2. PRIOR ART I am not aware of any earlier Reciprocating Electrical Machine.

Although there are conventional rotating electrical machine in which rotor rotates on it's axis for the generation of power. Examples are synchronous machine, asynchronous machine, commutator machine etc.

In conventional machines armature windings have"winding ends" protrude beyond the armature in addition to"effective elements". These"winding ends"do not participate in the generation of electrical current in a generator or in generation of electrical torque in a motor. These winding ends contribute to resistance losses and eddy current losses. Because of these losses efficiency of the machine reduces. Conducting materials for winding ends are required which increase the cost, weight and size of the machine. These winding ends are prone to damage and flashover due to which life of the machine decreases.

Therefore it would be highly advantageous to have an electrical machine with armature windings consist of only"effective elements"not "winding ends and effective elements". This problem is overcome in the reciprocating electrical machine in which armature windings have only effective elements not winding ends.

Such conventional rotating electrical machines have the disadvantage that the magnetic flux lines into the rotor are curved, indirect and imprecisely located with the result that there may be considerable stray fields and the available magnetic flux may not be used to its best advantage in relation to the active elements in the rotor. This problem is overcome in this new invention.

In the conventional rotating electrical machines the lines of magnetic flux do not cut the armature conductors in perpendicular direction at all the time during operation. In one of the preferred embodiment of this new electrical machine this problem is rectified and the lines of magnetic flux cut the armature conductors in almost perpendicular direction almost all the time of operation. This is one of the greatest achievement and advantage of this invention.

In the conventional rotating electrical machine rotor's shaft is tight fitted inside the roller bearings which carry not only rotor weight but also bear the axial thrust produce by the magnetic field between the stator and the rotor air gap. Bearings are bound to fail during course of time and theirs failure contribute to machine failures. It also increases the cost of the machine. This disadvantage is overcome in the reciprocating electrical machine in which no roller bearings are used.

The rotor of the conventional rotating electrical machine has the problem of being oval in shape i. e. ovality defect if proper care is not taken.

This problem is also overcome in this new invention if the piston reciprocates vertically.

3. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The following specification particularly describes and ascertains the nature of this invention and the manner in which it is to be performed.

This invention"Reciprocating Electrical Machine"relates to an electrical machine which convert mechanical energy into electrical energy and vice versa by interaction between a magnetic field and conductors in a generator and, magnetic field and current carrying conductors in a motor. Examples are synchronous machine, asynchronous machine and commutator machine etc.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the machine consists of armature winding (single coil or multiple coils) on a cylindrical/non cylindrical former. The former is made up of non magnetic material. A piston is placed inside the former which is free to move along it's axis. The armature windings are placed symmetrically at the middle portion of the former in a fixed position with the help of thin non magnetic/magnetic hollow discs fitted on the former with suitable bonding or fitment. The armature windings and the piston should be co-axial. At the end of the former, two plates, made of non magnetic material, are fixed by nuts and bolts arrangement. There is a hole at the center of the plate through which the shaft of the piston passes and free to move in both direction along it's axis i. e. reciprocating motion of the piston is possible to perform.

Between the shaft and circumference of the center hole of the plate one socket of suitable size made of hard material having smooth inner surface is fitted through which shaft performs reciprocating motion. Lubricating materials e. g. grease are used between the socket and the shaft for smooth and friction free movement of the shaft.

The piston means a shaft and on which permanent magnets or electromagnets are fitted where ever it is written is to be considered if not specified.

The reciprocating motion of the piston allows the cutting of its magnetic flux with the stator coils and in turn voltage induced in the stator winding and hence generation of ac (alternating current) power takes place. This power can also be generated by keeping the piston in static condition and moving the armature windings or stator coils. This is as per Faraday's Law of Induction which states that the rate of change of magnetic flux linkages to an electric circuit induces a voltage.

In the Reciprocating Electrical Machine the whole armature windings serve as effective elements where as in the conventional rotating electrical machine the effective elements are less than the whole windings. Thus saving in conducting materials and hence saving in cost and reduction in weight and size are achieved in this invention for the same power.

Conventional rotating electrical machine have rotor which rotates about it's axis for the power generation where as Reciprocating Electrical Machine utilizes reciprocating motion of the piston for the power generation, which is entirely a new method.

In the conventional rotating electrical machines the lines of magnetic flux do not cut the armature conductors in perpendicular direction at all the time during operation. In one of the preferred embodiment of this new electrical machine this problem is rectified and the lines of magnetic flux cut the armature conductors in almost perpendicular direction almost all the time of operation. This is one of the greatest achievement and advantage of this invention.

