Cf¾OSS- RE E RENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

fOOOil This application claims priority from US Provisional Application No, 61/735,257 filed December 10, 2012, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety,

F EtD

j¾∞2j The present subject matter generally relates to adhesives and labels. More specifics!!*/, the subject matter relates to activatab!e adhesives and activation of labe! adhesives using radiation and temperature changes.

BACKGROUND

[8O03| Traditional pressure sensitive iabels are supplied to the user affixed to a release liner. These release liners are typically silicone coated, and. as such, are net usable as sources for recycled paper, in an effort to reduce cost, Im rove efficiencies, and reduce environments S impact, consumer demand for labels without liners has increased in recent years. The most common forms of these labels are "iineriess fabe!s" and "attivatable labels".

{0QG4J "Linerless labels" have 3 sticky side and a release-coated side so they can be wound upon themselves into rolls. The use of these iineriess labels requires either preprinting or special printers that are configured to print on release coating. The equipment used to manipulate iineriess iabels includes special rollers and platens that ar configured to contact the sticky side of the labeis. Despite msny improvements in this, equipment, adhesive buildup stii! occurs in various sections of the equipment. Because of these shortcomings, and aiso the high price of the final sticky "iinerless" product, these liner!ess labels have not received wide customer acceptance.

OOQS} "ActivatabEe labels* are supplied to the end user in a non-tacky state, and then the labels are activated, l«e<, the label's adhesive is activated, to a tacky state just prior to application to the intended object. Mos of en, activatable labels are printed with indicia prior to activation. Know activation schemes include the use of ultraviolet {"UV"} energy to heat the adhesive {see U.S. Patent 6,492,019 to Shipston et ai.}, corona treatment to activate the surface (see U.S. Patent 6,326,450 to Shipston et ai.}, radiant heat to warm the adhesiv {see U.S. Patent 6,500,536 to Yamada et ai,}, moisture to activate a rewettahie adhesive (see U.S. Patent 6,803,100 to Hint? et aL}, microencapsulating an activator material, which can then be crushed to allow the activator to mix with the rest of the formulation and activate the adhesive {see U.S. Patent 7,026,047 to Krolztg), overcoating the adhesive with a detackifier layer, which is later removed by hest or mechanical means {see US, Patent 5,569,515 to Rice et ai.},and ultrasound energy to activat the adhesive (see U.S. Patent 5,702,771 to Shipston et ai.}.

fCSSOS] By far, the most common activation scheme utilises heat activation, i.e... the activation of the tabs! using heat. For hest activation, various techniques have been proposed. These include the use of the following: heated drums or rollers (see U.S. Patent os. 5,749,990 and 5,480,502 to elEo et al,}, direct contact with the heating element {see U.5. Patent f<ios. 6,388,692 to iwata et ai. and 6,501,495 to iehif awa et ai.}, microwave energy {see U.S. Patent Mo. 3,461,014 to James), heated belts in contact with the adhesive {see U.S, Patent Mos. 4,468,274 to Adachi and 6,031,553 to Nagarooto et ai,}, and infrared f'W) and near infrared radiation {"HW) {see U.S. Patent os. 3,247,041 to Henderson and 4,156,626 to Souder, and U.S, 2012/0216951 assigned to the present applicant).

[0007] Irs addition, general methods for heating using radio frequency f'RF"} energy, inductive heat, radiant heat, and visible light aiso are we!i known and could be applied to this list of activation methods. These techniques have all proven useful at low-speed operations, but as application speeds mcresse _r these methods ail suffer in that the exposure times of the labels to the heating elements must somehow be increased in order to gain sufficient heating. Either the size or the cost of the units capab!e of supplying sufficient heating has thwarted high-speed applications,

[00081 One way to overcome the need for iarger or longer heaters is to increase the ability of the adhesive to absorb the energy from the besting devices, U.S. Patent ffos. 4,156,626 to Souder and 5,043,190 to iehiksws ei at, and U.S. Patent Application Publication Numbers 2003/0041963 and 2004/0166309 to Gong et 3i, all describe the use of N!R absorbers to increase the energy absorbance by adhesive*. Hence, the use of NIR absorbers and high-intensity NIR lamps might appear to be a viable route for activating the adhesive. Although satisfactory in many respects, disadvantages exist involving currently known actrvatabie labels, labeling systems, and related methods.

f 00093 For example, conventional adhesives including metallic particles, metallized inks, high concentrations of carbon black or anything electrically conductive cannot b used due to the likelihood of fire or arcing/short circuit from RF activation,

t∞l&l Hence, there remains a need for a iatsei without a liner and a related method of high-speed activation of the label. The present subject matter satisfies these needs,

5W RY

fOOlil The embodiments of the present subject matter described below are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the subject matter to the precise forms disclosed in the following detailed description. Rather, the embodiments are chosen and described so that others skilled En the art may appreciate and understand the principles and practices of the present subject matter,

