RUTHENIUM CATALYSTS AND METHODS THEREOF

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to United States Provisional Application Number 63/388,571 filed on 12 July 2022. The entire content of the application referenced above is hereby incorporated by reference herein.

GOVERNMENT FUNDING

This invention was made with government support under 2101582 awarded by the National Science Foundation. The government has certain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The olefin metathesis reaction was discovered in studies of heterogeneous catalysts containing tungsten, molybdenum, or rhenium oxides supported on silica or alumina. A common route to generate a well-defined organometallic on a surface involves protonolysis of an M-X group (X = alkyl, amido, alkoxide, etc.) by an -OH group on the oxide (usually SiO2) surface. Other strategies to heterogenize ruthenium catalysts onto oxides involve further derivatization followed by reaction with an oxide, or multi-step syntheses to access materials containing reactive groups that bind ruthenium compounds to form well-defined ruthenium catalyst. New ruthenium catalyst and efficient preparation methods are needed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Certain embodiments of the invention provide a method for catalyzing olefin metathesis, comprising contacting one or more reactant olefin with a catalyst composition described herein.

Certain embodiments of the invention provide a catalyst composition, comprising a cationic Ruthenium (Ru) catalyst and a support. The cationic Ru catalyst has structure of Formula I wherein

X is absent, halogen, O(O=)CRt or -OR _X , wherein R _t is alkyl or aryl and the alkyl, or aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituent of hydroxy or halogen (e.g., F); wherein R _x is alkyl, alkanoyl, or aryl, and the alkyl, alkanoyl, or aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituent of hydroxy or halogen (e.g., F); wherein when X is O(O=)CRt, the one (the non-carbonyl oxygen) or two oxygen(s) of O(O=)CRt is bonded with the Ru;

Ri is aryl (e.g., indenylidene) or (CH)-aryl (e.g., benzylidene), wherein the aryl or (CH)-aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituent selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, nitro (-NO2), or aryl; and each L is independently -O-, alkoxy, P(Ra)3, heterocycle, or heteroaryl, one L may be absent, wherein the heterocycle, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituent selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, halogen, alkyl, adamantyl, alkoxy, nitro (-NO2), or aryl that is optionally substituted with one or more alkyl (e.g., mesityl), and wherein R _a is alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl that is optionally substituted with one or more alkyl; wherein one L is absent when X is O(O=)CRt and the two oxygen(s) of O(O=)CRt are bonded with the Ru; wherein when X is absent, one L (a bidentate ligand when X is absent) is heterocycle, or heteroaryl substituted with one or more substituent (e.g., alkyl or adamantyl) and the substituent forms a Ru-C bond with the Ru; wherein Ru, together with the intervening carbon atoms of Ri, and the oxygen atom of -O- or alkoxy of one L, optionally form a ring (e.g., a five-membered ring); and a support.

Certain embodiments of the invention provide a method of making a catalyst composition described herein, comprising contacting a Ru compound of Formula II with a silylium on a support, wherein the silylium has structure of ⁺ Si(R _m )3, wherein R _m is alkyl or aryl, and the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more alkyl; and the Ru compound of Formula II is (Formula II), each X is independently halogen, O(O=)CRt or -OR _X , one X may be absent, wherein R _t is alkyl or aryl and the alkyl, or aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituent of hydroxy or halogen (e.g., F); wherein R _x is alkyl, alkanoyl, or aryl, and the alkyl, alkanoyl, or aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituent of hydroxy or halogen (e.g., F); wherein when X is -O(O=)CRt, the one oxygen of -O(O=)CRt is bonded with the Ru, or only one X is O(O=)CRt wherein the two oxygens of O(O=)CRt are bonded with the Ru;

Ri is aryl (e.g., indenylidene) or (CH)-aryl (e.g., benzylidene), wherein the aryl or (CH)-aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituent selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, nitro (-NO2), or aryl; and each L is independently -O-, alkoxy, P(Ra)3, heterocycle, or heteroaryl, one L may be absent, wherein the heterocycle, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituent selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, halogen, alkyl, adamantyl, alkoxy, nitro (-NO2), or aryl that is optionally substituted with one or more alkyl (e.g., mesityl), and wherein R _a is alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl that is optionally substituted with one or more alkyl; wherein one L is absent when only one X is O(O=)CRt and the two oxygen(s) of O(O=)CRt are bonded with the Ru; wherein when one X is absent, one L (a bidentate ligand when X is absent) is heterocycle, or heteroaryl substituted with one or more substituent (e.g., alkyl or adamantyl) and the substituent forms a Ru-C bond with the Ru; wherein Ru, together with the intervening carbon atoms of Ri, and the oxygen atom of -O- or alkoxy of one L, optionally form a ring (e.g., a fivemembered ring).

Certain embodiments of the invention provide a heterogeneous ruthenium catalyst as described herein.

Certain embodiments of the invention provide a heterogeneous cationic ruthenium catalyst as described herein.

Certain embodiments of the invention provide a method as described herein for making a heterogeneous ruthenium catalyst as described herein.

Certain embodiments of the invention provide a method as described herein for making a heterogeneous cationic ruthenium catalyst as described herein.

Certain embodiments of the invention provide a catalyst system comprising an activated heterogeneous ruthenium catalyst (active for catalyzing olefin metathesis) as described herein.

Certain embodiments of the invention provide a catalyst system comprising an activated heterogeneous cationic ruthenium catalyst as described herein.

Certain embodiments of the invention provide an olefin metathesis method comprising, coupling two olefins using an activated heterogeneous ruthenium catalyst as described herein.

Certain embodiments of the invention provide an olefin metathesis method comprising, coupling two olefins using an activated heterogeneous cationic ruthenium catalyst as described herein. In certain embodiments, the two olefins have different structures. In certain embodiments, the two olefins have the same structure, thus, two identical reactant olefins are coupled to form a product olefin.

Certain embodiments of the invention provide a compound described herein.

Certain embodiments of the invention provide a composition described herein.

Certain embodiments of the invention provide a catalyst compound or composition described herein (e.g., for use in catalyzing olefin metathesis).

Certain embodiments of the invention provide a supported catalyst described herein.

Certain embodiments of the invention provide a mixture described herein.

Certain embodiments of the invention provide a method described herein.

Certain embodiments of the invention provide a compound or composition described herein.

The invention also provides processes and intermediates disclosed herein that are useful for preparing a compound or catalyst described herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Figure 1. Generation of well-defined heterogeneous d° catalysts for olefin metathesis.

Figures 2A-2B. Selected heterogeneous Ru catalysts (Fig.2A) and an exemplary cationic catalyst (1) described herein (Fig.2B), R ^F is C(CF3)3.

Figure 3. Stacked spectrum for quantification of TIPSC1 that comes off during reaction.

Figure 4. Quantification of GH2 that comes off during reaction.

Figure 5. Quantification of GH2 that comes off during reaction.

Figure 6. FTIR spectrum of 1.

Figure 7. 13C{ 1H} HP -DEC MAS NMR spectrum of 1 spinning at 10 kHz.

Figure 8. 1H NMR spectrum of 1 spinning at 10 kHz.

Figure 9. Stacked GC-FID of the reaction at 3, 30, and 120 min (4.2, 54.8, and 85.5% conversions).

Figure 10. Conversion of 1 -decene versus time.

Figure 11. GC-FID graph of E/Z decene conversion with supported catalyst.

Figure 12. ¹ H NMR of the olefin region immediately (bottom) and 5 days after (top) preparation of the sample.