In the reciprocating electrical machine armature windings have only "effective elements"not"winding ends and effective elements". In this invention armature and piston (electromagnet or permanent magnet) are interchangeable with a simple modification.

In another embodiment of the present invention an armature winding is split into two halves and wound on the cylindrical former at appropriate distance in opposite direction i. e. if one winding is wound in clockwise direction then other will be in anti clockwise direction so that voltage induced in them can be added to generate a very high voltage. These windings are inserted between hollow discs and the outer surface of the windings are covered with a thick hollow cylinder. The surfaces of the cylinder touch the windings and also the discs. These hollow cylinder and hollow discs must be made of magnetic materials e. g. ferromagnetic or ferromagnetic etc. Such magnetic materials must have low reluctance to magnetic flux. These discs and cylinders are made up of laminated stampings made of magnetic materials. The laminations are insulated from each other and pressed together to reduce the eddy current loss. The hollow discs are attached to the cylindrical former with suitable bonding or tighten by the bolt or any other suitable means. The complete stator winding assembly is supported by two support plates. These plates are made up of non magnetic materials. In this embodiment electromagnets as a part of the piston are used to produce large power at desired level. The core of the electromagnet is made up of either a solid piece or laminated stamping of magnetic materials. The laminations are insulated from each other and pressed together. The electromagnet produce almost radially directed magnetic flux lines all along the air gap between stator and rotor near the circumference of the core at both ends. The electromagnet moves in longitudinal direction. This motion of electromagnet allows cutting of magnetic flux lines by the armature conductors almost perpendicularly and hence the voltage induced in the armature windings will have almost maximum possible value at that speed since the voltage induced in a conductor at a particular speed is maximum only when it cuts the lines of magnetic flux at right angle. This is almost achieved in this preferred embodiment of the present invention. Similarly almost maximum possible torque developed by a current carrying conductor in an almost perpendicular magnetic flux lines is almost achieved in this invention. This is one of the biggest advantage of this new invention in which lines of magnetic flux are always almost perpendicular to the armature conductors at all required time of operation of the machine. These phenomenon can not be achieved in the conventional rotating electrical machine at all time of operation. Thus this new invention is highly efficient in utilizing the natural phenomenon of voltage generation at its near ultimate point of generation and torque development at its near ultimate point of development.

The electrical machine may in a preferred embodiment be provided with a ring shaped stator winding with large cross-section to have higher current carrying capacity and this also minimizes the waste power and simplifies cooling.

In another embodiment of the present invention the piston (permanent or electromagnet) move in a tangential direction inside the cylindrical former on which armature windings/stator windings are wound. This, one of preferred embodiment, utilizes the tangential motion of the magnets not reciprocating motion. The magnets are fitted on a hollow discs made of non magnetic material by a suitable means. This hollow disc is always moves inside the cylindrical former by a suitable means. The armature windings are wound on the formers and the formers are attached to a circular disc by a suitable means e. g. by nuts-bolts or welding. This circular disc is static in nature and hence the former is also static. The relative motion between the piston and armature windings generate induced voltage in the armature winding. Similarly torque develops due to interaction of current carrying armature conductors and magnetic field of the magnets. The direction of motion of the piston is tangential in this case.

In another embodiment of the present invention the REM (Reciprocating Electrical Machine) can be used as an electromagnetic spring to which suitable electrical power is supplied to both the piston (electromagnet) and the armature windings in such a way that the magnetic poles generated by them are of repulsive in nature i. e. the electromagnet and armature winding repel each other.

In the various configuration set out in this invention the arrangement of components can be repeated to provide multiple stator and magnet elements on the same axis where this is required to increase the power density. More than one phase power can be generated by using more than one reciprocating electrical machine unit or the same machine with suitably placed more than one armature winding on the same former and suitably placed magnets on the same shaft.

Means are provided to cool the stator by blowing air between stator and rotor air gap in axial direction by means of separate fans or blowers through holes or by liquid cooling of the stator winding conductors. Air enters the former through the holes and leave the former through different holes.

If the machine is air cooled circumferential gaps between the former's inner surface and the magnet allow cooling air to flow.

For high power machine liquid or gaseous cooling is preferred because higher heat transfer rate is necessary and required also.

For liquid cooling of the armature windings hollow conducting wire can be used. The cooling arrangements can be made more effective if the coils are made of a few number of turns of conducting strip. Under these conditions it can be secured that every turns of the conductor is in contact with the cooling liquid.

