CHATKEWITZ LINDSAY (US)
HERGENROTHER PAUL J (US)
CHATKEWITZ LINDSAY (US)
What is claimed is: 1. A compound of Formula I: or a salt thereof; wherein is an unsaturated or saturated bond; G1 is C=O, CHF, CF2, CHJ1Ra, or C(OCH2)2; J1 is O, S, NRc, C(O)NRd; G2 is C=O, CH2, CHF, CF2, CHJ2Rb, or C(OCH2)2; J2 is O, S, NRg, C(O)X2 wherein X2 is O or NRh; G3 is C=O or CH2; Ra, Rb, Rc, Rd, Rg, and Rh are each independently H, or –(C1-C6)alkyl; R1 is –(C1-C6)alkyl; R2 is –(C1-C6)alkyl; R3 is –CH2R4, –CH(CH3)R4, R4, or –C(O)R4 wherein R3 is not –C(O)R4 when G3 is C=O; and R4 is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, wherein aryl and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more substituents; wherein the compound is not (4aR,4bS,6aS,9aS,9bS)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-4a,6a- dimethyl-3,4,4a,6,6a,8,9,9a,9b,10-decahydro-1H-indeno[5,4-f]quinoline-2,5,7(4bH)-trione or (4aR,4bS,6aS,9aS,9bS)-1-benzyl-4a,6a-dimethyl-3,4,4a,6,6a,8,9,9a,9b,10-decahydro-1H- indeno[5,4-f]quinoline-2,5,7(4bH)-trione. 2. The compound of claim 1 wherein R4 is: wherein each Ln is independently halo, X3Re or –(C1-C6)alkyl; n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 0; each X3 is independently O, S, or NRf; and Re and Rf are each independently H or –(C1-C6)alkyl. 3. The compound of claim 2 wherein one L is in the para-position. 4. The compound of claim 1 wherein G1 is C=O or CHOH. 5. The compound of claim 1 wherein G2 and G3 are C=O. 6. The compound of claim 1 wherein R1 and R2 are CH3. 7. The compound of claim 1 wherein R3 is: wherein L is halo, X3Re, or –(C1-C6)alkyl; X3 is O, S, or NRf; and Re and Rf are H or –(C1-C6)alkyl. 8. The compound of claim 1 represented by Formula II: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein G1 is C=O or CHJ1Ra; G2 is C=O or CHJ2Rb; each Ln is each independently halo, X3Re or –(C1-C6)alkyl; n is 1 or 2; each X3 is each independently O, S, or NRf; and Re and Rf are each independently H or –(C1-C6)alkyl; wherein each –(C1-C6)alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents. 9. The compound of claim 1 represented by Formula III: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein G1 is C=O or CHJ1Ra; G2 is C=O or CHJ2Rb; each L is independently halo, X3Re, –(C1-C6)alkyl, or H; each X3 is independently O, S, or NRf; and Re and Rf are each independently H or –(C1-C6)alkyl. 10. The compound of claim 1 represented by Formula IV: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein each L is independently halo, X3Re, –(C1-C6)alkyl, or H; each X3 is independently O, S, or NRf; and Re and Rf are each independently H or –(C1-C6)alkyl. 11. The compound of claim 1 represented by Formula V: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein each L is independently halo, X3Re, –(C1-C6)alkyl, or H; each X3 is independently O, S, or NRf; and Re and Rf are each independently H or –(C1-C6)alkyl. 12. The compound of claim 1 wherein the compound is (3): , , , 14. A composition comprising a compound of any one of claims 1-13 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 15. A method for treatment of cancer comprising, administering to a subject in need of cancer treatment a compound of Formula I: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein is an unsaturated or saturated bond; G1 is C=O, CH2, CHF, CF2, CHJ1Ra, or C(OCH2)2; J1 is O, S, NRc, C(O)X1 wherein X1 is O or NRd; G2 is C=O, CH2, CHF, CF2, CHJ2Rb, or C(OCH2)2; J2 is O, S, NRg, C(O)X2 wherein X2 is O or NRh; G3 is C=O or CH2; Ra, Rb, Rc, Rd, Rg, and Rh are each independently H, or –(C1-C6)alkyl; R1 is –(C1-C6)alkyl; R2 is –(C1-C6)alkyl; R3 is –CH2R4, –CH(CH3)R4, R4, –C(O)R4, or H wherein R3 is not –C(O)R4 when G3 is C=O; and R4 is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or –(C1-C6)alkyl, wherein aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl are each optionally substituted with one or more substituents; wherein each –(C1-C6)alkyl is independently saturated or unsaturated, and optionally substituted with one or more substituents; wherein the compound increases T-cell activity via inhibition of the enzyme SULT2B1b, wherein immune clearance of the cancer increases in the subject, thereby treating the cancer. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein R4 is: wherein each Ln is independently halo, X3Re or –(C1-C6)alkyl; n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 0; each X3 is independently O, S, or NRf; and Re and Rf are each independently H or –(C1-C6)alkyl. 17. The method of claim 15 wherein the compound and a second agent are simultaneously or sequentially administered to the subject for the treatment of the cancer. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein a combination of the compound and the second agent have synergistic anti-cancer activity. 19. The method of claim 15 wherein the cancer overexpresses SULT2B1b. 20. The method of claim 15 wherein the cancer is breast cancer, endometrial cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer, or gastrointestinal cancer. 21. The method of claim 15 wherein the compound is: , , 22. The method of claim 15 wherein the compound is (4aR,4bS,6aS,9aS,9bS)-1-(4- bromobenzyl)-4a,6a-dimethyl-3,4,4a,6,6a,8,9,9a,9b,10-decahydro-1H-indeno[5,4- f]quinoline-2,5,7(4bH)-trione (3) or (4aR,4bS,6aS,7S,9aS,9bS)-1-(4-bromobenzyl)-7- hydroxy-4a,6a-dimethyl-3,4,4a,4b,6,6a,7,8,9,9a,9b,10-dodecahydro-1H-indeno[5,4- f]quinoline-2,5-dione (34). 23. A method for in-vivo inhibition of an enzyme comprising contacting a compound or composition of any one of claims 1-13 and the enzyme sulfotransferase family cytosolic 2B member 1 (SULT2B1b) wherein the in-vivo inhibition of the enzyme suppresses production of cholesterol sulfate. 24. A method for inducing death of cancer cells comprising contacting a compound or composition of any one of claims 1-13 and the cancer cells wherein the compound initiates an immune response by lowering levels of cholesterol sulfate via inhibition of the enzyme SULT2B1b, thereby inducing an immune response mediated death of the cancer cells. |
, , . Results and Discussion In vitro identification and validation of SULT2B1b inhibitors. To discover SULT2B1b inhibitors, an in vitro assay which is amenable to miniaturization and medium- to high-throughput screening was developed. There is a previously reported and commercial kit for a coupled chromogenic in vitro assay that measures general sulfotransferase protein specific activity (Scheme 1). However, this assay (Anal Biochem 2012, 423 (1), 86-92) has failed to distinguish samples with or without a sulfate acceptor molecule (dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), Figure 1A). Optimization of assay conditions required heterologously expressed SULT2B1b protein (instead of commercially available SULT2B1b) as well as variations in protein concentration, PAPS concentration, DHEA concentration, reaction time, and presence of protein stabilization buffer. These modifications yielded an assay with significant differences (p = 0.0002) between samples containing either DHEA or DMSO (Figure 1B). With this assay now in hand, an in-house compound collection produced using the complexity-to-diversity natural product modification strategy was screened. This screening library was chosen due to its high prevalence of compounds generated from steroidal scaffolds similar to cholesterol, the natural substrate of SULT2B1b. Scheme 1. In vitro assessment of compound IB:10:D. Assay schematic for the coupled chromogenic in vitro assay, originally developed to measure sulfotransferase enzyme specific activity. A sulfate acceptor molecule (here DHEA) and 3’-phosphoadenosine-5’- phosphosulfate (PAPS) are incubated with sulfotransferase protein of interest to form DHEA sulfate and 3’-phosphoadenosine-5’-phosphate (PAP). PAP is a substrate for inositol monophosphatase domain containing protein 1 (IMPAD1), which catalyzes the removal of the 3’ phosphate group to yield adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and one equivalent of inorganic phosphate. Inorganic phosphate levels are measured using a malachite green phosphate detection reagent.
Compound IB:10:D (1, Table 1) was identified from an initial medium throughput screen with a percent inhibition of 48%. Dose-dependent inhibition of SULT2B1b by IB:10:D was confirmed using resynthesized compound in the coupled chromogenic in vitro assay, and its inhibition curve closely mirrored that of galeterone (2, Table 1) when subjected to identical assay conditions (Figure 2 and Table 1). To confirm that IB:10:D activity in this coupled chromogenic assay is indeed the result of SULT2B1b inhibition and not the inhibition of the secondary phosphate-generating enzyme used in the assay, an LC-MS/MS SULT2B1b assay was developed to assess inhibition without the need for a secondary protein. In this assay, IB:10:D, as well as galeterone, inhibited SULT2B1b as measured by decreases in DHEA-sulfate levels (Figure 3A). The level of inhibition of SULT2B1b by IB:10:D was found to be superior to galeterone in this LC-MS/MS assay. IB:10:D does not inhibit inositol monophosphatase domain-containing protein 1 (IMPAD1), the phosphatase used in the coupled chromogenic assay (Figure 3B). IB:10:D also does not inhibit human carbonic anhydrase II (hCAII) at concentrations up to 200 µM (Figure 3C); confirming that IB:10:D is likely not a non-specific inhibitor of in vitro enzymes. Enzyme inhibition by an aggregation-type mechanism was examined by inclusion of the decoy protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) in a dose response version of the in vitro LC-MS/MS assay, with IB:10:D showing a minimal shift in enzyme inhibition in the presence of BSA as opposed to the positive control molecule Congo Red (Figure 3D). In total, these data indicate that IB:10:D inhibits SULT2B1b in a dose-dependent manner. Table 1. Discovery of IB:10:D and comparison to previously identified SULT2B1b inhibitor galeterone.