Figure 13. Bar graph for conversion of 1 -decene (829,000 TON).

Figure 14. GC-FID of 1-decene metathesis reaction (Max TON).

Figure 15. Stacked GC-FID of the reaction at 3, 30, and 240 min (16,4, 29,2, and 32.7% conversions).

Figure 16. Conversion of allyltrimethylsilane versus time.

Figure 17. ^X H NMR of the olefin region after reaction is stopped; 1 :2.3 (E:Z).

Figure 18. Stacked GC-FID of the reaction at 3, 30, and 240 min (11.4, 42.1, and 65.3% conversions).

Figure 19. Conversion of allylbenzene versus time.

Figure 20. Allylbenzene metathesis conversion E/Z percentage.

Figure 21. Stacked GC-FID of the reaction at 5, 30, and 360 min (0.6, 7.2, and 14.2% conversions).

Figure 22. Conversion of methyl acrylate versus time.

Figure 23. 'H NMR of the olefin region of the isolated product after the reaction was stopped at 24 hours.

Figure 24. NMR of ring-closing metathesis (RCM) reaction with supported catalyst.

Figure 25. GC-FID of RCM reaction with supported catalyst.

Figure 26. GC-FID for graph of cross metathesis reaction with the supported catalyst.

Figure 27. Cross metathesis reaction with the supported catalyst.

Figure 28. GC-FID for ethenolysis reaction for the supported catalyst.

Figure 29. Exemplary catalyst of Grubb’s-II on TMS SZO.

Figure 30. Catalytic Test of an exemplary catalyst: 0.2 mol% G-II. TOF = initial turnover frequency (per minute) = [mol product]/[mol Ru][time], TON = turnover number at max conversion = [mol product] [mol Ru],

Figure 31. Catalytic Test of an exemplary catalyst: 0.1 mol% G-II.

Figure 32. Catalytic Test of an exemplary catalyst: 0.05 mol% G-II.

Figure 33. Catalytic Test of an exemplary catalyst: 0.01 mol% G-II.

Figure 34. Catalytic Test of an exemplary catalyst: 0.005 mol% G-II.

Figure 35. An exemplary catalyst of Grubb’s-II on TIPS-ASO. 0.19mmol/g free TIPSC1 was produced if fresh TIPS ASO is used (0.068 mmol/g free TIPSC1 was produced if old TIPS ASO is used (made about a week prior)).

Figure 36. Catalytic Test of catalyst on supports: 0.01 mol% G-II.

Figure 37. An exemplary catalyst of Grubb’s-II on TIPS-ASO. 0.21 Immol/g free TIPSC1 was produced.

Figure 38. Catalytic Test of an exemplary catalyst: 1 mol% Ru-2.

Figure 39. Catalytic Test of an exemplary catalyst: 0.01 mol% Ru-2.

Figure 40. Catalytic Test of an exemplary catalyst: 0.01 mol% GH-II. Figure 41. Catalytic Test of an exemplary catalyst: 0.001 mol% Ru-2.

Figure 42. Catalytic Test of a catalyst: 0.001 mol% Ru-2 (homogenous).

Figure 43. Max TON experiment. Cross metathesis of with ethylene competes with homometathesis (45.4% decene after 35 days; at least 720K turnovers).

Figure 44. 1 -Decene metathesis. Typical GC of high TON experiment; all metathesis products. Low TON experiment leads to less cross-metathesis.

Figure 45. Allyltrimethylsilane metathesis reaction nearly done at 1 hour; major product is the homocoupled product other minor product are unidentified (solvent at 2.4 min).

Figure 46. 1 -Decene metathesis.

Figure 47. Certain exemplary Ruthenium compounds.

Figure 48. Certain exemplary Ruthenium catalysts (e.g., cationic Ru catalysts).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Certain embodiments of the invention provide a Ru catalyst and methods of making the catalyst described herein. In one embodiment, the invention can be prepared using silylium capped surfaces. For example, the first is a silylium capped sulfated zirconia. The second is a Lewis acid functionalized silica containing silylium (e.g., a silylium capped silica-aluminum alkoxide, also see Example 1). These silylium capped surfaces abstract halide ions from commercially available ruthenium catalysts (e.g., 2nd generation Grubbs-Hovey da (GH-II) catalyst) to form ion-pairs. The cationic ruthenium catalysts are very active in olefin metathesis reactions. Data shown herein suggests that these cationic heterogeneous catalysts are at least twice as active as neutral homogeneous catalysts in solution. As described herein (e.g., see Example 1), the catalyst composition comprises supported cationic Ru catalyst via formation of ion-pairs. In certain embodiments, the catalyst composition does not comprise Ru catalyst that is bound to the support via covalent bond.

Accordingly, certain embodiments of the invention provide a catalyst composition, comprising a cationic Ruthenium (Ru) catalyst and a support. The cationic Ru catalyst has structure of Formula I: (Formula I) wherein

X is absent, halogen, O(O=)CRt or -OR _X , wherein R _t is alkyl or aryl and the alkyl, or aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituent of hydroxy or halogen (e.g., F); wherein R _x is alkyl, alkanoyl, or aryl, and the alkyl, alkanoyl, or aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituent of hydroxy or halogen (e.g., F); wherein when X is O(O=)CRt, the one or two oxygen(s) of O(O=)CRt is bonded with the Ru;

Ri (an alkylidene ligand for Ru) is aryl (e.g., indenylidene) or (CH)-aryl (e.g., benzylidene (=CHPh)), wherein the aryl or (CH)-aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituent selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, halogen, alkyl (e.g., C1-C6 alkyl), alkoxy (e.g., C1-C6 alkoxy), nitro (-NO2), or aryl; and each L is independently -O-, alkoxy, P(Ra)3, heterocycle, or heteroaryl, one L may be absent, wherein the heterocycle, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituent selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, halogen, alkyl, adamantyl, alkoxy, nitro (-NO2), or aryl that is optionally substituted with one or more alkyl, and wherein R _a is alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl that is optionally substituted with one or more alkyl; wherein one L is absent when X is O(O=)CRt and the two oxygen(s) of O(O=)CRt are bonded with the Ru; wherein when X is absent, one L (a bidentate ligand when X is absent) is heterocycle, or heteroaryl substituted with one or more substituent (e.g., alkyl or adamantyl) and the substituent forms a Ru-C bond with the Ru; wherein Ru, together with the intervening carbon atoms of Ri, and the oxygen atom of -O- or alkoxy of one L, optionally form a ring (e.g., a five-membered ring).

In certain embodiments, X is Cl, Br, or I.

In certain embodiments, X is Cl.

In certain embodiments, X is -OR _X , wherein R _x is alkyl, alkanoyl, or aryl, and the alkyl, alkanoyl, or aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituent of hydroxy or halogen (e.g., F). In certain embodiments, R _x is alkanoyl (e.g., acetyl).

In certain embodiments, X is absent, and one L (a bidentate ligand when X is absent) is heterocycle, or heteroaryl substituted with one or more substituent (e.g., alkyl or adamantyl) and the substituent forms a Ru-C bond with the Ru.

In certain embodiments, X is O(O=)CRt, wherein R _t is alkyl or aryl and the alkyl, or aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituent of hydroxy or halogen (e.g., F).

In certain embodiments, X is -O(O=)CRt, wherein one oxygen (i.e., the non-carbonyl oxygen) of the X forms a Ru-0 bond with the Ru and the cationic Ru catalyst has structure of

In certain embodiments, X is O(O=)CRt, wherein the two oxygen atoms are bonded with the Ru and the cationic Ru catalyst has structure of

In certain embodiments, X is halogen or -OR _X .

