60/383, 937, filed May 28,2002, entitled"Quadratic Nyquist Slope Filter For A Television Receiver." BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention: The present invention is directed toward the field of television tuning, and more particularly toward a baseband filter for demodulating a television signal.

Art Background : In general, televisions include circuits to demodulate radio frequency television signals to generate video and sound signals. The video and sound signals provide the information necessary to form the television picture and sound, respectively. An ultrahigh frequency ("UHF")/very high frequency ("VHF") tuner is one type of circuit found in television receivers. In general, the UHF/VHF tuner receives a radio frequency ("RF") television signal that includes a plurality of channels. The channels are modulated on a carrier frequency. The carrier frequency may be in the UHF spectrum or the VHF spectrum.

The television is set or tuned to receive a specific channel (e. g. , channel 2). The U/V tuner processes the RF television signal based on the channel selected, and generates an intermediate frequency ("IF") signal. In the United States, the intermediate frequency, used in television receivers, is set to a frequency of 45.75 Mhz.

Television receivers also include circuits to perform intermediate frequency processing. These IF television circuits typically employ surface acoustic wave ("SAW") filters. The SAW filter conditions the IF signal prior to demodulation (i. e. , prior to extracting the video and audio signals). The SAW filter rejects or suppresses the energy bands

associated with channels adjacent to the desired channel (i. e., the selected channel). To this end, the SAW filter provides a Nyquist slope bandpass response for the IF signal.

Figure 1 is a block diagram illustrating one embodiment for a prior art television receiver. As shown in Figure 1, the UN tuner 110 conditions and converts the RF signal at the tuning frequency to the intermediate frequency (IF) signal. The IF signal is input to the SAW filter 120. The output signal from SAW filter 120 is input to an IF processor 130. In general, IF processor 130 demodulates the television signal to generate baseband video and audio signals.

As discussed above, the SAW filter provides a Nyquist slope response. Figure 2a illustrates various Nyquist slope responses. As shown in Figure 2a, slope 200 depicts the ideal Nyquist slope. Note that the ideal Nyquist slope crosses at the picture frequency (Fp) at . 5 of the maximum energy of the filter response. Figure 2a also shows two non-ideal Nyquist slopes. As shown in Figure 2a, the response of slope 210 crosses the picture frequency (Fp) at a lower point than the ideal Nyquist slope (i. e. , slope 200). Conversely, slope 220 crosses the picture frequency (Fp) at a point higher than the ideal Nyquist slope.

Figure 2b illustrates various waveform responses as a result of the SAW filter. The ideal waveform response, waveform 230, is a result of the SAW filter providing an ideal Nyquist slope (i. e. , slope 200 of Figure 2a). The waveform response 240, which includes additional out of band energy, is a result of the non-ideal Nyquist slope 210 shown in Figure 2a. Also, waveform response 250, which filters the signal in the information band, is a result of the non-ideal Nyquist slope 220 of Figure 2a.

When using a SAW filter in the television receiver, the non-ideal Nyquist slopes (210 and 220, Figure 2a) and corresponding waveform responses (240 and 250, Figure 2b) are a result of off tuning. Specifically, if the SAW filter is not tuned to filter at the appropriate center frequency, shifts in the Nyquist slope (e. g. , Nyquist slopes 210 and 220) occur. In turn, this off tuning of the SAW filter provides the undesirable waveform responses (e. g., waveforms 240 and 250, Figure 2b).

Also, as shown in Figure 1, the television circuit includes the automatic frequency tracking detection circuit 140. In general, the automatic frequency tracking (AFT) detection circuit 140 determines, based on the baseband audio and video signals, an offset between the actual carrier frequency of the tuned signal and the frequency of the local oscillators in the television receiver. For example, the television receiver circuit may process a signal input with a carrier frequency of 90 MHz. For this example, the AFT detection circuit 140 may generate an offset of. 2 Mhz (i. e. , the actual carrier frequency is. 2 Mhz different than the frequency of the local oscillator in the television receiver. ) Based on the feedback, the UV tuner circuit 110 compensates for the offset to more accurately track the carrier frequency. In addition, as shown in Figure 1, the AFT detection circuit 140 provides tracking information to SAW filter 120. Specifically, the tracking information tunes the SAW filter 120 to provide a frequency response centered around the tracked IF frequency.

