BACKGROUND

[0001] Full-quadrature clocks are a common feature of modern I/O (input-output) systems. For example, full-quadrature clocks are used in PCI Express (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express) interfaces. Existing circuits for generating full-quadrature clocks consume excessive power, area, and have limited high frequency operating bandwidth.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0002] The embodiments of the disclosure will be understood more fully from the detailed description given below and from the accompanying drawings of various embodiments of the disclosure, which, however, should not be taken to limit the disclosure to the specific embodiments, but are for explanation and understanding only.

[0003] Fig. 1A illustrates a delay locked loop (DLL) for generating quadrature clock.

[0004] Fig. IB illustrates a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) for generating quadrature clock.

[0005] Fig 2 A illustrates a jam-latch based circuit quadrature clock generator.

[0006] Fig 2B illustrates another jam-latch based circuit quadrature clock generator.

[0007] Fig. 3 illustrates a contention free circular quadrature clock generator, according to one embodiment of the disclosure.

[0008] Fig. 4 illustrates another contention free circular quadrature clock generator, according to another embodiment of the disclosure.

[0009] Fig. 5 illustrates a contention free circular quadrature clock generator with option to generate deterministic output, according to one embodiment of the disclosure.

[0010] Fig. 6 illustrates a plot comparing bandwidth of a variation of circuit of Fig. 2 with jam latches relative to circuit of Fig. 4 which is independent of jam latches, according to another embodiment of the disclosure.

[0011] Fig. 7 illustrates another contention free circular quadrature clock generator with option to generate deterministic output, according to another embodiment of the disclosure.

[0012] Fig. 8 is a multiplexer for use in the embodiment of Fig. 7, according to another embodiment of the disclosure.

[0013] Fig. 9 is a smart device or a computer system or a SoC (system-on-chip) with a contention free circular quadrature clock generator, according to one embodiment of the disclosure.

Docket No.: 42P53683PCT 1 DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0014] Fig. 1A illustrates a delay locked loop (DLL) 100 for generating quadrature clocks. In this example, DLL 100 consists of four delay cells— DelayO, Delayl, Delay2, and Delay3— and a control block Ctrl for generating control signals (in this example, an analog voltage Vctrl) for the delay cells. Input clock Clkin is received by the control block and the first delay cell DelayO. Output of each delay cell is one of the quadrature clocks— Clk90, Clkl80, Clk270, ClkO, where ClkO is the reference phase, Clk90 has phase which is 90 degrees separate from the reference phase of ClkO, Clkl80 has a phase which is 180 degrees separate from the reference phase of ClkO, and Clk270 has a phase which is 270 degrees separate from the reference phase of ClkO.

[0015] These clock phases may be used for sampling data (represented as eyes) received over a transmission media. For example, rising edges on ClkO and Clkl80 begin the even and odd data eyes, and rising edges on Clk90 and Clk270 provide sampling points in the middle of those eyes. However, DLL 100 consumes high power and area to generate quadrature clock relative to other digital circuits that may consume less power. Additionally, generating analog control voltage Vctrl uses analog circuits which traditionally consume more power than digital circuits.

[0016] Fig. IB illustrates a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) 120 for generating quadrature clocks. VCO 120 consists of a plurality of delay cells. In this example, VCO 120 consists of an even number of differential delay cells coupled together in a ring topology. For example, differential delay cell DelayO is coupled to differential delay cell Delay2, which is coupled to differential delay cell Delay3, which is coupled to differential delay cell Delay4, which is coupled to differential delay cell Delay5, which is coupled to differential delay cell Delay6 which is coupled back to differential delay cell DelayO.

[0017] In this example, quadrature clock is generated using second post VCO amplifiers,

Ampl and Amp2. Here, Ampl is coupled to output of differential delay cell Delay3 while Amp2 is coupled to output of differential delay cell Delay6. In this example, Ampl generates Clk90 and Clk270 while Amp2 generates CM 80 and ClkO. Here, VCO duty cycle will impact quadrature quality. Unfortunately, low noise VCOs may often need to be run faster than "full" speed, especially LC-based VCOs whose area requirements are inversely proportional to frequency. This requires a post-VCO divider capable of frequencies much higher than standard core logic would tolerate. Here, each delay differential delay cell is controlled by an analog voltage Vctrl generated by an analog circuit, which consumes more power than traditional digital circuits. For low power devices and for high frequency usage, VCO 120 based quadrature architecture becomes challenging.