In certain embodiments, X is O(O=)CRt or -OR _X .

In certain embodiments, Rt is alkyl (e.g., C1-C6 alkyl, such as methyl ort-butyl). In certain embodiments, Rt is aryl.

In certain embodiments, Ri is aryl or (CH)-aryl, wherein the aryl or (CH)-aryl is optionally substituted on the aryl ring with substituent Y, which is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, nitro (-NO2), or aryl.

In certain embodiments, Ri is aryl optionally substituted with one or more substituent selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, nitro (-NO2), or aryl.

In certain embodiments, Ri is indenylidene.

In certain embodiments, Ri is indenylidene substituted with phenyl. In certain embodiments, Ri has structure of

In certain embodiments, Ri is (CH)-aryl optionally substituted with one or more substituent selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, nitro (-NO2), or aryl.

In certain embodiments, Ri is benzylidene (=CHPh), optionally substituted with one or more substituent selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, nitro (- NO2), or aryl.

In certain embodiments, Ri is benzylidene (=CHPh). In certain embodiments, Ri is p-nitrobenzylidene.

In certain embodiments, the cationic Ru catalyst has structure of Formula la:

In certain embodiments, the cationic Ru catalyst has structure of Formula lb: wherein R2 is alkyl (e.g., C1-C6 or C1-C4 alkyl, such as isopropyl). For example, in certain embodiments, the cationic Ru catalyst has structure of

In certain embodiments, R2 is isopropyl. In certain embodiments, the cationic Ruthenium catalyst has structure of

In certain embodiments, the cationic Ru catalyst has structure of Formula Ic:

In certain embodiments, one or two L is P(R _a )3, wherein R _a is alkyl (e.g., C1-C6 alkyl), cycloalkyl (e.g., C4-C6 cycloalkyl), or aryl.

In certain embodiments, R _a is cycloalkyl. In certain embodiments, P(R _a )3 is tricyclohexylphosphine (PCys).

In certain embodiments, one or two L is P(R _a )3, wherein Ra is alkyl, or aryl that is optionally substituted with one or more alkyl (e.g., C1-C6 alkyl). In certain embodiments, P(Ra)3 is trimethylphosphine, or tri-t-butylphosphine. In certain embodiments, P(R _a )3 is triphenylphosphine, or tri(o-tolyl)phosphine.

In certain embodiments, one or two L is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, one or two L is pyridine.

In certain embodiments, one L is -O- or alkoxy (e.g., C1-C6 alkoxy), wherein the oxygen of -O- or alkoxy, together with the intervening carbon atoms of Ri (e.g., =CHPh), and Ru form a ring (e.g., 5 membered ring). In certain embodiments, the alkoxy is O-isopropyl.

In certain embodiments, one or two L is optionally substituted heterocycle. In certain embodiments, one or two L is 2-imidazolidinyl. In certain embodiments, one or two L is 1,3- dimesityl-2-imidazolidinyl. In certain embodiments, one or two L is optionally substituted 2- pyrrolidinyl. In certain embodiments, one or two L is optionally substituted 5,5-dimethyl-2- pyrrolidinyl.

In certain embodiments, each L is independently selected from the group consisting of - O-, alkoxy, P(R _a )3, wherein Rb, Rc, Rd is independently H, alkyl, adamantyl, or aryl; and the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more alkyl. For example, in certain embodiments, one or two L is

In certain embodiments, one or two L is

In certain embodiments, Rb and Rc are the same group. In certain embodiments, Rb and R _c are each phenyl. In certain embodiments, Rb and R _c are each independently phenyl optionally substituted with one or more alkyl. In certain embodiments, Rb and Rc are each mesityl (Mes).

In certain embodiments, Rb and Rc are not the same group.

In certain embodiments, each L is independently -O-, alkoxy, P(RaX or heterocycle.

In certain embodiments, each L is independently P(R _a )3, or heterocycle.

In certain embodiments, each L is independently -O-, alkoxy, or P(RaX

In certain embodiments, each L is independently -O-, alkoxy, or heterocycle.

In certain embodiments, the cationic Ru catalyst has structure of Formula Id: wherein R2 is alkyl (e.g., C1-C6 alkyl). In certain embodiments, R2 is isopropyl.

In certain embodiments, X is absent, and a substituent on one L (wherein L is heterocycle or heteroaryl) also forms a Ru-C bond. For example, in certain embodiments, one of Rb and Rc forms a Ru-C bond. Accordingly, in certain embodiments, the cationic Ru catalyst has structure of Formula le: wherein R2 is alkyl (e.g., C1-C6 alkyl). In certain embodiments, R2 is isopropyl.

In certain embodiments, R _c is adamantyl or alkyl. In certain embodiments, R _c is adamantyl. In certain embodiments, R _c is adamantyl and Rb is optionally substituted aryl.

In certain embodiments, the cationic Ru catalyst has structure of

Accordingly, in one embodiment, the invention provides the following exemplary cationic ruthenium catalysts that can be used in the methods of the invention. Thus, in certain embodiments, the cationic Ru catalyst has a structure of:

5 In certain embodiments, the cationic Ru catalyst has structure of

In certain embodiments, the cationic Ruthenium catalyst has structure of In certain embodiments, the cationic Ruthenium catalyst has structure of

The support is an anionic solid support that provides negatively charged surface to support the cationic Ru catalyst. Accordingly, the cationic Ru catalyst could form ion-pairs with the anionic group on the support surface (e.g., anionic metal and/or non-metal oxide surface).

In certain embodiments, the support comprises metal and/or non-metal oxides. In certain embodiments, the support comprises SiCh/AhCh.

In certain embodiments, the support comprises metal oxide (e.g., AI2O3, ZrCh, TiCh, or CeCh). In certain embodiments, the support comprises sulfated metal oxide, for example, sulfated zirconia (sulfated ZrCh), sulfated TiCh, or sulfated CeCh.

In certain embodiments, the support comprises non-metal oxide, for example, silica (SiCh).

In certain embodiments, the support comprises oxide E _x O _y , wherein E is metal or non- metal; x is 1 or 2; and y is 2 or 3. For example, in certain embodiments, the support comprises oxide E _x Oy, wherein E is Si, Al, Zr, Ti, or Ce; x is 1 or 2; and y is 2 or 3. The oxide E _x O _y surface may comprise -OH group. In certain embodiments, the support comprises oxide-Aluminum alkoxide (E _x O _y /Al(0R ^s )3) having structure of wherein R ^s is alkyl (e.g., C1-C6 or C1-C4 alkyl such as t-butyl) optionally substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F).

In certain embodiments, the support comprises silica-Aluminum alkoxide (SiO2/Al(OR ^s )3), wherein R ^s is alkyl (e.g., C1-C6 or C1-C4 alkyl such as t-butyl) optionally substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F).

In certain embodiments, R ^s is perfluoro alkyl (e.g., perfluoro t-butyl). In certain embodiments, R ^s is C(CF3)3.

In certain embodiments, the silica-Aluminum alkoxide (SiO2/Al(OR ^s )3) has structure of

In certain embodiments, the catalyst composition comprises ion-pair of a cationic Ru catalyst described herein (e.g., Formula I, la, lb, Ic, or Id), and an anionic support described herein (e.g., sulfated zirconium oxide (SZO), or silica-aluminum alkoxide). For example, in certain embodiments, the catalyst composition comprises ion-pair having structure of wherein R ^s is alkyl (e.g., C1-C6 or C1-C4 alkyl such as t-butyl) optionally substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F).