It is advantageous to generate a Nyquist slope response in a filter that eliminates the undesirable characteristics introduced through use of a SAW filter.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A television demodulator circuit, for use in a television receiver, generates baseband video and audio outputs. An I, Q demodulator circuit receives a television signal (e. g., intermediate frequency signal) for demodulation. The I, Q demodulator circuit mixes the television signal with an in-phase ("I") local oscillator signal and a quadrature phase ("Q") local oscillator signal at the tuned frequency (i. e. , the frequency for the channel that the television is currently tuned) to generate baseband I and Q signals. The baseband I and Q signals are conditioned by filters. In one embodiment, the baseband I and Q signals are input to low pass filters and a Nyquist slope filter. The Nyquist slope filter generates, for the baseband I and Q signals, a Nyquist slope response and attenuates channels adjacent to the tuned television channel.

In one embodiment, Nyquist slope filter comprises a transfer function with at least two zero crossings, so as to provide a notch filter response for attenuation of a television channel adjacent to the tuned television channel. For example, the transfer function for the Nyquist slope filter may comprise a zero crossing at the sound carrier frequency for the television channel adjacent to the tuned television channel. In another embodiment, the

transfer function has three zero crossings to attenuate a sound carrier frequency, a color carrier frequency, and a picture frequency for the television channel adjacent to the tuned television channel (e. g. , the television channel at a lower frequency). In one implementation for the Nyquist slope filter, the transfer function, expressed in the S domain, comprises an all- pass fractional transfer function with a real number in the numerator and a complex number in the denominator. The Nyquist slope filter comprises inverters so that the transfer function includes only terms in the numerator with the same sign.

In one embodiment, the demodulator circuit is incorporated into a television receiver.

The television receiver includes a downconverter circuit for processing an input radio frequency ("RF") television signal suitable for input to the demodulator circuit. In one embodiment, the downconverter circuit utilizes a double down conversion scheme. In a second embodiment, the downconverter circuit utilizes a single down conversion scheme BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a block diagram illustrating one embodiment for a prior art television receiver.

Figure 2a illustrates various Nyquist slope responses.

Figure 2b illustrates various waveform responses as a result of the SAW filter.

Figure 3 is a block diagram illustrating one embodiment for a receiver that incorporates the filter of the present invention.

Figure 4 is a block diagram illustrating one embodiment for the U/V tuner in the television receiver.

Figure 5 is a block diagram illustrating another embodiment for the U/V tuner.

Figure 6 illustrates a frequency response realized by one embodiment of the Nyquist slope filter.

Figure 7 illustrates one embodiment for the demodulator circuit of the present invention.

Figure 8 illustrates one embodiment of a total response curve for the low pass filters and Nyquist slope filter.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The disclosure of U. S. Provisional Patent Application 60/383,937, filed May 28, 2002, entitled"Quadratic Nyquist Slope Filter For A Television Receiver"is hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference.

Figure 3 is a block diagram illustrating one embodiment for a receiver that incorporates the filter of the present invention. A receiver circuit 300 receives, as an input, a radio frequency ("RF") television signal, and generates, as outputs, a baseband video signal ("video") and an IF sound signal ("SIF"). In general, receiver 300 includes a downconverter/ tunable filter 310 to convert the RF television signal to an IF signal. The receiver 300 also includes a demodulator circuit to demodulate the IF signal to generate the video and SIF signals.

For this embodiment, the down conversion function is performed by downconverter 310, phase locked loop 390, and voltage controlled oscillator 380. In general, downconverter 310 converts the RF input signal to an IF signal through use of the voltage controlled oscillator 380. The phase locked loop 390 locks the phases of the input RF signal to the phase of the local oscillator signal.

If receiver 300 employs a direct demodulation scheme, downconverter 310 is replaced with a tunable bandpass filter. In general, in a direct demodulation scheme, the RF signal is directly demodulated (i. e. , the input to the demodulator is the filtered RF signal). The tunable bandpass filter 310 filters the RF signal for the turied channel of receiver 300.

The IF signal or RF signal for the direct demodulation embodiment, output from the tunable bandpass filter/downconverter 310, is input to the RF ports of mixers 307 and 320.

As shown in Figure 3, voltage controlled oscillator 380 generates two signals: an in-phase local oscillator signal ("I") and a quadrature phase local oscillator signal ("Q"). The Q signal is phase shifted 90 degrees from the I signal. The mixers 307 and 320 generate a baseband signal from the intermediate frequency television signal and the I/Q local oscillator signals at both in-phase and quadrature phases.

The demodulator portion of receiver 300 also includes mixer 330 to extract the sound intermediate frequency carrier ("SIF"). As shown in Figure 3, the conditioned RF input signal (direct demodulation) or the downconverted IF signal is input to an RF port on mixer 330. The voltage controlled oscillator 380 is coupled to mixer 330 to drive the LO port. The mixer 330 mixes the conditioned RF/downconverted IF signal and local oscillator signal to generate the sound intermediate frequency signal as an output component.

