBER 4, the "PT8E RULER", has to do with improvements on the following aspects of the traditional triangular engineering scale ruler: improved ORIENTATION/VIEW, improved PRIMARY SCALE COLOR, improved SECONDARY SCALE COLOR (for architectural 1/4" scale included), improved SCALE FONT, improved TICK MARK SIZE, and IMPROVED SCALE NUMBERING, new 8 SIDED CONFIGURATION, and addition of a CLEAR PLASTIC HOLDER. These improvements are described as follows:

PT8E Ruler- ORIENTATION/VIEW (CLAIM 1, same as in PT Ruler)

This claim is "Claim 1", the same as in the PT Ruler in Master Category 1, and has to do with the user being able to view the ruler "right side up".

PT8E Ruler- PRIMARY SCALE COLOR (CLAIM 3, same as in PT Ruler) This claim is "Claim 3", the same as in the PT Ruler in Master Category 1 , and has to do with the fact that each of the scales has a unique color: red for 1"=1O' scale, green for the 1"=2O' scale, black for the r-30' scale, blue for the r-40' scale, purple for the 1"= 50' scale, and orange for the 1"=60' scale.

PT8E Ruler- SECONDARY SCALE COLOR (CLAIM 4, same as in PT Ruler) This claim is "Claim 4", the same as in the PT Ruler in Master Category 1 , and has to do with the fact that on "twin scales", like the 1/4" / 1/8" scales, are different colors for easier reading. This pertains to the architectural scale included (see Fig. 22).

PT8E Ruler- SCALE FONT (CLAIM 5 _f same as in PT Ruler) This claim is "Claim 5", the same as in the PT Ruler in Master Category 1 , and has to do with the fact that font sizes are varied for ease of viewing. For instance, in Fig.19, the 1"=10' scale has larger fonts for 0,20,40,60,etc, which allows for easier reading of the measurement.

PT8E Ruler- TICK MARK SIZE (CLAIM 7, same as in PT Ruler)

This claim is "Claim 7", the same as in the PT Ruler in Master Category 1 , and has to do with the fact that the tick mark sizes are varied for easier reading.

PT8E Ruler- ACTUAL MEASUREMENT NUMBERING (Claim 8, same as in PTE Ruler) This claim is "Claim 8", the same as in the PTE Ruler in Master Category 2, and has to do with the fact that the PT8E ruler has the correct measurement reading without having to be multiplied by 10.

PT8E Ruler - NEW 8 SIDED CONFIGURATION (Claim 9) This claim is "Claim 9", the same as in the PT Ruler in Master Category 3, and has to do with the fact that the PT8E ruler has a new, 8-sided configuration that allows for the addition of two additional scales.

PT8E Ruler CLAIM 11- CLEAR PLASTIC HOLDER Please refer to Fig. 18 and Fig. 19. Please locate the "CLEAR PLASTIC HOLDER". This clear plastic holder will enable specially made scales to be placed inside the holder.

PT8E Ruler CLAIM 12- 1/4" ARCHITECTURAL SCALE ON ENGINEERING

RULER

Note the inclusion of one architectural scale, namely the 1/4" scale, on the PT8E engineering ruler. This is considered a new, unique feature, enabled by the new

8 sided configuration. MASTER CATEGORY 5- the "PTF Ruler"

PTF RULER- DESCRIPTION OF THE VIEWS OF THE DRAWING

Fig.23 on drawing page 19 is an "end view" of the ruler, and shows the end dimensions of the ruler.

Fig. 24 is an "end view" of the ruler, similar to the view in Fig. 23. This Fig.24 illustrates the positioning of the scales on the ruler, and illustrates the angle of view of Fig. 25 and Fig. 26.

Fig. 25 is an elevation view of the ruler, and shows the actual length of the ruler. The angle of the view is illustrated in Fig.24 by an arrow with the "25" next to the arrow. This is the view one has when using the 1/4"=1' scale.

Fig. 26 is an elevation view of the ruler. The angle of the view is illustrated in Fig. 24 by an arrow with the "26" next to the arrow. This is the view one has when using the 3/4"=1 ' scale.

Please see Fig. 25A, Fig. 25B, and Fig.25C on drawing page 20 for enlarged views of Fig. 25.

Please see Fig. 26A, Fig. 26B, and Rg. 26C on drawing page 21 for enlarged views of Fig. 26. PTF RULER- DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION This invention, MASTER CATEGORY NUMBER 5, the ¹¹ PTF RULER", has to do with improvements on the following aspects of the traditional flat architectural scale ruler: improved ORIENTATION/VIEW, improved PRIMARY SCALE COLOR, improved SECONDARY SCALE COLOR, improved SCALE FONT, and IMPROVED TICK MARKS. These improvements are described as follows:

PTF Ruler- ORIENTATION/VIEW (CLAIM 1, same as in PT Ruler)

This claim is "Claim 1", the same as in the PT Ruler in Master Category 1, and has to do with the user being able to view the ruler "right side up".