£0Q12J An xe lary embodiment of the present subject matter is an aqueous adhesive composition which is activatable by exposure to electromagnetic radiation and which exhibits pressure sensitive adhesive properties once activated by electromagnetic radiation or by heating. In particular, an embodiment of the subject matter is a RF active polymer blend comprising (a) 45-S5 wt% of an acrylic polymer, (b) 5-50 wt¾ of 3 g!ycoi plastscfcer, and {«) 5-40 wt% of a waterborne tackifier dispersion.

in another embodiment, the subject matter involves: 3 RF active polymer blend comprising (a) 45-60 wt¾ of 3 base po!ytner comprising fj) 25-45 wt% of 2-ethyl exyl acryiate, {ϊή 45-75 wt% of methyl methacrylate, pii) i-5 wt% of methacryiic acid, and flv) 0.1-3 t of acrylic acid, (b) 15-40 wt¾ of 3 polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of 2.00-1500, and ;c) 15-25 VA% of s waterborne tackifier dispersion.

£G014J An exemplary embodiment of the subject matter is an adhesive composition comprising i ) an emulsion base copolymer exhibiting 3 glass transition temperature Tg above 2S ^* C and a weight aversgg molecular weight within a range of from about 10,000 DaStons to about 500,000 Daltons, (ii) a piasticizer for such copolymer exhibiting a melting point below 40 ^* C, and (iii) a high softening point tackifier,

fOOlSj Another exemplary embodiment is an adhesive that includes a piasticaer, a tackifier.. and an adhesive base polymer that includes a lower alky! acryiate such as butyl acryiate, methyl methacrylate,. methacryiic acid, and acrylic acid.

fO016] Generally, the present subject matter provides an adhesive system that comprises from about 40% to about 70% of an adhesive base polymer, from about $% to about 50% of 3 piasticizer, and from about 5% to about 40¾ of a tackifier.

[0Q17] Preferably, the gdheslves comprise from about 47% to about 55% of an adhesive base polymer, from about 23% to about 33% of a piasticizer, and from about 17% to bout 24% of a tackifier,

[00I8J In another embodiment, the subject matter is a method of activating an RF active adhesive comprising-, (aj providing a RF active polymer blend comprising: i) from about 45 to about 65 wt% of an acrylic polymer, {ii| from about 5 to about SO wt% of 3 glycol piasticfeer, and (iii) from about 5 to about 40 wt% of a waterborne tackifier dispersion, {ivj applying the i¾F active potymer blend to a generally planar substrate., fv) providing an RF generator including at least two generally linear electrodes, and vi) orienting the generally planar substrate in so RP energy field produced by the RF generator. The generally planar substrate may be oriented anywhere on a continuum from enerall parallel to generally perpendicular to the at least two generally linear electrodes. Any RF active adhesive disclosed herein may be activated by the method in this paragraph.

{W1 \ Irs other more detailed features of the subject matter, the adhesive is white. Also, in other features, the adhesive does not Include and so., is free from carbon black, graphite,, an ink., a dye, 3 pigment, and/or 3 colorant, in addition, the pSasticiter can be polyethylene glycol having 3 molecular weight of from about 100 to about 1500 Da!tons, preferably from about ISO to about 1300, more preferably from about 200 to about 1000, In addition, the taekifier cart be Sno tack* 775Ά, which is a high softening paint acid grade taekifie (rosin add) giving higher cohesive strength when formulated with acrylic and S8R PSA polymers, commercially available from lawter Company or iviomentive Performance Materials; or Aquatack* 6Q25, which is a rosin ester commercially available from Arizona Chemicals,

0020| In other more detailed features of the subject matter, the plast ^' tctzer is configured to melt upon and/or after exposure to energy. Also, the adhesive can be configured to be activated by exposure to energy for !ass than one second. In addition, the adhesive can be configured to be activated fay exposure to energy for less than 0,3 second.

[002X1 In other more detailed features of the subject matter, the energy is NIR, short IR energy. Mid Wave ift energy, Sg energy, microwave energy. RF energy, inductive heat energy, visible light energy, radiant heat energy, or UV energy. In addition, the energy can have a peak wavelength from approximately 1.2 micrometers to approximately 2.5 micrometers. In certain embodiments, RF energy is used

[0022] Another exemplary embodiment is a label that includes a faeestock layer and ar< adhesive layer that is coupted to the faeestock iayer. The adhesive layer includes a piasticizer, a tackifier, and an adhesive base polymer that in ! des2 ethyi hexyi aeryiate, methy! roeihocryiais.nethacryiie acid, and acrylic 3cid.

[0δ23| i" other more detaiSed features of the subject matter, the iabei is configured to be exposed to radiant energy, the radiant energy has a wavelength and an intensity that results in the adhesive layer becoming tacky after exposure to the radiant energy, and the facestock layer is not discolored after the exposure of the label to the radiant energy, in other more detailed features of the subject matter, the iabei is configured to be applied to an item, and to be repositioned for approximately one minute after the label is applied to the item. Aiso, the adhesive Iayer can be act vatabie, have a tackiness., and be configured to be applied to an item, so that after the label is applied to the Item, the adhesive layer's tackiness prevents the label from inadvertently being removed from the item, in addition, the label can be configured to fee applied to an item, and after the label is appiied to the item, the iabei permanently bonds with the item after approximately two hours.