As shown in Figure 3, the demodulator portion of the receiver also includes low pass filters (340 and 350) as well as Nyquist slope filter 360. As described more fully below, the total response from-low pass filters (340 and 350) and Nyquist slope filter 360 generate a demodulated baseband television signal. Specifically, the Nyquist slope filter generates a Nyquist slope response and rejects channels adjacent to the tuned channel.

Figure 4 is a block diagram illustrating one embodiment for the U/V tuner (U/V tuner 310, Figure 3) in the television receiver. For this embodiment, U/V tuner 310 performs a double down conversion. As shown in Figure 4, an RF television signal is input to the U/V tuner. The RF television signal has a single fundamental frequency in the range of 55 MHz to 880 MHz. For this embodiment, a first down conversion circuit includes tunable bandpass filters 410 and 430, automatic gain control ("AGC") circuits 420 and 440, local oscillator circuit 445, and mixer 450. The first down conversion circuit processes the RF television signal to convert the signal to a first intermediate frequency of 45.75 MHz (i. e. , down converts from a range of input frequencies, 55 MHz to 880 MHz, to the first IF frequency of 45.75 MHz). For example, if the input RF television signal comprises a fundamental frequency of 880 MHz, the first down conversion circuit down converts an 880 MHz RF signal to a first intermediate frequency signal of 45.75 MHz. Similarly, if the input RF signal comprises a fundamental frequency of 220 MHz, then the first down conversion circuit generates a first intermediate frequency signal of 45.75 MHz.

A band of RF frequencies is converted to the first IF. In order to convert the range of frequencies, the local oscillator 445 (Figure 4) generates a variable local oscillator signal.

The local oscillator signal has a range of frequencies between 925.75 MHz and 100.75 MHz.

For example, if the input RF signal has a fundamental frequency of 880 MHz, then the local

oscillator 445 is tuned to generate a signal at 925.75 MHz to produce a first intermediate frequency at the output of mixer 450 of 45.75 MHz (i. e. , 925.75 MHz-880 MHz).

An image signal, fi, is an output product of mixer 450 (i. e. , the image signal, fi, results from mixing the RF signal with the local oscillator signal of local oscillator 445). For example, an RF input signal with a fundamental frequency of 55 MHz is mixed with a local oscillator having a frequency of 100.75 MHz to produce a first harmonic at 45.75 MHz (RF (100.75 Mhz) -LO (55 Mhz) = 45.75 Mhz). In turn, this first harmonic, centered around 45.75 MHz, mixes with the local oscillator frequency of 100.75 MHz to produce an image at 155.75 MHz (45.75 Mhz + 100.75 Mhz = 155.75 Mhz). The image frequencies require suppression for proper operation of the circuit.

For the embodiment of Figure 4, the first down conversion circuit includes tunable bandpass filters 410 and 430. The band pass filter 410 is tuned based on the input RF signal frequency. The bandpass filter 430 is selectively tuned to filter, at a center frequency, between the range of 55 MHz and 880 MHz, the fundamental frequencies of the input RF signals.

A second down conversion circuit, which includes IF bandpass filter 460, AGC circuit 470, mixer 480, and local oscillator 475, converts RF signals from the first intermediate frequency (45.75 MHz) to a second intermediate frequency (10.5 MHz). The IF2 composite filter 485 processes the IF2 television signal for extraction of the tuned channel sound carrier (Fs) and the tuned channel picture carrier (Fp). An AGC circuit 490 provides additional gain for the color carrier frequency.

Figure 5 is a block diagram illustrating another embodiment for the U/V tuner. For this embodiment, the U/V tuner (310, Figure 3) utilizes a single down conversion scheme.

For this embodiment, a single down conversion circuit includes tunable bandpass filters 510 and 520, automatic gain control ("AGC") circuits 515,525, 545, and 580, local oscillator circuit 535, and mixer 530. The single down conversion circuit processes the RF television signal to convert the signal to an intermediate frequency of 20 MHz (i. e. , down converts from a range of input frequencies, 55 MHz to 880 MHz, to the IF frequency of 20 MHz). For example, if the input RF television signal comprises a fundamental frequency of 880 MHz,

the first down conversion circuit down converts an 880 MHz RF signal to an intermediate frequency signal of 20 MHz.

A band of RF frequencies is converted to the IF frequency. In order to convert the range of frequencies, the local oscillator 535 (Figure 5) generates a variable local oscillator signal. The local oscillator signal has a range of frequencies between 860 MHz and 35 MHz.