Docket No.: 42P53683PCT 2 [0018] Fig 2A illustrates a jam-latch based circuit quadrature clock generator 200 (or quadrature divider 200). In this example, generator 200 consists of a ring of latches that receive clock and clock bar (Clkin and Clkinb respectively) signals as inputs to multiplexers (Muxs). Clkinb signal is an inverse of Clkin signal. In this example, four latches and two jam-latch circuits (i.e., jamO and jaml) are used. Output of each latch is used to generate a phase of the quadrature clock. The four phases of quadrature clock are ClkO, Clk90, Clkl80, and Clk270, where Clk0_b, Clk90_b, Clkl80_b, Clk270_b signals are inverses of clock signals ClkO, Clk90, Clkl80, and Clk270 respectively. In the following description, the term node and signals on that node may use the same name. For example, ClkO may refer to node ClkO or ClkO signal depending on the context of the sentence.

[0019] The first latch comprises muxO, inverter invO, and inverter invl. MuxO is a two input multiplexer muxO with input A coupled to an output of a previous latch and a second input B coupled to an output of muxO via inverters invO and invl. Here, invO and invl are coupled together such that invl receives output of muxO and generates Clk0_b output which is received as input by invO, output of which is provided as input B to muxO. In this example, output of previous latch is Clk270. Output Clk0_b is inverted by inverter inv2 to generate ClkO. ClkO forms the reference phase of quadrature clock. MuxO is controlled by select input SelA. In this example, SelA receives Clkin signal.

[0020] The second latch comprises muxl, inverter inv3, and inverter inv4. Muxl is a two input multiplexer muxl with input A coupled to an output of a previous latch and a second input B coupled to an output of muxl via inverters inv3 and inv4. Here, inv3 and inv4 are coupled together such that inv4 receives output of muxl and generates Clk90_b output which is received as input by inv3, output of which is provided as input B to muxl. In this example, output of previous latch is ClkO. Output Clk90_b is inverted by inverter inv5 to generate Clk90. Clk90 forms phase signal which is 90 degrees relative to the reference phase ClkO of quadrature clock. Muxl is controlled by select input SelA. In this example, SelA receives Clkinb signal.

[0021] The third latch comprises mux2, inverter inv6, and inverter inv7. Mux2 is a two input multiplexer mux2 with input A coupled to an output of a previous latch and a second input B coupled to an output of mux2 via inverters inv6 and inv7. Here, inv6 and inv7 are coupled together such that inv7 receives output of mux2 and generates Clkl 80_b output which is received as input by inv6, output of which is provided as input B to mux2. In this example, output of previous latch is Clk90. Output Clkl 80_b is inverted by inverter inv7 to generate Clkl 80. Clkl 80 forms phase signal which is 180 degrees relative to the reference phase ClkO of quadrature clock. Mux2 is controlled by select input SelA. In this example, SelA receives Clkin signal.

Docket No.: 42P53683PCT 3 [0022] The fourth latch comprises mux3, inverter inv9, and inverter invlO. Mux3 is a two input multiplexer mux3 with input A coupled to an output of a previous latch and a second input B coupled to an output of mux3 via inverters inv9 and invlO. Here, inv9 and invlO are coupled together such that invlO receives output of mux3 and generates Clk270_b output which is received as input by inv9, output of which is provided as input B to mux3. In this example, output of previous latch is Clkl80. Output Clk270_b is inverted by inverter invlO to generate Clk270. Clk270 forms a phase signal which is 270 degrees relative to the reference phase ClkO of quadrature clock. Mux3 is controlled by select input SelA. In this example, SelA receives Clklnb signal.

[0023] JamO, which includes two cross-coupled inverters, is coupled to Clk0_b and

Clkl80_b- Jaml, which includes two cross-coupled inverters, is coupled to Clk90_b and Clk270_b- JamO and Jaml may exhibit poor frequency scaling because of their contention based deign. Writing into the jam latches i.e., jamO and jaml, consumes power to ensure that the cross-coupled inverters in each jam latch output different logical levels.

[0024] Fig 2B illustrates another jam-latch based circuit quadrature clock generator 220

(or quadrature divider 220). Fig. 2B is similar to Fig. 2A except that inverters driving between multiplexers are removed. For example, invl and inv2 are removed between muxO and muxl, inv4 and inv5 are removed between muxl and mux2, inv7 and inv8 are removed between mux2 and mux3, invlO and invll are removed between mux3 and muxO.

[0025] The embodiments enhance frequency bandwidth of the ring-latch design of Fig.