In certain embodiments, the catalyst composition comprises ion-pair having structure of

In certain embodiments, the catalyst composition comprises ion-pair [(IMes)Ru(=CH(o- O ¹ Pr-C6H4)Cl][(R ^s O)3Al-OSi=)] (1) (also see Example 1 and Figure 2B), wherein IMes is 1,3- dimesityl-2-imidazolidinyl, and R ^s is C(CF3)3.

In certain embodiments, the catalyst composition comprises a mole percentage of the cationic Ru catalyst at about 0.001 to 1 mol%, 0.005 to 1 mol%, 0.01 to 1 mol%, 0.05 to 1 mol%, 0.1 to 1 mol%, 0.5 to 1 mol%, or 1 mol% to 5 mol%. In certain embodiments, the catalyst composition comprises a mole percentage of the cationic Ru catalyst at about 5, 1, 0.5, 0.1, 0.05, 0.01, 0.005, 0.001 mol% or lower. In certain embodiments, the catalyst composition comprises a mole percentage of the cationic Ru catalyst at about 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5 mol% or higher.

Methods

Certain embodiments of the invention provide a method of catalyzing olefin metathesis, comprising contacting one or more reactant olefins with a catalyst composition described herein.

Olefin metathesis reactions are described herein and known in the art. Olefin metathesis reaction may occur between two substrates which are not joined by a bond (e.g., intermolecular metathesis reaction) or between two portions of a single substrate (e.g., intramolecular metathesis reaction). In certain embodiments, the reaction is cross-metathesis. In some embodiments, the reaction is an ethenolysis reaction. In certain embodiments, the reaction is ring-closing metathesis. In certain embodiments, the reaction is ring-closing metathesis, ringopening metathesis, or cross-metathesis. In certain embodiments, the reaction is ringclosing metathesis, ring-opening metathesis, or acyclic diene metathesis.

In certain embodiments, the method comprises contacting two olefins with a catalyst composition described herein. For example, the methods couples two olefins to form a product olefin. In certain embodiments, the two olefins are the same olefin (e.g., two 1-decene molecules are coupled to produce 9-octadecene). In certain embodiments, the two olefins are different olefins (i.e., a first reactant compound and a second reactant compound), for example, the method couples allylbenzene and 1,4-diacetoxybutene.

The terms “olefin” and “alkene” as used herein refer to a compound comprising one or more C=C bond(s). In certain embodiments, the olefin has one C=C bond. In certain embodiments, the olefin has two C=C bonds.

In certain embodiments, each olefin reactant compound is independently an unsaturated, branched or unbranched, C2-C26 hydrocarbon chain, wherein one or more carbon of the hydrocarbon chain is optionally replaced with -O-, -N(R _g )-, -S-, -Si(Rh)2-, cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, and wherein the hydrocarbon chain is optionally substituted on carbon with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, alkanoyl, alkanoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, halo, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, oxo (=0), and thioxo (=S), wherein R _g and Rh are each independently H or alkyl (e.g., Ci-Ce).

In certain embodiments, the olefin reactant compound is a straight chain, branched or unbranched, or cyclic olefin compound of 2 to 20 carbon atoms comprising one or more double bond, and the olefin compound is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, oxo (=0), thioxo (=S), aryl, and heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments, an olefin reactant compound is a cyclic alkene (cycloalkene). In certain embodiments, an olefin reactant compound is a C2-C26 olefin compound. In certain embodiments, an olefin reactant compound is a C2-C24 olefin compound. In certain embodiments, an olefin reactant compound is a C2-C22 olefin compound. In certain embodiments, an olefin reactant compound is a C2-C20 olefin compound. In certain embodiments, an olefin reactant compound is a C2-C18 olefin compound. In certain embodiments, an olefin reactant compound is a C2-C16 olefin compound. In certain embodiments, an olefin reactant compound is a C2-C14 olefin compound. In certain embodiments, an olefin reactant compound is a C2-C12 olefin compound. In certain embodiments, an olefin reactant compound is a C2-C10 olefin compound. In certain embodiments, an olefin reactant compound is a C2-C8 olefin compound. In certain embodiments, an olefin reactant compound is a C2-C6 olefin compound. In certain embodiments, an olefin reactant compound is a C2-C4 olefin compound. In certain embodiments, an olefin reactant compound is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, oxo (=0), thioxo (=S), alkoxy, aryl, and heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments, an olefin reactant compound is a terminal olefin (e.g., C2-C26 olefin compound), such as 1 -decene or 1 -octene.

In certain embodiments, an olefin reactant compound is not a terminal olefin.

In certain embodiments, an olefin reactant compound is methyl acrylate.

In certain embodiments, an olefin reactant compound is ethyl oleate.

In certain embodiments, an olefin reactant compound is allylbenzene.

In certain embodiments, an olefin reactant compound is 1,4-diacetoxybutene. In certain embodiments, an olefin reactant compound is allyltrimethylsilane. In certain embodiments, an olefin reactant compound is 2,2-dimethyallylmalonate. In certain embodiments, the contacting compirses contacting at about 15-30°C, 16-29°C, 17-28°C, 18-27°C, 19-26°C, or 20-25°C.

In certain embodiments, the method is conducted for at least 5, 10, 15, 30, 45 minutes, Ih, 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 7h, 8h, 9h, lOh, 12h, 14h, 16h, 18h, 20h, 22h, 24h, 36h, 48h, 72h or longer.

In certain embodiments, the method is conducted at about 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 100000, 1000000 or higher equivalents of reactant olefin per Ru. In certain embodiments, the method is conducted at about 1000 to 1000000, 2000 to 100000, 3000 to 10000, 1000 to 100000 or 1000 to 10000 equivalents of reactant olefin per Ru. In certain embodiments, the method has a TON (TON= turnover number at max conversion = [mol product][mol Ru]) of at least 100, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000, 50000, or higher.

In certain embodiments, the method has a TOF (TOF= initial turnover frequency (per minute) = [mol product]/[mol Ru][time]) of at least 10, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, or higher.

Certain embodiments of the invention provide a method of making a catalyst composition described herein, comprising contacting a Ru compound of Formula II with a silylium on a support. For example, after contacting, the Ru compound of Formula II becomes a supported cationic Ru catalyst described herein, and silyl halide (e.g., 'PnSiCl) is formed.

In certain embodiments, the silylium has structure of ⁺ Si(R _m )3, wherein R _m is alkyl or aryl, and the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more alkyl.

In certain embodiments, R _m is alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, or C1-C4 alkyl). In certain embodiments, R _m is isopropyl.

In certain embodiments, R _m is aryl (e.g., phenyl) optionally substituted with one or more alkyl.

The support is an anionic solid support that provides negatively charged surface to support the silylium. Accordingly, the silylium could form ion-pairs with the anionic group on the support surface.

In certain embodiments, the support comprises metal and/or non-metal oxides. In certain embodiments, the support comprises SiCh/AhCh.

In certain embodiments, the support comprises metal oxide (e.g., AI2O3, ZrCh, TiCh, or CeCh). In certain embodiments, the support comprises sulfated metal oxide, for example, sulfated zirconia (sulfated ZrCh), sulfated TiCh, or sulfated CeCh.

In certain embodiments, the support comprises non-metal oxide, for example, silica (SiCh).

