CONTROL ON NITROSO IMPURITIES

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This patent application claims priority from, and incorporates by reference the entire disclosure of, U.S. Provisional Application 63/273,134 filed on October 28, 2021.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to pharmaceutical compositions of varenicline and more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to stable pharmaceutical compositions of varenicline with control on nitroso impurities.

BACKGROUND

[0003] This section provides background information to facilitate a better understanding of the various aspects of the disclosure. It should be understood that the statements in this section of this document are to be read in this light, and not as admissions of prior art.

[0004] Currently, various pharmaceuticals such as varenicline (7,8,9, 10-tetrahydro-6, 10- methano-6H-pyrazino(2,3-h)(3)benzazepinex) form nitroso group impurities, including N- nitroso-varenicline (NVC). NVC is classified as probable human carcinogen. NVC is detected in FDA approved drug product that led to recall of various drug products. Currently, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) indicates an acceptable daily intake limit of 37 ng/day.

[0005] Previous studies have been conducted on various formulations of varenicline containing compositions. These studies showed zero nitroso group impurities levels at initial time, but eventually failed in stability testing. Tablet formulations of varenicline using various excipients did not prevent formation of nitroso group impurities when exposed to 40°C/75% relative humidity (RH) for 1 week. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it to be used as an aid in limiting the scope of the claimed subject matter.

[0007] In an embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to a stable formulation of a primary, secondary, and/or tertiary amino group containing composition that prevents or reduces formation of a nitroso impurity until the end of stated expiration or longer. In some embodiments, the composition includes a drug having at least one of a primary, secondary, and/or tertiary amino group; or a non-primary, non-secondary, and/or non-tertiary amino group, and a pharmaceutical excipient. In some embodiments, a weight ratio of the drug to the pharmaceutical excipient ranges from 1 to 99 to 99 to 1% w/w. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical excipient is a protective pharmaceutical excipient.

[0008] In some embodiments, the drug having the primary, secondary, and/or tertiary amino group can include, without limitation, varenicline, quinapril, nizatidine, glipizide, glyburide, glimepiride, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, repaglinide, alogliptin, linagliptin, sitagliptin, saxagliptin, candesartan, irbesartan, losartan, olmesartan, valsartan, azilsartan, hydrochlorothiazide, amlodipine, nebivolol, sacubitril, aliskiren, ranitidine, cimetidine, omeprazole, rifampin, rifapentine, their salts, and combinations thereof.

[0009] In some embodiments, the drug having the primary, secondary, and/or tertiary amino group is present in a stable formulation with other drugs. In some embodiments, the other drugs have a tertiary or quaternary amine or non-amine groups in their structure. In some embodiments, the other drugs can include, without limitation, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, ertugliflozin, canagliflozin, and combinations thereof.

[0010] In some embodiments, the composition reduces formation of the nitroso impurity to an acceptable level at or below 26.5 to 96 ng/day throughout the shelf life. In some embodiments, the composition is stable against the formation of the nitroso impurity or reduces formation of the nitroso impurity when the composition is exposed to 25 °C/60% relative humidity (RH) or 40 °C/75% RH, or during in-use condition (30 °C/75% RH). [0011] In some embodiments, the composition has a form that can include, without limitation, immediate release, delayed release, delayed-extended release, extended release, controlled release, enteric extended release, enteric release, a tablet, a capsule, a pill, a granule, a pellet, a solution, a suspension, an emulsion, a semi-solid, and combinations thereof.

[0012] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical excipient includes a cyclodextrin compound. In some embodiments, the cyclodextrin compound is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w. In some embodiments, the cyclodextrin compound can include, without limitation, alpha-cyclodextrin, beta-cyclodextrin, gamma-cyclodextrin, randomly methylated beta-cyclodxetrin, hydropropyl beta-cyclodextrin, hydropropyl gamma-cyclodextrin, sulfobutyl ether beta-cyclodextrin, and combinations thereof.

[0013] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical excipient includes a polydimethylsiloxane compound. In some embodiments, the polydimethylsiloxane compound is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w. In some embodiments, the polydimethylsiloxane compound can include, without limitation, dimethicone, cyclomethicone, silica dimethyl silylate, simethicone, and combinations thereof.

[0014] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical excipient includes a polyhydric alcohol. In some embodiments, the polyhydric alcohol is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w. In some embodiments, the polyhydric alcohol can include, without limitation, glycerin, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, propylene carbonate, monothioglycerol, polyethylene glycol (molecular weight of less than 1,000), and combinations thereof.

[0015] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical excipient includes a calcium salt. In some embodiments, the calcium salt is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w. In some embodiments, the calcium salt can include, without limitation, calcium carbonate, dicalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, calcium citrate, calcium pyrophosphate, calcium silicate, calcium trisilicate, calcium stearate, sodium calcium aluminosilicate, and combinations thereof.

[0016] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical excipient includes a magnesium salt. In some embodiments, the magnesium salt is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w. In some embodiments, the magnesium salt can include, without limitation, magnesium aluminum silicate, magnesium aluminometasilicate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium oxide, magnesium silicate, magnesium stearate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium trisilicate, and combinations thereof.

[0017] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical excipient includes at least one of a sodium, potassium, or aluminum salt. In some embodiments, the at least one of a sodium, potassium, or aluminum salt is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w. In some embodiments, the at least one of a sodium, potassium, and aluminum salt can include, without limitation, sodium silicate, potassium silicate, sodium aluminosilicate, and combinations thereof.

[0018] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical excipient includes at least one of kaolin, bentonite, and silicon dioxide. In some embodiments, the at least one of kaolin, bentonite, and silicon dioxide is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w.

[0019] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical excipient is a long carbon chain acid. In some embodiments, the long carbon chain acid is saturated or unsaturated with carbon length varied from 4 to 26. In some embodiments, the long carbon chain acid is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w. In some embodiments, the long carbon chain acid can include, without limitation, lauric acid, myristic acids, palmitic acids, stearic acid, adipic acid, lipoic acid, omega-3 fatty acids, and combinations thereof.

[0020] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical excipient includes at least one of a sodium, magnesium, zinc, or aluminum salt of a long carbon chain acid. In some embodiments, the at least one of a sodium, magnesium, zinc, or aluminum salt of the long carbon chain acid is saturated or unsaturated, and wherein carbon length varies from 4 to 26. In some embodiments, the at least one of a sodium, magnesium, zinc, or aluminum salt of the long carbon chain acid is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w. In some embodiments, the at least one of a sodium, magnesium, zinc, or aluminum salt of the long carbon chain acid can include, without limitation, magnesium stearate, zinc stearate, aluminum stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate, and combinations thereof.