2A-B by removing the jam latches jamO and jaml. The embodiments further couple the inverted output of each latch i.e., first, second, third, and fourth latches, to input B of multiplexer of another latch. One technical effect of the embodiments is that the quadrature clock generator is about 25% faster than the quadrature generator of Fig. 2B i.e., the frequency bandwidth is much larger than the bandwidth of quadrature generator of Fig. 2B. The above technical effect is not a limiting technical effect. Other technical effects will be evident from the embodiments.

[0026] In the following description, numerous details are discussed to provide a more thorough explanation of embodiments of the present disclosure. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art, that embodiments of the present disclosure may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form, rather than in detail, in order to avoid obscuring embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0027] Note that in the corresponding drawings of the embodiments, signals are represented with lines. Some lines may be thicker, to indicate more constituent signal paths, and/or have arrows at one or more ends, to indicate primary information flow direction. Such

Docket No.: 42P53683PCT 4 indications are not intended to be limiting. Rather, the lines are used in connection with one or more exemplary embodiments to facilitate easier understanding of a circuit or a logical unit. Any represented signal, as dictated by design needs or preferences, may actually comprise one or more signals that may travel in either direction and may be implemented with any suitable type of signal scheme.

[0028] Throughout the specification, and in the claims, the term "connected" means a direct electrical connection between the things that are connected, without any intermediary devices. The term "coupled" means either a direct electrical connection between the things that are connected or an indirect connection through one or more passive or active intermediary devices. The term "circuit" means one or more passive and/or active components that are arranged to cooperate with one another to provide a desired function. The term "signal" means at least one current signal, voltage signal or data/clock signal. The meaning of "a," "an," and "the" include plural references. The meaning of "in" includes "in" and "on."

[0029] The term "scaling" generally refers to converting a design (schematic and layout) from one process technology to another process technology. The term "scaling" generally also refers to downsizing layout and devices within the same technology node. The term "scaling" may also refer to adjusting (e.g., slow down) of a signal frequency relative to another parameter, for example, power supply level. The terms "substantially," "close," "approximately," "near," and "about," generally refer to being within +/- 20% of a target value.

[0030] Unless otherwise specified the use of the ordinal adjectives "first," "second," and

"third," etc., to describe a common object, merely indicate that different instances of like objects are being referred to, and are not intended to imply that the objects so described must be in a given sequence, either temporally, spatially, in ranking or in any other manner.

[0031] For purposes of the embodiments, the transistors are metal oxide semiconductor

(MOS) transistors, which include drain, source, gate, and bulk terminals. The transistors also include Tri-Gate and FinFet transistors, Gate All Around Cylindrical Transistors or other devices implementing transistor functionality like carbon nano tubes or spintronic devices. Source and drain terminals may be identical terminals and are interchangeably used herein. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that other transistors, for example, Bi-polar junction transistors— BJT PNP/NPN, BiCMOS, CMOS, eFET, etc., may be used without departing from the scope of the disclosure. The term "MN" indicates an n-type transistor (e.g., NMOS, NPN BJT, etc.) and the term "MP" indicates a p-type transistor (e.g., PMOS, PNP BJT, etc.).

[0032] Fig. 3 illustrates a contention free circular quadrature clock generator 300 (or quadrature divider 300), according to one embodiment of the disclosure. It is pointed out that those elements of Fig. 3 having the same reference numbers (or names) as the elements of any

Docket No.: 42P53683PCT 5 other figure can operate or function in any manner similar to that described, but are not limited to such. So as not to obscure the embodiments, generator 300 is described with reference to Fig. 2A.

[0033] Compared to the embodiment of Fig. 2A, quadrature generator 300 has fewer logic gates and eliminates the use of jam latches e.g., jamO and jaml, according to one embodiment. In one embodiment, output of invl is directly input to input B of third multiplexer mux2 (also called third selection unit). In one embodiment, output of inv7 is directly input to input B of first multiplexer muxO (also called first selection unit). In one embodiment, output of inv4 is directly input to input B of fourth multiplexer mux3 (also called fourth selection unit). In one embodiment, output of invlO is directly input to input B of second multiplexer muxl (also called second selection unit). In one embodiment, the multiplexers are implemented using pass- gates. In other embodiments, other circuits may be used to implement the selection units.

[0034] By removing the contention jam latches (i.e., jamO and jaml) and extra inverters from quadrature generator 200, the embodiment of Fig. 3 achieves higher bandwidth and lower power consumption compared to quadrature generators 200 and 220. In this embodiment, ring topology is used to ensure complementary state generation with contention. In one embodiment, the retention loops of jamO and jaml are converted to cross-couplings (i.e., loop with Clk0_b and Clkl80b, and loop with Clk90_b and Clk270b). In this embodiment, invO, inv3, inv6, and inv9 are also removed. In the embodiment of Fig. 3, the load on nodes Clkln and Clklnb remains the same as in Fig. 2A, but overall layout is smaller than that of generator of Fig. 2A.