£0024j Another exemplary embodiment is a label assembly comprising a facestock layer and a heat activatabie adhesive layer, and a functional coating layer disposed between the adhesive iayer and the facestock iayer,

[0025J Another exemplary embodiment is a iabei that includes a facestock layer, an adhesive iayer, and a reflective iayer that is coupled between the facestock Iayer and the adhesive iayer. The reflective iayer is oon-metaili

00261 Another exemplary embodiment is a Iabei that includes a facestock layer, an adhesive layer, d a barrier layer disposed between :he facestock layer and the adhesive Iayer.

[00273 And, another exemplary embodiment is a label that includes a facestock layer, an adhesive layer, and a prime Iayer disposed between the facestock layer and the adhesive iayer.

in other more detailed features of the subject matter, the adhesive Iayer of the various label assemblies includes a plasticizer, a tackifier, and an adhesive base polymer including 2- ethyi acry!ate, methyl methaery!ate, rnethacryiie acid, and acrylic acid. |8δ29ΐ in other more detailed features of the subject matter, the label is configured to be exposed to a radiant energy, the radiant energy has a wavelength and an intensity that results I the adhesive layer becoming tacky after exposure to the radiant energy, and the facestock layer is not discolored after the exposure of the iabei to the radiant energy. Also, the facestock layer can have a bottom surface, and the l b l cars include a (-effective iayer that is made of a material that is a lied as a coating to the bottom surface of the facestock layer, furthermore, the reflective layer can have a thickness of not greater than one micron. The reflective Isyer Is non-metallic,

|0030] in another embodiment, the subject matter can be used in home decorating applications such as wall paper or other graphics. An adhesive iayer is applied to a facestock, such as wallpaper, by conventional methods and rewound on itself. The adhesive coating can be ridged or otherwise patterned or embossed to allow for air egress during end-use application. The adhesive composition will be significantly non-tacky so that there will be no adhesive residue left on the printed side, nor will there b any damage/ distortion to the printing upon unrolling. The pre-coated wallpaper will eliminate the need for wallpaper "paste" altogether and wiil give the end-user infinite reposltionability whil aligning patterns along seams. Once properly aiigned, a very short duration of exposure {<l second) to RF energy will cause the adhesive to heat, f ow and bond the wallpaper to the wall. Additionally, subsequent RF activation will cause the adhesive to again heat and flow, allowing the end-user to easiiy remove the wallpaper at a later time. This exemplary process wlli be applicable to sny type of graphics application.

[00311 For linerless iabeis, so adhesive iayer is applied to a facestock, i.e., paper or film, by conventional methods and rewound on itself. The adhesive composition will be significantly non- tacky so that there will be no adhesive residue left on the printed side, nor will there be any damage/distortion to the printing upon unwinding. Downstream, roils can be converted into labels and activated by a short duration of exposure (<i second} to RF energy Just prior to application of the label. This type of process could eliminate the need for a release liner that can account for a large portion of product cost. [0δ3¾ In other more detailed features of the subject matter, the label is configured to be exposed to a radiant energy, the radiant energy has a wavelength and an intensity that results in the adhesive layer becoming tacky after exposure to the radiant energy, and the facestoek laye is not discolored after the exposure of the label to the radiant energy. Also, the facestoek layer can have a bottom surface, and the label can include a barrier layer that is made of 3 material that is applied as a coating to the bottom surface of the facestoek layer. Sn addition, the materia! of the barrier layer is selected so as to prevent or at least significantly reduce discoloration of the facestoek layer,

[00333 Another exemplary embodiment is a system that is configured to facilitate the application of an activatable label to an item. The system includes a energy source that is configured to emit energy and one or more actuators that are configured to receive the activatable label, transport the activatable label through the emitted energy, and transport the activatable label to a position where the activatable !abei is applied to the item. The activatable label includes an adhesive having a plasticteer, a tackifier, and an adhesive base polymer that includes 2-ethyl hexyl acryiate, methyl methaeryiate, methacrylic acid, and acrylic acid,

10034] Another exemplary embodiment is a system that is configured to facilitate the application of an activatable label to sn item. The system includes an energy source that is configured to emit energy, 3 printer that is configured to print indicia on the activatable label, and on or more actuators that are configured to rece ve the activatable label, transport the activatable label past the printer that then prints the indicia on the activatable label, transport the activatable label through the emitted energy, and transport the activatable iabel to a position where the activatable iabei is applied to the item. The activatable iabei includes an adhesive having a p astici er, a tackifier, and an adhesive base polymer that includes 2-ethy!hexyi acryiate, methyl methaeryiate, methacrylic acid, and acrylic acid.

00351 in other more detailed features of the subject matter, the one or more actuators is a blower system, a conveyor belt, a paddie, s carrier sheet, a plunger, a vacuum drum, 3 roller, a vacuum belt, or 3 vacuum head. Also, the stem to receive the label can be a bottle, s can, a container, a vessel, a bag., a pouch, an envelope, 3 parcel, or a box, In addition, the activatabie label can be one of a stack of precut activatabie labels.

