SPATIAL PILOT STRUCTURE FOR MlJLTI- ANTENNA WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

I, Claim of Priority under 35 U.S.C §119

[000l| The present Application for Patent claims priority to Provisional AppHcat.io.il

Seάa! No. 60/775.443, entitled "Wireless Communication System and Method," and Provisional Application Serial No. 60/775,693, entitled "DO Communication System and Method,'" both filed February 21. 2000. assigned to the assignee hereof- and expressly incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

I. Field

}tW)02] The present disclosure relates generally to communication, and more specifically to transmission techniques for a wireless communication system.

Ii. Background

$0θQ3| Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple-access systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems. Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, mό Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

|0004| A rnuhiple-access system may utilize one or more multiplexing schemes such as code division multiplexing (CDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), etc. The system may be deployed and may serve existing terminals. Ii røay be desirable to improve the performance of the system while retaining backward compatibility for the existing terminals. For example, it may be desirable to employ spatial techniques such as multiple-input multiple-output (MlMO) and spatial division multiple access (SDMA) to improve throughput and/or reliability by exploiting additional spatial dimensionalities provided by use of multiple antennas.

[0O05J A multi-antenna communication system supports multiple-input multiple-output

(MiIMO) transmission from multiple (T) transmit antennas to multiple (R) receive antennas, A MIMO channel formed by the T transmit antennas and R receive antennas is composed of S spatial channels, where S= mm (T, R]. The S spatial channels may be used to transmit data in parallel to achieve higher overall throughput and/or redundantly to achieve greater reliability. jOOOδJ An accurate estimate of a wireless channel between a transmitter and a receiver is normally needed at the receiver in order to recover data sent via the wireless channel. Channel estimation is typically performed by sending a pilot from the transmitter and measuring the pilot at the receiver. The pilot is made iψ of symbols that are known a priori by both the transmitter and receiver. The receiver can thus estimate the channel response based on the received symbols and the known symbols.

{0007| The muM-amemm system supports MlMO receivers (which are receivers equipped with multiple amennas). MIMO receivers typically require different, channel estimates and thus have different requirements for the pilot, as described below. Since pilot transmission represents overhead in the rnulti-antenna system, it is desirable to minimize pilot trø&emisslon to the extent, possible. However, the pilot tmasmissfo.n should be such that MMO receivers can obtain channel estimates of sufficient quality.

10008} There is therefore a need In the art for iransmission techniques to efficiently transmit a pilot in a mutti-arrtemia system that can support spatial techniques while retaining backward compatibility for existing terminals.

SUMMARY

J0009J Techniques for transmitting a spatial pilot to support MϊMO receivers in a mulii- antenna and multi-layer transmission communication system are described herein. According to one embodiment of the present, invention, a method of transmitting a pilot in a wireless communication system is described. The method includes generating a first layer pilot for a single layer transmission. The first layer pilot is repeated across subbands in. a first OFDM symbol and the first layer pilot is also repeated offset, from the first OFDM symbol in an adjacent, second OFDM symbol. The first and second OFDM symbols are then transmitted.

[00 J O] According to another embodiment of tlie present invention, an apparatus in a wireless communication system is described. The apparatus includes a pilot generator operative to generate at. least one pilot based on a number of layers of transmission with each of the at least one pilot being repeated across sub-bands of a first OFDM symbol. The at least one pilot is further repeated and offset from others of the at least one pilot of the first OFDM symbol across subbands of an adjacent second OFDM symbol. The apparatus further includes a plurality of transmitter units operative to transmit each of the first and second OFDM symbols in a respective number of layer transmission via a plurality of transmit antennas.

[OOl l] According to a further embodiment of the present invention, a method of performing channel estimation in a wireless communication system is described. The method includes obtaining, via a plurality of receive antennas, received symbols each including a first layer pilot with adjacent ones of the received symbols including the first layer pilot offset in the subbands from each other. The method further includes processing the received symbols based on the first layer pilot to obtain estimates of & plurality of channels between the plurality of transmit antennas and the plurality of receive antennas.