[0021] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical excipient includes a long chain carbon alcohol. In some embodiments, the long chain carbon alcohol is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w. In some embodiments, the long chain carbon alcohol is saturated or unsaturated, and wherein carbon length varies from 4 to 26. In some embodiments, the long chain carbon alcohol can include, without limitation, cetyl alcohol, cetostearyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, tocopherol, isobutyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, octyldodecanol, oleyl alcohol, lanolin alcohols, cholesterol, and combinations thereof.

[0022] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical excipient includes at least one of a mono, di, or trigylceryl ester of a long chain carbon acid. In some embodiments, the at least one of the mono, di, or trigylceryl ester of long chain of the carbon acid is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w. In some embodiments, the at least one of the mono, di, or trigylceryl ester is saturated or unsaturated. In some embodiments, the at least one of the mono, di, or trigylceryl ester of the long chain carbon acid can include, without limitation, glyceryl behenate, glyceryl dibehenate, palm kernel oil, palm oil, hydrogenated palm oil, rapeseed oil, rapeseed oil hydrogenated, sunflower, coconut oil, castor oil, canola oil, and combinations thereof.

[0023] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical excipient includes a long chain hydrocarbon. In some embodiments, the long chain hydrocarbon is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w. In some embodiments, the long chain hydrocarbon is saturated or unsaturated. In some embodiments, the long chain hydrocarbon is obtained from an animal or plant source. In some embodiments, the long chain hydrocarbon can include, without limitation, paraffin, carnauba wax, microcrystalline wax, candelilla wax, mineral oil, and combinations thereof.

[0024] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical excipient includes at least one of polyethylene glycol or polyethylene oxide. In some embodiments, the at least one of polyethylene glycol or polyethylene oxide is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w. In some embodiments, the at least one of polyethylene glycol or polyethylene oxide has a molecular weight that varies from 1,000 to 10,000,000.

[0025] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical excipient includes at least one of cellulose acetate, cellulose butyrate, ethyl cellulose, or cellulose acetate. In some embodiments, the at least one of cellulose acetate, cellulate butyrate, ethyl cellulose, or cellulose acetate is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w. [0026] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical excipient includes a non-ionic surfactant. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant can include, without limitation, polysorbate, sorbitan, polyglyceryl dioleate, polyoxyl 10 oleyl ether, poloxamer, and combinations thereof.

[0027] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical excipient includes at least one of polydecene or hydrogenated polydecene. In some embodiments, the at least one of polydecene or hydrogenated poly decene is present in the composition in a ranged from 1 to 95% w/w.

[0028] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical excipient includes dimethyl sulfoxide. In some embodiments, the dimethyl sulfoxide is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w.

[0029] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical excipient includes a volatile oil. In some embodiments, the volatile oil is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w. In some embodiments, the volatile oil can include, without limitation, menthol, peppermint, peppermint oil, peppermint spirit, rose oil, thymol, anise oil, eucalyptus oil, and combinations thereof.

[0030] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical excipient includes a polymer that can include, without limitation, acrylic acid (CARBOPOL®), amino methacrylate copolymer, ammonio methacrylate copolymer, ethyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate copolymer, methacrylic acid and ethyl acrylate copolymer, methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate copolymer, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the polymer is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w.

[0031] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical excipient includes at least one of sucrose diacetate hexaisobutyrate, sucrose palmitate, or sucrose stearate. In some embodiments, the at least one of sucrose diacetate hexaisobutyrate, sucrose palmitate, or sucrose stearate is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w.

[0032] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical excipient includes at least one of acetyltributyl citrate, acetyltriethyl citrate, tributyl citrate, or triethyl citrate. In some embodiments, the at least one of acetyltributyl citrate, acetyltriethyl citrate, tributyl citrate, or triethyl citrate is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w.

[0033] In some embodiments, the composition includes an antioxidant that can include, without limitation, butylated hydroxy anisole, butylated hydroxy toluene, sodium/potassium metabisulfites, sodium/potassium sulfite, cysteine, methionine, sodium or calcium ascorbate, fatty acid esters of ascorbic acid, tocopherols, alpha, gamma or delta tocopherol and its esters, 4-hydroxyresorcinol, erythorbic acid, sodium erythorbate, propyl gallate, octyl gallate, tertiary butyl hydroquinone, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the antioxidant is present in the composition in a range from 0.001 to 5% w/w.

[0034] In some embodiments, the composition includes a chelating agent that can include, without limitation, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, edetate sodium, edetate disodium, edetate calcium disodium, edetate tripotassium, edetate dipotassium, and combination thereof. In some embodiments, the chelating agent is present in the composition in a range from 0.001 to 5% w/w.

[0035] In an additional embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to a method of making a stabilized formulation of a primary, secondary, and/or tertiary amino group containing composition that prevents or reduces formation of a nitroso impurity. In general, the method includes adding a pharmaceutical excipient to a drug having a primary, secondary, and/or tertiary amino group. In some embodiments, a weight ratio of the drug to the pharmaceutical excipient ranges from 1 to 99 to 99 to 1% w/w. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical excipient is a protective pharmaceutical agent. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical excipient is processed with an organic solvent.

[0036] In some embodiments, the drug can include, without limitation, varenicline, nizatidine, glipizide, glimepiride, glyburide, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, repaglinide, alogliptin, linagliptin, sitagliptin, quinapril, saxagliptin, candesartan, irbesartan, losartan, Olmesartan, valsartan, quinapril, azilsartan, hydrochlorothiazide, amlodipine, nebivolol, sacubitril, aliskiren, ranitidine, cimetidine, omeprazole, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, ertugliflozin, canagliflozin, rifampin, rifapentine salts thereof, and combinations thereof. [0037] In a further embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to a method of making a stable formulation of a primary, secondary, and/or tertiary amino group containing composition that prevents or reduces formation of a nitroso impurity until the end of stated expiration or longer. In general, the method includes adding a pharmaceutical excipient to a drug having a primary, secondary, and/or tertiary group, and adding an antioxidant to the drug. In some embodiments, weight ratio of the antioxidant ranges from 0.001 to 5% w/w. In some embodiments, a weight ratio of the pharmaceutical excipient ranges from 0.01 to 99 to 99 to 1% w/w. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical excipient is at least one of a protective pharmaceutical agent or a non-protective pharmaceutical agent.

[0038] In some embodiments, the drug can include, without limitation, varenicline, nizatidine, glipizide, glimepiride, glyburide, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, repaglinide, alogliptin, linagliptin, sitagliptin, quinapril, saxagliptin, candesartan, irbesartan, losartan, olmesartan, valsartan, quinapril, azilsartan, hydrochlorothiazide, amlodipine, nebivolol, sacubitril, aliskiren, ranitidine, cimetidine, omeprazole, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, ertugliflozin, canagliflozin, rifampin, rifapentine salts thereof, and combinations thereof.