For reciprocating motion, the connecting rod of IC (internal combustion) engine can be directly coupled with the shaft of the reciprocating electrical machine and this direct coupling will minimize the mechanical losses, increase stability and hence improve the efficiency of the system.

The invention"Reciprocating Electrical Machine"can be used to generate electrical power or develop torque at its near ultimate possible value at a particular speed at all time of operations.

I think this new machine will find a very good place in industrial application and will change the existing method of power generation and also control system. It can be used as a generator, motor, electromagnetic spring, and electromagnetic lifter like hydraulic jack, hydraulic hoist etc.

4. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure-1 is an axial cross-sectional view of one embodiment of an electrical machine of the present invention in which a permanent magnet is used as a part of piston.

Figure-2 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the machine of the present invention in which electromagnet is used as a part of the piston and armature windings are split into two halves.

Figure-222 is a cross-sectional view of an elecromagnet in fig.-2.

Figure-3 is a cross-sectional view of further embodiment of the machine of the present invention in which tangential motion of the magnets are used for power generation.

Figure-4a is one turn of armature winding of a conventional rotating electrical machine. The key to illustrations are- a. Coil lead end b. End winding c. Slot portion (Effective element) d. End winding e. Coil evolute.

Figure-4b is one turn of an armature winding of one embodiment of the present invention. The key to illustration is- a. Slot portion (Effective element).

5. KEY TO ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Shaft 6. Cylindrical former 2. Socket 7. Nut-Bolt 3. Magnet (permanent or electromagnet) 8. Hollow disc 4. Stator winding 9. Smooth socket 5. Plate 10. Air inlets 11. Air outlets 12. Washers Is. Shaft 2s. Cylindrical former 3s. Laminated core 4s. Field winding 5s. Armature windings 6s. Hollow discs 7s. Hollow Cylinder 8s. Hollow discs 9s. End plates 10s. Support plates 11s. Nuts and Bolts 12s. Smooth sockets 13s. Air inlet holes 14s. Air outlet holes 15s. Carbon brushes 16s. Conducting plates.

17s. Hollow path 18s. Air inlet apertures 19s. Air outlet apertures 20s. Sockets 21s. Power supply cable 22s. Washers a. Coil lead end b. End winding c. Slot portion (Effective elements) d. End winding e. Coil evolute.

It. Armature windings 2t. Piston (permanent magnets or electromagnets) 3t. Hollow disc 4t. Circular disc 5t. Cylindrical former 6t. Smooth support for hollow disc 6. SECOND EMBODIMENT In another embodiment of the present invention shown in figure-2, an electromagnet instead of a permanent magnet is being used to increase the power density of the machine and armature windings are inserted between hollow discs made of magnetic materials like ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic etc.

In this embodiment armature windings 5s are split into two halves and wound on the former 2s at suitable distances. These windings 5s may be wound in opposite direction i. e. if one is in clockwise than other will be in anti- clockwise so that voltage induced in them can be added. The armature windings are inserted between two hollow discs 6s and 8s. These discs, 6s and 8s, are made of magnetic materials, like ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic etc. , in order to give low reluctance path to the magnetic flux. These discs are basically a stack of laminated thin hollow discs in order to reduce eddy current and hysteresis losses.

A hollow cylinder 7s made of magnetic materials e. g. ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic etc. is inserted between discs 8s. The cylinder's 7s inner surface touches discs 6s and also armature windings and the end touches discs 8s. Thus the magnetic flux path of electromagnet is completed through 3s, 6s, 7s, 8s and air gap depending upon the position of the piston with respect to armature windings.

To support and keep the armature assembly in static condition, two plates 10s are tightened on the bolts Ils by nuts or any suitable means at suitable places. Armature windings can also be kept in static position by any other suitable means.

The magnet used in this embodiment is an electromagnet consists of laminated core 3s and field winding 4s. The armature windings and field windings are made up of conducting material e. g. copper, aluminum etc. The core material should be magnetic preferably ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic etc. The lamination of core 3s reduces eddy current and hysteresis losses. This electromagnet is fitted on the shaft Is which is either hollow or solid but the portion inside the core 3s must be solid. The shaft should be made of magnetic materials, e. g. ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic etc.

Electromagnet (Fig-222) consists of a ferromagnetic core which carries the flux and a winding which produces a flux when excited by an external source.