J(M)J 2j According to a yet further embodiment of the present invention, an apparatus in a wireless communication system is described. The apparatus includes a plurality of receiver units operative to provide received symbols each including a first. layer pilot with adjacent ones of the received symbols including the Erst layer pilot offset in the subbands from each other. The apparatus further includes a channel estimator operative to process the received symbols based on the first layer pilot to obtain estimates of a plurality of channels between the plurality of transmit antennas and the plurality of receive antennas,

BMEF BESOUrriON OF THE BBAWINGS

}00J3j F.TG. I shows a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) communication system.

|00l4{ FIG. 2 shows a single-carrier slot, structure that supports CDM. jββlSJ FIGv 3 shows a single-carrier slot, structure that supports OFDM.

JO016J FIG. 4 shows Ά block diagram of a transmitter and receivers in a High Rate

Packet Data (HRPD) communication system.

(0017| F]G. 5 shows a multi-earner slot stmcture that supports OFDM over a legacy and non-legacy channel, }00iS| FKx 6 shows a subband structure for a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) communication system supporting QFDM. ϊ00J9] FJGS. 7A-7.D show a spatial pilot structure for a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) communication system that supports OFDM. jOO2O| FlG. 8 shows a block diagram of a transmitter in a High Rate Packet Data

(HRPD) communication system that supports OFDM. }0021] FIG. 9 shows a block diagram of a receiver in a High Rate Packet. Data (HRPD) communication system that supports OFDM.

DETAiLEB DESCRIPTION

[00221 The transmission, techniques described herein may be used for various wireless communication systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA ₇ and SC-FDMA systems. The terms "systems" and "networks" are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such cdm«2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UT ¹ RA), Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA), etc. cdma≥OOO covers IS-2000, ϊS-95 and ϊS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA. (W-CDMA.) and Low Chip Rale (LCR). A TDMA. system may implement a radio technology such as 6!obal System for Mobile Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Long Terra Evolution <LTE), IEEB 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. UTRA ₅ E-UTRA, GSM and LTE are described in documents from an organization named "3rd Generation Partnership Project" (3GPP). cdma2000 is described in documents from ati organization, named "3rd Generation Partnership Project 2" (3GPP2). These various radio technologies and standards are known in the art.

{0023| For clarity, various aspects of the techniques are described below for a High

Rate Packet Data (BRPD) system that implements ϊS-856. BRPD is also referred to as Evoiutioλ-Data Optimized (EV-DO), Data Optimized (DO), High Data Rate (HDR), etc. The terms HRPD and EV-DO are usvd often Interchangeably. Currently, HRFD Revisions (Revs.) 0, A, and B have been standardized, HRPD Revs. 0 and A are deployed, and HKPD Rev. C is under development. HRPD Revs. 0 and A cover single-

carrier HRFD (IxHRPD). HRPD Rev. B covers multi -carrier BRPD and is backward compatible with HRPD Revs. 0 and A. The techniques described herein may be incorporate in any HRPD revision. For clarity, HRPD terminology is used in much of the description below.

|0024] FIG. 1 shows an HRPD communication system 100 with multiple access points i 1.0 and multiple terminals 120. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the terminals and may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B. etc. Each access point 110 provides communication, coverage for a particular geographic area and supports communication for the terminals located within the coverage area. Access points ϊ 10 may couple to a system controller 130 that provides coordination and control for these access points. System controller 1.30 may include network entities such as a Base Station Controller (BSC), a Packet Control Function (PCFX a Packet. Data Serving Node (PDSN), etc. jO025| Terminals 120 may be dispersed throughout the system, arid each terminal may be stationary or mobile. A terminal may also be referred to as an access terminal, a mobile station, a user equipment, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. A terminal may be a cellular phone, a persona! digital assistant (PDA), a wireless device, a handheld device, a wireless modem, a laptop computer, etc. A terminal may support any HRPD Revisions, in, HKPD. a terminal may receive a transmission on the forward link from one access point at any given moment and may send a transmission on the reverse link to one or more access points. The forward link (or downlink) refers to the communication link from the access points to the terminals, and the reverse link (or uplink) refers to the communication link from the terminals to the access points.