[0039] In some embodiments, the antioxidant can include, without limitation, butylated hydroxy anisole, butylated hydroxy toluene, sodium/potassium metabisulfites, sodium/potassium sulfite, cysteine, methionine, sodium or calcium ascorbate, fatty acid esters of ascorbic acid, tocopherols, alpha, gamma or delta tocopherol and its esters, 4- hydroxyresorcinol, erythorbic acid, sodium erythorbate, propyl gallate, octyl gallate, tertiary butyl hydroquinone, and combinations thereof.

[0040] In another embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to a method of making a stable formulation of a primary, secondary, and/or tertiary amino group containing composition that prevents or reduces formation of a nitroso impurity until the end of stated expiration or longer. In general, the method includes adding a pharmaceutical excipient to a drug having a primary, secondary, and/or tertiary group, and adding a chelating agent to the drug. In some embodiments, a weight ratio of the chelating agent ranges from 0.001 to 5% w/w. In some embodiments, a weight ratio of the pharmaceutical excipient ranges from 0.01 to 99 to 99 to 1% w/w. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical excipient is at least one of a protective pharmaceutical agent or a non-protective pharmaceutical agent. [0041] In some embodiments, the drug can include, without limitation, varenicline, nizatidine, glipizide, glimepiride, glyburide, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, repaglinide, alogliptin, linagliptin, sitagliptin, quinapril, saxagliptin, candesartan, irbesartan, losartan, Olmesartan, valsartan, quinapril, azilsartan, hydrochlorothiazide, amlodipine, nebivolol, sacubitril, aliskiren, ranitidine, cimetidine, omeprazole, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, ertugliflozin, canagliflozin, rifampin, rifapentine salts thereof, and combinations thereof.

[0042] In some embodiments, the chelating agent can include, without limitation, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, edetate sodium, edetate disodium, edetate calcium disodium, edetate tripotassium, edetate dipotassium, and combination thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0043] A more complete understanding of the subject matter of the present disclosure may be obtained by reference to the following Detailed Description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying Drawings wherein:

[0044] FIG. 1 illustrates N-nitroso-varenicline (NVC).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0045] It is to be understood that the following disclosure provides many different embodiments, or examples, for implementing different features of various embodiments. Specific examples of components and arrangements are described below to simplify the disclosure. These are, of course, merely examples and are not intended to be limiting. The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described.

[0046] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has identified N-nitroso-varenicline (NVC), N-nitrosoquinapril, N-nitroso sitagliptin, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N- nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitroso-N-methyl-4-aminobutanoic acid (NMBA), N- nitrosoisopropylethyl amine (NIPEA), N-nitrosodiisopropylamine (NDIPA), Nnitrosodibutylamine (NDBA), N-nitroso-irbesartan, l-methyl-4-nitrosopiperazine (MNP), 1- cyclopentyl-4-nitrosopiperazine (CPNP) and N-nitrosomethylphenylamine (NMPA) as nitroso impurities. Nitrosamine compounds are potent genotoxic agents in several animal species, and some are classified as probable or possible human carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). A nitrosamine compound is illustrated in FIG. 1. These compounds have been referred to as “cohort of concern” compounds in the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidance for industry M7(R1) Assessment and Control of DNA Reactive (Mutagenic) Impurities in Pharmaceuticals to Limit Potential Carcinogenic Risk. The guidance recommends control of any known mutagenic carcinogen, such as, for example, nitroso-compounds, at or below a level such that there would be a negligible human cancer risk associated with the exposure to potentially mutagenic impurities.

[0047] The FDA has been recalling angiotensin receptor blockers class of drug (losartan, valsartan, etc.), ranitidine, nizatidine, metformin, and varenicline commercial formulations due to presence of nitroso impurities. The FDA has recommended acceptable limits of nitroso impurities. Acceptable daily intake limit is 96 ng/day for ND MA and NMBA, 26.5 ng/day for NDEA, NMPA, NIPEA, and NDIPA, and 37 ng/day for NVC. The scale of recalls for a number of commonly used drug products with NDMA impurities are massive and surprising.

[0048] A variety of reasons have been assigned to the formation, or possibility of formation, of NDMA. The FDA guidance on nitroso impurities lists a number of sources of secondary, tertiary, or quaternary amines that can form nitrosamines. These can include, for example, vendor-sourced raw materials, recovered solvents, catalysts, and reagents as sources of contamination, quenching processes in certain reaction mixtures, and a lack of process optimization and/or control.

[0049] Laboratory efforts, as discussed in further detail herein, have shown that varenicline stable dosage forms can be formulated with protective pharmaceutical excipients. The stable formulation prevents or reduces the formation of nitrosamine impurities on exposure to room temperature (25 °C/60% relative humidity; RH), in-use (30 °C/75% RH), and at accelerated temperature and/or humidity conditions (40 °C/75% RH) for the shelf life or estimated shelf life of the product of two years or more.

[0050] Accordingly, the present disclosure pertains to various pharmaceutical compositions of varenicline salt or base form, which are either stable against the formation of nitroso impurities, or reduce the formation and keep the nitroso impurities level below the FDA recommended level when stored at room temperature (25 °C/60% RH), in-use condition (30 °C/75% RH), and high temperature and/or humidity conditions (40 °C/75% RH).

Definitions

[0051] To facilitate understanding of the present disclosure, several terms are defined herein below. Those left undefined have meanings as commonly understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art relevant to this disclosure. Although various examples are provided with respect to the definitions given below, it will be understood that these examples impose no limitations to the definitions as set forth herein.

[0052] In some embodiments, the composition is stable against the formation of a nitroso impurity. In some embodiments, the composition reduces formation of the nitroso impurity to an acceptable level. In some embodiments, the acceptable level nitroso impurities are at or below 26.5 to 96 ng/day. In some embodiments, the composition is stable against the formation of the nitroso impurity or reduces formation of the nitroso impurity to acceptable limits when the composition is exposed to 25 °C/60% RH or 40 °C/75% RH. In some embodiments, the composition has a form that includes, without limitation, immediate release, extended release, delayed release, controlled release, a tablet, a capsule, a pill, a granule, a pellet, a solution, a suspension, an emulsion, a semi-solid, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, dosage form is called stable, where nitroso impurity is within the acceptable limit throughout its shelf life or during in-use condition (30 °C/75% RH).

[0053] The term “varenicline salt” means a salt of varenicline with an organic acid such as tartaric acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid to form tartrate, succinate, fumarate, lactate, malate, malonate, oxalate, citrate salt of the varenicline.

[0054] The term “varenicline base” means varenicline itself without any chemical association with other chemical species.

[0055] The terms “immediate release” (IR) mean a release of majority the drug to an aqueous environment over a period of seconds to no more than about 120 minutes. [0056] The terms “extended release” or “extended-release” (ER) assume the definition as widely recognized to those of ordinary skill in the art of pharmaceutical sciences. For example, an extended-release dosage form will release the drug slowly over an extended period (e.g. , 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, or 24 hours).