0036] An exemplary method according to the subject matter is a method for applying a labei with an activatabie adhesive to an Item. The method includes providing a label that has a first surface that is coated with an activatabie adhesive, the adhesive including s plastidzer, a tacklfier, and an adhesive base polymer including 2-ethyihexyi aeryiate, methyl methacrykite, methaeryiie acid, and acrylic acid. The method aiso includes providing the item that has a second surface, providing s source of energy that is configured to output radiant energy, exposing the first surface of the label to the radiant energy that is output from the source of energy so the first surface of the label becomes tacky, and placing the first surf ace of the labei in contact with the second surface of the stem.

0O3?| In other more detailed features of the subject matter, the label is pre-printed with indfcis. Also, the method can further include providing a printer that is configured to print an image on the labei, and printing the image on the label before the step of exposing the SabeS to the radiant energy. Also the method includes providing a cutter that is configured to cut the dry label to a desired length before the activation stage, in addition, the label can include a facestock layer and an adhesive layer. The adhesive layer Includes the adhesive base polymer, the plasticixer, and the taekifier, and the facestock layer is not discolored after the exposure of the label to the radiant energy.

{QQZBj In other more detailed features of the subject matter, the step of providing the label includes providing a plurality of iabels, the step of providing an item includes providing a plurality of items, the step of exposing the label includes exposing at least one of the plurality of the labei to the radiant energy, and the step of placing the label in contact with the item includes placing one o the plurality of labels in contact with one of the plurality of items at a rate greater than approximately SOiabeis per minute. Also, the step of placing the label in contact with the item includes placing one of the plurality »f ia eis in contact with one of the plurality of items at a rate of less than or equal to approximately 1,000 labels per minute.

Another exemplary method according to the subject matter is a method for activating 3 iabe!. The method includes providing a label having a first surface that is coated with an activatable adhesive,, the activatable adhesive includes a piasticizer, a tadufier, and an adhesive base polymer including 2-ethylhexyl aerylate, methyl methaeryiate, methacrySIc acid, and acrylic add. The method also indudes providing a source of energy that is configured to output radiant energy, and exposing the label to the radiant energy that is output from the source of energy so the first surface of the label becomes tacky,

00 0] in another exemplary embodiment, a system is provided for printing and applying labels to articles. The system comprises a primer unit, a thermal activation unit downstream of the printer unit, and an applicator unit downstream of the thermal activation unit. The thermal activation unit includes a label transport assembly and one or more emitters that are configured to emit radiation to !abeis. in certain aspects of this system, unique sensor arrangements are utilized to assess whether iabei degradation condition® are occurring. And, optional quartz glass members are used to improve safety and operabHfty of the system.

BR!EF DESCRIPTION 0? THg DRAWINGS

f∞4I] These, as well as other features, aspects, and advantages of this subject matter, will be more completely understood and appreciated by referring to the following more detailed description of the exemplary embodiments of the subject matter in conjunction with the accompanying drawings,

10042) Figure 1 is a summary of the effects of counter ion, molecular weight, piasticiJer !evei and piastieizer type on energy required to effect a deep fiber tear bond,

[00431 Unless otherwise indicated, the lustrations in the above figure are not necessarily dra¾vn to scaie. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

10044] The present subject matter is now illustrated in greater detail by way of the following detailed description,, which represents the best preseniiy known mode of carrying out the subject matter. However, it should be understood that this description is not to be used to limit the present subject matter, but rather, is provided for the purpose of illustrating the general features of the subject matter,

[Q0 S1 Generally, in accordance with the present subject matter,, various actlvatabls adhesives or adhesive systems are provided as described in greater detail herein. However, it will be appreciated that in no way is th subject matter limited to the use of the particular adhesive systems described herein, in many embodiments, the adhesive systems utilize the particular adhesive base polymers described herein. The adhesive systems generally comprise {t} an adhesive base polymer, pi) a p!astieizer, and {lii} 3 tackifler. Typical and particular weight percent concentrations for each of these components are set forth below in Table 1, it will he appreciated that the noted weight percent concentrations are based upon the total weight of components {i} ~ (Hi). Thus, it is contemplated and expected that the adhesive systems may include additional components and additives in addition to components (i) - {ill} listed below in Table 1,

[ 0 61 TABLE 1 - Typical and Partieuter Concentrations of Components in Adhesive Systems

[δ847| The adhesive systems described herein generally comprise an adhesive base polymer ^described in greater detail herein}, s piasticizer, arid a so!id tack ^' tfier which, when blended together, form a biend which preferably exhibits a Tg above room temperature, and hence minimal fiow and tack before activation. The physical states of the adhesive material can be switched between solid and non-solid by altering the temperature. The open time of the adhesive can be controlled by adjusting the ratio of the components, i.e. the adhesive polymer base, the piasticizer, and the ts dfier. in certain embodiments, the activation temperature is preferably within the range of from about SO ^e C to about 120X,. However, it will be understood that the subject matter is not limited to adhesive systems exhibiting activation temperatures within this range.