In certain embodiments, the support comprises oxide E _x O _y , wherein E is metal or non- metal; x is 1 or 2; and y is 2 or 3. For example, in certain embodiments, the support comprises oxide E _x Oy, wherein E is Si, Al, Zr, Ti, or Ce; x is 1 or 2; and y is 2 or 3. In certain embodiments, the oxide E _x O _y surface may comprise -OH group. In certain embodiments, the support comprises oxi de- Aluminum alkoxide (E _x O _y /A1(OR ^S )3) having structure of wherein R ^s is alkyl (e.g., C1-C6 or C1-C4 alkyl such as t-butyl) optionally substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F).

In certain embodiments, the support comprises silica-aluminum alkoxide (SiO2/Al(OR ^s )3), wherein R ^s is alkyl (e.g., C1-C6 or C1-C4 alkyl such as t-butyl) optionally substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F). In certain embodiments, R ^s is perfluoro alkyl (e.g., perfluoro t-butyl). In certain embodiments, R ^s is C(CF3)3.

In certain embodiments, the silica-aluminum alkoxide (SiO2/Al(OR ^s )3) has structure of

In certain embodiments, the silynium on a support has structure of wheriein alkyl (e.g., C1-C6 or C1-C4 alkyl such as t-butyl) substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F). In certain embodiments, R ^s is C(CF3)3.

The Ru compound to be contacted with the supported silylium has structure of Formula II: (Formula II), wherein each X is independently halogen, O(O=)CRt or -OR _X , one X may be absent, wherein R _t is alkyl or aryl and the alkyl, or aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituent of hydroxy or halogen (e.g., F); wherein R _x is alkyl, alkanoyl, or aryl, and the alkyl, alkanoyl, or aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituent of hydroxy or halogen (e.g., F); wherein when X is -O(O=)CRt, the one oxygen of -O(O=)CRt is bonded with the Ru, or only one X is O(O=)CRt wherein the two oxygens of O(O=)CRt are bonded with the Ru;

Ri is aryl (e.g., indenylidene) or (CH)-aryl (e.g., benzylidene), wherein the aryl or (CH)-aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituent selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, nitro (-NO2), or aryl; and each L is independently -O-, alkoxy, P(Ra)3, heterocycle, or heteroaryl, one L may be absent, wherein the heterocycle, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituent selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, halogen, alkyl, adamantyl, alkoxy, nitro (-NO2), or aryl that is optionally substituted with one or more alkyl (e.g., mesityl), and wherein R _a is alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl that is optionally substituted with one or more alkyl; wherein one L is absent when only one X is O(O=)CRt and the two oxygen(s) of O(O=)CRt are bonded with the Ru; wherein when one X is absent, one L (a bidentate ligand when X is absent) is heterocycle, or heteroaryl substituted with one or more substituent (e.g., alkyl or adamantyl) and the substituent forms a Ru-C bond with the Ru; wherein Ru, together with the intervening carbon atoms of Ri, and the oxygen atom of -O- or alkoxy of one L, optionally form a ring (e.g., a fivemembered ring).

In certain embodiments, one or two X is halogen.

In certain embodiments, one or two X is -OR _X , wherein R _x is alkyl, alkanoyl, or aryl, and the alkyl, alkanoyl, or aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituent of hydroxy or halogen (e.g., F). In certain embodiments, R _x is alkanoyl (e.g., acetyl).

In certain embodiments, one X is absent, and one L (a bidentate ligand when X is absent) is heterocycle, or heteroaryl substituted with one or more substituent (e.g., alkyl or adamantyl) and the substituent forms a Ru-C bond with the Ru.

In certain embodiments, one X is O(O=)CRt, wherein R _t is alkyl or aryl and the alkyl, or aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituent of hydroxy or halogen (e.g., F).

In certain embodiments, each X is -O(O=)CRt, wherein one oxygen of X forms a Ru-0 bond with the Ru and the Ru of formula II has structure of

In certain embodiments, the Ru compound has structure of formula Ila, (Formula Ila).

In certain embodiments, the Ru compound has structure of formula lib, (Formula lib), wherein R2 is alkyl (e.g., C1-C6 alkyl such as isopropyl).

In certain embodiments, the Ru compound has structure of formula lie,

In certain embodiments, one or two L is P(R _a )3, wherein Ra is alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl.

In certain embodiments, R _a is cycloalkyl. In certain embodiments, P(R _a )3 is tricyclohexylphosphine (PCys).

In certain embodiments, one or two L is P(R _a )3, wherein Ra is alkyl, or aryl that is optionally substituted with one or more alkyl. In certain embodiments, P(R _a )3 is trimethylphosphine, or tri-t-butylphosphine. In certain embodiments, P(R _a )3 is triphenylphosphine, or tri(o-tolyl)phosphine.

In certain embodiments, one or two L is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, one or two L is pyridine.

In certain embodiments, one L is -O- or alkoxy, wherein the oxygen of -O- or alkoxy, together with the intervening carbon atoms of Ri (e.g., =CHPh), and Ru form a ring (e.g., 5 membered ring). In certain embodiments, the alkoxy is O-isopropyl.

In certain embodiments, one or two L is optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl. In certain embodiments, one or two L is 2-imidazolidinyl. In certain embodiments, one or two L is 1,3- dimesityl-2-imidazolidinyl. In certain embodiments, one or two L is optionally substituted 2- pyrrolidinyl. In certain embodiments, one or two L is optionally substituted 5,5-dimethyl-2- pyrrolidinyl.

In certain embodiments, each L is independently selected from the group consisting of - O-, alkoxy, P(R _a )3, wherein Rb, Rc, Rd is independently H, alkyl, adamantyl, or aryl; and the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more alkyl. For example, in certain embodiments, one or two L is

In certain embodiments, one or two L is

In certain embodiments, Rb and Rc are the same group. In certain embodiments, Rb and R _c are each phenyl. In certain embodiments, Rb and R _c are each independently phenyl optionally substituted with one or more alkyl. In certain embodiments, Rb and Rc are each mesityl (Mes).

In certain embodiments, Rb and Rc are not the same group.

In certain embodiments, each L is independently -O-, alkoxy, P(Ra)3, or heterocycle.

In certain embodiments, each L is independently P(R _a )3, or heterocycle.

In certain embodiments, each L is independently -O-, alkoxy, or P(Ra)3.

In certain embodiments, each L is independently -O-, alkoxy, or heterocycle.

In certain embodiments, the Ru compound has structure of formula lid, wherein R2 is alkyl (e.g., isopropyl).

In certain embodiments, only one X is absent, and a substituent on one L (wherein L is heterocycle or heteroaryl) also forms a Ru-C bond. For example, in certain embodiments, one of Rb and Rc forms a Ru-C bond with the Ru. Accordingly, in certain embodiments, the cationic Ru catalyst has structure of Formula lie: wherein R2 is alkyl (e.g., C1-C6 alkyl). In certain embodiments, R2 is isopropyl. In certain embodiments, R _c is adamantyl or alkyl. In certain embodiments, R _c is adamantyl. In certain embodiments, R _c is adamantyl and Rb is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, Ri is aryl (e.g., indenylidene) or (CH)-aryl (e.g., benzylidene), wherein the aryl or (CH)-aryl is optionally substituted with substituent Y, which is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, nitro (-NO2), or aryl.