[0035] Fig. 4 illustrates a contention free circular quadrature clock generator 400 (or quadrature divider 400), according to another embodiment of the disclosure. It is pointed out that those elements of Fig. 4 having the same reference numbers (or names) as the elements of any other figure can operate or function in any manner similar to that described, but are not limited to such. Embodiment of Fig. 4 is described with reference to Figs. 2-3. So as not to obscure the embodiments, only major differences between Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 are described.

[0036] In one embodiment, inv2, inv5, inv8, and invll are removed. In one

embodiment, inputs to first multiplexer muxO are Clk270_b and Clkl 80_b- In one embodiment, inputs to second multiplexer muxl are Clk270_b and Clk0_b- In one embodiment, inputs to third multiplexer mux2 are Clk0_b and Clk90_b- In one embodiment, inputs to fourth multiplexer mux3 are Clk90_b and Clkl80_b-

[0037] In one embodiment, an inverter (not shown) is coupled to receive Clk0_b to generate ClkO for use by another circuit. In one embodiment, an inverter (not shown) is coupled to receive Clk90_b to generate Clk90 for use by another circuit. In one embodiment, an inverter (not shown) is coupled to receive Clkl 80_b to generate Clkl 80 for use by another circuit. In one

Docket No.: 42P53683PCT 6 embodiment, an inverter (not shown) is coupled to receive Clk270_b to generate Clk270 for use by another circuit. In the embodiment of Fig. 4, the load on nodes Clkin and Clklnb remains the same as in Fig. 2A and Fig. 3, but overall layout area may be smaller than that of generators of Fig. 2A and Fig. 3.

[0038] Fig. 5 illustrates a contention free circular quadrature clock generator 500 (or quadrature divider 500) with option to generate deterministic output, according to one embodiment of the disclosure. It is pointed out that those elements of Fig. 5 having the same reference numbers (or names) as the elements of any other figure can operate or function in any manner similar to that described, but are not limited to such. So as not to obscure the embodiment of Fig. 5, elements previously discussed are not discussed again.

[0039] Some frequency dividers may want to park their outputs in a deterministic manner, preferably without compromising divider symmetry. In one embodiment, during parking, the differential input clocks remain complementary, avoiding rush-through oscillation in the N-P-N-P latch ring. Compared to the embodiment of Fig. 4, inverters invl, inv4, inv7, and invlO are replaced with logic gates.

[0040] In one embodiment, the logic gates are NOR gates. In one embodiment, invl is replaced with NOR gate norl. In one embodiment, inv4 is replaced with NOR gate nor4. In one embodiment, inv7 is replaced with NOR gate nor7. In one embodiment, invlO is replaced with NOR gate nor 10. In one embodiment, one of the input of each NOR gate is the output of the multiplexer.

[0041] In one embodiment, one of the NOR gates receives a Reset signal as a second input. In this embodiment, norl receives the Reset signal while the second input of the other NOR gates i.e., gates nor4, nor7, and norlO, is ground (i.e., Vss). In this embodiment, when Reset signal is asserted (i.e., transitions from logical low to logical high), ClkO is forced to a logical low, which in turn causes Clk90 and Clkl80 to become logical high, and Clk270 to become logical low. By causing ClkO, Clk90, Clkl80, and Clk270 to be set to constant logical levels, divider 500 is parked. In one embodiment, when Reset is de-asserted, divider 500 continues to operate normally and generates quadrature clocks ClkO, Clk90, Clkl80, and Clk270.

[0042] In one embodiment, the logic gates are NAND gates (not shown). In one embodiment, invl is replaced with NAND gate nandl. In one embodiment, inv4 is replaced with NAND gate nand4. In one embodiment, inv7 is replaced with NAND gate nand7. In one embodiment, invlO is replaced with NAND gate nandl 0. In one embodiment, one of the inputs of each NAND gate is the output of the multiplexer.

[0043] In one embodiment, one of the NAND gates receives a ResetB signal as a second input, where ResetB signal is logical inverse of Reset signal. When Reset signal is asserted,

Docket No.: 42P53683PCT 7 ResetB is de-asserted (i.e., transitions from logical high to logical low). In this embodiment, nandl receives the ResetB signal while the second input of the other NAND gates i.e., gates nand4, nand7, and nandlO, is power supply (i.e., Vdd). In this embodiment, when ResetB signal is asserted, ClkO is forced to a logical high, which in turn causes Clk90 and Clkl 80 to become logical low, and Clk270 to become logical high. By causing ClkO, Clk90, Clkl 80, and Clk270 to be set to constant logical levels, divider 500 is parked. In one embodiment, when ResetB is de- asserted, divider 500 continues to operate normally and generates quadrature clock signals ClkO, Clk90, Clkl80, and Clk270. In other embodiments, other logical gates e.g., OR, AND, etc., may be used instead of the NOR gates to park divider 500 upon a reset signal assertion or de- assertion.