To establish initial structure activity relationships (SAR) and possibly identify compounds that could increase SULT2B1b inhibition, a small panel of derivatives was synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit SULT2B1b at a single concentration using an LC-MS/MS based assay. The results of this SAR screen are reported in Table 2. Modification of the aryl group from a para-chloro substituent to a para-bromo (compound 3/ 2-273) slightly increased inhibition of SULT2B1b. Substitution to a para-fluoro substituent (4) or removal of the aryl halide (5) significantly decreased SULT2B1b inhibition, albeit still maintaining near 50% inhibition. Removal of the aryl group completely and replacement with N-methyl substitution of the enamide moiety (compound 6/3-67) resulted in almost complete ablation of activity, suggesting the necessity for substitution at this position. Compound 6 (3- 67)’s inactivity represented a structurally related negative control compound that was used for further experiments. Exploration of a meta (7) substitution pattern yielded a compound with similar SULT2B1b inhibition, however an ortho (8) substitution pattern led to decreased enzyme inhibition. Table 2. Summary of IB:10:D derivatives and corresponding SULT2B1b single point enzyme inhibition (see Chart 2). Enzyme inhibition determined at 100 µM compound using the LC-MS/MS based in vitro assay described in Figure 3A. Data plotted as mean ± s.e.m.; n = 3 independent replicates. Small modifications around the IB:10:D core including saturation at the C-11 position (9), and acetal formation at the C-17 position (10), resulted in decreased SULT2B1b inhibition. Introduction of nitrogen to the aryl ring in the form of a 4-bromopyridine (11) again decreased SULT2B1b inhibition, as did increasing size of the aryl substituent through introduction of a naphthyl group (12). Alkyl substitution of the enamide was also not fruitful, with both cyclopropyl (13) and cyclohexyl (14) substituents showing decreased SULT2B1b inhibitory activity. Ultimately, compounds IB:10:D and 3 (2-273) were chosen for further exploration in mammalian cell culture models due to their in vitro SULT2B1b inhibitory activity. Assessment of compounds IB:10:D and 3 (2-273) in cell culture. Before compounds could be assessed for SULT2B1b inhibitory activity in cell culture, an appropriate cancer cell line with sufficient SULT2B1b expression and correspondingly high cholesterol sulfate levels was needed. A panel of cell lines was screened for SULT2B1b expression via western blot analysis (Figure 4). Cell lines with high and low expression of SULT2B1b were then interrogated for their relative CS levels (Figure 5A). MCF-7 and T47D, both strong expressors of SULT2B1b, showed high levels of cholesterol sulfate. Interestingly, some cell lines with robust SULT2B1b expression, such as BT-20 or MDA-MB-468, had low levels of CS, similar to levels seen in low SULT2B1b expressing cancer cell lines HCT-116 and HepG2. A hypothesis was formulated that this could be due to the sulfate ‘eraser’ activity of STS, known to remove the sulfate group of CS. Indeed, more in-depth exploration of these cancer cell lines revealed that STS expression was sufficient to lower overall CS levels in cells that express high levels of SULT2B1b (Figure 5B). The ratio of SULT2B1b to STS expression showed good correlation (R 2 =0.8633) for cellular CS levels (Figure 5C). MCF-7 and T47D cells possess high levels of SULT2B1b, relatively low levels of STS, and thus higher levels of CS. Conversely, while BT-20 and MDA-MB-468 also have high levels of SULT2B1b, both also have comparatively higher expression levels of STS and therefore low levels of CS. With two suitable cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and T47D) identified for assessing SULT2B1b and CS levels in cells, a goal was to test compounds IB:10:D and 2-273 in MCF- 7 using a cell-based assay measuring levels of whole cell CS after compound treatment. Although the ultimate biological effects of inhibition of SULT2B1b are relatively underexplored, results collated from CRISPR or RNAi screens show that knockout or knockdown of SULT2B1 across cell lines is non-lethal, suggesting that inhibition of SULT2B1b should not be lethal. To ensure that IB:10:D and 2-273 were evaluated in whole cells at sub-lethal concentrations, cellular cytotoxicity was evaluated against MCF-7 and T47D cells at 72 hours (Figure 6). A treatment concentration of 6.25 µM was found to be suitable for both IB:10:D and 2-273 in both cell lines. At this concentration, both compounds were found to significantly decrease whole cell CS levels in MCF-7 after 72-hour incubation (Figure 7A), suggesting these compounds inhibit SULT2B1b in cells. Compound 2-273 was slightly better at decreasing whole cell CS levels, analogous to results seen in vitro (Table 2), justifying compound 2-273 as the molecule chosen for further study. Activity of 2-273 in cells was confirmed in T47D (Figure 7B). Galeterone was also evaluated in this assay in MCF-7, and while it did decrease CS levels, it was not to the same extent as either IB:10:D or 2-273 (Figure 7C). When compared to compound 3-67 (inactive control), 2-273 again showed a significant (p=0.0003) reduction of whole cell CS levels, a result not seen in samples treated with 3-67 (p=0.788; Figure 7D). To further confirm that the observed decrease in CS level was from SULT2B1b inhibition and not a function of the beginning stages of cell death or other general compound treatment effects, MCF-7 cells were treated with sub-lethal levels of the apoptosis inducer Raptinal and assessed the whole cell CS levels. There was no significant difference between DMSO or Raptinal treated samples (p=0.656; Figure 7E). These cellular results (combined with in vitro work) are consistent with compound 2-273 inhibiting SULT2B1b in cells leading to specific modulation of CS levels. To further validate compound 2-273 as a chemical probe for SULT2B1b inhibition, assurance was needed that 2-273 was not affecting either upstream production of CS or downstream metabolism of CS, two mechanisms of action that could not be confirmed using in vitro assays. To confirm that 2-273 does not simply inhibit general cholesterol synthesis (which would ultimately decrease CS levels), a commercially available assay was employed to determine the levels of free cholesterol present in whole cells after treatment with DMSO, 2-273, or 3-67 (inactive control). There was no statistical difference (p=0.061 for 2-273, p=0.254 for 3-67) found between cholesterol levels treated with these three conditions (Figure 8A). It remained possible that 2-273 treatment could lead to upregulation of STS and thus the observed CS level decreases. Western blot analysis showed that STS and SULT2B1b levels after 2-273 treatment were unchanged in MCF-7 or T47D after treatment with 6.25 µM 2-273 for 72 hours. In an effort to further understand the cellular activity of probe 2-273, a whole cell dose response assay was performed which showed a decrease in CS levels with treatment concentrations as low as 0.097 µM 2-273 (Figure 8B). This potency is discordant with the potency seen in vitro and may simply be the result of the contrived nature of the in vitro assay (e.g., high protein concentration). The timing of CS decreases was also interrogated using a time course assay that showed within 24 hours of constant compound treatment, the whole cell CS levels were significantly (p= 0.00002) decreased and continue to decrease over 72 hours (Figure 8C). To study the kinetics of CS level rebound post-compound treatment, cells were treated with 2-273 for 24 hours before media was replaced with compound-free media and CS levels determined at 24 and 48 hours after 2-273 removal (Figure 8D). This experiment revealed that CS levels did not rebound up to 48 hours after compound removal. Assessment of compound 2-273 in vivo. A chemical probe (compound 2-273) was now available for SULT2B1b inhibition that was sufficient for in vitro and in cell culture assays. Due to the role of SULT2B1b and CS in establishing an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, it was necessary to assess whether compound 2-273 was competent as an in vivo chemical probe. To assess a variety of hypotheses surrounding SULT2B1b/CS, again a suitable cell line needed to be found. Ideally, a murine cancer cell line with high SULT2B1b and corresponding CS levels was desirable, as it would allow for a syngeneic model system and a full study of the effect of SULT2B1b inhibition on the interaction between the immune system and a tumor. Unfortunately, attempts to identify a murine cancer cell line that had robust SULT2B1b expression and CS levels were unsuccessful. Ultimately, a tumorigenic human cancer cell line was chosen to move forward with. One advantage of using a human cell line is that it removes uncertainty surrounding whether 2-273 would inhibit murine SULT2B1b, which has only a 76% sequence homology with the human enzyme. The MCF-7 cell line would be an ideal candidate, but in vivo models using this estrogen-dependent cell line require additional implantation of an estrogen pellet to encourage tumor growth. However, extensive research on the estrogen receptor alpha in breast cancers has led to the construction of MCF-7 cells with mutations in the estrogen receptor alpha that allow for estrogen independent cell growth. These estrogen receptor alpha mutant MCF-7 cells would allow us to study SULT2B1b inhibition in vivo without the experimental complications of estrogen dependence. Two MCF-7 cell lines were selected that harbor either a Y537S mutation (MYS cells) or mutation D538G (MDG cells) in estrogen receptor alpha to confirm their SULT2B1b expression and CS levels (Figure 9A). MDG possessed levels that were comparable what had been observed in the MCF-7 cell line. The ability of compound 2-273 to decrease CS levels in MDG was confirmed (Figure 9B), allowing for the selection of MDG as a cancer cell line to use for in vivo explorations. Initial studies showed that 2-273 is tolerated in mice up to 200 mg/kg when dosed intraperitoneally (IP) in a single injection. Probe 2-273 treatment is not tolerated when dosed at 200 mg/kg IP twice daily for multiple days. Therefore, a dosing strategy of 150 mg/kg IP once daily to study 2-273 in vivo was selected. Pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis of 2-273 when dosed at 150 mg/kg IP showed sufficiently high levels of compound detectable in the serum, with concentrations reaching up to almost 50 µM, well-above those needed for SULT2B1b inhibition activity (Figure 10 and Table 3). Thus, 2-273’s PK and tolerability are sufficient for studying SULT2B1b in vivo and positions 2-273 as a chemical probe that can be used in vitro, in cells, and in vivo.