\WZty FlG. 2 shows a single-earner slot structure 200 that supports CDM on the forward link in HRPD. The transmission timeline is partitioned into slots. Each slot has a duration of 1.667 milliseconds (ms) and spans 2048 chips. Each chip has a duration of 813.8 nanoseconds (ns) for a chip rate of 1 ,2288 mega chips/second (Ivlcps). Each slot is divided into two identical .half-slots. Each half-slot includes (i) an overhead segment composed, of a pilot, segment at. the center of the half-slot and two Media Access Control (MAC) segments on both sides of the piiof segment and (iϊ) two traffic segments on both sides of the overhead segment The traffic segments may also be referred to as lraffic channel segments, data segments, data .fields, etc. The pilot

segment carries pilot and has a duration of 96 chips. Each MAC segment carries signaling (e.g., reverse power control (RFC) information) and has a duration of 64 chips. Each traffic segment carries traffic data (e.g. _. , unicast data for specific terminals, broadcast data, etc.) and has a duration of 400 chips.

ϊ0027J HRPD Revs. 0, A. and B use CDsVI. for data sent in the {raffle segments. A traffic segfftent may cany CDM! data fo.r one or more terminals being served by an access point.. The traffic data for each terminal may be processed based on coding and modulation parameters determined by channel feedback received from that terminal to generate data symbols. The data symbols for the one or more terminals may be demultiplexed and covered with 16-chip Walsh functions or codes to generate the CDM data for the traffic segment The CDM data is thus generated in the time domain using Walsh functions. A. CDM traffic segment is a traffic segment carrying CDM data.

[θ028J It may be desirable to use OFDM and/or single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) for data sent in the traffic segments. OFDM and SC-FDM partition the available bandwidth into multiple orthogonal subcarriers, which are also referred to as tones, bins, etc. Each subc&mer may be modulated "with data. In general, modulation symbols are sent in the frequency domain with OFDM and in the time domain with. SC-FDM. OFDM and SC-FDM have certain desirahle characieri sties such as the ability to readily combat intersy∑nbol interference (ϊS3) caused by frequency selective fading. OFDM can also efficiently support. MIMO mά SDMA ₁ which may be applied independently on each subcamer and may thus provide good performance m a frequency selective channel. For clarity, the use of OFDM to send data is described below.

{0029| It may be desirable to support OFDM while retaining backward compatibility with BRPD Revs. 0, A and B. In HRPD ₅ the pilot, and MAC segments may be demodulated by all active terminals, at all times whereas the traffic segments may be demodulated by only the terminals being served. Hence, backward compatibility may be achieved by retaining the pilot and MAC segments and modifying the traffic segments. OFDM data may be sent in an HRPD waveform by replacing the CDM data in a given 400-chip traffic segment with one or more OFDM symbols having a total duration of 400 chips or less.

{0030] FJG. 3 shows a single-carrier slot structure 300 that supports OFDM in HRPD.

For simplicity., only one half-slot is shown in FlG. 3A. The half-slot includes (i) an overhead segment composed of a 96-chiρ pilot segment at the center of the half-slot and two 64-chip MAC segments on both sides of the pilot segment and (U) two traffic segments on both sides of the overhead segment In general, each traffic segment may carry one or more OFDM symbols. Io the example shown in FϊG. 3A, each traffic segment carries two OFDM symbols, and each OFDM symbol has a duration of 200 chips and is sent in øae OFDM symbol period of 200 chips-

{0031| FIG. 4 shows a detail of an access point 110 of the multi-antenna HRPD communication system 100 with, two terminals 12Qa and 120ft. For simplicity, access point 1 10 has two transmit antennas, MISO terminal 120« has a single receive antenna, and MIMO terminal 120/? has two receive antennas.