[0044] Fig. 6 illustrates a plot 600 comparing bandwidth of circuit of Fig. 2B with jam latches relative to circuit of Fig. 4 which is independent of jam latches, according to one embodiment. It is pointed out that those elements of Fig. 6 having the same reference numbers (or names) as the elements of any other figure can operate or function in any manner similar to that described, but are not limited to such.

[0045] Here, x-axis of plot 600 is frequency of Clkln in GHz, and y-axis of plot 600 ratio of Clkln/ClkOut. Waveform 601 is the maximum frequency of divider 200. Waveform 602 is the maximum frequency of divider 300. As the desired operation is frequency division by two, a point on the plot is considered functional if the Clkin/ClkOut ratio is 2.0. Waveform therefore 601 has a maximum functional frequency around 11.8GHz while waveform 602 has a maximum functional frequency around 14.0 GHz.

[0046] Fig. 7 illustrates a contention free circular quadrature clock generator 700 with option to generate deterministic output, according to another embodiment of the disclosure. It is pointed out that those elements of Fig. 7 having the same reference numbers (or names) as the elements of any other figure can operate or function in any manner similar to that described, but are not limited to such. Fig. 7 is described with reference to Fig. 4 and Fig. 5. So as not to obscure the embodiment of Fig. 7, differences between the embodiment of Fig. 7 and embodiment of Fig. 4 are discussed.

[0047] In this embodiment, multiplexers muxO, muxl, mux2, and mux3 are three input multiplexers compared to the two input multiplexers of Figs. 3-5. Being three input multiplexes, each multiplexer is controlled by two select signals. Here, the two select signals are SelA and Off, where SelA is coupled to a clock signal (either Clkln or Clklnb). In one embodiment, when Off signal is asserted (which is received by input Off of the multiplexers), Clk0_b, Clk90_b, Clkl80_b, and Clk270_b are parked to deterministic values. In one embodiment, the third input

Docket No.: 42P53683PCT 8 of the multiplexers is a vector of Parked[i] signals (where 'i' is an integer) which are used to establish the parking states of Clk0_b, Clk90_b, Clkl80_b, and Clk270_b as desired.

[0048] Fig. 8 is a multiplexer 800 for use in the embodiment of Fig. 7, according to one embodiment. It is pointed out that those elements of Fig. 8 having the same reference numbers (or names) as the elements of any other figure can operate or function in any manner similar to that described, but are not limited to such.

[0049] In one embodiment, multiplexer 800 comprises transmission gates TGI, TG2, and

TG3, logical gates (e.g., NOR gate) gatel and gate2, and inverters invl, inv2, and inv3. The three inputs to multiplexer are A, B, P, and the control signals are Off and SelA. In this embodiment, 'P' is coupled to one of the bits of Parked[i]. In one embodiment, Off signal (also referred as input Off) and inverted version of SelA signal are received by gatel to generate SelA_bb signal. In one embodiment, invl receives SelA_b signal and generates SelA_bb signal. In one embodiment, SelA_b is used to control n-type transistor of TGI and SelA_bb is used to control p-type transistor of TGI. Transmission gates are formed by coupling a n-type transistor in parallel to a p-type transistor.

[0050] In one embodiment, Off signal (also referred as input Off) and SelA signal are received by gate2 to generate SelB signal. In one embodiment, SelB is received by inverter inv2 to generate SelB_b signal which is used to control p-type transistor of TG2 while SelB is used to control n-type transistor of TG2. In one embodiment, input A is received at input of TGI. In one embodiment, input B is received by TG2. In one embodiment, input P is received by TG3. In one embodiment, inverter inv3 generates Off_b by inverting Off signal. In one embodiment, Off_b signal is used to control p-type transistor of TG3 while Off signal is used to control n-type transistor TGI.

[0051] The embodiments here can be used for any circuit that needs a quadrature divider.

For example, an LC-Phase Locked Loop (PLL) or other PLLs. The embodiments are not limited to a quadrature divider. The concept of the embodiments can also be extended to divide -by-6, divide-by-8, etc., dividers.