Table 3. Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Compound (3) Shows High Concentrations in the Serum. Calculated pharmacokinetic parameters: AUC = area under the curve, t1/2 = half-life, Cmax = maximum concentration, MRT = mean residual time, CL = clearance rate. Pharmaceutical Formulations The compounds described herein can be used to prepare therapeutic pharmaceutical compositions, for example, by combining the compounds with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, excipient, or carrier. The compounds may be added to a carrier in the form of a salt or solvate. For example, in cases where compounds are sufficiently basic or acidic to form stable nontoxic acid or base salts, administration of the compounds as salts may be appropriate. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts are organic acid addition salts formed with acids that form a physiologically acceptable anion, for example, tosylate, methanesulfonate, acetate, citrate, malonate, tartrate, succinate, benzoate, ascorbate, α- ketoglutarate, and β-glycerophosphate. Suitable inorganic salts may also be formed, including hydrochloride, halide, sulfate, nitrate, bicarbonate, and carbonate salts. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be obtained using standard procedures well known in the art, for example by reacting a sufficiently basic compound such as an amine with a suitable acid to provide a physiologically acceptable ionic compound. Alkali metal (for example, sodium, potassium or lithium) or alkaline earth metal (for example, calcium) salts of carboxylic acids can also be prepared by analogous methods. The compounds of the formulas described herein can be formulated as pharmaceutical compositions and administered to a mammalian host, such as a human patient, in a variety of forms. The forms can be specifically adapted to a chosen route of administration, e.g., oral or parenteral administration, by intravenous, intramuscular, topical or subcutaneous routes. The compounds described herein may be systemically administered in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle, such as an inert diluent or an assimilable edible carrier. For oral administration, compounds can be enclosed in hard or soft shell gelatin capsules, compressed into tablets, or incorporated directly into the food of a patient's diet. Compounds may also be combined with one or more excipients and used in the form of ingestible tablets, buccal tablets, troches, capsules, elixirs, suspensions, syrups, wafers, and the like. Such compositions and preparations typically contain at least 0.1% of active compound. The percentage of the compositions and preparations can vary and may conveniently be from about 0.5% to about 60%, about 1% to about 25%, or about 2% to about 10%, of the weight of a given unit dosage form. The amount of active compound in such therapeutically useful compositions can be such that an effective dosage level can be obtained. The tablets, troches, pills, capsules, and the like may also contain one or more of the following: binders such as gum tragacanth, acacia, corn starch or gelatin; excipients such as dicalcium phosphate; a disintegrating agent such as corn starch, potato starch, alginic acid and the like; and a lubricant such as magnesium stearate. A sweetening agent such as sucrose, fructose, lactose or aspartame; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, oil of wintergreen, or cherry flavoring, may be added. When the unit dosage form is a capsule, it may contain, in addition to materials of the above type, a liquid carrier, such as a vegetable oil or a polyethylene glycol. Various other materials may be present as coatings or to otherwise modify the physical form of the solid unit dosage form. For instance, tablets, pills, or capsules may be coated with gelatin, wax, shellac or sugar and the like. A syrup or elixir may contain the active compound, sucrose or fructose as a sweetening agent, methyl and propyl parabens as preservatives, a dye and flavoring such as cherry or orange flavor. Any material used in preparing any unit dosage form should be pharmaceutically acceptable and substantially non-toxic in the amounts employed. In addition, the active compound may be incorporated into sustained-release preparations and devices. The active compound may be administered intravenously or intraperitoneally by infusion or injection. Solutions of the active compound or its salts can be prepared in water, optionally mixed with a nontoxic surfactant. Dispersions can be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, triacetin, or mixtures thereof, or in a pharmaceutically acceptable oil. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, preparations may contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms. Pharmaceutical dosage forms suitable for injection or infusion can include sterile aqueous solutions, dispersions, or sterile powders comprising the active ingredient adapted for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable or infusible solutions or dispersions, optionally encapsulated in liposomes. The ultimate dosage form should be sterile, fluid and stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage. The liquid carrier or vehicle can be a solvent or liquid dispersion medium comprising, for example, water, ethanol, a polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and the like), vegetable oils, nontoxic glyceryl esters, and suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the formation of liposomes, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, or by the use of surfactants. The prevention of the action of microorganisms can be brought about by various antibacterial and/or antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, buffers, or sodium chloride. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and/or gelatin. Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compound in the required amount in the appropriate solvent with various other ingredients enumerated above, as required, optionally followed by filter sterilization. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, methods of preparation can include vacuum drying and freeze drying techniques, which yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient present in the solution. For topical administration, compounds may be applied in pure form, e.g., when they are liquids. However, it will generally be desirable to administer the active agent to the skin as a composition or formulation, for example, in combination with a dermatologically acceptable carrier, which may be a solid, a liquid, a gel, or the like. Useful solid carriers include finely divided solids such as talc, clay, microcrystalline cellulose, silica, alumina, and the like. Useful liquid carriers include water, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), alcohols, glycols, or water-alcohol/glycol blends, in which a compound can be dissolved or dispersed at effective levels, optionally with the aid of non-toxic surfactants. Adjuvants such as fragrances and additional antimicrobial agents can be added to optimize the properties for a given use. The resultant liquid compositions can be applied from absorbent pads, used to impregnate bandages and other dressings, or sprayed onto the affected area using a pump-type or aerosol sprayer. Thickeners such as synthetic polymers, fatty acids, fatty acid salts and esters, fatty alcohols, modified celluloses, or modified mineral materials can also be employed with liquid carriers to form spreadable pastes, gels, ointments, soaps, and the like, for application directly to the skin of the user. Examples of dermatological compositions for delivering active agents to the skin are known to the art; for example, see U.S. Patent Nos.4,992,478 (Geria), 4,820,508 (Wortzman), 4,608,392 (Jacquet et al.), and 4,559,157 (Smith et al.). Such dermatological compositions can be used in combinations with the compounds described herein where an ingredient of such compositions can optionally be replaced by a compound described herein, or a compound described herein can be added to the composition. Useful dosages of the compounds or compositions described herein can be determined by comparing their in vitro activity, and in vivo activity in animal models. Methods for the extrapolation of effective dosages in mice, and other animals, to humans are known to the art; for example, see U.S. Patent No.4,938,949 (Borch et al.). The amount of a compound, or an active salt or derivative thereof, required for use in treatment will vary not only with the particular compound or salt selected but also with the route of administration, the nature of the condition being treated, and the age and condition of the patient, and will be ultimately at the discretion of an attendant physician or clinician. In general, however, a suitable dose will be in the range of from about 0.5 to about 100 mg/kg, e.g., from about 10 to about 75 mg/kg of body weight per day, such as 3 to about 50 mg per kilogram body weight of the recipient per day, preferably in the range of 6 to 90 mg/kg/day, most preferably in the range of 15 to 60 mg/kg/day. The compound is conveniently formulated in unit dosage form; for example, containing 5 to 1000 mg, conveniently 10 to 750 mg, most conveniently, 50 to 500 mg of active ingredient per unit dosage form. In one embodiment, the invention provides a composition comprising a compound of the invention formulated in such a unit dosage form. The compound can be conveniently administered in a unit dosage form, for example, containing 5 to 1000 mg/m 2 , conveniently 10 to 750 mg/m 2 , most conveniently, 50 to 500 mg/m 2 of active ingredient per unit dosage form. The desired dose may conveniently be presented in a single dose or as divided doses administered at appropriate intervals, for example, as two, three, four or more sub-doses per day. The sub-dose itself may be further divided, e.g., into a number of discrete loosely spaced administrations. The desired dose may conveniently be presented in a single dose or as divided doses administered at appropriate intervals, for example, as two, three, four or more sub-doses per day. The sub-dose itself may be further divided, e.g., into a number of discrete loosely spaced administrations; such as multiple inhalations from an insufflator or by application of a plurality of drops into the eye. The invention provides therapeutic methods of treating cancer in a mammal, which involve administering to a mammal having cancer an effective amount of a compound or composition described herein. A mammal includes a primate, human, rodent, canine, feline, bovine, ovine, equine, swine, caprine, bovine and the like. Cancer refers to any various type of malignant neoplasm, for example, colon cancer, gastric cancer, breast cancer, hetpatocellular cancer, melanoma and leukemia, and in general is characterized by an undesirable cellular proliferation, e.g., unregulated growth, lack of differentiation, local tissue invasion, and metastasis. The ability of a compound of the invention to treat cancer may be determined by using assays well known to the art. For example, the design of treatment protocols, toxicity evaluation, data analysis, quantification of tumor cell kill, and the biological significance of the use of transplantable tumor screens are known. The following Examples are intended to illustrate the above invention and should not be construed as to narrow its scope. One skilled in the art will readily recognize that the Examples suggest many other ways in which the invention could be practiced. It should be understood that numerous variations and modifications may be made while remaining within the scope of the invention. EXAMPLES Example 1. Assay development. Reagents. IMPAD1 (catalog number 7028-PD-050) and PAPS (catalog number ES019) were purchased from R&D systems. DHEA (catalog number D4000) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich at ^99% purity. Galeterone (catalog number HY-70006) was purchased from MedChemExpress at ^99% purity. Adenosine 3′,5′-diphosphate disodium salt (PAP) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich at ^96% purity. Bovine serum albumin (catalog number 100-10) was purchased from Lee BioSolutions. Rabbit anti-SULT2B1 antibody (catalog number ab254617) and rabbit anti-STS antibody (catalog number ab233233) were purchased from Abcam. Rabbit HRP-conjugated anti-beta-actin (catalog number 5125S), HRP- conjugated goat anti-rabbit (catalog number 7074S), mouse anti-histidine tag antibody (catalog number 2366S), and HRP-conjugated horse anti-mouse antibody (catalog number 7076S) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology. Cholesterol/Cholesterol Ester-Glo Assay Kit was purchased from Promega. All other chemicals were purchased from Sigma- Aldrich or Fisher Scientific in the highest available purity. Buffer and Media Compositions. Terrific Broth: 1.2% tryptone (12 g/L), 2.4% yeast extract (24 g/L), 0.5% glycerol (5 g/L). If making 1L of media, dissolve 12g tryptone, 24g yeast extract, and 5g glycerol in 900 mL MilliQ H 2 O. Autoclave 15 min at 121ºC. Add 10X terrific broth salts (prepared separately) to media at a ratio of 1 mL 10X terrific broth salts : 9 mL terrific broth. 