Accordingly, in one embodiment, the following exemplary ruthenium catalysts can be used to prepare cationic ruthenium catalysts of the invention. Thus, in certain embodiments, the Ru compound of formula II has structure of

In certain embodiments, the Ru compound of formula II has structure of

In certain embodiments, the the Ru compound of formula II has structure of

In certain embodiments, the the Ru compound of formula II has structure of

In certain embodiments, the contacting comprises mixing a Ru compound of Formula II with a silylium on a support in a non-polar organic solvent (e.g., an alkane such as pentane). In certain embodiments, the contacting compirses contacting (e.g., mixing) at about -

40°C, -30°C, -20°C, -10°C, 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, or 80°C. In certain embodiments, the contacting compirses contacting (e.g., mixing) at about -40-80°C, -30-70°C, - 20-60°C, -10-50°C, 0-40°C or 10-30°C. In certain embodiments, the contacting compirses contacting (e.g., mixing) at about 15-30°C, 16-29°C, 17-28°C, 18-27°C, 19-26°C, or 20-25°C. In certain embodiments, the contacting (e.g., mixing) is conducted for a duration of about 1 minute to 72hrs, 5 min to 48hrs, 10 min to 24hrs, 15 min to 12hrs, 20 min to 6hrs, 25 min to 3 hrs, 30 min to 1 hour. In certain embodiments, the method is conducted for at least 5, 10, 15, 30, 45 minutes, Ih, 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 7h, 8h, 9h, lOh, 12h, 14h, 16h, 18h, 20h, 22h, 24h, 36h, 48h, 72h or longer.

In certain embodiments, contacting (e.g., mixing) is conducted at about -220 °C to -80 °C (e.g., about -196 °C) followed by mixing at about 15-30°C, 16-29°C, 17-28°C, 18-27°C, 19- 26°C, or 20-25°C.

In certain embodiments, the method of making a catalyst composition described herein further comprises separating the solid with the non-polar organic solvent (e.g., filtering).

In certain embodiments, the method of making a catalyst composition described herein further comprises drying the product solid under vacuum.

Certain Definitions

The following definitions are used, unless otherwise described: halo or halogen is fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo. Alkyl, alkoxy, etc. denote both straight and branched groups; but reference to an individual radical such as propyl embraces only the straight chain radical, a branched chain isomer such as isopropyl being specifically referred to.

The term "alkyl", by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon radical, having the number of carbon atoms designated (i.e., Ci-s means one to eight carbons). Examples include (Ci-Cs)alkyl, (C2-Cs)alkyl, (Ci-Ce)alkyl, (C2-Ce)alkyl, (Ci-C3)alkyl, and (C3-Ce)alkyl. Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n- heptyl, n-octyl, and higher homologs and isomers. (Ci-Ce)alkyl can be methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, pentyl, 3-pentyl, or hexyl.

The term "alkoxy" refers to an alkyl groups attached to the remainder of the molecule via an oxygen atom (“oxy”). For example, (Ci-Ce)alkoxy can be methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy, pentoxy, 3-pentoxy, or hexyloxy.

The term “halo” or “halogen” refers to bromo, chloro, fluoro or iodo. In some embodiments, halogen refers to chloro or fluoro. In some embodiments, halogen refers to fluoro.

The term “cycloalkyl” refers to a saturated or partially unsaturated (non-aromatic) all carbon ring having 3 to 8 carbon atoms (i.e., (C3-Cs)carbocycle). The term also includes multiple condensed, saturated all carbon ring systems (e.g., ring systems comprising 2, 3 or 4 carbocyclic rings). Accordingly, carbocycle includes multicyclic carbocyles such as a bicyclic carbocycles (e.g., bicyclic carbocycles having about 3 to 15 carbon atoms, about 6 to 15 carbon atoms, or 6 to 12 carbon atoms such as bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane and bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane), and polycyclic carbocycles (e.g tricyclic and tetracyclic carbocycles with up to about 20 carbon atoms). The rings of the multiple condensed ring system can be connected to each other via fused, spiro and bridged bonds when allowed by valency requirements. For example, multicyclic carbocyles can be connected to each other via a single carbon atom to form a spiro connection (e.g., spiropentane, spiro[4,5]decane, etc), via two adjacent carbon atoms to form a fused connection (e.g., carbocycles such as decahydronaphthalene, norsabinane, norcarane) or via two non-adjacent carbon atoms to form a bridged connection (e.g., norbomane, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, etc). Non-limiting examples of cycloalkyls include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, pinane, and adamantane. (C3- Ce)cycloalkyl can be cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.

The term “aryl” as used herein refers to a single all carbon aromatic ring or a multiple condensed all carbon ring system wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic. For example, in certain embodiments, an aryl group has 6 to 20 carbon atoms, 6 to 14 carbon atoms, 6 to 12 carbon atoms, or 6 to 10 carbon atoms. Aryl includes a phenyl radical. Aryl also includes multiple condensed carbon ring systems (e.g., ring systems comprising 2, 3 or 4 rings) having about 9 to 20 carbon atoms in which at least one ring is aromatic and wherein the other rings may be aromatic or not aromatic (i.e., cycloalkyl. The rings of the multiple condensed ring system can be connected to each other via fused, spiro and bridged bonds when allowed by valency requirements. It is to be understood that the point of attachment of a multiple condensed ring system, as defined above, can be at any position of the ring system including an aromatic or a carbocycle portion of the ring. Non-limiting examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, indenyl, indanyl, naphthyl, 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydronaphthyl, anthracenyl, and the like.

The term “heterocycle” refers to a single saturated or partially unsaturated ring that has at least one atom other than carbon in the ring, wherein the atom is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur; the term also includes multiple condensed ring systems that have at least one such saturated or partially unsaturated ring, which multiple condensed ring systems are further described below. Thus, the term includes single saturated or partially unsaturated rings (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7-membered rings) from about 1 to 6 carbon atoms and from about 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur in the ring. The sulfur and nitrogen atoms may also be present in their oxidized forms. Exemplary heterocycles include but are not limited to azetidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl and piperidinyl. The term “heterocycle” also includes multiple condensed ring systems (e.g., ring systems comprising 2, 3 or 4 rings) wherein a single heterocycle ring (as defined above) can be condensed with one or more groups selected from cycloalkyl, aryl, and heterocycle to form the multiple condensed ring system. The rings of the multiple condensed ring system can be connected to each other via fused, spiro and bridged bonds when allowed by valency requirements. It is to be understood that the individual rings of the multiple condensed ring system may be connected in any order relative to one another. It is also to be understood that the point of attachment of a multiple condensed ring system (as defined above for a heterocycle) can be at any position of the multiple condensed ring system including a heterocycle, aryl and carbocycle portion of the ring. In one embodiment the term heterocycle includes a 3-15 membered heterocycle. In one embodiment the term heterocycle includes a 3-10 membered heterocycle. In one embodiment the term heterocycle includes a 3-8 membered heterocycle. In one embodiment the term heterocycle includes a 3-7 membered heterocycle. In one embodiment the term heterocycle includes a 3-6 membered heterocycle. In one embodiment the term heterocycle includes a 4-6 membered heterocycle. In one embodiment the term heterocycle includes a 3-10 membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycle comprising 1 to 4 heteroatoms. In one embodiment the term heterocycle includes a 3-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycle heterocycle comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms. In one embodiment the term heterocycle includes a 3-6 membered monocyclic heterocycle comprising 1 to 2 heteroatoms. In one embodiment the term heterocycle includes a 4-6 membered monocyclic heterocycle comprising 1 to 2 heteroatoms. Exemplary heterocycles include, but are not limited to aziridinyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, homopiperidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrooxazolyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, 1,2, 3, 4- tetrahydroquinolyl, benzoxazinyl, dihydrooxazolyl, chromanyl, 1,2-dihydropyridinyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl, 1,3-benzodioxolyl, 1,4-benzodioxanyl, spiro[cyclopropane-l,l'- isoindolinyl]-3'-one, isoindolinyl-l-one, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptanyl, imidazolidin-2-one imidazolidine, pyrazolidine, butyrolactam, valerolactam, imidazolidinone, hydantoin, dioxolane, phthalimide, 1,4-dioxane, 2-imidazolidinyl, l,3-dimesityl-2-imidazolidinyl, and 5,5-dimethyl-2- pyrrolidinyl.