}0032| A MlSO channel tbrøied by the two antennas at the access point UQ and the single antenna at the MISO terminal 120a may be characterized by a 1 *2 channel response row vector h}-^. A MIMO channel formed by the two antennas at the access point TlO and the two antennas at the MIMO terminal 120b may be characterized by a 2*2 channel response matrix Ms -:.- TIi e access point 110 transmits a pilot from the two transmit antennas to allow the MlSO and MlMO terminals to estimate their respective MISO and MiEMO channels. A pilot, generator 1.12 at the access point 1 10 may generate a composite pilot

JG033J The access point 1 1.0 may transmit data in parallel from both transmit antennas to the M3MO receiver to improve throughput. The description above is for a 2-^2 system w which the access point has two transmit antennas and the terminals have at most two receive antennas, ϊλ general, a muit∑-anterma system may include transmitters and receivers with any number of antennas, so that T and R may be any integer values.

[00341 FIG, 5 shows a multi-carrier slot structure 400 that supports OFDM in HRPD.

In HRPD Rev. B, multiple IxHRPD waveforms may be multiplexed in the frequency domain to obtain a multi-carrier HRPB waveform that fills a given spectral allocation and. is transmitted on a first transmit antenna, ϊn the example show in FIG. 5, one IxBRFD waveform Is Illustrated as being configured as a legacy channel including the pilot and .MAC segments which may be demodulated by all active terminals at. all times whereas the traffic segments may be demodulated by only the terminals being served.

Hence, backward compatibility may be achieved by retaining the pilot and MAC segments Also ώown \n FlG. 5 are three IxHKPD waveforms configured as non- legacy channels, transmitted on respective second, third and fourth transmit antennas, which, do not require the overhead segments since the OFDM s> mbols include periodic composite pilots embedded in the subbands or tones As staled, the pilot generator 112 of KIO. 4 generates composite pilots for transmission in the OFDM symbols. λ receiving MIMO terminal 120b (FIG, 4) receives the known composite pilot in the OFDsVI symbols and KS able to derive an estimate of the MFMO channel response,

{0035J Multi-antenna system may utilize multiple carriers for data and pilot transmission Multiple earners may he provided by OFDM, &oπse other multi-carrier modulation techniques, or some other construct. OFDM effectively partitions the overall system bandwidth (W Mϊte) into multiple (K) orthogonal frequency subbands. These subbands are also called tones, subcarriers, bms. and frequency channels. With OFDM, each subband is associated with a respective subcarrier that may be modulated with data. A multi-antenna OFDM system tα&y use only a subset of the K. total subbands for data and pilot transanissiott, and the remaining subbands may serve as guard subbands to allow the system to meet spectral mask requirements For simplicity, the following de^ciipium assumes that all K subbands aie usable for data and/or ptlot transmission

|θG36{ FIG 6 shows a subbanά structure 500 that may be used foi pilot transmission in the multi-antenna OFDM system A transmit symbol is sent on each of P pilot subbands. which are subbands used for pilot transmission, where typically K>P. For improved performance and simplified receiv er processing, the P pilot subbands may be uniformly distributed across the K totai subbands such that consecutive pilot subbands are spaced apart by WP sabbands. The remaining K-P subbands may be used for data transmission and are called data subbands.

}0037j FIGS. 7A-7D show an exemplary pilot transmission scheme for a multi-antenna

OFDM system. The present embodiment utilizes spatial pilot tones that are differently formed according to the number of layers or beams that are formed by die raulti-anteana OFDM system. Specifically. s.mce a layer may be formed by a beam resulting fiom a combination of antennas, accurate characterization of the channel cannot solely rely upon the pilot of an antenna but must rely upon a pilot formed for a specific layer or

beam. According to the spatial pilot transmission scheme of FIGS. 7A-7D, the per- layer pilot power budget increases as the number of spatial layers decreases.