10X Terrific Broth Salts: 0.17 M KH 2 PO 4 (23.1 g/L), 0.72 M K 2 HPO 4 (125.4 g/L). Dissolve potassium salts in MilliQ H 2 O, then autoclave for 15 min at 121ºC. SULT2B1b lysis buffer: 10 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM TCEP, 1 mM PMSF, 10 µL Triton-X 100, 1 µg/mL leupeptin, 1 µg/mL pepstatin A, 2 µg/mL aprotinin, pH 8.0. SULT2B1b equilibration buffer: 10 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM TCEP, pH 8.0. SULT2B1b Purification Low Salt Wash buffer: 10 mM Tris, 20 mM imidazole, 150 mM NaCl, 1 µg/mL leupeptin, 1 µg/mL pepstatin A, 2 µg/mL aprotinin, pH 8.0. SULT2B1b Purification High Salt Wash buffer: 10 mM Tris, 20 mM imidazole, 500 mM NaCl, 1 µg/mL leupeptin, 1 µg/mL pepstatin A, 2 µg/mL aprotinin, pH 8.0. SULT2B1b Purification Elution buffer: 10 mM Tris, 50-200 mM imidazole, 150 mM NaCl, 1 µg/mL leupeptin, 1 µg/mL pepstatin A, 2 µg/mL aprotinin, pH 8.0. SULT2B1b dialysis and protein storage buffer: 25 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM TCEP, 50% glycerol, pH 7.5. Malachite green solution A: 28 mM ammonium molybdate, 2.1 M H 2 SO 4 . Malachite green solution B: 0.59 mM malachite green oxalate, 0.35% polyvinyl alcohol. SULT2B1b 1X activity assay buffer: 50 mM Tris, 15 mM MgCl 2 , pH 7.5. hCAII assay buffer: 50mM MOPS, 33mM Na 2 SO 4 , 1mM EDTA, pH 7.5. Optimized Coupled Chromogenic SULT2B1b Activity Assay. For 96-well Format: Working concentrations of IMPAD1 (0.1 mg/ mL in 1X activity assay buffer), PAPS (1 mM in 1X activity assay buffer), and DHEA (2.5 mM in DMSO) were prepared. Two technical replicates were assayed for each sample. Reaction mixes were prepared by mixing 10 µL PAPS stock solution, 10 µL IMPAD1 stock solution, 4 µL 2.5 mM DHEA or DMSO, and 16 µL activity assay buffer to make 50 µL reaction mix. Amount of reaction mix was scaled accordingly to number of samples assayed.25 µL of reaction mix was dispensed to each well. SULT2B1b was diluted to 1.5 µg/µL in protein storage buffer then down to 0.8 µg/µL in 1X activity assay buffer.25 µL of 0.8 µg/µL SULT2B1b was added to each well. The reaction was incubated at 37ºC for 45 minutes, then quenched by addition of 30 µL of malachite green solution A, followed by addition of 30 µL of malachite green solution B. The plate was left at room temperature for 20 minutes for color stabilization, then absorbance was read at 620nm. IMPAD1 activity control was 10 µL of 0.1 mg/mL IMPAD1 mixed with 40 µL activity assay buffer.25 µL of the IMPAD1 dilution was added to 25 µL of 0.1 mM PAP. Phosphate Standard Curve for 96-well Format: 40 µL of 1 mM KH 2 PO 4 was diluted with 360 µL SULT2B1b activity assay buffer.2-fold serial dilutions were performed to get 7 total phosphate standards ranging from 100 µM (initial dilution) to 1.56 µM.50 µL of each standard was added to each well, in 2 technical replicates, along with one well that contained only 50 µL of SULT2B1b activity assay buffer (0 µM). The phosphate standard curve ranged from 5000 pmol/well phosphate (100 µM standard) to 78 pmol/well phosphate (1.56 µM standard). For 384 well format: Working concentrations of IMPAD1 (0.1 mg/ mL in activity assay buffer), PAPS (1 mM in activity assay buffer), and DHEA (2.5 mM in DMSO) were prepared. Two technical replicates were assayed for each sample. Reaction mixes were prepared by mixing 12 µL PAPS stock solution, 6 µL IMPAD1 stock solution, 2.4 µL 2.5 mM DHEA or DMSO, and 9.6 µL activity assay buffer to make 30 µL reaction mix. Amount of reaction mix was scaled accordingly to number of samples assayed.15 µL of reaction mix was dispensed to each well. SULT2B1b was diluted to 1.5 µg/µL in protein storage buffer then down to 0.8 µg/µL in activity assay buffer.15 µL of 0.8 µg/µL SULT2B1b was added to each well. The reaction was incubated at 37ºC for 45 minutes, then quenched by addition of 15 µL of malachite green solution A, followed by addition of 15 µL of malachite green solution B. The plate was left at room temperature for 20 minutes for color stabilization, then absorbance was read at 620nm. IMPAD1 activity control was 6 µL of 0.1 mg/mL IMPAD1 mixed with 40 µL activity assay buffer.15 µL of the IMPAD1 dilution was added to 15 µL of 0.1 mM PAP. Phosphate Standard Curve for 384-well Format: 160 µL of 1 mM KH 2 PO 4 was diluted with 1.04 mL SULT2B1b activity assay buffer.2-fold serial dilutions were performed to get 5 total phosphate standards ranging from 133 µM (initial dilution) to 8.3 µM. For a second set of standards, 120 µL of 1 mM KH 2 PO 4 was diluted with 1.08 mL SULT2B1b activity assay buffer.2-fold serial dilutions were performed to get 2 total phosphate standards ranging from 100 µM (initial dilution) to 50 µM.30 µL of each standard was added to each well, in 2 technical replicates, along with one well that contained only 30 µL of SULT2B1b activity assay buffer (0 µM). The phosphate standard curve ranged from 4000 pmol/well phosphate (133 µM standard) to 250 pmol/well phosphate (8.3 µM standard). Coupled Chromogenic SULT2B1b Inhibition Assay. For 96-well Format: Working stock solutions of IMPAD1 (0.1 mg/ mL in 1X activity assay buffer), PAPS (1 mM in 1X activity assay buffer), compound of interest (5 mM in DMSO) and DHEA (5 mM in DMSO) were prepared. Two technical replicates were assayed for each sample. Reaction mixes were prepared by mixing 10 µL PAPS stock solution, 10 µL IMPAD1 stock solution, 2 µL 5 mM DHEA, 2 µL 5 mM compound of interest or DMSO, and 16 µL activity assay buffer to make 50 µL reaction mix. Amount of reaction mix was scaled accordingly to number of samples assayed.25 µL of reaction mix was dispensed to each well. SULT2B1b was diluted to 1.5 µg/µL in protein storage buffer then down to 0.8 µg/µL in 1X activity assay buffer.25 µL of 0.8 µg/µL SULT2B1b was added to each well. The reaction was incubated at 37ºC for 45 minutes, then quenched by addition of 30 µL of malachite green solution A, followed by addition of 30 µL of malachite green solution B. The plate was left at room temperature for 20 minutes for color stabilization, then absorbance was read at 620nm. IMPAD1 activity control was 10 µL of 0.1 mg/mL IMPAD1 mixed with 40 µL activity assay buffer.25 µL of the IMPAD1 dilution was added to 25 µL of 0.1 mM PAP. Phosphate standard curve generation was identical to that described above. Controls: Reaction mix made with DHEA and no compound of interest (DHEA control) and reaction mix made with DMSO, no DHEA or compound of interest (DMSO control). Percent inhibition was calculated as: 100 – [100 x [(Phosphate produced per wellaverage, compound of interest – Phosphate produced per wellaverage, DMSO)/ (Phosphate produced per well average, DHEA – Phosphate produced per well average, DMSO )]]. For 384 well format: Working concentrations of IMPAD1 (0.1 mg/ mL in activity assay buffer), PAPS (1 mM in activity assay buffer), compound of interest (5 mM in DMSO) and DHEA (5 mM in DMSO) were prepared. Two technical replicates were assayed for each sample. Reaction mixes were prepared by mixing 12 µL PAPS stock solution, 6 µL IMPAD1 stock solution, 1.2 µL 5 mM DHEA, 1.2 µL 5 mM compound of interest or DMSO, and 9.6 µL activity assay buffer to make 30 µL reaction mix. Amount of reaction mix was scaled accordingly to number of samples assayed.15 µL of reaction mix was dispensed to each well. SULT2B1b was diluted to 1.5 µg/µL in protein storage buffer then down to 0.8 µg/µL in activity assay buffer.15 µL of 0.8 µg/µL sULT2B1b was added to each well. The reaction was incubated at 37ºC for 45 minutes, then quenched by addition of 15 µL of malachite green solution A, followed by addition of 15 µL of malachite green solution B. The plate was left at room temperature for 20 minutes for color stabilization, then absorbance was read at 620nm. IMPAD1 activity control was 6 µL of 0.1 mg/mL IMPAD1 mixed with 40 µL activity assay buffer.15 µL of the IMPAD1 dilution was added to 15 µL of 0.1 mM PAP. Phosphate standard curve generation was identical to that described above. Controls: Reaction mix made with DHEA and no compound of interest (DHEA control) and reaction mix made with DMSO, no DHEA or compound of interest (DMSO control). Percent inhibition was calculated as: 100 – [100 x [(Phosphate produced per well average, compound of interest – Phosphate produced per well average, DMSO )/ (Phosphate produced per well average, DHEA – Phosphate produced per well average, DMSO )]]. Expression and Purification of human SULT2B1b. Human SULT2B1b was cloned into either a pET-19b (N-terminal His6-tag) or pQE-60 (C-terminal His6-tag) plasmid and were obtained from Genscript Biotech. The plasmid was then transformed into chemically competent Rosetta 2 (DE3) or NiCo21 (DE3) E. coli cells. Overnight culture (1 mL) in LB supplemented with 100 µg/mL ampicillin and 20 µg/mL chloramphenicol for Rosetta 2, or 100 µg/mL ampicillin only for NiCo21 was diluted into 50 mL Terrific Broth (100 µg/mL ampicillin and 20 µg/mL chloramphenicol for Rosetta 2, or 100 µg/mL ampicillin only for NiCo21) was inoculated with 1 mL of overnight culture. The culture was grown at 37ºC, 250 rpm to mid-log phase (OD 600 = 0.5-0.6). Protein expression was induced with 0.5 mM IPTG for 8 h and harvested. Cultures were harvested by centrifugation at 3220xg, 4ºC, 30 min. Cell pellets were stored at -80ºC until purification. Frozen cell pellets were thawed on ice and resuspended in 1.5 mL SULT2B1b lysis buffer. Cells were lysed by sonication on ice (30%, 10 s pulse, 20 s rest, 5 min total). Lysate was clarified by centrifugation (14,100xg, 1 h, 4ºC). Supernatant was incubated with 1 mL Ni-NTA agarose (pre-equilibrated with SULT2B1b equilibration buffer) for 1 h at 4ºC with gentle rocking. Agarose-containing supernatant was transferred to column and flow through was discarded. Column was washed with 7 mL low salt wash buffer, 7 mL high salt wash buffer, then another 7 mL low salt wash buffer. Protein was eluted with 7 mL 50-200 mM imidazole containing elution buffers. Fractions containing protein were identified by SDS-PAGE, concentrated with a 30 kDa molecular weight cutoff spin column, and subjected to dialysis against SULT2B1b storage buffer. LC-MS/MS Based In Vitro Assay. Stock solutions of DHEA (5 mM in DMSO) and compound of interest (5 mM in DMSO) were prepared. For each 60 µL reaction, to a 1.5 mL Eppendorf tube was added 1.2 µL of 5 mM DHEA, 1.2 µL 5 mM compound of interest (for 100 µM final compound concentration) or DMSO, 0.9 µL 6.6 mM PAPS, and 26.7 µL 1X assay buffer. SULT2B1b was diluted to 1.5 µg/µL in protein storage buffer then down to 0.8 µg/µL in 1X activity assay buffer.30 µL of 0.8 µg/µL SULT2B1b was added to each reaction. Reactions were incubated for 2 hours at 37ºC with shaking at 250rpm. To quench, 30 µL reaction mix was added to 30 µL ice cold 0.5% HCl in MeCN, then centrifuged at 13,000xg at room temperature for 3 min.50 µL supernatant was transferred to an empty Eppendorf tube and submitted for LC-MS/MS quantification (UIUC Metabolomics Center), along with 5 mM DHEA sulfate standard. Controls: Reaction mix made with DHEA and DMSO in place of compound of interest (DHEA control). Percent inhibition was calculated as: 100 – [100 x (DHEA-sulfate produced compound of interest / DHEA sulfate producedDHEA)]. IMPAD1 Assay. Working stock solutions of IMPAD1 (0.1 mg/ mL in 1X activity assay buffer), adenosine 3′,5′-diphosphate (PAP; dissolved first in DMSO to make stock solution then diluted to 200 µM in 1X assay buffer), and compound of interest in DMSO were prepared. Two technical replicates were assayed for each sample. Reaction mixes were prepared by mixing 6 µL IMPAD1 stock solution, 2.4 µL compound of interest stock or DMSO, 21.6 µL 1X assay buffer to make 30 µL reaction mix. Amount of reaction mix was scaled accordingly to number of samples assayed.15 µL of reaction mix was dispensed to each well (384-well plate).15 µL 200 µM PAP stock solution was added to each well. The reaction was incubated at 37ºC for 45 minutes, then quenched by addition of 15 µL of malachite green solution A, followed by addition of 15 