0048 At the switching temperature of the adhesive, the properties of adhesion and viscosity markedly change. Therefore, s pressure sensitive adhesive system can be thermally switched from "off" to "on" by using these strategies described herein. If such adhesive system is then coated on a faeestoek at a temperature below the designed switch temperature, the materia! is in its non-sticky solid state. Thus, the label construction can be wound in a roil form. During th application process, the temperatu e ts increased to the switching temperature so that the materia! will change to a non-soiid state and then exhibit its pressure sensitive adhesive properties, which al!ow the iabei to be adhered to a substrate as desired as a result of increased adhesion properties, if the substrate exhibits a porous surface, certain embodiment adhesive systems will fiow into the pores and "stick" very well, as a result of the interlocking effect even when the temperature is reduced below that of the switching temperature of the adhesive.

[004SJ The ormuiation shown in Table 2, illustrates severs! exemplary adhesive formulations wherein polyethylene glycol is used as a piasticizer. TABLE 2 - xemp ary Adhesive Formuiaiksrss

[0QS1] The base polymers (MUMxsO have identical monomer composition with varying level of chain transfer agent to vary the molecular weight. The base polymers include chain transfer agent ifi the. following amounts: The ML2-101 polymer includ s no chain transfer agent. The 12? polymer includes 0.1 t% chain transfer agent The Ml-130 polymer includes 0.5 wt% chain transfer agent.. The chain transfer agent is tvDOM, which is n-dodeeyl mercsptsn.

10082} The base composition is {a} 35 t% 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate, (b) 62 wt% methyl methacrylate, (c| 2 wt% methacryiic acid, and (d) I wt% acrylic add.

|0053] The present subject matter provides a RF active polymer blend comprising (a) 4S-60 wt% of a base polymef comprising (I) 25-45 wt% of 2-ethyi hexyi acrylste,, (li) 45-75 wt% of methyl methacrylste, fill) 1-5 wt% of methscryiic acid, and {iv} 0.1-3 wt% of acrylic acid, {bl 15 -40 wt%, and particularly 20-35 t% of a polyethylene glycol plasties having a molecular weight of 100-1500, and |c) 15-25 wi¾ of 8 waterboroe tackifier dispersion,

|0 S4| in one embodiment, the subject matter provides a BP active polymer blend comprising {3} 45-65 wt% of an acrylic polymer, |b| 5*50 wt¾ _f particularly 20-35 wt%, of a glycol plasticfeer, d |c) 5-40 vrt%, particularly 10 - 35 wt%, of a waterboroe tackifier dispersion. The acryli polymer if the i¾F active polymer blend comprises at ieast one (methiacryiate based monomer selected from the group consisting of 2-ethy!hexyi acryiate, 2- ethyihexyl methacryiate, butyl acryiate, butyl methaeryiate, ethyl acryiate, ethyl methacryiate, methyi acryiate, methyl methacryiate, acrylic acid, met acrytic acid, styrene, vinyl acetate, vinyl pyrrolidons, hydroxyethyf acryiate, hydrojcyprcpyi acryiate, isob tyf acryiate, isobuty! methacryiate, tert-butyi acryiate, tertbutyl methacryiate, isoboray! acryiate, isobornyi methacryiate, giycidyl methacryiate, end combinations thereof. The term fmeth}aeryiate means acryiate and/or methacryiate as known in the art,

|Q85§! The polymer may have a glass transition te peraty e (Tg) of from -10 to SOT, particularly 0 to 4CTC, more particularly 5 to 35*C, The polymer may include an acid-functional monomer in an amount of 0.1-20 wt%, particularly 0,5-10 wt , mare particularly 1-6 wt¾. The acid groups may be neutralized with a non-fugitive monovalent countedon such as Ma* or *. The piastie er ma be a water soluble or water borne plasticizer such as giyceroi, ethylene giyco!, propylene glycol, and short chain po!yols having a molecular weight of up to 600 grams per mole.

[0057] in one embodiment, the waterborne tack!fier is selected from the group consistin of hydrocarbons, rosin acids, rosin esters, polyterpenes, terpene-phenolics, alkyiphenoiics and combinations thereof.

|O0SS| In an alternate embodiment, the waterborne tacklfier is selected from the group consisting of abietic type rosins, glycerol esters of abietic type rosins, pentaerythntoi esters of abietic type rosins, methyl esters of abietic type rosins, pirns ric type rosin, giyceroi esters of pimaric type rosin, pentaerythrttoi ester of pimaric type rosins, methyl esters of pimaric type rosins, tali oil rosins, glycerol esters of tail oil rosins, perttaerythritoE esters of tail oil rosins, methyl esters of tali oil rosins, fully or partially hydrogenated versions of all of the foregoing, and blends thereof.