[0052] Fig. 9 is a smart device or a computer system 1600 or an SoC (system-on-chip) with a contention free circular quadrature clock generator, according to one embodiment of the disclosure. Fig. 9 is a smart device or a computer system 1600 or an SoC (system-on-chip) with a contention free circular quadrature clock generator, according to one embodiment of the disclosure. It is pointed out that those elements of Fig. 9 having the same reference numbers (or names) as the elements of any other figure can operate or function in any manner similar to that described, but are not limited to such.

Docket No.: 42P53683PCT 9 [0053] Fig. 9 illustrates a block diagram of an embodiment of a mobile device in which flat surface interface connectors could be used. In one embodiment, computing device 1600 represents a mobile computing device, such as a computing tablet, a mobile phone or smart- phone, a wireless-enabled e-reader, or other wireless mobile device. It will be understood that certain components are shown generally, and not all components of such a device are shown in computing device 1600.

[0054] In one embodiment, computing device 1600 includes a first processor 1610 with a contention free circular quadrature clock generator, according to the embodiments discussed. Other blocks of the computing device 1600 may also include a contention free circular quadrature clock generator of the embodiments. The various embodiments of the present disclosure may also comprise a network interface within 1670 such as a wireless interface so that a system embodiment may be incorporated into a wireless device, for example, cell phone or personal digital assistant.

[0055] In one embodiment, processor 1610 (and/or processor 1690) can include one or more physical devices, such as microprocessors, application processors, microcontrollers, programmable logic devices, or other processing means. In one embodiment, processor 1690 is optional. The processing operations performed by processor 1610 include the execution of an operating platform or operating system on which applications and/or device functions are executed. The processing operations include operations related to I/O (input/output) with a human user or with other devices, operations related to power management, and/or operations related to connecting the computing device 1600 to another device. The processing operations may also include operations related to audio I/O and/or display I/O.

[0056] In one embodiment, computing device 1600 includes audio subsystem 1620, which represents hardware (e.g., audio hardware and audio circuits) and software (e.g., drivers, codecs) components associated with providing audio functions to the computing device. Audio functions can include speaker and/or headphone output, as well as microphone input. Devices for such functions can be integrated into computing device 1600, or connected to the computing device 1600. In one embodiment, a user interacts with the computing device 1600 by providing audio commands that are received and processed by processor 1610.

[0057] Display subsystem 1630 represents hardware (e.g., display devices) and software

(e.g., drivers) components that provide a visual and/or tactile display for a user to interact with the computing device 1600. Display subsystem 1630 includes display interface 1632, which includes the particular screen or hardware device used to provide a display to a user. In one embodiment, display interface 1632 includes logic separate from processor 1610 to perform at

Docket No.: 42P53683PCT 10 least some processing related to the display. In one embodiment, display subsystem 1630 includes a touch screen (or touch pad) device that provides both output and input to a user.

[0058] I/O controller 1640 represents hardware devices and software components related to interaction with a user. I/O controller 1640 is operable to manage hardware that is part of audio subsystem 1620 and/or display subsystem 1630. Additionally, I/O controller 1640 illustrates a connection point for additional devices that connect to computing device 1600 through which a user might interact with the system. For example, devices that can be attached to the computing device 1600 might include microphone devices, speaker or stereo systems, video systems or other display devices, keyboard or keypad devices, or other I/O devices for use with specific applications such as card readers or other devices.

[0059] As mentioned above, I/O controller 1640 can interact with audio subsystem 1620 and/or display subsystem 1630. For example, input through a microphone or other audio device can provide input or commands for one or more applications or functions of the computing device 1600. Additionally, audio output can be provided instead of, or in addition to display output. In another example, if display subsystem 1630 includes a touch screen, the display device also acts as an input device, which can be at least partially managed by I/O controller 1640. There can also be additional buttons or switches on the computing device 1600 to provide I/O functions managed by I/O controller 1640.

[0060] In one embodiment, I/O controller 1640 manages devices such as accelerometers, cameras, light sensors or other environmental sensors, or other hardware that can be included in the computing device 1600. The input can be part of direct user interaction, as well as providing environmental input to the system to influence its operations (such as filtering for noise, adjusting displays for brightness detection, applying a flash for a camera, or other features).

[0061] In one embodiment, computing device 1600 includes power management 1650 that manages battery power usage, charging of the battery, and features related to power saving operation. Memory subsystem 1660 includes memory devices for storing information in computing device 1600. Memory can include nonvolatile (state does not change if power to the memory device is interrupted) and/or volatile (state is indeterminate if power to the memory device is interrupted) memory devices. Memory subsystem 1660 can store application data, user data, music, photos, documents, or other data, as well as system data (whether long-term or temporary) related to the execution of the applications and functions of the computing device 1600.