The term “heteroaryl” as used herein refers to a single aromatic ring that has at least one atom other than carbon in the ring, wherein the atom is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur; “heteroaryl” also includes multiple condensed ring systems that have at least one such aromatic ring, which multiple condensed ring systems are further described below. Thus, “heteroaryl” includes single aromatic rings of from about 1 to 6 carbon atoms and about 1-4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. The sulfur and nitrogen atoms may also be present in an oxidized form provided the ring is aromatic. Exemplary heteroaryl ring systems include but are not limited to pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, oxazolyl or furyl. “Heteroaryl” also includes multiple condensed ring systems (e.g., ring systems comprising 2, 3 or 4 rings) wherein a heteroaryl group, as defined above, is condensed with one or more rings selected from cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycle, and heteroaryl. It is to be understood that the point of attachment for a heteroaryl or heteroaryl multiple condensed ring system can be at any suitable atom of the heteroaryl or heteroaryl multiple condensed ring system including a carbon atom and a heteroatom (e.g., a nitrogen). Exemplary heteroaryls include but are not limited to pyridyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazolyl, thienyl, indolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, furyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, indazolyl, quinoxalyl, and quinazolyl.

As used herein, the term "heteroatom" is meant to include oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S) and silicon (Si).

As used herein a wavy line “ ” that intersects a bond in a chemical structure indicates the point of attachment of the bond that the wavy bond intersects in the chemical structure to the remainder of a molecule.

When a bond in a compound formula herein is drawn in a non-stereochemical manner (e.g. flat), the atom to which the bond is attached includes all stereochemical possibilities. When a bond in a compound formula herein is drawn in a defined stereochemical manner (e.g. bold, bold-wedge, dashed or dashed-wedge), it is to be understood that the atom to which the stereochemical bond is attached is enriched in the relative stereoisomer depicted unless otherwise noted. In one embodiment, the compound may be at least 51% the relative stereoisomer depicted. In another embodiment, the compound may be at least 60% the relative stereoisomer depicted. In another embodiment, the compound may be at least 80% the relative stereoisomer depicted. In another embodiment, the compound may be at least 90% the relative stereoisomer depicted. In another embodiment, the compound may be at least 95% the relative stereoisomer depicted. In another embodiment, the compound may be at least 99% the relative stereoisomer depicted.

Certain embodiments of the invention will be illustrated in the following non-limiting Example.

Example 1 Ruthenium catalysts for olefin metathesis.

The incorporation of organometallic groups onto oxide surfaces is a strategy to access more efficient and selective heterogeneous catalysts. ¹ One of the success stories in this area is the development of well-defined heterogeneous catalysts for olefin metathesis, Figure I. ² The olefin metathesis reaction was discovered in studies of heterogeneous catalysts containing tungsten, molybdenum, or rhenium oxides supported on silica or alumina. From these studies the industrially relevant WO3/SiO2 catalyst emerged, but this catalyst operates at high temperatures and is incompatible with functional groups. ³ Contrast this behavior with the organometallic d° alkylidene catalysts ⁴ that follow the metathesis mechanism proposed by Chauvin and are active at room temperature and compatible with a wide array of functional groups. Incorporating d° alkylidene organometallics onto oxides results in very active olefin metathesis catalysts; in some cases the well-defined heterogeneous organometallic is more active than closely related catalysts in solution. ²

The reaction shown in Figure 1 involves protonolysis of an M-X group (X = alkyl, amido, alkoxide, etc.) by an -OH group on the oxide (usually SiO2) surface. This is the most common route to generate a well-defined organometallic on a surface, ⁵ but is limited to polarized M-X groups. For example, reactions of L2Ru(=CHR)C12, common ruthenium catalysts for olefin metathesis, ⁶ are incompatible with this reaction. Thus strategies to heterogenize ruthenium catalysts onto oxides shown in Figure 2A involve further derivatization followed by reaction with an oxide, or multi-step syntheses to access materials containing reactive groups that bind (PCy3)2Ru(=CHR)C12 or related ruthenium compounds to form well-defined ruthenium benzylidenes. ⁷

We recently described oxides capped with silylium-like ions. ⁸ Silylium-like ions (R3Si ⁺ ) are very strong Lewis acids ⁹ that abstract halides from transition metal, lanthanide, or actinide complexes to form R3Si-X (X = halide) and an ion-pair. ¹⁰ Oxides capped with silylium-like ions behave similarly, ¹¹ which provides a complementary methodology to the common protonolysis route typified in Figure 1 to form well-defined heterogeneous from readily available precursors. This Example describes the exemplary reaction of 2 ^nd generation Grubbs-Hovey da (GH-II) catalyst ¹² with [ ⁱ Pr ₃ Si][(R ^F O)3Al-OSi=)] (R ^F = C(CF ₃ ) ₃ ) to form a [(IMes)Ru(=CH(o-O ⁱ Pr- C6H4)Cl][(R ^F O)3Al-OSi=)] (1), Figure 2B, which is exceptionally active in olefin metathesis reactions. FTIR spectrum, 13C{ 1H} HP -DEC MAS NMR spectrum, and 1H NMR spectrum of

1 are shown in Figure 6, Figure 7, and Figure 8 respectively.

Synthesis and characterization Synthesis of 1: pPnSi] [ =Si-0Al(0R ^F )3] (2g, 0.48 mmol =Si-OH — A1(OR ^F )3) and Grubbs- Hoveyda Second Generation Catalyst (0.313g, 0.50 mmol) were loaded into a teflon-valved flask containing two arms separated by a medium porosity frit (double Schlenk) and evacuated under diffusion pump vacuum. Pentane (~10 mL) was transferred to the flask at -196 °C. The slurry was warmed up to room temperature and stirred for 30 minutes. The green solution was filtered to the other side of the double Schlenk. The remaining solid was washed by condensing solvent from the other arm of the double Schlenk at -196 °C, warming to room temperature, stirring for 2 minutes, and filtering the solvent back to the other side of the flask. This was repeated until the solution remained colorless upon stirring, then filtered a final time. The solid was dried under diffusion pump vacuum for 1 hour. The brown material was stored in a glovebox freezer at -20 °C. Elemental analysis: 2.2% Ru.

Methods to prepare a silylium on a support are described herien and known in art, for example, in D Culver, et al., Chem. Set, 2020, 11, 1510-1517 (DOI: 10.1039/C9SC05904K) and D Culver, et al., Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2018 Nov 5;57(45): 14902-14905 (doi: 10.1002/anie.201809199), the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.

NMR Spectroscopy

Solution NMR spectra at 7.05 T were acquired on an Avance Bruker 300. ^T H NMR spectra were referenced to the natural abundance residual solvent peak. Solid state NMR spectra at UC Riverside were recorded in 4 mm zirconia rotors at 8 - 12 KHz spinning at the magic angle at 14.1 T on an Avance Bruker NE0600 spectrometer equipped with a standard-bore magnet.