lOOSSj The present subject matter also provides various embodiment adhesive polymer bases comprising (!) one or more lower alky! acrylstes, (if) methyl methacryiate (MM A), (iii) methacry!ic acid (ft/JAAj, {v} acrylic acid (AA), one or more multifunctional monomers, and one or more chain transfer agents, in one embodiment, typical and particular concentrations for each of these components sre set forth below in Tabie 3 as follows. The weight percent concentrations listed in Tabie 3 are based upon the total weight of the adhesive polymer base, it will be understood that the various adhesive base polymers described herein are merely representative in nature. Although generally constituting preferred embodiments of the subject matter, in no way is the subject matter lim ted to the use of the particular adhesive base polymers described herein.

|O06Oj TABIE 3 ~ Typical srsd Particular Corscerrtrstteis of Components Sn Adhesive Polyme Bases

1 Component Typical Concentration Particular Concentration Alternate Concentration j

[ lo er Alky! Acry ate 25% - 45% 1 30% - 40% j

! MM A 45% ·· 75% [ SO ~ 65% ?ø% --- 6S% 1 j MAA 1% - 5% 1 1.5 - 4% t% - 3%

I AA 0.1% - 3% j 0.5 - 2% 0.1% - 2% _ 1 j Chain Transfer Agent [ 0 - 5% I Q ~ l%

[00611 A wide array of lower alkyl acryiates can be used singly or in combination for component (i) in the particular embodiment adhesive polymer base. For ex m le, butyl acryiate, iso-borny! acryiate, and 2-ethyihexy! acryiate could be used. However, 2-ethylhexyi acryiate and butyl acryiate are generally used with 2-ethyihexyi acryiate being suitable for many embodiments.

[0062] Similarly, for component (ii), methyl methacry!ate (MMA) may be used. However, it will be appreciated that other analogues and functionally equivalent monomers could be used in conjunction with or instead of MMA,

10063] A particular monomer for component is methacrylic acid (MAA). However, it will be appreciated that the subject matter includes the use of other equivalent monomers in conjunction with or instead of fv AA.

[06641 And, although acrylic acid {AA} is noted for use as component Ci ), it will be understood that the subject matter includes the use of other equivalent monomers.

[0OS5J Chain transfer agents when used in forming the adhesives, are typically used at concentrations of from about 0 to about 5.0%.. and particularly from about 1,0% to about 4,0% {percentages are based upon the total weight of monomers). Representative examples of suitable chain transfer agents include, but are not limited to n-dodecyi mercaptan (n-DDM), tert-nonyl mercaptan, isooctyi S-mereaptopropionate, and combinations thereof. It wit! be understood that in no way is the subject matter limited to these chain transfer agents. Instead, a wide array o chain transfer agents can be used. Suitable chain trsnsfer agents are available commercially such as from Sigma Aidrsch of St. Louis, MO, Most particularly, the adhesive polymer bases include bath (!) one or more multifunctional monomer agents and pi) one or more chain transfer agents,

[0066J A wide array of optional multifunctional monomers or multifunctional monomer agents can be used in the present subject matter. The multifunctional monomers can be used to achieve cross-Sinking of the base polymer. Representative examples of such multifunctional monomers include, but are not limited to, Afunctional monomers, trifu otions! monomers, and multifunctional monomers having more than three active functional sites. Particular examples of ifunctionsl monomers include, but are not limited to 1,4 butanedioi dlacrytate, polyethylene glycol (200) dlacry!ate, and combinations thereof. Another particular difunctional monomer is ethylene glycol dimethacryiate {EGDMAJ. Particular examples of Afunctional monomers include, but are not limited to ethoxylated (IS! trimefhy!olpropane triacrylafe, propoxyiated {3} glycerol iriacrylate, and combinations thereof. Particular examples of multifunctional monomers having more than three active functional sites include, but are not limited to, ethoxyiated pentaerythritoi tetraacrylate, dipentaerythritai, pentaacry!atss, and combinations thereof. These and numerous other suitable muitifunctionaS monomers are commercially available from various suppliers such as Sarto er of Exton, PA. Typical concentrations of multifunctional monomers range from about 0 to about 5.0%, with from about 0.5% to about 2,5% being used in certain embodiments, and from about 1.5% to about 2.0% being used in particular embodiments.

fQQ j In one embodiment, a particular adhesive polymer base composition is set forth below in Tabie 3A. [08S8 ΤΑΒΐε 3Α -Coneentratioss of Components In art Ad esive Polymer Base

0069] The present subject matter provides a wide array of adhesives having unique characteristics that enable the adhesives to be used in numerous applications. One feature of the adhesives relates to the relatively short time period required for activating the adhesive, i,e, selectively changing the adhesive from a non-tacky state to a tacky state. Fast activation times enable the adhesive to be used in high speed labeling operations. Particularly, the adhesives of the present subject matter can be activated within a time period of about 0.3 seconds and generally activated in a time period of less than I second, and more typically, less than 0.5 seconds. This time period is re erred to herein ss the adhesive' s "activation time,"

[0070] As previously described herein, the adhesives, once activated,, remain in their activated state long enough to at least allow application of a label carrying the adhesive to an item or receiving substrate before the adhesive loses its tackiness. This characteristic is described herein as the "open time" of the adhesive. The adhesives of the subject matter can have a wide variety of open times. The adhesives of the subject matter may exhibit an open time of from about 0.1 second to 10 minutes or longer. For certain applications,, the adhesives can be tailored to exhibit relatively Song open times, such as up to 72 hours or longer. Typically, the adhesives of the subject matter exhibit open times of from 0.1 seconds to 5 seconds, in certain embodiments about 0.5-4 seconds, more particularly about 1 to about 3 seconds.