[0057] The terms “delayed release” or “enteric release” are used interchangeably. They refer to pharmaceutical compositions that prevents drug release in acidic pH of stomach but released the drug in lower part of duodenum or small intestine.

[0058] The terms “delayed extended release” or “enteric extended release” are used interchangeably. They refer to pharmaceutical compositions that prevents drug release in acidic pH of stomach but released the drug in lower part of duodenum or small intestine in extended release manner.

[0059] The term “pills” are drug-containing tablets or capsules of all sizes and shapes intended for oral administration in humans.

[0060] The term “pellets” are dosage forms composed of small, solid particles of uniform shape sometimes called “beads”. Typically, pellets are nearly spherical, but this is not required. Pellets may be administered orally (gastrointestinal) or by injection.

[0061] The term “solution” refers to a homogenous molecular mixture of a pharmaceutical composition where all the composition components are present in molecular form.

[0062] The term “suspension” refers to non-homogenous particulate dispersion of pharmaceutical composition in a liquid vehicle. At least one of the components is present in particulate form in the composition.

[0063] The term “emulsion” refers to non-homogenous droplet dispersion of a pharmaceutical composition in liquid components. The liquid components are not miscible when mixed together.

[0064] The term “semi-solid” refers to a pharmaceutical composition where consistency of the formulation falls in between solid and liquid. Examples of semi-solid dosage forms can include, without limitations, creams, pastes, gels, ointments, lotions, liniments, and the like. [0065] The terms “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient”, “excipient”, and “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” are used interchangeably. They refer to a substance, other than the drugs, with which the drug is formulated.

[0066] The terms “protective pharmaceutically excipient”, “protective acceptable pharmaceutical excipient”, “protective excipient”, and “protective pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” are used interchangeably. They refer to a substance, other than the drugs, with which the drug is formulated to protect and/or reduce the formation of nitrosamine impurities. Protective pharmaceutical excipients belong to the following categories that can include, without limitation, cyclodextrin, dimethylsulfoxide, polyhydric alcohols, calcium salts, magnesium salts, sodium silicate, potassium silicate, aluminum silicate, long chain carbon acids, sodium, calcium, magnesium and zinc salts of long chain carbon acids, long chain carbon alcohols, esters of long chain carbon acids, long chain hydrocarbons, polymer of ethylene glycol, ester of cellulose, non-ionic surfactants, volatile oils, esters of sucrose derivatives, acrylate polymers, esters of citrate derivatives, poly decene, and poly decene hydrogenated.

[0067] Protective excipients of cyclodextrin are a family of cyclic oligosaccharide and are composed of five or more a-D-glucopyranoside units linked 1— >4. Examples of cyclodextrin include, without limitation, alpha-cyclodextrin, beta-cyclodextrin, gamma-cyclodextrin sulfobutyl ether beta-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin, methylated beta- cyclodextrin, and randomly methylated beta-cyclodextrin.

[0068] Examples of protective excipients of a dimethylsilane category includes, without limitation, dimethicone, silica dimethyl silylate, simethicone, and cyclomethicone.

[0069] Protective excipients of polyhydric alcohols contain at least two alcohol group. Examples of polyhydric alcohol include, without limitation, glycerin, propylene glycol, hexylene glycol, xylitol, sorbitol, propylene carbonate, butylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and monothioglycerol.

[0070] Protective excipients of calcium salts contain calcium and non-calcium parts. Noncalcium parts can be carbon or non-carbon. Examples of calcium salts include, without limitation, dicalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, calcium stearate, calcium citrate, calcium pyrophosphate, calcium silicate, sodium calcium aluminosilicate, and tricalcium silicate.

[0071] Protective excipients of magnesium salts contain magnesium and non- magnesium parts. Non-magnesium parts can be carbon or non-carbon. Examples of magnesium salts include, without limitation, magnesium carbonate, magnesium oxide, magnesium sulfate, magnesium stearate, magnesium silicate, magnesium trisilicate, magnesium aluminum silicate, talc, magnesium aluminometasilicate, and attapulgite.

[0072] Protective excipients of sodium, potassium, and/or aluminum are silicate minerals. Examples of sodium, potassium, and/or aluminum silicate include, without limitation, sodium silicate, potassium silicate, and sodium aluminosilicate.

[0073] Protective excipients of long carbon chain acids category contain saturated and unsaturated 4-26 carbons. Examples include, without limitation, stearic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, lauric acid, caprylic acid, adipic acid, tocopherol, lipoic acid, omega-3-fatty acids, and sorbic acid.

[0074] Protective excipients of sodium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, and aluminum salt of long chain carbon acids contain 4-26 carbons, saturated and/or unsaturated. Examples of sodium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, and aluminum salt of long chain carbon acids include, without limitation, sodium stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, aluminum monostearate, sodium stearyl fumarate, zinc stearate, and sodium cetostearyl sulfate.

[0075] Protective excipients of long carbon chain alcohols contain 4-26 carbons, saturated and/or unsaturated. Examples of long carbon chain alcohols include, without limitation, cetyl alcohol, cetostearyl alcohol, cholesterol, stearyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, octyldodecanol, oleyl alcohol, lanolin alcohols, and inositol.

[0076] Protective excipients of esters of long carbon chain category contains saturated and/or unsaturated acids. Examples of ester of long carbon chain esters include, without limitation, almond oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, com oil, cottonseed oil, coconut oil, coconut oil, hydrogenated, palm kernel oil, palm oil, palm oil, hydrogenated, rapeseed oil, fully hydrogenated, rapeseed oil, superglycerinated fully hydrogenated, sunflower oil, cetyl palmitate, canola oil, castor oil, safflower oil, soybean oil, hydrogenated, castor oil, hydrogenated, vegetable oil, hydrogenated, type I, olive oil, diacetylated monoglycerides, ethyl oleate, hard fat, cocoa butter, glyceryl behenate, glyceryl dibehenate, ethylene glycol stearates, glyceryl monooleate, glyceryl monostearate, isopropyl isostearate, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, isostearyl isostearate, oleyl oleate, glyceryl distearate, glyceryl mono and dicaprylate, glyceryl mono and dicaprylocaprate, glyceryl monocaprylate, glyceryl monocaprylocaprate, glyceryl monolinoleate, glyceryl tricaprylate, glyceryl tristearate, medium-chain triglycerides, triacetin, and mono- and di-glycerides.

[0077] Protective excipients of esters of long carbon chain category contain greater than 10- 30 carbons saturated and/or unsaturated acids. Examples include, without limitation, paraffin, mineral oil, petrolatum, hydrogenated lanolin, wax, microcrystalline wax, carnauba, bee wax, and candelilla wax.

[0078] Protective excipients of polyethylene glycol contain polymers of ethylene glycol having 100-10,000,000 molecular weight. Examples of polymer of ethylene glycol are polyethylene glycol and polyethylene oxide.

[0079] Protective excipients of cellulose ester category are acetate, ethyl, and butyl esters of cellulose. Examples include, without limitation, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, and ethyl cellulose.