{0G38| FEG. 7A illustrates a single layer transmission across a half-slot of OFDM symbols Iα. As illustrated for each OFDM symbol, such as OFDM, symbol I, the single layer spatial pilot tone repeats and occupies one tone for every 19 data tones. For a 180 tone OFD.M symbol, there would be 9 single layer spatial pilot tones. Specifically;, for OFDM symbol 1 and OFDM symbol 3, the single layer spatial pilot tojtJO is illustrated as beginning at tone one and repeating every 20 tones and for OFDM symbol 2 and OFDM symbol 4, the single layer spatial pilot tone is illustrated as beginning halfway offset from the adjacent symbols at tone eleven and repealing every 20 tones. Accordingly, the bandwidth overhead for supporting the single layer spatial pilot tone is one in twenty or 5 percent per OFDM symbol for a single layer transmission. Ia an adjacent OFDM symbol, such as OFDM symbol 2, the single layer spatial pilot tones are offset from the adjacent symbol's single layer spatial pilot tones. It is also noted that one OFDM symbol can leverage the offset position of an adjacent OFDM symbol's single layer spatial pilot tone for additional channel characterization ^• without relying upon additional dedicated spatial pilot tones.

|0ϋ39| FIG. 7.B illustrates a two or double layer transmission across a half-slot of

OFDM symbols 1-4. As illustrated for each OFDM, symbol, such as OFDM symbol I ₅ the first layer spatial pilot tone repeats and occupies oae tone for every 19 data tones and a second layer spatial tone is offset from the first and also repeats and occupies one tone for every 19 data tones. For & 180 tone OFDM symbol, there would be 18 first layer and second layer spatial piiot tones. Specifically, for OFDM symbol 1 and OFDM ^' , symbol 3, the first layer and second layer spatial pilot tones are illustrated as beginning at tone one and repeating every 10 tones and for OFDM symbol 2 and OFDM symbol 4, the first layer and second layer spatial pilot tones are illustrated as beginning halfway- offset from the adjacent symbols at tone eleven and repeating every 10 tones. Accordingly, the bandwidth overhead for supporting the first layer and second layer spatial pilot tones is one m ^" 10 or 10 percent per OFDM symbol for a two layer transnύssiott.

|0040| FIG. 7C illustrates a three layer transmission across a half-slot of OFDM symbols 1.-4. As illustrated for eacli OFDM symbol, the first layer spatial pilot, tone

:ιo

repeats and occupies one tone for every 29 data tones, a second layer spatial pilot tone repeats and occupies one tone for every 29 data tones, and a third layer spatial pilot tone repeats and occupies one tone for every 29 data tones. The first layer, second layer, and third layer spatial pilot tones are staggered along the OFDM symbols M and repeat such ihat the first layer, second layer, and third layer spatial pilot tones repeat every 10 tones and occupies one tone for every 9 data tones. For a 180 tone OFDM symbol, there would be 18 first layer, second layer, and third layer spatial pilot tones. Accordingly, the bandwidth overhead for supporting the first layer, second layer, and third layer spatial pilot tories is one in 10 or 10 percent per OFDM symbol for a three layer transmission.

10041 { FϊG. ?D illustrates a four layer transmission across a half-slot of OFDM symbols 1-4. As illustrated for each OFDM symbol, the first layer spatial pilot tone repeats and occupies one tone for every 19 data tones, a second layer spatial pilot tone repeats and occupies one tone for every 19 data tones, & third layer spatial pilot tone repeats and occupies one tone for every 19 data tones, and a fourth, layer spatial pilot tone repeats and occupies one tone for every 19 data tones. The first layer, second layer, third layer, and fourth layer spatial pilot tones are staggered along the OFDM symbols 1-4 and repeat such that the first layer, second layer, third layer, and fourth spatial pilot tones repeat every 5 tones and occupies one tone for every 4 data tones. For a 180 tone OFDM symbol, there would be 36 first layer, second layer, third layer, and fourth layer spatial pilot tones. Accordingly, the bandwidth overhead for supporting the first layer, second layer, third layer, and fourth layer spatial pilot tones is one in 5 or 20 percent per OFDM symbol for a four layer transmission.