00?i| Once the adhesives of the subjec matter are activated, i.e. while in their "open" and tacky state, the adhesives exhibit relatively high tackiness. For example, the adhesives exhibit an mi eai peak tack to s substrate such as cardboard or steel of at least about 1.0 Newton, and preferably at least about 1.2SMewtons. As described in conjunction with the examples presented herein, typically, certain embodiment adhesives exhibit Initial peak tack values In the range of from l.ONewtori to 2,QNewtoos. These tack values are measured using SPAT, which is described in detail herein. These tack values are with regard to the substrates as described herein. However, it will be appreciated that the present subject matter is not limited to adhes ves that exhibit these tack values In association with the substrates described herein. That is, it is contemplated that the subject matter includes adhesives exhibiting these tack values in association with other substrates and substrate materials not expressly described herein. Furthermore, generally that upon activation of the adhesive, the faekifser softens and is in a fiowable state,

0072J in addition, in certain embodiments, the adhesives of the present subject matter are generall clear after activation to aESow the passage of light without any detrimental absorbance. In certain embodiments the adhesives, once activated, remain in a clear or at least substantially clear state for relatively long time periods and particularly for at least ϊ year, and more particularly longer than 1 year,

[00731 The present subject matter adhesives, e,g. those for iineriess label applications, can be solvent based, water based such as emulsion adhesives, hot meii, or uv curable adhesives, in which an adhesive base polymer is blended with other adhesive components such as a solid plasttcizer, and/or a solid taekifier to yield a iineriess adhesive that is heat activataWe, and particularly, a Eight activatabie adhesive such as RF activatabie adhesive formulation.

Additional aspects of the various embodiment adhesives are as follows. A typicaE range of average molecular weight of the adhesive base polymer is from about 10,000 Daiions to about 500,000 Daltons. In certain embodiments, the average molecular weight of the adhesive base polymer is from about 50,000 Daltons to about 150,000 Daltons. A particular range is from about .15,000 Daltons to about 100,000 Daltons, with a range of from about 20,000 Daltons to about 40,000 Daltons being useful for many embodiments. A lower molecular weight base polymer is used In many embodiments because such polymer can be activated faster than a corresponding base polymer having a higher molecular weight. |0Ο?5] The adhesive base polymers also exhibit c rtain glass transition temperatures,

Tg. Although the Tg of the base polymer depends upon pressure and temperature requirements of the process,, and pressure and temperature conditions which the product may encounter, a typical Tg range is from about 2Q*C to about i00*C. A particular Tg range is from about 5S ^a C to about 80T, And, s most particular range for the glass transition temperature Tg of the base polymer is from SQX to 75"C,

[0076] in certain embodiments when forming the adhesives, after melting, the ptextfcizer remains in a liquid or flowahle for for an extended period of time. The temperatures at which the plasticteers exist in a liquid or fiowabie state are typically from room temperature (25 X] and beiow.

[0077) As a result of the particular formulation and selection of components, many of which have particular properties and characteristics, certain embodiment adhesives remain tacky in 3 temperature ran e of from about -XO'C to about 50 ^e C and particularly from ambient temperature to about 45* The adhesives typically remain tacky for time periods of from about 0.3. seconds to about 2 weeks. However, it wi!i be appreciated that the subject matter is not limited to these particular time periods. For example, adhesives can be formulated which remain tacky for periods longer than 2 weeks. Many of the adhesives exhibit remarkably long open times, i.e. the period of time during which the adhesive is In s tacky state.

07SJ in accordance with the present subject matter, it is found that, by con- rolling various factors including the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the base polymer, as well as the level of the multifunctional monomer of the base polymer by using s combination of multifunctional monomer and chain transfer material, a beat switehabie adhesive that has superior properties of fast activation, high tack, long open time, and long lasting clarity is obtained. Upon heating, the setivatabie adhesive behaves as a typical pressure sensitive adhesive, and the property of tack can be maintained for a prolonged period of time, which allows the adhesive materia! to flo or wet-out on the targeted substrate surface for enhancing the adhesion. Furthermore, the adhesive materials in this subject matter are inherently activatabie with RF radiation, which leads to a short activation time for fast Sine speed.

0Q?S| The base polymers of certain adhesives of the subject matter typically exhibit a poiydlspersity index of from about 1 to about 20, particularly 2 to about IS, a ticular^ to about 10, and more particularly from 2 to 4, The poiydispersity i dex (D) is calculated by Mw/Mn, However, it will be appreciated that the base polymers of the adhesives of the subject matter include polymeric systems exhibiting po!ydEspersitiss less than 2.0 and greater than IQ.O.