[0080] Protective excipients of non-ionic surfactants contain polar head groups that are not electrically charged. Examples of non-ionic surfactants include, without limitation, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, egg phospholipids, propylene glycol monolaurate, propylene glycol dilaurate, polypropylene glycol 11 stearyl ether, lauroyl poly oxy Iglycerides, linoleoyl polyoxylglycerides, polyglyceryl 3 diisostearate, polyglyceryl dioleate, polyoxyl 10 oleyl ether, polyoxyl 15 hydroxystearate, polyoxyl 20 cetostearyl ether, polyoxyl 35 castor oil, polyoxyl 40 castor oil, hydrogenated, polyoxyl 40 stearate, polyoxyl lauryl ether, polyoxyl stearate, tyloxapol, polyoxyl stearyl ether, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan monopalmitate, sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan sesquioleate, sorbitan trioleate, stearoyl polyoxylglycerides, caprylocaproyl polyoxylglycerides, oleoyl polyoxylglycerides, nonoxynol 9, octoxynol 9, vitamin E polyethylene glycol succinate, polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether, and polaxamers.

[0081] Protective excipients of volatile oils contain either volatile components and/or components that volatize at room temperature. Example of volatile oils include, without limitation, menthol, peppermint, peppermint oil, peppermint spirit, rose oil, thymol, anise oil, and eucalyptus oil.

[0082] Protective excipients of sucrose derivatives contain esters between sucrose and fatty acids of 4-26 carbons. Examples of sucrose derivatives include, without limitation, sucrose diacetate hexaisobutyrate, sucrose palmitate, and sucrose stearate.

[0083] Protective excipients of acrylate polymers are copolymer of amino methacrylate, ammonio methacrylate, acrylic acid (CARBOPOL®), ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid ethylene glycol, and/or vinyl alcohol. Examples of acrylate polymers include, without limitation, amino methacrylate copolymer, ammonio methacrylate copolymer, ethyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate copolymer, ethylene glycol and vinyl alcohol graft copolymer, methacrylic acid and ethyl acrylate copolymer, and methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate copolymer.

[0084] Protective excipients of derivatives of citrate are esters of citric acids. Examples of derivatives of citrates include, without limitation, acetyltributyl citrate, acetyltriethyl citrate, tributyl citrate, and triethyl citrate.

[0085] Antioxidants are substances that act as a reductant and reacts with an oxidant, and therefore, prevent oxidation/autooxidation reaction of degradation. Examples of antioxidants are, without limitation, butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA), butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT), sodium/potassium metabisulfites, sodium/potassium sulfite, cysteine, methionine, sodium or calcium ascorbate, fatty acid esters of ascorbic acid, tocopherols, alpha, gamma or delta tocopherol and its esters, 4-hydroxyresorcinol, erythorbic acid, sodium erythorbate, propylgallate, octyl gallate, ascorbic acid, tertiary butyl hydroquinone, and combinations thereof. [0086] Chelating agent are chemical compounds that react with metal ions from participating in oxidation reaction. It forms a stable, water-soluble complex. They are also known as chelants, chelators, or sequestering agents. Examples of chelating agent are, without limitation, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, edetate sodium, edetate disodium, edetate calcium disodium, edetate tripotassium, edetate dipotassium, and combination thereof.

[0087] Categories of non-protective excipients include, for example, diluents, disintegrants, super-disintegrants, lubricants, glidants, binders, hydrophilic polymers, surfactants, coatings, and the like. Examples of non-protective excipients include, without limitation, carrageenan, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, sucralose, xylose, chondroitin sulfate sodium, psyllium, acarbose, acetylated distarch adipate, acetylated distarch oxypropanol, acetylated distarch phosphate, acetylated distarch glycerol, pectinic acid, sorbose, carob bean gum, carrageenan, carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, dextran, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, succinyl distarch glycerol, starch sodium succinate, starch sodium octenyl succinate, starch aluminum octenyl succinate, starch acetate, sodium hydroxide gelatinized starch, hydroxypropyl starch, hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate, hydroxypropyl distarch glycerol, distarch phosphate, chitosan, pectin, pectinic acid, distarch oxypropanol, distarch glycerol, gellan gum, tragacanth, povidone, carrageenan, sodium alginate, sodium starch glycolate, xylitol, alginic acid, croscarmellose sodium, guar gum, sorbitol, starch, pregelatinized starch, hydroxypropyl starch, hydrogenated starch hydrolysate, maltose, lactitol, microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose, dextrates, dextrin, dextrose, erythritol, fructose, invert sugar, sucrose diacetate hexaisobutyrat, caramel, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hypromellose acetate succinate, hypromellose phthalate, isomalt, maltitol, ethylcellulose, ethyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate copolymer, cellaburate, cellacefate, cellulose acetate, carboxymethylcellulose calcium, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, galactose, inositol, gelatin, lactose, mannitol, trehalose, pullulan, polydextrose, and tagatose.

Working Examples

[0088] Reference will now be made to more specific embodiments of the present disclosure and data that provides support for such embodiments. However, it should be noted that the disclosure below is for illustrative purposes only and is not intended to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter in any way. [0089] NVC impurities can be analyzed by a variety of methods. Any method that is used needs to be validated and one such method is developed and validated as described herein.

[0090] Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) method development for NVC. Ultra-pressure liquid chromatography (UPLC) was used to detect NVC in samples. An ACQUITY™ UPLC™ H-Class PLUS System was utilized with the following configuration. The needle was washed with 80:20 methanol: water and the sample temperature was 10 °C. The injection volume was 25 pL and a WATERS™ Acquity UPLC BEH Phenyl 1.7 pm 2.1 x 100 mm column was used having a column temperature of 30 °C. Mobile phase A was 0.1% formic acid in water, and mobile phase B was acetonitrile. A 0.5 mL/min flow rate was utilized. Table 1 and Table 2, shown below, illustrate gradient method parameters and LCMS method validation for NVC, respectively.

Table 1. Gradient elution method.

Time % A % B

(min)

3.5 95 5

3.51 5 95

6 5 95

6.01 95 5

10 95 5

Table 2. LCMS method validation data for NVC.