For example, if the input RF signal has a fundamental frequency of 880 MHz, then the local oscillator 535 is tuned to generate a signal at 860 MHz to produce the intermediate frequency at the output of mixer 530 of 20 MHz (i. e., 880 MHz-860 MHz).

The IF1 bandpass filter 540 filters the filter the IF television signal for the IF frequency of 20 MHz. The AGC 545 circuit provides gain for the IF television signal, and the IF1 composite filter 550 processes the IF1 television signal for extraction of the tuned channel sound carrier (Fs) and the tuned channel picture carrier (Fp). An AGC circuit 560 provides additional gain for the color carrier frequency.

Figure 6 illustrates a frequency response realized by one embodiment of the Nyquist slope filter. Figure 6 shows a waveform of a six (6) MHz channel for tuning by the television receiver. The channel includes a picture component, modulated on a picture carrier frequency (Fp), a color component, modulated on a color carrier frequency (Fc), and a sound component modulated on a sound carrier frequency (Fs). The television channel waveform shown in Figure 6 is a baseband television signal. Thus, the picture carrier frequency (Fp) is at 0 MHz, the color carrier frequency is at 3. 58 MHz, and the sound carrier frequency is at 4.5 MHz.

Figure 6 also shows a channel adjacent to the tuned television channel (e. g., the adjacent channel at a lower frequency). The relative components of the adjacent channel are shown relative to the tuned channel. Specifically, the adjacent sound carrier (Fas) is shown at 1.5 MHz below the picture carrier of the tuned channel. Also, the adjacent color carrier (Fac) and adjacent picture carrier frequency (Fap-1) are shown at-2.4 MHz and-6.0 MHz, respectively, below the picture carrier frequency for the tuned channel.

As shown in Figure 6, the Nyquist slope filter of the present invention realizes close to an ideal Nyquist slope response. The Nyquist slope frequency response is shown as curve

710 in Figure 6. As shown in Figure 6, the Nyquist slope frequency response crosses the picture frequency carrier at 0 MHz so as to attenuate approximately half (. 5) of the total energy of the television channel at the picture frequency carrier.

The Nyquist slope filter of the present invention also provides adjacent channel rejection. In one embodiment, the Nyquist slope filter response includes at least two zero crossings. For the embodiment shown in Figure 6, the Nyquist slope filter response includes three zero crossings. This response provides three notch filters to reject the adjacent television channel. In one embodiment, the Nyquist slope filter includes notch filters to maximize suppression of the adjacent channel at the picture, color carrier, and sound carrier frequency components. Specifically, as shown in Figure 6, the Nyquist slope filter response includes three zero row crossings:-. 5 MHz (adjacent sound carrier frequency), -2.4 MHz (adjacent color carrier frequency), and-6.0 MHz (adjacent picture carrier frequency).

Figure 6 also depicts (response curve 700) an example frequency response for the low pass filters (e. g. , low pass filters 340 and 350, Figure 3). For this embodiment, the low pass filter response 700 has a center pass frequency centered around the picture carrier frequency (0 Mhz) for the tuned channel. A third response curve, labeled 720 in Figure 6, represents the total transfer response for the low pass filters and the Nyquist slope filter (i. e., a combination of the response from curves 700 and 710).

Figure 7 illustrates one embodiment for the demodulator circuit of the present invention. For this embodiment, the mixer 307 (Figure 3) is implemented with double balanced mixer 455, and mixer 320 (Figure 3) is implemented with double balanced mixer 470. As shown in Figure 7, differential inputs of in-phase local oscillator signal, I signal, are input to double balanced mixer 455, and differential inputs of quadrature phase local oscillator signal, Q signal, are input to double balanced mixer 470. Differential IF inputs (e. g. , output of tunable bandpass filter 310) are input to both double balanced mixers 455 and 470. Double balanced mixers 455 and 470 are biased with current sources 458 and 460, respectively.

The differential outputs of double balanced mixer 470 (Q channel) are input to low pass filter 450. Similarly, the differential outputs of double balanced mixer 455 (I channel)

are input to low pass filter 445. In one embodiment, the low pass filters (445 and 450) are configured as Butterworth lowpass filters. For this embodiment, low pass filter 450 consists of resistors 446 and 449, capacitors 451 and 447, and bipolar transistor 457. Similarly, low pass filter 445 consists of resistors 452 and 454, capacitors 453 and 456, and bipolar transistor 458. As shown in Figure 7, the output of low pass filter 450 is a filtered baseband Q signal, and the output of low pass filter 445 is a filtered baseband I signal.

In one embodiment, the transfer function, expressed in the S domain, of the Butterworth lowpass filter for the I channel follows.