Examples

[0080] (IJ Samples were coated in Sab by applying adhesive formulations to either an ink-jet {U2k| paper label facestock or to wallpaper using a meyer rod to achieve approximately 2 ml! dry coat thickness. Samples were dried in lab oven at 120 "C for 5 mlnutes.Ulk is an ink jet paper label facestock commercially available from Avery-Dennison Corporation

[008&] (2) Samples were then cut into I inch wide strips along with the paperboard substrate that the coated materials would be bonded to,

fu¾8¾ 13} Coated samples were mated one at a time with a strip of paperboard and p!aced into the RF unit for activation. The design of the RF unit is not critical, and conventional units may be used. While both the through RF field {generally perpendicular to the lines of force} and the stray RF field {generally parallel to the lines of force} may be used, in many embodiments it is beneficial to use the stray field. This is the key to the very fast interaction of the adhesive with the F field. The inventors have discovered that if the through field were utilized, the activation times/energies would be much larger, by as much as an order of magnitude.

|0QS3} Each time a new sample was put into the unit, either the duration or power of the RP u was varied, resulting in the data of Table 4.

 [CS08S 1 T BL S - mm Table 4 Lead ¾ to 130% Dee I ef Tear Bond

¾-2 1 High aooo 30 } 400 j fOOSSJ "Deep fiber tear" is a qualitative determination of how well the coated paper {which simuiatesa label} bonded to the mating fiberbosrd substrate in the testing. This Indicates a robust destructive bond as opposed to superficial surface fibers being picked off upon separation of the two bonded parts. The percentages reported are estimates of the observed bonded area as compared to th fu!i activation mm.

[0087] The significance of these results as related to the formulations and testing conditions Is that the Idea! formulation will require the mi imum amount of energy to achieve a 1.00% deep fiber tear bond. Looking to Tsbies4 and S, It is clear that a variety of formulations achieve th desired bond at 240J, Further,, looking to the main effects plot, (Figure IS, it becomes evident that the energy to band was affected positively (less energy needed) as M decreases. piastieteer ievei increases, and Mw of the PEG plastlcizer decreases. Based on the foregoing discussion, Siend #3 represents g particular embodiment,

10088] The polymers in Tables 4 and 5 are characterized as "high," "medium' ^' ' ^" and "low" molecular weight. The molecular weight of the "high" Mw polymer was measured to 06336,000 Daltons with a poiydispersity of 1S.3. Subsequent to this measurement, the SPC (ges permeation chromatography) column was changed end therefore the measurements that follow cannot be directly compared to the values of the "medium* and 'lo " w values which were reported as 419,000 with a poiydisperslty of 9.7 and 233,000 with s poiydispersity of 8.1 respectively. The "medium" and "Sow" values can reliably be compared to one another since they were run or the same column with the same calibration standard, but neither can be directl compared to the "high" value. Also, these values ortiy represent the soluble (In THF) portion of the polymer.

fOOSS] Figure 1 shows the relationships between activation energy and several key parameters in the processing of the adhesive. The "Mw" piot demonstrates that with decreased molecular weight (Mw), the energy needed to activate the adhesive decreases. However, the slight difference between the "medium" and "low ^' ' molecular weights indicates that below s certain molecular weight, there is little additional energy savings,

00f0] The "plastieijer" plot indicates pSastidzer moiecuiar weight as related to activation energy. A piastieSzer with lower molecular weight is easier to activate than one with higher molecular weight, without regard to the amount of plastlcizer.

lQQ$t] The "pSastidser leveS" plot indicates pigsticker quantity as related to activation energy, A higher level of plasticizer used resuits in an adhesive that is easier to activate than an adhesive with a lower amount of plastlcizer,, without regard to the moiecuiar weights of the piasticizers.

[00321 Finally, the counterion plot indicates activation energy as a function of counterion used. It ss clear that the choice of counterion between Na ^* and &* makes little difference, however a slight energy savings is realised by the use of Na ^* . |0093J ΑΠ patents, published applications, and articles noted herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety,

it will be understood that any embodiment, aspect, or detail thereof can be used with any other embodiment, aspect, or detaii thereof described herein. Thus, the various adhesive systems and adhesive base polymers described herein can be used in conjunction with any of the labels, iafoei assemblies, systems, and methods described herein.

[09$$! The subject matter has been described and iiiustrated by exemplary and partieuiiSf embodiments, but is not limited thereto. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that vsriety of modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the subject matter; whic is limited only by the claims. Throughout the text and the claims, use of the word "about" in relation to a range of numbers is intended to modify both the low and the high vaiues stated.

[00S61 The inventors hereby state their intent to rely on the Doctrine of Equivalents to determine and assess the reasonably fair scope of their subject matter as ¾ pertains to any apparatus, system, method or artieie not materiaiiy departing from but outside the literal scope of the subject matter as set out in the following claims.