Parameters Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Mean/Mean +

Standard Deviation

Linearity

Correlation Coefficient 0.995 0.997 0.995 0.996 + 0.001

Slope 320287 354696 342954 339312.33 + 17491.17 y-Intercept 592308 528407 554295 558336.67 + 32141.65

Analytical range (ng/mL) 10-100

Calibrators 8 8 8 8

Limit of Detection (LOD; ng/mL) 1.303 1.303 1.303 1.303

Limit of Quantitation (LOQ; ng/mL) 3.122 3.122 3.122 3.122

Accuracy (% Relative Standard Deviation (RSD), n = 5)

10 ng/mL 105.62 104.30 99.84 103.25 + 3.03

30 ng/mL 103.66 104.28 99.82 102.59 + 4.42

50 ng/mL 98.98 104.29 101.88 101.72 + 2.66

100 ng/mL 101.22 106.54 104.44 104.07 + 2.68

Precision (% RSD, n = 5)

10 ng/mL 3.28 2.39 3.57 3.08 + 0.61

30 ng/mL 2.82 2.46 2.68 2.65 + 0.18

50 ng/mL 3.66 3.54 2.38 3.19 + 0.71

100 ng/mL 2.66 3.60 4.62 3.63 + 0.98

[0091] Screening excipients for varenicline. Excipients were screened to determine which excipients were promoting nitroso impurities. Varenicline and excipients were physically mixed in 1: 1 weight ratio and exposed to 40 °C/75% RH for 4 weeks (Table 3 and Table 4). Table 3. N-Nitroso-varenicline content in individual component.

Component N-Nitroso-varenicline (ng)

Varenicline Tartrate 0

Croscarmellose Sodium 0

Lactose Monohydrate 0

Microcrystalline Cellulose 0

Magnesium Stearate 0

Magnesium Aluminum Silicate 0 Table 4. Excipients screening for N-Nitroso-varenicline formation.

. N-Nitroso-varenicline (ng/1 mg Varenicline)

Drag Excipient i _nitiai 4-Week (40 °C/75% RH)

Croscarmellose Sodium 25.9 + 1.9 40.2 + 7.9

Varenicline Lactose Monohydrate 38.4 + 4.8 52.6 + 6.4

Tartrate Microcrystalline 38.4 + 5.1 54.6 + 9.2

Cellulose 32.6 + 3.9 33.9 + 2.8

Magnesium Stearate 32.6 + 2.8 32.8 + 2.6

Magnesium Aluminum

Silicate

[0092] Example 1 — Control formulation (VF1). A blend of microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate and varenicline was prepared by mixing (Table 5) followed by compression into 8 mm tablets. NVC content of >150 ng/tablets were found in the compressed tablets (control) before exposure to stability condition. The tablets were exposed to 40 °C/75% RH and monitored for NVC impurity. NVC content in the tablet was 185.6 ng/tablet after three months exposure to stability condition, which is five folds of allowed limit (37 ng) (Table 8).

Table 5. Composition of control (unstable) Formulation (VF1) of varenicline tartrate tablets.

Ingredient Amount (mg)

Varenicline Tartrate (mg) 0.85 1.71

Microcrystalline Cellulose (mg) 149.15 148.29

Croscarmellose Sodium (mg) 43 43

Magnesium Stearate (mg) 7 7

Total (mg) 200 200

[0093] Example 2-3. Stable immediate release varenicline tartrate formulations were prepared by direct compression. Briefly, varenicline tartrate was mixed with polyethylene oxide 100,000 molecular weight and magnesium aluminum silicate (VSF1) or dicalcium phosphate (VSF2) followed by lubrication with magnesium stearate and compression (Table 6 and Table 7). Magnesium aluminum silicate and polyethylene oxide were used as a disintegrant, and a dry binder, respectively. The tablets were exposed to 40 °C/75% RH in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles, which is consider a very exaggerated condition and monitored for NVC impurity. NVC content in the stable formulation was 16.4 + 2.6 and 18.2 + 3.8 after three months exposure to 40 °C/75% RH in HDPE bottle which significantly >10 folds less than control formulations. Furthermore, NVC content in both the formulation is significantly less than FDA limit of 37 ng (Table 8). Table 6. Composition of Stable Formulation- 1 (VSF1) of varenicline tartrate tablets.

Ingredient Amount (mg)

Varenicline tartrate (mg) 0.85 1.71

Polyox (Molecular Weight 100,000) 149.15 148.29

(Containing 0.005-0.025% Butylated

Hydroxytoluene) (mg)

Magnesium Aluminum Silicate (mg) 43 43

Magnesium Stearate (mg) 7 7

Total (mg) 200 200

Table 7. Composition of Stable Formulation-2 (VSF2) of varenicline tartrate tablets.

Ingredient Amount (mg)

Varenicline Tartrate (mg) 0.85 1.71

Dicalcium Phosphate (mg) 149.15 148.29

Magnesium Aluminum Silicate (mg) 43 43

Magnesium Stearate (mg) 7 7

Total (mg) 200 200

[0094] Summary of results for selected varenicline tablets formulations. Table 8 and Table 9, shown below, illustrates NVC in ng in various formulations. Table 8. Results of N-Nitroso-varenicline in the formulations exposed to 40 °C/75% RH

N-Nitroso-varenicline (ng/1 mg Varenicline) formulation _T . . , < . , ,

Initial 1 Month 3 Months

VF1 (Control) 150 + 11.5 162.4 + 13.8 185.6 + 16.3

VSF1 (Stable) 0 0 16.4 + 2.6

VSF2 (Stable) 0 0 18.2 + 3.8

Table 9. Results of N-Nitroso-varenicline in the formulations exposed to 25 °C/60% RH

N-Nitroso-varenicline (ng/1 mg Varenicline) i'uiiiiuiauun _T Ini .t.i.a ,l .1 M , ,onth 3 Mont .hi s

VF1 (Control) 150 + 11.5 158.4 + 14.6 166.8 + 12.9

VSF1 (Stable) 0 0 13.2 + 1.8

VSF2 (Stable) 0 0 16.1 + 2.4

[0095] These new formulations have shown to prevent NVC formation. This is advantageous as NVC is a known carcinogen, causing varenicline formulations to be recalled. With the concern that varenicline can form NVC if stored for a long period of time in heat and humidity, it is advantageous to manufacture varenicline such that it is able to prevent NVC formation.

The compositions above do not form NVC or level is below FDA limit, even if the drug is stored at 40 °C and 75% RH. Currently, the FDA allows up to 37 ng/day of NVC in varenicline formulation. If the amount is greater than that, the products are recalled from markets as they are considered harmful. The above formulations meet, or fall below, the 37 ng/day requirement imposed by the FDA.

[0096] These new formulations have shown to prevent NVC formation. This is advantageous as NVC is a known carcinogen, causing varenicline formulations to be recalled. With the concern that VRN can form NVC if stored for a long period of time in heat and humidity, it is advantageous to manufacture varenicline such that it is able to prevent NVC formation. The compositions above do not form NVC or level is below FDA limit, even if the drug is stored at 40 °C and 75% RH. Currently, the FDA allows up to 37 ng/day of NVC in varenicline formulation. If the amount is greater than that, the products are recalled from markets as they are considered harmful. The above formulations meet, or fall below, the 37 ng/day requirement imposed by the FDA.