PTF Ruler- PRIMARY SCALE COLOR (CLAIM 3, same as in PT Ruler) This claim is "Claim 3", the same as in the PT Ruler in Master Category 1 , and has to do with the fact that each of the scales has a unique color.

PTF Ruler- SECONDARY SCALE COLOR (CLAIM 4, same as in PT Ruler) This claim is "Claim 4", the same as in the PT Ruler in Master Category 1 , and has to do with the fact that on "twin scales", like the 1/4" / 1/F" scales, are different colors for easier reading.

PTF Ruler- SCALE FONT (CLAIM 5, same as in PT Ruler)

This claim is "Claim 5", the same as in the PT Ruler in Master Category 1 , and has to do with the fact that font sizes are varied for ease of viewing. PTF Ruler- TICK MARK SIZE (CLAIM 7, same as in PT Ruler)

This claim is "Claim 7", the same as in the PT Ruler in Master Category 1, and has to do with the fact that the tick mark sizes are varied for easier reading.

PTF Ruler- HOLES FOR BINDER & HOOK (CLAIM 13)

Flat architectural rulers typically do not have holes in them, and so cannot be placed in a three ring binder. Neither do they typically have a hole so that the ruler can be hung on a hook or nail. The PTF Ruler has two apx. 1/4" holes so that it can be placed in a three ring binder. Also, the PTF Ruler has one apx. 3/8" hole so that it can be hung on a hook or nail. Please refer to Fig. 25 and Fig. 26 on drawing page 19.

MASTER CATEGORY 6- the "PTFE Ruler"

PTFE RULER- DESCRIPTION OF THE VIEWS OF THE DRAWING

Fig.27 on drawing page 22 is an "end view" of the ruler, and shows the end dimensions of the ruler.

Fig. 28 is an "end view" of the ruler, similar to the view in Fig. 27. This Fig.28 illustrates the positioning of the scales on the ruler, and illustrates the angle of view of Fig. 29 and Fig. 30.

Fig. 29 is an elevation view of the ruler, and shows the actual length of the ruler. The angle of the view is illustrated in Fig.28 by an arrow with the "29" next to the arrow. This is the view one has when using the T= 10' scale.

Fig. 30 is an elevation view of the ruler. The angle of the view is illustrated in Fig. 28 by an arrow with the "30" next to the arrow. This is the view one has when using the 1'^3O ¹ scale.

Please see Fig. 29A, Fig. 29B, and Fig. 29C on drawing page 23 for enlarged views of Fig. 29.

Please see Fig. 30A ₁ Fig.3OB, and Fig. 3OC on drawing page 24 for enlarged views of Fig. 30.

PTFE RULER- DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION This invention, MASTER CATEGORY NUMBER 6, the "PTFE RULER", has to do with improvements on the following aspects of the traditional flat engineering scale ruler: improved ORIENTATION/VIEW, improved PRIMARY SCALE COLOR, improved SCALE FONT, improved TICK MARK SIZE, improved MEASUREMENT NUMBERING, and HOLES FOR BINDER & HOOK. These improvements are described as follows:

PTFE Ruler- ORIENTATION/VIEW (CLAIM 1, same as in PT Ruler)

This claim is "Claim 1", the same as in the PT Ruler in Master Category 1, and has to do with the user being able to view the ruler "right side up".

PTFE Ruler- PRIMARY SCALE COLOR (CLAIM 3, same as in PT Ruler)

This claim is "Claim 3", the same as in the PT Ruler in Master Category 1, and has to do with the fact that each of the scales has a unique color.

PTFE Ruler- SCALE FONT (CLAIM 5, same as in PT Ruler)

This claim is "Claim 5", the same as in the PT Ruler in Master Category 1, and has to do with the fact that font sizes are varied for ease of viewing.

PTFE Ruler- TICK MARK SIZE (CLAIM 7, same as in PT Ruler)

This claim is "Claim 7", the same as in the PT Ruler in Master Category 1, and has to do with the fact that the tick mark sizes are varied for easier reading. PTFE Ruler- ACTUAL MEASUREMENT NUMBERING (Claim 8) This claim is "Claim 8", the same as in the PTE Ruler in Master Category 2, and has to do with the fact that the PT8E ruler has the correct measurement reading without having to be multiplied by 10.

PTFE Ruler- HOLES FOR BINDER & HOOK (CLAIM 13)

This claim is "Claim 13", the same as in the PTF Ruler in Master Category 5, and has to do with the fact that the PTFE Ruler has two 1/4" holes so that it can be placed in a three ring binder, and one 3/8" hole so that it can be hung on a hook or nail.