µL of malachite green solution B. The plate was left at room temperature for 20 minutes for color stabilization, then absorbance was read at 620nm. Phosphate standard curve generation was identical to that described under “Optimized Coupled Chromogenic SULT2B1b Activity Assay”, 384-well format. Controls: Reaction mix made with PAP and no compound of interest (IMPAD1 activity control), and reaction mix made with PAP, no IMPAD1 or compound of interest (PAP control). Percent inhibition was calculated as: 100 – [100 x [(Phosphate produced per well average, compound of interest - Phosphate produced per well average, PAP )/ (Phosphate produced per wellaverage, IMPAD1 - Phosphate produced per wellaverage, PAP)]]. Human Carbonic Anhydrase II Assay. Stock solutions of compound of interest (in DMSO), acetazolamide (10 µM in DMSO), hCAII solution (65 µL of 33 µM stock to 1.935 mL hCAII assay buffer to make 1 µM hCAII solution), and 4-nitrophenylacetate (4-NPA; 60 µL of 100 mM DMSO stock to 3 mL hCAII assay buffer to make 2 mM 4-NPA solution). To the wells of a 384-well clear bottom plate were added 1 µL compound of interest or 10 µM acetazolamide.20 µL of hCAII solution was added to all wells except no enzyme control well, in which case 20 µL hCAII assay buffer was added instead. Plates were incubated for 11 minutes at room temperature before addition of 4-NPA solution to all wells. Absorbance at 348 nm was read every 10 seconds of 11 minute total run time. Three technical replicates were assessed per plate. Controls: hCAII + 4-NPA (DMSO added in place of compound of interest, DMSO control), 4-NPA background (no enzyme, DMSO added in place of compound of interest, 4-NPA control), hCAII + 4-NPA + acetazolamide (acetazolamide added in place of compound of interest, known hCAII inhibitor). Percent inhibition calculated as: 100 – [100 x [(Abs average, compound of interest - Abs average, 4- NPA )/ (Abs average, DMSO - Abs average, 4-NPA )]]. Compound Aggregation Assay. Stock solutions of DHEA (5 mM in DMSO) and compound of interest (5 mM in DMSO) were prepared. For each 60 µL reaction, to a 1.5 mL Eppendorf tube was added 26.7 µL 1X assay buffer supplemented with 0.2 mg/mL bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 1.2 µL compound of interest or DMSO. BSA-containing 1X assay buffer and compound of interest were incubated at room temperature for 5 minutes before addition of 1.2 µL of 5 mM DHEA, and 0.9 µL 6.6 mM PAPS. SULT2B1b was diluted to 1.5 µg/µL in protein storage buffer then down to 0.8 µg/µL in 1X activity assay buffer.30 µL of 0.8 µg/µL SULT2B1b was added to each reaction. Reactions were incubated for 2 hours at 37ºC with shaking at 250rpm. To quench, 30 µL reaction mix was added to 30 µL ice cold 0.5% HCl in MeCN, then centrifuged at 13,000xg at room temperature for 3 min.50 µL supernatant was transferred to an empty Eppendorf tube and submitted for LC-MS/MS quantification (UIUC Metabolomics Center). For samples run without BSA, an identical protocol was followed using 26.7 µL 1X assay buffer that had not been supplemented with BSA. Controls: Reaction mix made with DHEA, DMSO in place of compound of interest (DHEA control). Percent inhibition was calculated as: 100 – [100 x (DHEA-sulfate produced compound of interest / DHEA sulfate produced DHEA )]. Western Blot Analysis. Cells were lysed using RIPA buffer containing phosphatase (BioVision) and protease inhibitor cocktail (Calbiochem). Protein concentrations were determined using the BCA assay (Pierce). Lysates containing 15 µg of protein were loaded onto 4-20% gradient gels (BioRad), and SDS-PAGE was run. Proteins were then transferred onto membrane (PVDF Millipore) for Western Blot analysis. Blots were blocked with BSA solution (2 g in 40 mL TBST) for one hour followed by primary antibody addition and incubation overnight (using manufacturer’s recommended dilutions). Following overnight incubation, blots were washed with TBST, and incubated with HRP-linked secondary antibody for 1 hour in TBST. Blots were washed, then imaged with ChemiDoc after incubation with SuperSignal West Pico Solution following manufacturer’s procedures. Cell Culture. MCF-7 and HepG2 were grown in Eagle’s minimum essential media supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Benchmark, Gemini) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. T47D and HCT-116 was grown in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. MDA-MB-468 and BT-20 were grown in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts were grown in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1% penicillin/streptomycin, and an additional 1% non-essential amino acids. MYS and MDG were grown in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. Phenol red was added to all media as a pH indicator. All cells were cultured at 37ºC in a 5% CO 2 environment. Media were prepared by the University of Illinois School of Chemical Sciences Cell Media Facility. General Whole Cell Cholesterol Sulfate Quantification. 60x15mm tissue culture dishes were seeded with MCF-7 at 2x10 6 cells/dish or T47D at 1x10 6 cells per dish, 5 mL total media volume, and allowed to adhere overnight. Compounds of interest were dissolved in DMSO. Cells were treated with 25 µL 1.25 mM compound of interest stock (6.25 µM final compound concentration, 0.5% final DMSO concentration) or DMSO for 72 hours. To harvest, media was aspirated, and cells were washed once with PBS before detaching with trypsin. Trypsin was quenched with media. Cells were centrifuged at 300xg for 3 minutes and supernatant was discarded. Cells were resuspended in media and counted using a Countess 3 automated cell counter (Thermo Fisher Scientific).1.5x10 6 cells were collected, washed twice with 1 mL PBS, then pelleted and stored at -80ºC until lysis. Cell pellets were resuspended in 200 µL cold 70:30 methanol:water and placed on ice. Cell suspension was sonicated on ice (30%, 10 s on, 20 s off, 1 min total) and continued to be incubated on ice for 30 minutes. Lysate was clarified by centrifugation at 14,100xg at 4ºC for 30 minutes.100 µL of supernatant was transferred to an empty Eppendorf tube and submitted for LC-MS/MS quantification (UIUC Metabolomics Center), along with 5 mM cholesterol sulfate sodium salt standard. Time Course Whole Cell Cholesterol Sulfate Quantification. 60x15mm tissue culture dishes were seeded with MCF-7 at 2x10 6 cells/dish per dish, 5 mL total media volume, and allowed to adhere overnight. Compounds of interest were dissolved in DMSO. Cells were treated with 25 µL 1.25 mM compound of interest stock (6.25 µM final compound concentration, 0.5% final DMSO concentration) or DMSO for 0 (harvested immediately), 4, 8, 24, 48, or 72 hours. To harvest, media was aspirated, and cells were washed once with PBS before detaching with trypsin. Trypsin was quenched with media. Cells were centrifuged at 300xg for 3 minutes and supernatant was discarded. Cells were resuspended in media and counted using a Countess 3 automated cell counter (Thermo Fisher Scientific).1.5x10 6 cells were collected, washed twice with 1 mL PBS, then pelleted and stored at -80ºC until lysis. Cell pellets were resuspended in 200 µL cold 70:30 methanol:water and placed on ice. Cell suspension was sonicated on ice (30%, 10 s on, 20 s off, 1 min total) and continued to be incubated on ice for 30 minutes. Lysate was clarified by centrifugation at 14,100xg at 4ºC for 30 minutes.100 µL of supernatant was transferred to an empty Eppendorf tube and submitted for LC-MS/MS quantification (UIUC Metabolomics Center), along with 5 mM cholesterol sulfate sodium salt standard. Whole Cell Cholesterol Sulfate Quantification with Compound Removal. 60x15mm tissue culture dishes were seeded with MCF-7 at 2x10 6 cells/dish, 5 mL total media volume, and allowed to adhere overnight. Compounds of interest were dissolved in DMSO. Cells were treated with 25 µL 1.25 mM compound of interest stock (6.25 µM final compound concentration, 0.5% final DMSO concentration) for 0 hours (harvested immediately) or 24 hours. Media was aspirated and replaced with 5 mL fresh media, then cells were either harvested (24 hour time point) or further incubated. To harvest, media was aspirated, and cells were washed once with PBS before detaching with trypsin. Trypsin was quenched with media. Cells were centrifuged at 300xg for 3 minutes and supernatant was discarded. Cells were resuspended in media and counted using a Countess 3 automated cell counter (Thermo Fisher Scientific).1.5x10 6 cells were collected, washed twice with 1 mL PBS, then pelleted and stored at -80ºC until lysis. Cell pellets were resuspended in 200 µL cold 70:30 methanol:water and placed on ice. Cell suspension was sonicated on ice (30%, 10 s on, 20 s off, 1 min total) and continued to be incubated on ice for 30 minutes. Lysate was clarified by centrifugation at 14,100xg at 4ºC for 30 minutes.100 µL of supernatant was transferred to an empty Eppendorf tube and submitted for LC-MS/MS quantification (UIUC Metabolomics Center), along with 5 mM cholesterol sulfate sodium salt standard. Alamar Blue Fluorescence for Cellular Activity (IC50). Cells were seeded per well in a 96-well plate (5000 for MCF-7, 4000 for T47D, 7000 for mouse embryonic fibroblasts) and allowed to adhere before DMSO solutions of compounds were added to each well. Final concentration of DMSO in each well is 1%, final volume: 100 µL. At the end of 72 hours, Alamar Blue solution was added (10 µL of 1 mg resazurin per 10 mL PBS). After 2-4 hours incubation, fluorescence ( λ excit . = 555 nm, λ emission . = 585 nm) was measured. The fluorescence of each well was read with a SpectraMax M3 plate reader (Molecular Devices). Percent dead was determined by comparison to a 100% dead control: 100 µM Raptinal treated cells. Whole Cell Cholesterol Assay. Assay was run according to manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, 5000 MCF-7 cells were plated in 99 µL media in a 96-well plate and allowed to adhere overnight before DMSO solutions of compounds were added to each well. Final concentration of DMSO in each well is 1%, final volume: 100 µL. At the end of 72 hours, media was aspirated, and cells were washed twice with 100 µL PBS.50 µL of cholesterol lysis solution was added and cells were incubated for 30 minutes at 37ºC.50 µL of sample was then transferred to a 96-well white walled assay plate.50µL of cholesterol detection reagent was added to all wells and incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. Luminescence was read using a SpectraMax M3 plate reader (Molecular Devices). Cholesterol levels were determined by use of a cholesterol standard curve. IACUC Guidelines and Protocol Numbers. All mouse model work at UIUC was conducted in accordance with UIUC IACUC guidelines and approved protocols. The following approved IACUC protocols were used for the work described here: 20142. Tolerability Studies. Three female C57/BL6 mice were administered single IP doses (formulated in 50% DMSO/50% Peg400) of compound (2). Compound was formulated at a concentration of 20-40 mg/mL depending on dose. Mice were injected with 100 µL formulated compound. Mouse weight and lethality were tracked as indicators of compound tolerability. Tolerability of vehicle had been previously assessed. Pharmacokinetic Analysis. Female C57/BL6 mice were administered single IP doses (200 mg/kg in 50% DMSO/50% Peg400) of compound (2) and then sacrificed in cohorts of 3 at predetermined time points (0, 20, 30, 60, 120, and 240 minutes. Whole blood was collected, centrifuged, and EDTA serum separated for quantification by HPLC methods (UIUC Metabolomics Center, Urbana, IL). Cholesterol Sulfate Levels in MDG Tumor Tissue. 1.5 or 3 million MDG cells suspended in 114atrigel were injected into the mammary fat pad of a female athymic nude mouse. Tumors were allowed to grow in the mice for 40 days following the graft, at which point tumors were harvested, flash frozen, and stored at -80ºC until further processing. Tumors were thawed on ice for 10 minutes before addition of 1 mL of cold methanol. A tissue homogenizer was used to emulsify tumor tissue, and the soluble portion was obtained by centrifugation at 2000 rpm at 4ºC for 10 minutes to separate the coarse particles, followed by transfer to an empty Eppendorf tube and centrifugation at 14,100xg at 4ºC for 30 minutes. 