I=lx 1+l. 4xS+SxS The transfer function, also expressed in the S domain, of the Butterworth lowpass filter for the Q channel may be expressed as : <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> 1<BR> Q = jx<BR> <BR> 1 + 1.4xS + SxS wherein, S = jx F/@ 3MIzz Figure 7 also illustrates one embodiment for the quadratic Nyquist slope filter of the present invention. In one embodiment, the Nyquist slope filter comprises a quadratic filter.

The Nyquist slope filter provides close to an ideal Nyquist slope through use of quadratic I, Q demodulators. For this embodiment, the quadratic slope filter includes two inverters (410 and 420). The invertors invert in-phase (I) and quadrature phase (Q) signals to generate a negative I and Q signals. The negative I and Q signals, along with the positive I and Q signals, constitute the differential I, Q pair. The differential I, Q pair is input to the quadratic Nyquist slope filter. For this embodiment, the Nyquist slope filter is implemented with capacitors 434,435, and 436 and resistors 431,432, and 433. A plurality of transistors (425, 430,440, 461,462, 463, and 464) are also used to construct the Nyquist slope filter. In one embodiment, the transistors comprise bipolar transistors. Specifically, the emitter of BJT transistors 461,462, and 463 are coupled to a constant current source through variable resistors 433,432, and 431, respectively. In one embodiment, the constant current source generates a current of sixty (60) micro amperes (uA), and the variable resistors are set to a

value of 16 kilo ohms. As shown in Figure 7, capacitor 434 couples the positive Q input to the base of transistor 440, capacitor 435 couples the negative I input to the base of transistor 440, and capacitor 436 couples the negative Q input to the base of transistor 425. In one embodiment, capacitor 434 has a value of 12.7 pica farads (pF), capacitor 435 has a value of 3.60 pF, and capacitor 436 has a value of 1 pF (i. e. , Cl = 12. 7 pF, C2 = 3.6pF, and C3 = lpF).

In one embodiment, the transfer function for the Nyquist slope filter comprises in all- pass filter. The transfer function is expressed in the S domain. The transfer function is at least a second order function. In one embodiment, the transfer function includes a real number in the numerator and a complex number in the denominator. The Nyquist slope filter comprises inverters so that the transfer function includes only terms in the numerator with the same sign. Specifically, the Nyquist slope filter transfer function may be expressed as: A = 1/@ + jxSl-SlxS2-jxSlxS2xS3 1 + Sl + SlxS2 + SlxS2xS3 wherein, S1 = jwC1R S2= jwC2R S3 = jwC3R.

This denominator may be factored as follows.

1 + S1 + SlxS2 + SlxS2xS3 = (1 + Sa) x (1 + Sb) x (l + Sc) Thus, the filter transfer function may also be expressed as: A = (1/@ + Za) x (l + Zb) x (l + Zc) (1 + Sa) x (l + Sb) x (l + Sc) wherein, F Sa = jxZa = jx 1. SMlzz<BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> Sb=jxZb=jx 2. 4Mhz F Sc = jXZc = jx.

6MHz Figure 8 illustrates one embodiment of a total response curve for the low pass filters and Nyquist slope filter. The response curve is applied to filter the television signal at baseband. The frequency response curve of Figure 8 is normalized to the frequency, x, shown on the x-axis. The attenuation yall (x) is shown as a function of x. For the Butterworth low pass filter embodiment, the transfer function of the low pass filter, realized as a function of X, may be expressed as:

The Nyquist slope transfer function may be expressed as: x x x (1+ x) X (l+ x) + (l+ x) Slope = . 5) 2 IX11 + (2. 4 6 The Nyquist slope filter of the present invention has several advantages over implementing the Nyquist slope in the IF SAW filter. As discussed above in the Background of the Invention section, the SAW filter requires an adjustment in order to track the input frequency with the bandpass characteristics of the SAW filter. In contrast, no tracking or tuning of the Nyquist slope filter is required. In addition, the IF SAW filter implementation introduces group delay in the television signal. No such group delay is introduced through use of the Nyquist slope filter. The SAW filter also generates a large insertion loss for the television signal, between 12-20 dB. Furthermore, the IF SAW filter has a large thermal dependency. The thermal dependency in the SAW filters causes tracking problems for tuning.

Using the Nyquist slope filter of the present invention, no tracking or tuning is required if the I, Q demodulator is phase locked to the input signal. The Nyquist slope filter provides a better Nyquist slope and adjacent channel rejection than the SAW filter implementation. Furthermore, there is no significant signal loss in the Nyquist slope filter.

Thus, a 55 dB signal to noise ratio, required to eliminate distortion perceived by a human, is easy to achieve.