Quantification of Triisopropylsilyl Chloride

In a sealed J-young NMR tube, [ ^r Pr3Si][ =Si-OAl(OR ^F )3] (50 mg, 0.012 mmol =Si-OH— -A1(OR ^F )3), Grubbs-Hovey da Second Generation Catalyst (10 mg, 0.016 mmol), and hexamethyl benzene were slurred in CeDe. The reaction was periodically shaken over a period of 30 minutes, before collecting an NMR spectrum. Hexamethyl benzene serves as an internal standard to quantitate the amount of triisopropylsilyl chloride (TIPSC1) that comes off during the reaction (Figure 3). mmol/g Ru 0.17 0.18 0.18

Table 1. Quantification of TIPSC1.

Quantification of GH2

In a sealed J-young NMR tube, 1 (50 mg, 0.009 mmol Ru), tetrabutylammonium chloride (2.5 mg, 0.009 mmol), and hexamethyl benzene were slurred in CeDe. The reaction was sonicated over a period of 30 minutes, before collecting an NMR spectrum. Hexamethyl benzene serves as an internal standard to quantitate the amount of Ru that comes off during the reaction (Figure 4); aromatic and aliphatic protons on the alkylidene are integrated against the reference standard.

Table 2. Quantification of GH2.

Quantification of GH2

In a sealed J-young NMR tube, 1 (50 mg, 0.009 mmol Ru), ammonium chloride (0.5 mg, 0.009 mmol), and hexamethyl benzene were slurred in CeDe. The reaction was sonicated over a period of 30 minutes, before collecting an NMR spectrum. Hexamethyl benzene serves as an internal standard to quantitate the amount of Ru that comes off during the reaction (Figure 5); aromatic and aliphatic protons on the alkylidene are integrated against the reference standard.

Table 3. Quantification of GH2.

Metathesis

Metathesis of 1-Decene

1 (5 mg, 1.1 umol Ru) was added to a 20 mL reaction vessel, then charged with 0.5mL of toluene. On a stir plate, 10 mL of 1.1M I -decene in toluene is syringed into the reaction vessel. The final concentration of 1 -decene is 1.05M, which contains 10000 equivalents of olefin per Ru. The reaction was monitored at regular time points by both GC-FID and NMR. A representative conversion plot obtained from NMR data for this metathesis experiment is shown in Figure 9. NMR data assigns each of these species as E or Z olefins that were not resolved using this GC method.

Table 4. Conversion of 1-decene (also see Figure 10). Table 5. E/Z decene conversion with supported catalyst (also see Figure 11).

Leaching experiment

1 (5 mg, 1.1 uniol Ru) and decene (154 mg, 1.1 mmol) were added to a micro reaction vessel. The neat reaction contains 1000 equivalents of olefin per Ru. After 3 minutes the entire reaction mixture was filtered through 3 separate pipette filters. An aliquot of the fi ltered reaction mixture was used to prepare an NAIR inside of the glove box that was analyzed immediately and over the course of five days; no increase in metathesis or isomerization products were detected over the course of the experiment (Figure 12).

Maximum TON Experiment

1 (5 mg, 1.1 umol Ru) and decene (180 mL, 0.95 moi) were added to a 350mL Teflon sealed reaction vessel. The neat reaction contains >1,250,000 equivalents of olefin per Ru. A representative bar graph obtained from GC-FID data obtained at 35 days for this metathesis experiment is shown in Figure 13. The GC-FID is complex due to isomerization of 1 -decene under the reaction conditions, and subsequent cross metathesis and ethenolysis reactions that occur under these conditions (Figure 14). GC-MS data assigns each of these species as E/Z olefins that were not resolved using this method.

Metathesis of Allyltrimethylsilane

1 (5 mg, 1.1 umol Ru) was added to a micro reaction vessel, then charged with 0.5mL of toluene. On a stir plate, 1 mL of 1 ,1M allyltrimethyl silane in toluene is syringed into the reaction vessel. The final concentration of allyltrimethyl silane is 0.667M, which contains 1000 equivalents of olefin per Ru. The reaction was monitored at regular time points by both GC-FID and NMR. A representative conversion plot obtained from GC-FID data for this metathesis experiment is shown in Figure 15. NMR data (Figure 17) assigns each of these species as E or Z olefins that were not resolved using this GC method.

Table 6. Conversion of allyltrimethylsilane (also see Figure 16).

Metathesis of allylbenzene

1 (5 mg, 1.1 pmol Ru) was added to a 20mL reaction vessel, then charged with 0.5mL of toluene. On a stir plate, 10 mL of 1.1M allylbenzene in toluene is syringed into the reaction vessel. The final concentration of allylbenzene is 1.05M, which contains 10000 equivalents of olefin per Ru. The reaction was monitored at regular time points by both GC-FID and NMR. A representative conversion plot obtained from GC-FID data for this metathesis experiment is shown in Figure 18 and Figure 19. GC-MS data assigns each of these species as E or Z olefins using this GC method. Table 7. Allylbenzene metathesis conversion (also see Figure 19).

Table 8. Allylbenzene metathesis %E/Z conversion (also see Figure 20).

Metathesis of methyl acrylate 1 (5 mg, 1.1 umol Ru) was added to a micro reaction vessel, then charged with 0.5mL of toluene. On a stir plate, 1 mL of 1 .IM methyl acrylate in toluene is syringed into the reaction vessel. The final concentration of methyl acrylate is 0.667M, which contains 1000 equivalents of olefin per Ru. The reaction was monitored at regular time points by both GC-FID and NMR. A representative conversion plot obtained from GC-FID data for this metathesis experiment is shown in Figure 21. Figure 23 shows the ¹ H NMR of the olefin region of the isolated product after the reaction was stopped at 24 hours.

Table 9. Conversion of methyl acrylate (also see Figure 22).

Ring-closing metathesis (RCM) of dimethyl 2,2-diallyldimethyl malonate

1 (5 mg, 1.1 umol Ru) was added to a J- Young NMR tube. 0.5 mL of 2.2 M 2,2- diallyldimethyl malonate (dimethyl diallylmal onate) in C&De is syringed into the NMR tube. The solution contains 1000 equivalents of olefin per Ru. The reaction was monitored by NMR (Figure 24) periodically over the course of four days (This reaction yields >3X higher if ran under vacuum). Figure 25 shows GC-FID of RCM reaction with supported catalyst. Table 10. RCM reaction with supported catalyst.

Cross metathesis of allylbenzene and 1,4-diacetoxybutene

1 (5 mg, 1.1 umol Ru) was added to a micro reaction vessel, then charged with 0.5mL of toluene. On a stir plate, 0.5 mL of 2.2M allylbenzene in toluene and 0.5 mL of 4.4M 1,4- diacetoxybutene is syringed into the reaction vessel. The final concentration of each olefin is 0.73M and 1.47M respectively, which contains 1000 and 2000 equivalents of olefin per Ru. The reaction was monitored at regular time points by both GC-FID (Figure 26) and NMR.

Table 11 . cross metathesis reaction with the supported catalyst (also see Figure 27). Ethenolysis of ethyl oleate

1 (5 mg, 1.1 prnol Ru) and ImL of a 1 . IM toluene solution of ethyl oleate was added to a 100 ml Teflon-valved flask, then charged with 0.5mL of toluene. On a Schlenk line, the flask was freeze pump thawed and refilled with an atmosphere of ethylene. The reaction was stirred for 12 hours until the reaction was stopped, upon which (Figure 28) both GC-MS/F1D and NMR samples were prepared.

Table 12. Ethenolysis reaction for the supported catalyst.

1) 1 -decene

2) ethyl dec-9 -enoate

3) octadec-9-ene

4) ethyl octadec-9-enoate (ethyl oleate and isomer, mainly the isomer)

5) diethyl octadec-9-enedioate

Additional catalysts and/or catalytic tests are also shown in Figures 29-46.

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