600 µL of supernatant was transferred to an empty Eppendorf tube and submitted for LC- MS/MS quantification (UIUC Metabolomics Center), along with 5 mM cholesterol sulfate sodium salt standard. General LC-MS/MS Quantification Method. Both DHEAS and CS samples were analyzed by 6500 QTRAP (Sciex, Redwood City, CA) liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Subsequently, samples were injected (5 μL) into the Agilent 1260 Infinity II system, and equipped with an Agilent Zorbax SB-C3 column (2.1 × 50 mm, 5 μm) with mobile phase A (0.1% formic acid in water) and mobile phase B (0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile). The flow rate was 0.3 mL/min. Mass spectra were acquired under negative electrospray ionization with the ion spray voltage at -4500 V. The source temperature was 400°C. The curtain gas, ion source gas 1, and ion source gas 2 were 35, 50, and 65 pounds/square inch, respectively. Cholesterol-sulfate and DHEA-sulfate were detected by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) at m/z 465 → 97.0 and 367.0 → 97.0 respectively. Software Analyst 1.7.1 (Agilent) was used for data acquisition and analysis. Example 2. Compound screening. Testing of compound IB:10:D (1) in non-specific inhibition assays. Two assays were performed to test the inhibition specificity of IB:10:D. The first is a well-known assay utilizing human carbonic anhydrase II. No inhibition of hCAII is observed up to 200 µM of IB:10:D. The second is an assay developed to test the aggregation capacity of this class of compounds. In the presence of a decoy protein (Bovine serum albumin, BSA), no change in the inhibition of SULT2B1b is seen, suggesting this class of compounds does not exert its effect through compound aggregation. Whole cell cytotoxicity-MCF-7. Cell cytotoxicity was assessed to ensure compound concentrations used the whole cell assays would not kill the cells. Alamar blue cell cytotoxicity assay: 5000 cells were seeded per well in a 96-well plate and allowed to adhere before DMSO solutions of compounds were added to each well. Final concentration of DMSO in each well is 1%, with a final volume of 100 ^l. At the end of 72 hours Alamar blue solution was added [10 ^l of 1-mg resazurin per 10 ml of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)]. After 2 to 4 hours of incubation, fluorescence ( λexcitation = 555 nm, λemission = 585 nm) was measured. Percent dead was determined by comparison to a 100% dead control: 100 ^M Raptinal-treated cells (Figure 6). Using the whole cell assay described above, intracellular cholesterol sulfate levels were assessed in MCF-7 cells at 6.25 µM compound (3) and compound (6). A significant decrease in cholesterol sulfate levels was achieved with compound (3) treatment, but not seen with compound (6) treatment. This suggests that intracellular cholesterol sulfate level decreases are specific to compound (3) and not an artifact of this particular scaffold (Figure 7). Mouse studies with compound (3). Maximum tolerated dose of compound (3) was tested in mice at 100, 125, or 200 mg/kg, dosed intraperitoneally. No signs of toxicity were observed (toxicity defined as: weight loss >10% after 24 hours). Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed at 200 mg/kg dosed intraperitoneally. Compound (3) shows a favorable pharmacokinetic profile with compound concentrations reaching ~50 µM in the serum (Figure 10). Maximum tolerated dose mouse studies: Compound (3) was formulated in 50% DMSO, 50% Peg400 at 20 mg/mL (for 100 mg/kg injection), 25 mg/mL (for 125 mg/kg injection), or 40 mg/mL (for 200 mg/kg injection). Compound was injected intraperitoneally into female C57BL/6 mice, and the mice were monitored for signs of toxicity. Pharmacokinetic mouse studies: Compound (3) was formulated in 50% DMSO, 50% Peg400 at 40 mg/mL (for 200 mg/kg injection), Compound was injected intraperitoneally into female C57BL/6 mice (3 per time point). Blood from the mice were harvested at each time point. Serum was separated and concentration in the serum was quantified by LC- MS/MS. Example 3. Chemical Synthetic Methods. Materials and Methods. Reagents were purchased from commercial sources and used without further purification. All solvents used were anhydrous, resulting from being passed through activated alumina columns utilizing a PureSolv MD-5 solvent purification system. Compounds utilized for in vivo experiments were dried via overnight lyophilization from neat acetonitrile. 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR experiments were conducted on a Bruker Avance III HD 500 MHz NMR with a CryoProbe. Spectra obtained in CDCl 3 were referenced for 7.26 ppm and 77.16 ppm for 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra respectively. Spectra obtained in DMSO were referenced for 2.50 ppm and 39.52 for 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra respectively. All NMR chemical shifts are reported in ppm (δ), coupling constants (J, Hz), and peaks reported as: s = singlet, d = doublet, t = triplet, q = quartet, m = multiplet. 13 C and 19 F peak multiplicities are all singlets unless otherwise noted with the same designation used for 1 H NMR. High resolution mass spectra (HRMS) were obtained at the UIUC SCS Mass Spectrometry Laboratory utilizing electrospray ionization (ESI). Final compound purity are reported via LC-MS analysis at λ = 254 nm. General preparation of enamide compounds. General Method A. Procedure adapted from Nat. Chem.2013, 5, 195-202. Adrenosterone (1 g, 3.32 mmol) was dissolved in isopropanol (20 mL) and sodium carbonate (660 mg, 6.22 mmol) dissolved in water (3 mL) was added to the resulting solution. The reaction mixture was heated to reflux. A solution of sodium periodate (5.2 g, 24.3 mmol) and catalytic potassium permanganate (0.106 mg, 0.671 mmol) in water (24 mL) was preheated at 75 °C and added to the reaction mixture dropwise using a slow addition funnel over a 30 minute period. The slow addition funnel was then removed, and a reflux condenser was placed on the reaction flask. The reaction was allowed to stir for an additional 2.5 hours before being cooled to room temperature. The reaction was filtered, and the remaining solids were washed with water. The isopropanol was then removed under reduced pressure and the remaining aqueous solution was acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid to pH 2. This aqueous solution was extracted with dichloromethane (3x). The organic layers were collected, dried using sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The compound was purified by flash column chromatography (1% to 3% MeOH in DCM). Final compounds, adapted from above reference: Intermediate 1 (150 mg, 0.465 mmol) was dissolved in ethanol (3 mL) in a sealed tube and various benzylamines (2.5 eq.) were added the solution. The tube was sealed and heated to 125 °C for 16 hours before being cooled to room temperature. A 5% solution of aqueous hydrochloric acid solution was added to the reaction vessel and allowed to stir for 5 minutes before being transferred to a separatory funnel where dichloromethane was used to extract the mixture (3x). The organic layers were combined, dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was purified by flash column chromatography using 30% EtOAc to 50% EtOAc Synthesis of compound (3). Intermediate 1 (172 mg, 0.537 mmol) was dissolved in ethanol (3 mL) in a sealed tube and 4-bromobenzylamine (0.17 mL, 1.342 mmol) was added to the solution. The tube was sealed and heated to 125 °C for 16 hours before being cooled to room temperature. A 5% solution of aqueous hydrochloric acid solution was added to the reaction vessel and allowed to stir for 5 minutes before being transferred to a separatory funnel where dichloromethane was used to extract the mixture (3x). The organic layers were combined, dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was purified by flash column chromatography using 30% EtOAc to 50% EtOAc in hexanes, obtaining 138 mg of a white foam (55 % yield). 1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ 7.27 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.88 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 4.93 (d, J = 15.9 Hz, 0H), 4.84 – 4.76 (m, 0H), 4.51 (d, J = 15.9 Hz, 1H), 2.65 – 2.35 (m, 5H), 2.25 – 2.07 (m, 3H), 2.00 – 1.67 (m, 6H), 1.52 (tt, J = 12.5, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 1.37 – 1.26 (m, 1H), 1.08 (s, 3H), 0.71 (s, 3H). 13 C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 217.21, 207.80, 169.10, 143.67, 136.90, 131.79, 128.54, 120.79, 103.87, 59.78, 50.43, 50.06, 49.92, 47.53, 36.22, 35.93, 32.07, 30.64, 30.32, 28.94, 21.83, 18.09, 14.93. material (1 eq.) was dissolved in methanol (20 mL) in a round bottom flask and stirred at 0ºC for 10 min. NaBH 4 (1.1 eq) was added, and reaction was removed from ice bath and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Reaction was quenched by addition of water, then evaporated under reduced pressure before being transferred to a separatory funnel where ethyl acetate was used to extract the mixture (3x). The organic layers were combined, dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was purified by flash column chromatography using 70% EtOAc in hexanes to 100% EtOAc. General preparation of C-17 ketals. Substituted enamide starting material (1 eq.) was dissolved in benzene (40 mL) in a round bottom flask. p-Toluenesulfonic acid (0.3 eq.) was added to the reaction followed by ethylene glycol (50 eq.). A Dean-Stark trap was fitted to the reaction flask and the reaction was heated at reflux for 16 hours. At this time, the reaction was cooled to room temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate and transferred to a separatory funnel where the organic layer was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate (1x) and DI H 2 O (1x). The organic layer was dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was purified by flash column chromatography using 30% to 70% EtOAc in hexanes. Preparation of compound 36. Prepared according to Nat. Chem.2013, 5, 195-202. Substituted enamide starting material (1 eq.) was dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid (2 mL) at room temperature before cooling to 0 °C. Sodium azide (2 eq.) was then added to the reaction slowly and the resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 1 hour at 0 °C. After this time, ice was added to quench the reaction and stirring continued for an additional 3 minutes before being transferred to a separatory funnel and partitioned between brine and dichloromethane. Dichloromethane was used to extract the desired Schmidt products (3x). The organic layers were combined, dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was purified via column chromatography using 50% EtOAc to 70% EtOAc in hexanes. (4aR,4bS,6aS,9aS,9bS)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-4a,6a-dimethyl-3,4, 4a,6,6a,8,9,9a,9b,10- decahydro-1H-indeno[54-f]quinoline-257(4bH)-trione (IB:10:D (1)) Synthesized via general method A. Purified by silica gel chromatography 30% EtOAc/Hexanes to 50% EtOAc/Hexanes. Product obtained as an off-white solid in 50% yield. 1 H NMR: (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 7.26 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.10 (d, J = 15.9 Hz, 1H), 4.95 (dd, 1H), 4.67 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H), 2.81 – 2.68 (m, 2H), 2.67 – 2.51 (m, 3H), 2.40 – 2.22 (m, 3H), 2.15 – 2.07 (m, 1H), 2.04 – 1.84 (m, 4H), 1.74 – 1.61 (m, 1H), 1.53 – 1.42 (m, 1H), 1.23 (s, 3H), 0.85 (s, 3H). 