[0062] Elements of embodiments are also provided as a machine-readable medium (e.g., memory 1660) for storing the computer-executable instructions (e.g., instructions to implement any other processes discussed herein). The machine-readable medium (e.g., memory 1660) may

Docket No.: 42P53683PCT 11 include, but is not limited to, flash memory, optical disks, CD-ROMs, DVD ROMs, RAMs, EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards, phase change memory (PCM), or other types of machine -readable media suitable for storing electronic or computer-executable instructions. For example, embodiments of the disclosure may be downloaded as a computer program (e.g., BIOS) which may be transferred from a remote computer (e.g., a server) to a requesting computer (e.g., a client) by way of data signals via a communication link (e.g., a modem or network connection).

[0063] Connectivity 1670 includes hardware devices (e.g., wireless and/or wired connectors and communication hardware) and software components (e.g., drivers, protocol stacks) to enable the computing device 1600 to communicate with external devices. The computing device 1600 could be separate devices, such as other computing devices, wireless access points or base stations, as well as peripherals such as headsets, printers, or other devices.

[0064] Connectivity 1670 can include multiple different types of connectivity. To generalize, the computing device 1600 is illustrated with cellular connectivity 1672 and wireless connectivity 1674. Cellular connectivity 1672 refers generally to cellular network connectivity provided by wireless carriers, such as provided via GSM (global system for mobile

communications) or variations or derivatives, CDMA (code division multiple access) or variations or derivatives, TDM (time division multiplexing) or variations or derivatives, or other cellular service standards. Wireless connectivity (or wireless interface) 1674 refers to wireless connectivity that is not cellular, and can include personal area networks (such as Bluetooth, Near Field, etc.), local area networks (such as Wi-Fi), and/or wide area networks (such as WiMax), or other wireless communication.

[0065] Peripheral connections 1680 include hardware interfaces and connectors, as well as software components (e.g., drivers, protocol stacks) to make peripheral connections. It will be understood that the computing device 1600 could both be a peripheral device ("to" 1682) to other computing devices, as well as have peripheral devices ("from" 1684) connected to it. The computing device 1600 commonly has a "docking" connector to connect to other computing devices for purposes such as managing (e.g., downloading and/or uploading, changing, synchronizing) content on computing device 1600. Additionally, a docking connector can allow computing device 1600 to connect to certain peripherals that allow the computing device 1600 to control content output, for example, to audiovisual or other systems.

[0066] In addition to a proprietary docking connector or other proprietary connection hardware, the computing device 1600 can make peripheral connections 1680 via common or standards-based connectors. Common types can include a Universal Serial Bus (USB) connector (which can include any of a number of different hardware interfaces), Display Port including

Docket No.: 42P53683PCT 12 MiniDisplayPort (MDP), High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI), Fire wire, or other types.

[0067] Reference in the specification to "an embodiment," "one embodiment," "some embodiments," or "other embodiments" means that a particular feature, structure, or

characteristic described in connection with the embodiments is included in at least some embodiments, but not necessarily all embodiments. The various appearances of "an

embodiment," "one embodiment," or "some embodiments" are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiments. If the specification states a component, feature, structure, or characteristic "may," "might," or "could" be included, that particular component, feature, structure, or characteristic is not required to be included. If the specification or claim refers to "a" or "an" element, that does not mean there is only one of the elements. If the specification or claims refer to "an additional" element, that does not preclude there being more than one of the additional element.

[0068] Furthermore, the particular features, structures, functions, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. For example, a first embodiment may be combined with a second embodiment anywhere the particular features, structures, functions, or characteristics associated with the two embodiments are not mutually exclusive.

[0069] While the disclosure has been described in conjunction with specific

embodiments thereof, many alternatives, modifications and variations of such embodiments will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the foregoing description. For example, other memory architectures e.g., Dynamic RAM (DRAM) may use the embodiments discussed. The embodiments of the disclosure are intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, and variations as to fall within the broad scope of the appended claims.

[0070] In addition, well known power/ground connections to integrated circuit (IC) chips and other components may or may not be shown within the presented figures, for simplicity of illustration and discussion, and so as not to obscure the disclosure. Further, arrangements may be shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the disclosure, and also in view of the fact that specifics with respect to implementation of such block diagram arrangements are highly dependent upon the platform within which the present disclosure is to be implemented (i.e., such specifics should be well within purview of one skilled in the art). Where specific details (e.g., circuits) are set forth in order to describe example embodiments of the disclosure, it should be apparent to one skilled in the art that the disclosure can be practiced without, or with variation of, these specific details. The description is thus to be regarded as illustrative instead of limiting.