MASTER CATEGORY 7- the "PTS Ruler

PTS RULER- DESCRIPTION OF THE VIEWS OF THE DRAWING

Fig.31 on drawing page 25 is an "end view" of the ruler, and shows the end dimensions of the ruler.

Fig. 32 is an "end view" of the ruler, similar to the view in Fig. 31. This Fig.32 illustrates the positioning of the scales on the ruler, and illustrates the angle of view of Fig. 33 and Fig. 34.

Fig. 33 is an elevation view of the ruler, and shows the actual length of the ruler. The angle of the view is illustrated in Fig.32 by an arrow with the "33" next to the arrow. This is the view one has when using the 1/16"=1' scale.

Fig. 34 is an elevation view of the ruler. The angle of the view is illustrated in Fig. 32 by an arrow with the "34" next to the arrow. This is the view one has when using the 1/4"= 1' scale.

Please see Fig. 33A, Fig. 33B, and Fig. 33C on drawing page 26 for enlarged views of Fig. 33.

Please see Fig. 34A ₁ Fig.34B, and Fig. 34C on drawing page 27 for enlarged views of Fig. 34.

PTS RULER- DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION This invention, MASTER CATEGORY NUMBER 7, the "PTS RULER", has to do with improvements on the following aspects of the traditional 12" school ruler: improved ORIENTATION/VIEW, improved PRIMARY SCALE COLOR, improved SECONDARY SCALE COLOR, improved SCALE FONT, improved 1/16"=1 ' SCALE, improved TICK MARK SIZE, improved MEASUREMENT NUMBERING, addition of HOLES FOR BINDER & HOOK, and ADDITION OF 1/4"=1' AND 1"=10' SCALES. These improvements are described as follows:

PTS Ruler- ORIENTATION/VIEW (CLAIM 1 , same as in PT Ruler)

This claim is "Claim 1", the same as in the PT Ruler in Master Category 1, and has to do with the user being able to view the ruler "right side up".

PTS Ruler- PRIMARY SCALE COLOR (CLAIM 3, same as in PT Ruler) This claim is "Claim 3", the same as in the PT Ruler in Master Category 1 , and has to do with the fact that each of the scales has a unique color.

PTS Ruler- SECONDARY SCALE COLOR (CLAIM 4, same as in PT Ruler) This claim is "Claim 4", the same as in the PT Ruler in Master Category 1 , and has to do with the fact that on "twin scales", like the 1/4" / 1/8" scales, are different colors for easier reading.

PTS Ruler- SCALE FONT (CLAIM 5, same as in PT Ruler) This claim is "Claim 5", the same as in the PT Ruler in Master Category 1 , and has to do with the fact that font sizes are varied for ease of viewing.

PTS Ruler- IMPROVED 1/16" SCALE (CLAIM 6, same as in PT Ruler)

This claim is "Claim 6", the same as in the PT Ruler in Master Category 1 , and has to do with the ability to read the scaled dimension at each inch mark.

PTS Ruler- TICK MARK SIZE (CLAIM 7, same as in PT Ruler)

This claim is "Claim 7", the same as in the PT Ruler in Master Category 1 , and has to do with the fact that the tick mark sizes are varied for easier reading.

PT8E Ruler- ACTUAL MEASUREMENT NUMBERING (Claim 8, same as in PTE

Ruler)

This claim is "Claim 8", the same as in the PTE Ruler in Master Category 2, and has to do with the fact that the PT8E ruler has the correct measurement reading without having to be multiplied by 10.

PTS Ruler- HOLES FOR BINDER & HOOK (CLAIM 13, same as in PTF Ruler) This claim is "Claim 13", the same as in the PTF Ruler in Master Category 5, and has to do with the fact that the PTS Ruler has two 1/4" holes so that it can be placed in a three ring binder, and one 3/8" hole so that it can be hung on a hook or nail. PTS Ruler- ADDITION OF 1/4"=1' AND T=IO ¹ SCALES (Claim 14) Atypical 12" school ruler has two scales, the "16" scale and the centimeter scale. The PTS Ruler has two additional scales on the opposite side of the ruler- a 1/4"=1 ' scale, and a 1"=10' scales. The addition of these scales will enable school children to start learning how to read scaled drawings (with the 1/4" scale), and how to size typeface and become acquainted with engineering scales (with the 1 "=10' scale).

PTS ruler- REMOVAL OF MOST OF THE TICK MARKS (Claim 15) Atypical 12" school ruler has 1/16" tick marks on the 1/16"=1' scale which go along the entire length of the ruler. Also, the typical school ruler has millimeter tick marks that go along the entire length of the ruler. Please note on Fig. 33 that the 1/16" tick marks and the millimeter tick marks have been removed to provide for easier reading.