13 C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 217.21, 207.80, 169.11, 143.67, 136.35, 132.73, 128.84, 128.16, 103.89, 59.77, 50.42, 50.05, 49.91, 47.49, 36.22, 35.93, 32.07, 30.64, 30.32, 28.94, 21.82, 18.08, 14.92. HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for C 25 H 28 ClNO 3 [M+H] + 426.1758, found: 426.1832. LC-MS Purity ( λ: 254 nm): 96.1%. (4aR,4bS,6aS,9aS,9bS)-1-(4-bromobenzyl)-4a,6a-dimethyl-3,4,4 a,6,6a,8,9,9a,9b,10- decahydro-1H-indeno[5,4-f]quinoline-2,5,7(4bH)-trione (compound 3). Synthesized via general method A. Purified by silica gel chromatography 30% EtOAc/Hexanes to 50% EtOAc/Hexanes. Product obtained as an off-white solid in 45% yield. 1 H NMR: (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 7.42 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.03 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 5.08 (d, J = 15.9 Hz, 1H), 4.95 (dd, J = 5.8, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.66 (d, J = 15.9 Hz, 1H), 2.78 – 2.68 (m, 2H), 2.67 – 2.52 (m, 3H), 2.40 – 2.23 (m, 3H), 2.15 – 2.07 (m, 1H), 2.04 – 1.84 (m, 4H), 1.74 – 1.63 (m, 1H), 1.51 – 1.43 (m, 1H), 1.23 (s, 3H), 0.86 (s, 3H). 13 C NMR: (126 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 217.21, 207.80, 169.10, 143.67, 136.90, 131.79, 128.54, 120.79, 103.87, 59.78, 50.43, 50.06, 49.92, 47.53, 36.22, 35.93, 32.07, 30.64, 30.32, 28.94, 21.83, 18.09, 14.93. HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for C 25 H 28 BrNO 3 [M+H] + 470.1253, found: 470.1327. LC-MS Purity ( λ: 254 nm): 97.3%. (4aR,4bS,6aS,9aS,9bS)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-4a,6a-dimethyl-3,4, 4a,6,6a,8,9,9a,9b,10- decahydro-1H-indeno[5,4-f]quinoline-2,5,7(4bH)-trione (compound 4). Synthesized via general method A. Purified by silica gel chromatography 30% EtOAc/Hexanes to 50% EtOAc/Hexanes. Product obtained as an off-white solid in 56% yield. 1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 7.14 – 7.10 (m, 2H), 7.02 – 6.95 (m, 2H), 5.11 (d, J = 15.7 Hz, 1H), 4.99 (dd, J = 5.7, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (d, J = 15.7 Hz, 1H), 2.80 – 2.68 (m, 2H), 2.67 – 2.52 (m, 3H), 2.41 – 2.23 (m, 3H), 2.14 – 2.07 (m, 1H), 2.04 – 1.92 (m, 3H), 1.91 – 1.84 (m, 1H), 1.73 – 1.63 (m, 1H), 1.52 – 1.42 (m, 1H), 1.22 (s, 3H), 0.85 (s, 3H). 13 C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 217.21, 207.81, 169.08, 161.92 (d, J = 244.87 Hz), 143.72, 133.50 (d, J = 3.06 Hz), 128.36 (d, J = 8.11 Hz), 115.53 (d, J = 21.56 Hz), 103.87, 59.80, 50.42, 50.05, 49.92, 47.46, 36.22, 35.94, 32.08, 30.67, 30.34, 28.97, 21.83, 18.07, 14.92. HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for C 25 H 28 FNO 3 [M+H] + 410.2053, found: 410.2128. LC-MS Purity ( λ: 254 nm): 98.0%. (4aR,4bS,6aS,9aS,9bS)-1-benzyl-4a,6a-dimethyl-3,4,4a,6,6a,8, 9,9a,9b,10-decahydro- 1H-indeno[5,4-f]quinoline-2,5,7(4bH)-trione (compound 5). Synthesized via general method A. Purified by silica gel chromatography 30% EtOAc/Hexanes to 50% EtOAc/Hexanes. Product obtained as an off-white solid in 53% yield. 1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 7.32 – 7.28 (m, 2H), 7.24 – 7.20 (m, 1H), 7.16 – 7.13 (m, 2H), 5.22 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H), 5.00 (dd, J = 5.7, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H), 2.79 – 2.69 (m, 2H), 2.68 – 2.52 (m, 3H), 2.40 – 2.23 (m, 3H), 2.14 – 2.06 (m, 1H), 2.05 – 1.84 (m, 4H), 1.72 – 1.61 (m, 1H), 1.53 – 1.45 (m, 1H), 1.25 (s, 3H), 0.85 (s, 3H). 13 C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 217.27, 207.88, 169.07, 143.82, 137.83, 128.68, 126.95, 126.61, 103.83, 59.83, 50.43, 50.06, 49.94, 48.26, 36.23, 35.94, 32.09, 30.72, 30.36, 28.99, 21.83, 18.13, 14.91. HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for C 25 H 29 NO 3 [M+H] + 392.2147, found: 392.2221. LC-MS Purity ( λ: 254 nm): 96.2%. indeno[5,4-f]quinoline-2,5,7(4bH)-trione (compound 6). Synthesized via general method A with minor modifications.33% Methylamine in EtOH (6.5 equivalents) used in place of neat amine. Purified by silica gel chromatography 70% EtOAc/Hexanes to 100% EtOAc. Product obtained as an off-white solid in 44% yield. 1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 5.05 (dd, J = 5.7, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 3.13 (s, 3H), 2.72 – 2.65 (m, 1H), 2.64 – 2.46 (m, 5H), 2.36 – 2.26 (m, 2H), 2.21 – 2.13 (m, 1H), 2.10 – 1.99 (m, 3H), 1.98 – 1.89 (m, 1H), 1.77 – 1.66 (m, 1H), 1.44 – 1.35 (m, 1H), 1.25 (s, 3H), 0.88 (d, J = 0.9 Hz, 3H). 13 C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 217.31, 207.86, 168.88, 145.29, 102.78, 59.95, 50.43, 50.07, 49.93, 36.25, 35.89, 32.23, 31.82, 30.98, 30.42, 28.93, 21.90, 18.38, 14.93. HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for C 19 H 25 NO 3 [M+H] + 316.1834, found: 316.1902. LC-MS Purity ( λ: 254 nm): >99%. decahydro-1H-indeno[5,4-f]quinoline-2,5,7(4bH)-trione (compound 7). Synthesized via general method A. Purified by silica gel chromatography 30% EtOAc/Hexanes to 50% EtOAc/Hexanes. Product obtained as an off-white solid in 28% yield. 1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 7.25 – 7.19 (m, 2H), 7.12 (t, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.05 – 7.02 (m, 1H), 5.19 (d, J = 16.0 Hz, 1H), 4.95 (dd, J = 5.7, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (d, J = 16.0 Hz, 1H), 2.78 – 2.62 (m, 3H), 2.60 – 2.53 (m, 2H), 2.41 – 2.34 (m, 1H), 2.34 – 2.24 (m, 2H), 2.15 – 2.08 (m, 1H), 2.06 – 1.92 (m, 3H), 1.92 – 1.85 (m, 1H), 1.73 – 1.63 (m, 1H), 1.52 – 1.45 (m, 1H), 1.26 (s, 3H), 0.86 (s, 3H). 13 C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 217.23, 207.82, 169.12, 143.85, 140.00, 134.65, 130.01, 127.26, 126.73, 124.80, 103.87, 59.76, 50.43, 50.07, 49.93, 47.85, 36.23, 35.95, 32.09, 30.62, 30.34, 28.93, 21.84, 18.13, 14.93. HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for C 25 H 28 ClNO 3 [M+H] + 426.1758, found: 426.1826. LC-MS Purity ( ^: 254 nm): 98.3%. (4aR,4bS,6aS,9aS,9bS)-1-(2-chlorobenzyl)-4a,6a-dimethyl-3,4, 4a,6,6a,8,9,9a,9b,10- decahydro-1H-indeno[5,4-f]quinoline-2,5,7(4bH)-trione (compound 8). Synthesized via general method A. Purified by silica gel chromatography 30% EtOAc/Hexanes to 50% EtOAc/Hexanes. Product obtained as an off-white solid in 40% yield. 1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 7.38 – 7.32 (m, 1H), 7.21 – 7.14 (m, 2H), 6.97 – 6.93 (m, 1H), 5.33 (d, J = 16.8 Hz, 1H), 4.83 (dd, J = 5.7, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (d, J = 16.8 Hz, 1H), 2.81 – 2.71 (m, 2H), 2.70 – 2.62 (m, 1H), 2.59 – 2.51 (m, 2H), 2.40 – 2.22 (m, 3H), 2.14 – 2.06 (m, 1H), 2.05 – 1.83 (m, 4H), 1.71 – 1.61 (m, 1H), 1.53 – 1.46 (m, 1H), 1.30 (s, 3H), 0.86 (d, J = 0.9 Hz, 3H). 13 C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 217.25, 207.87, 169.10, 143.81, 134.63, 132.51, 129.61, 128.17, 127.12, 127.00, 103.68, 59.80, 50.44, 50.07, 49.94, 46.55, 36.23, 35.97, 32.12, 30.76, 30.35, 28.98, 21.84, 18.24, 14.93. HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for C 25 H 28 ClNO 3 [M+H] + 426.1758, found: 426.1830. LC-MS Purity ( λ: 254 nm): 95.2%. (8R,9S,10R,13S,14S)-10,13-dimethyl-1,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14, 15,16-dodecahydro- 3H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,17(2H)-dione (Intermediate 2). DHEA (1.77 mmol, 1 eq.), cyclohexanone (3.6 mL, 20 eq.), and toluene (31 mL) were added to a round bottom flask and heated to reflux (115ºC) under N 2 . After 15 minutes, Al(OiPr)3 was added to the reaction. The reaction was heated to reflux again for 2 hours. After cooling to room temperature, reaction was transferred to a separatory funnel and washed with water, followed by 5M H 2 SO 4 , sat. NaHCO 3 , and brine. The organic layer was dried with sodium sulfate, filtered over cotton, and concentrated by rotary evaporation. The product was purified by silica gel chromatography using 20% EtOAc/Hexanes to 50% EtOAc/Hexanes. Product obtained as an off-white solid in 70% yield. 1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 5.75 (s, 1H), 2.51 – 2.30 (m, 5H), 2.15 – 2.02 (m, 2H), 2.01 – 1.95 (m, 2H), 1.87 (ddd, J = 13.0, 4.2, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 1.78 – 1.66 (m, 3H), 1.63 – 1.54 (m, 1H), 1.51 – 1.41 (m, 1H), 1.34 – 1.25 (m, 2H), 1.21 (s, 3H), 1.17 – 1.07 (m, 1H), 1.04 – 0.95 (m, 1H), 0.92 (s, 3H). 13 C NMR: (126 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 220.48, 199.42, 170.39, 124.31, 53.97, 51.00, 47.65, 38.78, 35.89, 35.85, 35.31, 34.06, 32.70, 31.43, 30.90, 21.89, 20.46, 17.52, 13.85. HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for C 19 H 26 O 2 [M+H] + 287.1933, found: 287.2003. 3-((3aS,5aS,6R,9aR,9bS)-3a,6-dimethyl-3,7-dioxododecahydro-1 H- cyclopenta[a]naphthalen-6-yl)propanoic acid (Intermediate 3). Protocol was adapted from Nat. Chem.2013, 5, 195-202. Intermediate 2 (2.25 mmol, 1 eq.), was dissolved in isopropanol and added to a 3-neck round bottom flask. Na 2 CO 3 (4.5 mmol, 2 eq.) was dissolved in 2 mL DI water and added to the reaction, which was then equipped with a reflux condenser and an addition funnel before being heated to reflux for 15 minutes. In a separate 20 mL scintillation vial, 15 mL DI water was heated to 75ºC for 15 minutes. NaIO 4 (16.9 mmol, 7.5 eq) and KmnO 4 (0.240 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to the heated water and stirred briefly to dissolve before being transferred to the addition funnel. The NaIO 4 /KmnO 4 solution was added to the reaction over 30 minutes. The reaction was refluxed for 3 hours. After cooling to room temperature, solids were removed by vacuum filtration and washed with DI water. Remaining isopropanol was removed from the filtrate by rotary evaporation. Remaining liquid was transferred to a separatory funnel, acidified with 1M HCl, and extracted with dichloromethane (3x). Combined organic layers were washed with DI water (1x), then dried with sodium sulfate, filtered over cotton, and concentrated by rotary evaporation. The product was purified by silica gel chromatography using 3% MeOH/DCM to 5% MeOH/DCM. Product obtained as a white foam in 73% yield. 1 H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) δ: 11.96 (s, 1H), 2.70 – 2.60 (m, 1H), 2.46 – 2.38 (m, 1H), 2.17 – 2.11 (m, 1H), 2.09 – 1.85 (m, 7H), 1.66 (dt, J = 12.7, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 1.60 – 1.40 (m, 4H), 1.34 – 1.16 (m, 4H), 1.07 (s, 3H), 0.85 (s, 3H). 13 C NMR (126 MHz, DMSO) δ: 219.31, 213.62, 174.66, 49.87, 49.81, 46.99, 46.88, 46.70, 37.32, 35.22, 33.54, 30.71, 29.37, 29.32, 28.91, 21.37, 20.78, 20.24, 20.21, 13.37, 13.29. HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for C 18 H 26 O 4 [M+H] + 307.1831, found: 307.1922. (4aR,4bS,6aS,9aS,9bR)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-4a,6a-dimethyl- 3,4,4a,4b,5,6,6a,8,9,9a,9b,10-dodecahydro-1H-indeno[5,4-f]qu inoline-2,7-dione (compound 9). Synthesized via general method A. Purified by silica gel chromatography 30% EtOAc/Hexanes to 50% EtOAc/Hexanes. Product obtained as an off-white foam in 28% yield. 1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 7.26 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.09 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.09 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H), 4.97 (dd, J = 5.7, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.71 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H), 2.72 – 2.58 (m, 2H), 2.47 (ddd, J = 19.3, 9.0, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 2.23 (dt, J = 16.6, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 2.14 – 2.04 (m, 1H), 2.01 – 1.91 (m, 2H), 1.90 – 1.85 (m, 1H), 1.77 – 1.63 (m, 3H), 1.60 – 1.43 (m, 3H), 1.35 – 1.24 (m, 2H), 1.18 (ddd, J = 12.3, 10.6, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 1.06 (s, 3H), 0.89 (s, 3H). 