Docket No.: 42P53683PCT 13 [0071] The following examples pertain to further embodiments. Specifics in the examples may be used anywhere in one or more embodiments. All optional features of the apparatus described herein may also be implemented with respect to a method or process.

[0072] For example, an apparatus independent of a jam latch for generating a quadrature clock is provided. In one embodiment, the apparatus comprises: a first selection unit controllable by a clock signal, the first selection unit to directly or indirectly generate a first phase of the quadrature clock; and a third selection unit controllable by the clock signal, the third selection unit to receive the first phase of the quadrature clock, the third selection unit to directly or indirectly generate a third phase of the quadrature clock, wherein the first selection unit to receive the third phase of the quadrature clock.

[0073] In one embodiment, the apparatus further comprises: a second selection unit controllable by an inverse of the clock signal, the second selection unit to receive the first phase of the quadrature clock, the second selection unit to directly or indirectly generate a second phase of the quadrature clock. In one embodiment, the third selection unit to receive the second phase of the quadrature clock. In one embodiment, the apparatus further comprises: a fourth selection unit controllable by the inverse of the clock signal, the fourth selection unit to receive the third phase of the quadrature clock, the fourth selection unit to directly or indirectly generate a fourth phase of the quadrature clock.

[0074] In one embodiment, the first selection unit to receive the fourth phase of the quadrature clock. In one embodiment, the second selection unit to receive the fourth phase of the quadrature clock. In one embodiment, the fourth selection unit to receive the second phase of the quadrature clock.

[0075] In another example, a system is provided which comprises: a memory; a processor coupled to the memory, the processor having the above; and a wireless interface for allowing the processor to communicate with another device.

[0076] In another example, an apparatus independent of a jam latch for generating a quadrature clock is provided. In this example, the apparatus comprises: a first selection unit controllable by a clock signal; a first logic gate coupled to the first selection unit, the first logic gate to receive a reset signal, the first logic gate to generate first phase of the quadrature clock; a third selection unit controllable by the clock signal, the third selection unit to receive the first phase of the quadrature clock; and a third logic gate coupled to the third selection unit, the third logic gate to receive a signal with a constant voltage level, the third selection unit to generate the third phase of the quadrature clock.

[0077] In one embodiment, the first selection unit to receive the third phase of the quadrature clock. In one embodiment, the first logic gate is one of a NOR gate or NAND gate.

Docket No.: 42P53683PCT 14 In one embodiment, the third logic gate is one of: a NOR logic gate and the signal with the constant voltage is a ground signal; or a NAND logic gate and the signal with the constant voltage is a power supply signal. In one embodiment, the apparatus further comprises: a second selection unit controllable by an inverse of the clock signal; and a second logic unit coupled to the second selection unit, the second logic unit to generate a second phase of the quadrature clock, the second logic gate to receive a signal with a constant voltage level.

[0078] In one embodiment, the second selection unit to receive the first phase of the quadrature clock. In one embodiment, the third selection unit to receive the second phase of the quadrature clock. In one embodiment, the third logic gate is one of: a NOR logic gate and the signal with the constant voltage is a ground signal; or a NAND logic gate and the signal with the constant voltage is a power supply signal. In one embodiment, the apparatus further comprises: a fourth selection unit controllable by the inverse of the clock signal; and a fourth logic unit coupled to the fourth selection unit, the fourth logic unit to generate a fourth phase of the quadrature clock, the fourth logic gate to receive a signal with a constant voltage level.

[0079] In one embodiment, the fourth selection unit to receive the third phase of the quadrature clock. In one embodiment, the first selection unit to receive the fourth phase of the quadrature clock. In one embodiment, the second selection unit to receive the fourth phase of the quadrature clock. In one embodiment, the fourth selection unit to receive the second phase of the quadrature clock. In one embodiment, the fourth logic gate is one of: a NOR logic gate and the signal with the constant voltage is a ground signal; or a NAND logic gate and the signal with the constant voltage is a power supply signal.

[0080] In another example, a system is provided which comprises: a memory; a processor coupled to the memory, the processor having the above; and a wireless interface for allowing the processor to communicate with another device.

[0081] An abstract is provided that will allow the reader to ascertain the nature and gist of the technical disclosure. The abstract is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to limit the scope or meaning of the claims. The following claims are hereby incorporated into the detailed description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment.

Docket No.: 42P53683PCT 15