[0097] In view of the aforementioned, the present disclosure generally relates to pharmaceutical compositions and manufacturing, and in particular, but not by way of limitation on new pharmaceutical compositions of primary, secondary, and/or tertiary amines group containing drugs with improved stability. The present disclosure utilizes the new pharmaceutical compositions for the formulation, preparation, or manufacturing of immediate release, delayed, delayed-extended, extended release or controlled release tablets, capsules, pills, granules, pellets, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, and semi-solid formulations. These pharmaceutical compositions are stable and reduce the formation of nitroso impurities in the pharmaceutical compositions. In some embodiments, the excipients of the present disclosure can be added to existing commercial compositions to form drugs with improved stability.

[0098] In a particular aspect, the present disclosure pertains to a stable pharmaceutical composition of a primary, secondary, and/or tertiary amino group containing drugs. In general, the compositions include, without limitation: (a) a primary, secondary, and/or tertiary amino group containing drug(s); (b) a protective pharmaceutical excipient(s); and optionally (c) a pharmaceutically acceptable processing aid(s), such as, for example, a flow promotor, a solvent, a bulking agent, and the like. In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure: (i) contain at least one drug of primary, secondary, and/or tertiary amino group containing drugs and at least one protective pharmaceutical excipient; and (ii) has a mass ratio of drug to protective pharmaceutical excipient(s) ranging from 0.1 to 99 to 99 to 1% w/w. [0099] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a stable formulation of an immediate release, delayed, delayed-extended, extended release or controlled release tablet, enteric or enteric extended release, capsule, pills, granules, pellets, solution, suspension, emulsion, and/or semi-solid dosage forms. Additionally, the present disclosure provides a stable formulation to protect or reduce the formation of nitroso impurities when exposed to room temperature, in- use and accelerated temperatures and humidity conditions.

[00100] In another embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to a stable formulation of primary, secondary, and/or tertiary amino group containing composition that prevents or reduces formation of a nitroso impurity. In some embodiments, the composition includes a drug having a primary, secondary, and/or tertiary amino group and a protective pharmaceutical excipient(s). In some embodiments, a weight ratio of the drug to the protective pharmaceutical excipient(s) ranges from 1 to 99 to 99 to 1% w/w.

[00101] In some embodiments, the drug including the primary, secondary, and/or tertiary amino group includes, without limitation, varenicline, quinapril, nizatidine, glipizide, glyburide, glimepiride, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, repaglinide, alogliptin, linagliptin, sitagliptin, saxagliptin, candesartan, irbesartan, losartan, olmesartan, valsartan, azilsartan, hydrochlorothiazide, amlodipine, nebivolol, sacubitril, aliskiren, ranitidine, cimetidine, omeprazole, rifampin, rifapentine, salts thereof, that are prone to formation of nitroso impurities.

[00102] In some embodiments, the composition is stable against the formation of a nitroso impurity. In some embodiments, the composition reduces formation of the nitroso impurity to an acceptable level. In some embodiments, the acceptable level nitroso impurities is at or below 26.5 to 96 ng/day. In some embodiments, the composition is stable against the formation of the nitroso impurity or reduces formation of the nitroso impurity when the composition is exposed to 25 °C/75% RH or 40 °C/75% RH, or during in-use condition (30 °C/75% RH). In some embodiments, the composition has a form that includes, without limitation, immediate release, delayed release, delayed extended release, extended release, controlled release, enteric extended release, enteric release, a tablet, a capsule, a pill, a granule, a pellet, a solution, a suspension, an emulsion, a semi-solid, and combinations thereof. [00103] In some embodiments, the protective pharmaceutical excipient includes a cyclodextrin compound. In some embodiments, the cyclodextrin compound is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w. In some embodiments, the cyclodextrin compound includes, without limitation, alpha-cyclodextrin, beta-cyclodextrin, gamma-cyclodextrin, randomly methylated beta-cyclodxetrin, hydropropyl beta-cyclodextrin, hydropropyl gamma- cyclodextrin, sulfobutyl ether beta-cyclodextrin, and combinations thereof.

[00104] In some embodiments, the protective pharmaceutical excipient includes a polydimethylsiloxane compound. In some embodiments, the polydimethylsiloxane compound is present in the composition in a ranged from 1 to 95% w/w. In some embodiments, the polydimethylsiloxane compound includes, without limitation, dimethicone, cyclomethicone, silica dimethyl silylate, simethicone, and combinations thereof.

[00105] In some embodiments, the protective pharmaceutical excipient includes a polyhydric alcohol. In some embodiments, the polyhydric alcohol is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w. In some embodiments, the polyhydric alcohol includes, without limitation, glycerin, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, propylene carbonate, monothioglycerol, polyethylene glycol (molecular weight of less than 1,000), and combinations thereof.

[00106] In some embodiments, the protective pharmaceutical excipient includes a calcium salt. In some embodiments, the calcium salt is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w. In some embodiments, the calcium salt includes, without limitation, calcium carbonate, dicalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, calcium citrate, calcium pyrophosphate, calcium silicate, calcium trisilicate, calcium stearate, sodium calcium aluminosilicate, and combinations thereof.

[00107] In some embodiments, the protective pharmaceutical excipient includes a magnesium salt. In some embodiments, the magnesium salt is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w. In some embodiments, the magnesium salt includes, without limitation, magnesium aluminum silicate, magnesium aluminometasilicate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium oxide, magnesium silicate, magnesium stearate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium trisilicate, and combinations thereof. [00108] In some embodiments, the protective pharmaceutical excipient includes at least one of a sodium, potassium, or aluminum salt. In some embodiments, the at least one of a sodium, potassium, or aluminum salt is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w. In some embodiments, the at least one of a of sodium, potassium, and aluminum salt includes, without limitation, sodium silicate, potassium silicate, sodium aluminosilicate, and combinations thereof.

[00109] In some embodiments, the protective pharmaceutical excipient includes, without limitation, kaolin, bentonite, and silicon dioxide. In some embodiments, the protective pharmaceutical excipient includes, without limitation, kaolin, bentonite, and silicon dioxide and is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w.

[00110] In some embodiments, the protective pharmaceutical excipient is a long carbon chain acid. In some embodiments, the long carbon chain acid is saturated or unsaturated with carbon length varied from 4 to 26. In some embodiments, the long carbon chain acid is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w. In some embodiments, the long carbon chain acid includes, without limitation, lauric acid, myristic acids, palmitic acids, stearic acid, adipic acid, lipoic acid, omega-3 fatty acids, and combinations thereof.

[00111] In some embodiments, the protective pharmaceutical excipient includes at least one of a sodium, magnesium, zinc, or aluminum salt of a long carbon chain acid. In some embodiments, at least one of a sodium, magnesium, zinc, or aluminum salt of the long carbon chain acid is saturated or unsaturated, and wherein carbon length varies from 4 to 26. In some embodiments, the at least one of a sodium, magnesium, zinc, or aluminum salt of the long carbon chain acid is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w. In some embodiments, the at least one of a sodium, magnesium, zinc, or aluminum salt of the long carbon chain acid includes, without limitation, magnesium stearate, zinc stearate, aluminum stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate, and combinations thereof.