13 C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 220.53, 168.74, 142.94, 136.47, 132.64, 128.79, 128.17, 105.15, 51.62, 48.97, 47.65, 47.11, 35.92, 35.76, 31.53, 31.35, 30.63, 29.63, 29.02, 21.89, 20.47, 18.76, 13.73. HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for C 25 H 30 ClNO 2 [M+H] + 412.1965, found: 412.2031. LC- MS Purity ( λ: 254 nm): 98.2%. (4aR,4bS,6aS,9aS,9bS)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-4a,6a-dimethyl- 1,3,4,4a,4b,6,6a,8,9,9a,9b,10-dodecahydrospiro[indeno[5,4-f] quinoline-7,2’- [1,3]dioxolane]-2,5-dione (compound 10). Substituted enamide starting material (0.269 mmol, 1 eq.) was dissolved in benzene (40 mL) in a round bottom flask. p-Toluenesulfonic acid (0.084 mmol, 0.3 eq.) was added to the reaction followed by ethylene glycol (50 eq.). A Dean-Stark trap was fitted to the reaction flask and the reaction was heated at reflux for 16 hours. At this time, the reaction was cooled to room temperature, diluted with EtOAc and transferred to a separatory funnel where the organic layer was washed with saturated NaHCO 3 (1x) and DI water (1x). The organic layer was dried with sodium sulfate, filtered over cotton, and concentrated by rotary evaporation. The product was purified by silica gel chromatography using 30% EtOAc/Hexanes to 50% EtOAc/Hexanes. 1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 7.26 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.11 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (dd, J = 5.8, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (d, J = 15.9 Hz, 1H), 3.97 – 3.88 (m, 2H), 3.83 (dd, J = 9.5, 3.4 Hz, 2H), 2.76 – 2.67 (m, 2H), 2.65 – 2.58 (m, 2H), 2.28 – 2.19 (m, 1H), 2.15 (d, J = 13.2 Hz, 1H), 2.09 – 1.97 (m, 3H), 1.96 – 1.78 (m, 4H), 1.50 – 1.32 (m, 2H), 1.21 (s, 3H), 0.82 (s, 3H). 13 C NMR: (126 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 210.18, 169.23, 143.57, 136.48, 132.66, 128.81, 128.16, 117.87, 104.49, 65.55, 64.75, 59.15, 50.13, 48.97, 48.91, 47.56, 35.76, 34.42, 33.00, 30.82, 30.69, 28.99, 22.48, 17.99, 15.10. HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for C 27 H 32 ClNO 4 [M+H] + 470.2020, found: 470.2102. LC-MS Purity ( λ: 254 nm): >99%. (4aR,4bS,6aS,9aS,9bS)-1-((6-bromopyridin-3-yl)methyl)-4a,6a- dimethyl- 3,4,4a,6,6a,8,9,9a,9b,10-decahydro-1H-indeno[5,4-f]quinoline -2,5,7(4bH)-trione (compound 11). Synthesized via general method A. Purified by silica gel chromatography 30% EtOAc/Hexanes to 70% EtOAc/Hexanes. Product obtained as an off-white solid in 46% yield. 1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 8.20 (s, 1H), 7.46 – 7.37 (m, 2H), 4.99 – 4.94 (m, 2H), 4.83 (d, J = 15.9 Hz, 1H), 2.76 – 2.66 (m, 2H), 2.66 – 2.52 (m, 3H), 2.44 – 2.35 (m, 1H), 2.34 – 2.24 (m, 2H), 2.16 – 2.09 (m, 1H), 2.04 – 1.94 (m, 3H), 1.92 – 1.85 (m, 1H), 1.74 – 1.64 (m, 1H), 1.51 – 1.41 (m, 1H), 1.18 (s, 3H), 0.85 (s, 3H). 13 C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 217.11, 207.66, 169.22, 148.99, 143.41, 140.81, 137.82, 132.89, 128.27, 104.07, 59.70, 50.39, 50.02, 49.83, 44.61, 36.21, 35.98, 32.05, 30.52, 30.29, 28.88, 21.82, 17.96, 14.93. HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for C 24 H 27 BrNO 3 [M+H] + 471.1205, found: 471.1260. LC-MS Purity ( λ: 254 nm): 96.0%. 3,4,4a,6,6a,8,9,9a,9b,10-decahydro-1H-indeno[5,4-f]quinoline -2,5,7(4bH)-trione (compound 12). Synthesized via general method A. Purified by silica gel chromatography 30% EtOAc/Hexanes to 50% EtOAc/Hexanes. Product obtained as an off-white solid in 64% yield. 1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 7.84 – 7.76 (m, 3H), 7.57 – 7.56 (m, 1H), 7.50 – 7.42 (m, 2H), 7.32 – 7.28 (m, 1H), 5.29 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H), 5.07 (dd, J = 5.8, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.91 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H), 2.84 – 2.66 (m, 3H), 2.57 – 2.50 (m, 2H), 2.36 – 2.21 (m, 3H), 2.11 – 2.00 (m, 2H), 2.00 – 1.82 (m, 3H), 1.68 – 1.60 (m, 1H), 1.55 – 1.49 (m, 1H), 1.26 (s, 3H), 0.83 (s, 3H). 13 C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 217.29, 207.89, 169.21, 143.61, 135.40, 133.53, 132.69, 128.51, 127.82, 127.80, 126.24, 125.77, 125.28, 125.10, 104.06, 59.82, 50.43, 50.04, 49.90, 48.16, 36.21, 35.98, 32.05, 30.73, 30.34, 29.05, 21.79, 18.14, 14.90. HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for C 29 H 31 NO 3 [M+H] + 442.2304, found: 442.2384. LC-MS Purity ( λ: 254 nm): (4aR, 3,4,4a,6,6a,8,9,9a,9b,10-decahydro-1H-indeno[5,4-f]quinoline -2,5,7(4bH)-trione (compound 13). Synthesized via general method A. Purified by silica gel chromatography 30% EtOAc/Hexanes to 50% EtOAc/Hexanes. Product obtained as an off-white solid in 48% yield. 1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 5.23 (dd, J = 5.9, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 3.63 (dd, J = 6.8, 2.2 Hz, 2H), 2.67 – 2.54 (m, 4H), 2.54 – 2.44 (m, 2H), 2.37 – 2.26 (m, 2H), 2.22 – 2.14 (m, 1H), 2.12 – 2.03 (m, 3H), 1.97 – 1.91 (m, 1H), 1.79 – 1.68 (m, 1H), 1.47 – 1.38 (m, 1H), 1.25 (s, 3H), 1.10 – 1.02 (m, 1H), 0.88 (s, 3H), 0.54 – 0.44 (m, 1H), 0.44 – 0.37 (m, 2H), 0.34 – 0.26 (m, 1H). 13 C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 217.34, 207.86, 168.92, 144.02, 103.63, 60.08, 50.42, 50.04, 49.92, 47.72, 36.27, 36.18, 32.28, 30.88, 30.55, 29.00, 21.92, 18.33, 14.95, 9.65, 4.34, 3.76. HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for C 22 H 29 NO 3 [M+H] + 356.2147, found: 356.2214. LC-MS Purity ( λ: 254 nm): 98.1%. 3,4,4a,6,6a,8,9,9a,9b,10-decahydro-1H-indeno[5,4-f]quinoline -2,5,7(4bH)-trione (compound 14). Synthesized via general method A. Purified by silica gel chromatography 30% EtOAc/Hexanes to 50% EtOAc/Hexanes. Product obtained as an off-white solid in 19% yield. 1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 5.07 (dd, J = 5.9, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 3.77 (dd, J = 14.0, 8.3 Hz, 1H), 3.43 (dd, J = 14.0, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 2.67 – 2.44 (m, 7H), 2.36 – 2.25 (m, 2H), 2.22 – 2.12 (m, 1H), 2.10 – 2.01 (m, 3H), 1.97 – 1.88 (m, 1H), 1.79 – 1.68 (m, 3H), 1.65 – 1.55 (m, 3H), 1.47 – 1.32 (m, 2H), 1.24 (s, 3H), 1.20 – 1.12 (m, 2H), 1.07 – 0.97 (m, 2H), 0.88 (d, J = 0.9 Hz, 3H). 13 C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 217.33, 207.91, 169.12, 143.67, 102.77, 60.00, 50.49, 50.12, 50.06, 48.69, 36.27, 36.03, 35.70, 32.12, 31.24, 31.09, 30.53, 29.02, 28.47, 26.51, 26.18, 26.05, 21.89, 18.40, 14.93. HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for C 25 H 35 NO 3 [M+H] + 398.2617, found: 398.2686. LC-MS Purity ( λ: 254 nm): 96.4%. (4aR,4bS,6aS,7S,9aS,9bS)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-7-hydroxy-4a,6a- dimethyl- 3,4,4a,4b,6,6a,7,8,9,9a,9b,10-dodecahydro-1H-indeno[5,4-f]qu inoline-2,5-dione (compound 34). Substituted enamide starting material (0.368 mmol, 1 eq.) was dissolved in methanol (20 mL) in a round bottom flask and stirred at 0ºC for 10 min. NaBH4 (0.423 mmol, 1.1 eq) was added, and reaction was removed from ice bath and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Reaction was quenched by addition of water, then evaporated under reduced pressure before being transferred to a separatory funnel and extracted with EtOAc (3x). The organic layers were combined, dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was purified by silica gel chromatography using 70% EtOAc/Hexanes to 100% EtOAc. Stereochemistry at the C17 position is assumed based on previous reports of identical reaction conditions on structurally analogous compounds. It is also supported by the J > 8 Hz coupling present between the corresponding hydrogens on C17 and C16, suggesting pseudo axial-pseudo axial coupling that could only be present in the proposed stereochemical configuration. 1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 7.25 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 5.11 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H), 4.91 (dd, J = 5.8, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (d, J = 15.9 Hz, 1H), 3.84 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 2.80 – 2.65 (m, 2H), 2.65 – 2.56 (m, 1H), 2.48 (d, J = 13.1 Hz, 1H), 2.26 – 2.12 (m, 3H), 1.97 (d, J = 10.7 Hz, 1H), 1.91 – 1.83 (m, 1H), 1.80 – 1.69 (m, 2H), 1.63 – 1.50 (m, 2H), 1.48 – 1.34 (m, 2H), 1.26 – 1.20 (m, 4H), 0.72 (s, 3H). 13 C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 20916 16922 14358 13645 13265 12879 12813 10440 7993 5917 54.66, 49.66, 47.54, 46.50, 35.77, 35.73, 33.17, 31.03, 30.91, 30.66, 28.98, 23.02, 22.82, 17.97, 11.97. HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for C 25 H 30 ClNO 3 [M+H] + 428.1914, found: 428.1991. LC-MS Purity ( λ: 254 nm): >99%. Example 4. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. The following formulations illustrate representative pharmaceutical dosage forms that may be used for the therapeutic or prophylactic administration of a compound of a formula described herein, a compound specifically disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof (hereinafter referred to as 'Compound X'): (i) Tablet 1 mg/tablet 'Compound X' 100.0 Lactose 77.5 Povidone 15.0 Croscarmellose sodium 12.0 Microcrystalline cellulose 92.5 Magnesium stearate 3.0 300.0 (ii) Tablet 2 mg/tablet 'Compound X' 20.0 Microcrystalline cellulose 410.0 Starch 50.0 Sodium starch glycolate 15.0 Magnesium stearate 5.0 500.0 (iii) Capsule mg/capsule 'Compound X' 10.0 Colloidal silicon dioxide 1.5 Lactose 465.5 Pregelatinized starch 120.0 Magnesium stearate 3.0 600.0 (iv) Injection 1 (1 mg/mL) mg/mL 'Compound X' (free acid form) 1.0 Dibasic sodium phosphate 12.0 Monobasic sodium phosphate 0.7 Sodium chloride 4.5 1.0 N Sodium hydroxide solution q.s. (pH adjustment to 7.0-7.5) Water for injection q.s. ad 1 mL (v) Injection 2 (10 mg/mL) mg/mL 'Compound X' (free acid form) 10.0 Monobasic sodium phosphate 0.3 Dibasic sodium phosphate 1.1 Polyethylene glycol 400 200.0 0.1 N Sodium hydroxide solution q.s. (pH adjustment to 7.0-7.5) Water for injection q.s. ad 1 mL (vi) Aerosol mg/can 'Compound X' 20 Oleic acid 10 Trichloromonofluoromethane 5,000 Dichlorodifluoromethane 10,000 Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 5,000 (vii) Topical Gel 1 wt.% 'Compound X' 5% Carbomer 934 1.25% Triethanolamine q.s. (pH adjustment to 5-7) Methyl paraben 0.2% Purified water q.s. to 100g (viii) Topical Gel 2 wt.% 'Compound X' 5% Methylcellulose 2% Methyl paraben 0.2% Propyl paraben 0.02% Purified water q.s. to 100g (ix) Topical Ointment wt.% 'Compound X' 5% Propylene glycol 1% Anhydrous ointment base 40% Polysorbate 80 2% Methyl paraben 0.2% Purified water q.s. to 100g (x) Topical Cream 1 wt.% 'Compound X' 5% White bees wax 10% Liquid paraffin 30% Benzyl alcohol 5% Purified water q.s. to 100g (xi) Topical Cream 2 wt.% 'Compound X' 5% Stearic acid 10% Glyceryl monostearate 3% Polyoxyethylene stearyl ether 3% Sorbitol 5% Isopropyl palmitate 2 % Methyl Paraben 0.2% Purified water q.s. to 100g These formulations may be prepared by conventional procedures well known in the pharmaceutical art. It will be appreciated that the above pharmaceutical compositions may be varied according to well-known pharmaceutical techniques to accommodate differing amounts and types of active ingredient 'Compound X'. Aerosol formulation (vi) may be used in conjunction with a standard, metered dose aerosol dispenser. Additionally, the specific ingredients and proportions are for illustrative purposes. Ingredients may be exchanged for suitable equivalents and proportions may be varied, according to the desired properties of the dosage form of interest. While specific embodiments have been described above with reference to the disclosed embodiments and examples, such embodiments are only illustrative and do not limit the scope of the invention. Changes and modifications can be made in accordance with ordinary skill in the art without departing from the invention in its broader aspects as defined in the following claims. All publications, patents, and patent documents are incorporated by reference herein, as though individually incorporated by reference. No limitations inconsistent with this disclosure are to be understood therefrom. The invention has been described with reference to various specific and preferred embodiments and techniques. However, it should be understood that many variations and modifications may be made while remaining within the spirit and scope of the invention.
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