Soft magnetic materials are used for construction of core of the electromagnets, most of these materials contain the ferromagnetic elements like iron, nickel and cobalt in various combinations. Sometimes some non ferromagnetic elements like silicon, molybdenum, and chromium are added to obtain desirable properties from materials.

Coils are used in electromagnets as an exciting source for production of magnetic field. A coil, usually consists of wire wound like a helical thread to form a layer, there being one or more layers, to the coil. Insulation, such as paper is sometimes placed between layers. The usual material for the conductor. is copper. In some cases aluminium is used. The cross-section of the coil is technically rectangular and the cross-section of conductor is usually round except in coils made of heavy wire where a square or a rectangular section with rounded comers is used.

The end peripheral area of the core of the electromagnet must be equal to or greater than the cross-sectional area of the core where windings are wound. The axis of the electromagnet coils, its core and stator coils must be same i. e coaxial.

Electric power to the field winding is supplied through carbon brushes 15s. These carbon brushes are hold by brush holders and free to move on the curved conducting plates 16s. Conducting plates 16s insulated from the shaft and each others are fitted on the shaft with suitable materials or arrangements.

These plates 16s slide over the tip of the carbon brushes when reciprocating motion of the piston takes place. The plates are connected electrically to the field windings through cable which passes through a hollow path 17s inside the shaft ! s.

Reciprocating motion of the piston produce AC power in the armature windings after interaction with the armature windings. Radial air gap, all along the circumference of the electromagnet, is uniform and thus the magnetic forces between stator and the electromagnet are in almost radially outward direction and opposite side forces cancel each others. Hence the machine is a balanced machine.

In this embodiment complete armature windings have effective elements and hence there is complete utilization of the windings and as compared to conventional rotating electrical machine there is saving in cost of the conducting materials, reduction in weight and size of the machine and also because of less resistance, eddy current and hysteresis losses improvement in the machine efficiency can be achieved.

For cooling inner side of the armature winding along the axis apertures 18s and 19s are used. Air or liquid enters through aperture 18s to the inner side of the discs 16s and leaves through aperture 19s. This supply of air is done by a separate fan or blower. Pumps are used for liquid cooling of the systems.

Means are provided to cool the stator by blowing air between stator and rotor air gap in axial direction by means of separate fans or blowers through holes 13s or by liquid cooling of the stator winding conductors. Air enters the former through the holes 13s and leave the former through the holes 14s.

If the machine is air cooled circumferential gaps between the former's 2s inner surface and magnet 3s+4s allow cooling air to flow.

For high power machine liquid cooling is preferred because higher heat transfer rate is necessary and required also.

For liquid cooling of the armature windings hollow conducting wire can be used. The cooling arrangements can be made more effective if the coils are made up of a few number of turns of conducting strip. Under these conditions it can be secured that every turns of the conductor is in contact with the cooling liquid.

'7. THIRD EMBODIMENT In this embodiment of the present invention the pistons 2t (permanent magnet or electromagnet) move in a tangential direction not reciprocating motion inside the cylindrical former 5t as shown in figure-3. The piston is fitted on a hollow disc 3t which can be rotated in a tangential direction by a suitable means.

The armature windings wound on the hollow cylindrical former 5t is fitted with a static circular disc 4t. Therefore the former is also static.

The hollow disc 3t moves inside the former 5t by a suitable means.

The relative motion between the armature windings It and the pistons 2t generates induced voltage in the armature winding It.

This machine is different from the previous embodiments of the present invention in the direction of motion of the piston 2t. The piston 2t moves in a tangential direction and in another embodiment direction of motion can be curvilinear or linear.

This machine can be used for electric power generation and also for development of torque in tangential direction and in another embodiment torque can be developed in curvilinear or linear direction.

8. FOURTH EMBODIMENT This embodiment is almost same as second embodiment with a little change and power is supplied to both armature windings and piston (electromagnets). In this embodiment of the present invention electric power is supplied to both armature windings and piston in such a way that the magnetic poles develop by them will be of either repulsive or attractive in nature. By changing the power level supplied to both armature windings and electromagnets magnitude of repulsive or attractive forces can be changed and hence the difference in distance between them can be changed. I hope this new invention will replace air spring, hydraulic lifter etc.

9. ALTERNATIVE LAYOUTS In the various configuration set out in this invention the arrangement of components can be repeated to provide multiple stator and piston (permanent magnet or electromagnet) elements on the same axis where this is require to increase the power density.

By this method more than one phase power can also be generated.

More than one reciprocating electrical machine can be used to generate multiple phase power by suitable arrangements.