[00112] In some embodiments, protective pharmaceutical excipient includes a long chain carbon alcohol. In some embodiments, the long chain carbon alcohol is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w. In some embodiments, the long chain carbon alcohol is saturated or unsaturated, and wherein carbon length varies from 4 to 26. In some embodiments, the long chain carbon alcohol includes, without limitation, cetyl alcohol, cetostearyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, tocopherol, isobutyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, octyldodecanol, oleyl alcohol, lanolin alcohols, cholesterol, and combinations thereof.

[00113] In some embodiments, the protective pharmaceutical excipient includes a mono, di, and/or trigylceryl ester of a long chain carbon acid. In some embodiments, the mono, di, and/or trigylceryl ester of long chain of the carbon acid is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w. In some embodiments, the mono, di, and/or trigylceryl ester is saturated or unsaturated. In some embodiments, the mono, di, and/or trigylceryl ester of the long chain carbon acid includes, without limitation, glyceryl behenate, glyceryl dibehenate, palm kernel oil, palm oil, hydrogenated palm oil, rapeseed oil, rapeseed oil hydrogenated, sunflower, coconut oil, castor oil, canola oil, and combinations thereof.

[00114] In some embodiments, the protective pharmaceutical excipient includes a long chain hydrocarbon. In some embodiments, the long chain hydrocarbon is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w. In some embodiments, the long chain hydrocarbon is saturated or unsaturated. In some embodiments, the long chain hydrocarbon is obtained from an animal or plant source. In some embodiments, the long chain hydrocarbon includes, without limitation, paraffin, carnauba wax, microcrystalline wax, candelilla wax, mineral oil, and combinations thereof.

[00115] In some embodiments, the protective pharmaceutical excipient includes at least one of polyethylene glycol or polyethylene oxide. In some embodiments, the at least one of polyethylene glycol or polyethylene oxide is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w. In some embodiments, the at least one of polyethylene glycol or polyethylene oxide has a molecular weight that varies from 100 to 10,000,000.

[00116] In some embodiments, the protective pharmaceutical excipient includes at least one of cellulose acetate, cellulate butyrate, ethyl cellulose, or cellulose acetate. In some embodiments, the at least one of cellulose acetate, cellulate butyrate, ethyl cellulose, or cellulose acetate is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w.

[00117] In some embodiments, the protective pharmaceutical excipient includes a non-ionic surfactant. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant includes, without limitation, polysorbate, sorbitan, polyglyceryl dioleate, polyoxyl 10 oleyl ether, poloxamer, and combinations thereof.

[00118] In some embodiments, the protective pharmaceutical excipient includes at least one of polydecene or hydrogenated polydecene. In some embodiments, the at least one of polydecene or hydrogenated polydecene is present in the composition in a ranged from 1 to 95% w/w.

[00119] In some embodiments, the protective pharmaceutical excipient includes dimethyl sulfoxide. In some embodiments, the dimethyl sulfoxide is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w.

[00120] In some embodiments, the protective pharmaceutical excipient includes a volatile oil. In some embodiments, the volatile oil is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w. In some embodiments, the volatile oil includes, without limitation, menthol, peppermint, peppermint oil, peppermint spirit, rose oil, thymol, anise oil, eucalyptus oil, and combinations thereof.

[00121] In some embodiments, the protective pharmaceutical excipient includes a polymer that includes, without limitation, acrylic acid (CARBOPOL®), amino methacrylate copolymer, ammonio methacrylate copolymer, ethyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate copolymer, methacrylic acid and ethyl acrylate copolymer, methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate copolymer, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the polymer is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w.

[00122] In some embodiments, the protective pharmaceutical excipient includes at least one of sucrose diacetate hexaisobutyrate, sucrose palmitate, or sucrose stearate. In some embodiments, the at least one of sucrose diacetate hexaisobutyrate, sucrose palmitate, or sucrose stearate is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w.

[00123] In some embodiments, the protective pharmaceutical excipient includes at least one of acetyltributyl citrate, acetyltriethyl citrate, tributyl citrate, or triethyl citrate. In some embodiments, the at least one of acetyltributyl citrate, acetyltriethyl citrate, tributyl citrate, or triethyl citrate is present in the composition in a range from 1 to 95% w/w. [00124] In some embodiments, the protectant includes an antioxidant including, without limitation, butylated hydroxy anisole, butylated hydroxy toluene, sodium/potassium metabisulfites, sodium/potassium sulfite, cysteine, methionine, sodium or calcium ascorbate, ascorbic acid, fatty acid esters of ascorbic acid, tocopherols, alpha, gamma or delta tocopherol and its esters, 4-hydroxyresorcinol, erythorbic acid, sodium erythorbate, propylgallate, octyl gallate, tertiary butyl hydroquinone, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the antioxidant is present in the composition in a range from 0.001 to 5%.

[00125] In some embodiments, the protectant includes a chelating agent including, without limitation, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, edetate sodium, edetate disodium, edetate calcium disodium, edetate tripotassium, edetate dipotassium, and combination thereof. In some embodiments, the antioxidant is present in the composition in a range from 0.001 to 5%.

[00126] In an additional embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to a method of making a stabilized formulation of a primary, secondary, and/or tertiary amino group containing composition that prevents or reduces formation of a nitroso impurity. In some embodiments, the method includes adding a pharmaceutical excipient(s) to a drug(s) having a primary, secondary, and/or tertiary amino group. In some embodiments, a weight ratio of the drug(s) to the protective pharmaceutical excipient(s) ranges from 1 to 99 to 99 to 1% w/w. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical excipient(s) is a protective pharmaceutical excipient.

[00127] Although various embodiments of the present disclosure have been illustrated in the accompanying Drawings and described in the foregoing Detailed Description, it will be understood that the present disclosure is not limited to the embodiments disclosed herein, but is capable of numerous rearrangements, modifications, and substitutions without departing from the spirit of the disclosure as set forth herein.

[00128] The term “substantially” is defined as largely but not necessarily wholly what is specified, as understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art. In any disclosed embodiment, the terms “substantially”, “approximately”, “generally”, and “about” may be substituted with “within [a percentage] of’ what is specified, where the percentage includes 0.1, 1, 5, and 10 percent. [00129] The foregoing outlines features of several embodiments so that those skilled in the art may better understand the aspects of the disclosure. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that they may readily use the disclosure as a basis for designing or modifying other processes and structures for carrying out the same purposes and/or achieving the same advantages of the embodiments introduced herein. Those skilled in the art should also realize that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the disclosure, and that they may make various changes, substitutions, and alterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. The scope of the invention should be determined only by the language of the claims that follow. The term "comprising" within the claims is intended to mean “including at least” such that the recited listing of elements in a claim are an open group. The terms “a”, “an”, and other singular terms are intended to include the plural forms thereof unless specifically excluded.