{0042| Since the various layer spatial pilot tones are transmitted on different sets of P pilot subbands in different symbol periods, this staggered pilot scheme allows the MIMO receivers to obtain pilot observations for more than their specific subbands without increasing the number of subbands used for pilot transmission in any one symbol period. For all pilot transmission schemes, the MIMO receivers may derive frequency response estimates for the channel based on their received symbols and using various channel estimation techniques. i*HM3| FIG. 8 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of TX spatial processor $30 and transmitter units 332 at access point HO. TX. spatial processor 830 includes a pilot

π

generator 910, a data spatial processor 920, and T multiplexers (Max) 930a through 930/ for the T transmit antennas,

J0044J Pilot generator 910 generates the T composite pilots for the MIMO terminals.

The composite spatial pilot tones for the subbands are generated according to the spatial layer transmissions described heremabαve.

[0045] Data spatial processor 920 receives the data symbols from TX data processor

S20 and performs spatial processing on these data symbols. For example, data spatial processor 920 may demultiplex the data symbols into T substreams for the T transmit antennas. Data spatial processor 920 may or may not perform additional spatial processing on these substreams, depending on the system design. Each multiplexer 930 receives a respective data symbol sυbstream from data spatial processor 920 and the transmit symbols for its associated transmit antenna, multiplexes the data symbols with the transmit symbols, and provides an output symbol stream.

[Q0461 Each transmitter unit 832 receives and processes a. respective output symbol stream. Within each transmitter unit 832, an IFFT unit 942 transforms each set of K output, symbols for the K total subbands to the time domain using a K-poiat IFFT and provides a transformed symbol that contains K time-domain chips. A cyclic prefix generator 944 repeats a portion of each transformed symbol to form an OFDM symbol that contains K+C chips, where C is the number of chips repeated. The repeated portion is called a cyclic prefix a&d is used to combat delay spread in the wireless channel. A TX radio frequency (RF) unit 946 converts the OFDM symbol stream into one or more analog signals and further amplifies, filters, and frequency upcotiverts the analog sigoai(s) to generate a modulated signal that is transmitted from a« associated antenna 834. Cyclic prefix generator 944 and/or TX RF unit 946 may also provide the cyclic delay for its transmit antenna.

}0ø47J FIG. 9 shows a block diagram of a MlMO terminal 120b i« a muhi-antemm

OFDM system. At MIMO terminal 12Ob ₅ R antennas S52a through 852r receive the T modulated signals, and each antenna 852 provides a received signal to a respective receiver unit S54. Each receiver unit S54 performs processing complementary to that performed by transmitter units and provides (J) received data symbols to an RX spatial processor 86Oy and (2) received pilot symbols to a channel estimator 884y within a controller 8SOy. Channel estimator 884;.' performs channel estimation for the MIMO

receiver and provides a .VlIMO channel response estimate. RX spatial processor 86Oj- ¹ performs spatial proceSvSing on R received data symbol streams from R receiver units S54α through SS4r with the MIMO channel response estimate and provides detected symbols. An RX data processor 870> ^! symbol demaps _> deinterl eaves, and decodes the detected symbols and provides decoded data. Controller 88Oy control the operation of various processing units at MIMO terminal 120b and memory unit 882μ stores data and/or program codes used by controller BSOy.

(øO4S{ Those of skill in the art would understand that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

[{M}49| Those of skill would further appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interehangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.

|0050} The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, mό circuits described m connection with, the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed with a general- purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSF), an application specific integrated circuit (AvSJC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA.) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general- purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but. in. the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine- A processor

:i3

may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration, j ^' OOδ.lJ The steps of a method or algorithm described m connection with the disclosure herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor,, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in RAM! memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory', EEPROM memory, registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An exemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read Information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in & user terminal. In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal.

{0052} The previous description of the disclosure is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the spύϊt or scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not. intended to be limited to the examples described herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

[OQSSj WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: