BACKGROUND

[0001] The disclosure is directed to methods, and compositions for a meat-emulating consumable. More specifically, the disclosure is directed to methods and compositions for forming a food consumable emulating source -specific meat, using stacked layers of cultured tissues.

[0002] Proteins are important dietary nutrients. They serve as a fuel source or as sources of amino acids, including the essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body, as well as to build muscle mass and improve performance.

[0003] The daily-recommended intake of protein for healthy adults is 10% to 35% of a person's total needs of energy intake, and currently the vast majority of protein intake for most humans is from animal-based sources.

[0004] With the world population growth and the coinciding growth in global food demand, there is a need to provide alternative sustainable, non- animal-based sources of proteins as useful source of protein for daily diet. Likewise, in an effort to reduce the impact of animal agriculture (and aquaculture) and to improve people's nutrition, as well as for various other incentives, there is a need for alternatives to animal meat for development of novel protein sources containing viable cells culture(s) that correspond to the three-dimensional (3D) tissue, for instance, muscle tissue.

[0005] Accordingly, there is a need for reliable and commercially practicable methods of forming meat-emulating consumables.

SUMMARY

[0006] Disclosed, in various implementations, are methods and compositions for forming a food consumable emulating source -specific meat, using stacked layers of cultured tissues.

[0007] In an exemplary implementation provided herein is an edible, source- specific meatemulating consumable comprising: a plurality of cultured adipocytes’ layers; and a plurality of cultured myotubes’ layers, stacked in a predetermined order.

[0008] In another exemplary implementation, provided herein is a method of forming an edible meat-emulating consumable comprising: encapsulating a plurality of undifferentiated adipocyte cells in beads of a first biocompatible hydrogel; differentiating the plurality of undifferentiated adipocyte cells in the beads; embedding the beads comprising the plurality of differentiated adipocytes cells in a plurality of first molds, each first mold comprised of a second biocompatible hydrogel, thereby forming a plurality of cultured adipocytes’ layers; embedding a plurality of meat source-specific satellite cells in a plurality of second molds, each second mold comprised of the second biocompatible hydrogel; inducing simultaneous myodifferentiation and myotube formation of the embedded plurality of satellite cells, thereby forming a plurality of cultured myotubes’ layers; and stacking the plurality of cultured myotubes’ layers and the plurality of cultured adipocytes’ layers at a predetermined order in the presence of a fusion medium, disposed between each stacked layer

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0009] For a better understanding of the method and compositions for forming a food consumable emulating source -specific meat, using stacked layers of cultured tissues, with regard to the implementations thereof, reference is made to the accompanying examples and figures, in which:

[00010] FIG. 1A-1F, is a schematic illustrating an exemplary implementation for forming the layers of cultured fat and muscle tissues;

[00011] FIG. 2, is an image depicting the source-specific differentiated adipocytes capsule;

[00012] FIG. 3, is an image depicting the formed oriented myotubes;

[00013] FIG. 4A-4C, is a schematic illustrating various implementations of layer adhesion; and [00014] FIG. 5A-5B; is a schematic illustration of an exemplary implementation of the layer stacking.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[00015] While various exemplary implementations have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such exemplary implementations are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions may occur to those skilled in the ait without departing from the core proposed technology. It should be understood that various alternatives to the exemplary implementations described herein may be employed.

[00016] Provided herein are implementations of methods and compositions for forming a food consumable emulating source -specific meat, using stacked layers of cultured tissues. [00017] Several stem cell types can be utilized for in-vitro culturing of muscle. These are, for example, embryonic stem cells (ESCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), with the most reliable (though not necessarily mandatory), being satellite cells (SCs).

[00018] Satellite cells (SCs) are adult stem cells located between the sarcolemma and the basal lamina of skeletal muscle fibers, typically dormant until activation by, e.g., muscle damage, releasing a number of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), which in turn initiate proliferation, differentiation to, e.g., myoblasts which can then fuse to form myotubes.

[00019] Similarly, several stem cell types can be utilized for in-vitro culturing of sourcespecific fat. These are, for example, embryonic stem cells (ESCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), with the most reliable (though not necessarily mandatory), being source- specific adipose-derived stem cells (ASC’s).

[00020] Accordingly and in an exemplary implementation, provided herein is an edible, source-specific meat-emulating consumable comprising: a plurality of cultured adipocytes’ layers; and a plurality of cultured myotubes’ layers, stacked in a predetermined order.

[00021] In the context of the disclosure, the term “consumable” refers to a specific meatemulating foodstuff, that is solid, semi- solid and liquid ingestible materials for man or animals which can be any material that provides nourishment for the growth or metabolism of a living organism. Accordingly, the consumable can be in a shape of any polyhedron, for example, a tetrahedron, a hexahedron, an octahedron, as well as a sphere. Once assembled and treated, the consumable can be further processed to obtain the final form desired. Furthermore, the term “meatemulating” means muscle and fat tissue, and/or its’ equivalent that has undergone a biochemical process resulting in a composition as well as other physico-chemical and organoleptic characteristics that is substantially equivalent to that of meat produced naturally by a specific source animal, such as, for example; bovine, porcine, avian, caprine, or piscine family members.

[00022] Further, “myotube(s)” as used herein, refer to a cell that possesses the structural and functional features exhibited by a naturally-occurring myotube, and may or may not possess at least one structural or functional feature that distinguishes it. Naturally-occurring mature myotubes are generally large and branched and have multiple nuclei.

[00023] In an exemplary implementation, each layer in the plurality of cultured adipocytes’ layers forming the consumable, source specific meat emulating consumable provided herein, can comprise a plurality of differentiated adipocytes 1001 i encapsulated in a plurality of beads 1 OOi (see e,g FIG. IB), the beads lOOi (interchangeable with capsules) formed of a first biocompatible hydrogel 101. The plurality of differentiated adipocytes are initially encapsulated (see e.g., FIG. 1A) with undifferentiated stem cells lOOOi, for example, source specific adipose-derives stem cells (ASC’s).

[00024] For example, cellular microencapsulation consists of surrounding cells with a biocompatible polymer layer to form microparticles. The polymers can be, for example, semi- permeable hydrogels, allowing the diffusion of low-molecular- weight molecules, such as nutrients, differentiation factors and oxygen, from the external medium to the encapsulated cells, and of small molecules, such as triglycerides produced by the cells to the surrounding medium. This system has the advantage of protecting the cells from their environment, by preventing various contaminants from coming into contact with them and causing their destruction. Several techniques are currently available for microencapsulation of cells, differing based on the size of the particles, whether they form spherical particles, their viscosity, and the desired production rate. For example, the step of encapsulating undifferentiated adipocytes, or satellite cells, can comprise in certain exemplary implementations using coaxial flow, electrostatic potential, vibration, jet cutting, microfluidics, coacervation, or an encapsulation method comprising one or more of the foregoing.

[00025] In an example, microparticles are formed by prilling vibration, producing spherical microparticles when undifferentiated adipocyte cells-polymer suspension is passed through a nozzle. The vibrating system atomizes the cellular suspension as droplets, which, upon contact with a jellification solution, form microparticles, with the size of capsules depending on the nozzle size, and the composition of the jelling solution. The prilling vibration encapsulation equipment used can be, for example Encapsulator B-390 ®, Buchi. In another exemplary implementation, the adipocyte cells-polymer suspension is printed directly into the jelling solution, and spherisized. Biocompatible polymers can be, for example, pectin, agarose, chitosan, and alginate. Likewise, jellification solution can comprise calcium, and other ions configured to form the hydrogel. In certain exemplary implementations, the plurality of cultured adipocytes’ layers, each has a thickness of between about 0.3 mm and about 1.0 mm.

[00026] As illustrated in FIG. 1C, following adipogenic differentiation in the capsules, the plurality of beads formed of the first biocompatible hydrogel, is embedded in the second biocompatible hydrogel 102, forming a duplex suspension (cells ©first hydrogel 101 ©second hydrogel 102). To clarify, the term “duplex suspension” as used herein refers to complex systems, also called “suspensions of suspensions”, in which the beads in the dispersed phase contain one or more types of smaller dispersed cell-containing beads themselves.

[00027] Furthermore, and to assist in fusion and gelling, the second biocompatible hydrogel can be further seeded, or be impregnated with satellite cells (referring to a cell that possesses the structural and functional features exhibited by a naturally-occurring satellite cell, and may or may not possess at least one structural or functional feature that distinguishes it), or actually differentiated myoblasts 1 lOOp. For example, a mold of the second biocompatible hydrogel can be formed by pouring the polymer solution into the mold, incorporating the capsules (beads lOOi) and using jellification composition, jelling the mixture and forming adipose layer 120m. In an exemplary implementation, depicted in FIG. 2, a solution of between about 5xl0 ⁵ /ml and about 5 l0 ⁶ undifferentiated bovine ASCs solution were incorporated in alginate and formed monodispersed beads having a diameter of between about 175 pm and about 225 pm, corresponding to a volume of about 35 nanoliter (nL) ± 15 nL then incorporated into a mold containing gelatin at a volume of between about 0.2 ml and about 1.2 ml, resulting in bead density of between about 2.5xl0 ⁴ , and about 3xl0 ⁴ beads/ml of the second (e.g., gelatin) hydrogel.

[00028] Adipogenic differentiation can be affected by, for example, by exposing the undifferentiated adipocytes, to plant lecithin for production of cultured fat, by admixing a composition comprising vegetable lecithin into a growth medium comprising beads lOOi, in a concentration (W/V) operable to cause the differentiation of the source- specific ASCs to adipocytes.

[00029] The growth medium used can be, for example, at least one of: a composition comprising: Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) without Sodium pyruvate having glucose content of between about 70% and about 90%; optionally between about 10% and about 30% Fetal bovine serum (FBS); P -mercaptoethanol (0.1 mM); about 1% of non-essential amino acids; L-Glutamine 2 mM; and basic Fibroblast growth factor (BFGF), a composition comprising: Minimum Essential Medium Alpha (MEM-a) with 10% inactivated fetal calf serum, and a composition comprising: DMEM; 15% Fetal bovine serum; Penicillin/ Streptomyocin; Glutamine; Non-essential amino acids; nucleosides; -mercaptoethanol; Sodium pyruvate; and leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Other growth media can be, for example, Ham's F-10+10% fetal calf serum (FCS), Tissue Culture Medium-199 (TCM-199)+10% fetal calf serum, Tyrodes- Albumin- Lactate- Pyruvate (TALP), Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS), Eagle's and Whitten's media. For example TCM-199, and 1 to 20% serum supplement including fetal source- specific serum, newborn serum, estrual cow serum, lamb serum or steer serum (e.g., for beef). An example of maintenance medium can be TCM-199 with Earl salts, 10% fetal calf serum, 0.2 mM pyruvate and 50 pg/ml gentamicin sulphate.

[00030] In certain exemplary implementations, the methods disclosed, in the step of differentiating the plurality of undifferentiated adipocyte cells in the beads, further comprise a step whereby before, simultaneously, or following the step of admixing the composition comprising plant lecithin into the growth medium, admixing a composition comprising a plant-based fatty acid of at least one of: palmitoleic, erusic, elaidic, oleic, phytanic into the growth medium, as well as, or alternatively, at least one peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor > (PPARD) agonist. The PPARD agonist is at least one of: thiozolidinedione (TZD), and PPARy coactivator 1 (PGC-1). For example, TZD, which stimulates 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation.

[00031 ] As illustrated schematically in FIG. 1 E, and depicted in FIG. 3, each /7 ^th layer 1 10n in the plurality of cultured myotubcs’ layers 1 lOn comprise a plurality of oriented myotubes. The myotubes can formed in plurality of channels 1102k etched into the mold of second biocompatible polymer 102. Furthermore, similar to the undifferentiated adipocytes, the myotubes are initially formed from meat source-specific satellite cells, by incorporating source-specific satellite cells into a mold containing a polymer solution adapted to form the second biocompatible hydrogel 102. In an exemplary implementation, following seeding of oriented channels 1102k etched (or cut, grooved, molded etc.) into second biocompatible hydrogel 102 with the source specific satellite cells (SCs) (see e.g., HOOp, FIG. ID), the method further comprise inducing simultaneous myodifferentiation and myotubes’ HOlq formation (see e.g., FIG. IE, FIG. 3) of the embedded plurality of satellite cells, thereby forming a plurality of cultured myotubes’ layers, whereby each layer in the plurality of cultured myotubes’ layers can have a thickness of between about 0.3 mm and about 1.0 mm.

[00032] Molds of second biocompatible hydrogel 102 can be prepared in advance using for example, electrospinning, freeze-drying, gas-foaming, solvent casting, particulate-leaching, and streo-lithography (in other words, 3D printing) and then straightened, hydrated and seeded according to the procedures disclosed. The molds can be dehydrated using, for example, lyophylization, extrusion, vacuum drying, or exposure to various saturated salt solution, such as for example, LiCl, KCHsCOO or P2O5. In addition, the biocompatible hydrogel can be formed from plant-based hydrogel-forming polymers, such as lignin, cellulosics and the like. The molds thus prepared, can be used to provide fibrous mouthfeel and be added to the stacked layers, and alternatively activated by impregnating the dehydrated hydrogels with ECM, and other growth factors.

[00033] In an exemplary implementation, accelerating source- specific SC’s differentiation to myoblast cells llOOp comprises contacting the source-specific SC’s’ population density as well as triggering myoblast fusion in underconfluent cells, with a differentiation medium composition comprising in certain exemplary implementations, Insulin, Transferrin, Sodium Selenite and Ethanolamine (ITS-X), at a predetermined concentration, frequency and duration.

[00034] As used herein, the term “contacting” (i.e., contacting the predetermined sourcespecific SC’s’ population density) is intended to include incubating the seeded hydrogel and/or ITS- X together in vitro (e.g., adding the differentiation medium or ITS-X to the mold, either before or after jellification) .

[00035] Tn another exemplary implementation, the mold containing the jelled or non-jelled second biocompatiblc hydrogel 102 containing and the source- specific SC’s is contacted with a differentiation medium with another agent, such as other differentiation agents or environments to stabilize the cells, or to differentiate the cells further. For example, contacting the differentiated myoblasts at a predetermined period, with a predetermined concentration of ERK inhibitor (ERKi), configured to maximize myoblasts fusion at the shortest time. Another agent used to increase the differentiation efficiency, can be a specific mT0RC2 activator. That activator can be, for example, source-specific activator of mammalian target of Rapanycin complex 2 (mT0RC2).

[00036] In another exemplary implementation, the differentiation medium is at least one of serum free medium, and low- serum containing medium. The differentiation medium may include a nutrient medium (e.g., DMEM), non-essential amino acids, and glutamax.

[00037] In certain exemplary implementations, the source- specific SC’s are expandable in culture and are further contacted with a composition operable to increase source- specific SC’s proliferation. Method of inducing, enhancing or increasing source- specific SC’s proliferation can be, for example, contacting the source-specific SC’s with, for example, kinase inhibitors, G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) modulators, epigenetic modifiers, histone deacetylases (HDAC) modulators, hedgehog signaling pathway modulators, neuropeptides, dopamine receptor modulators, serotonin receptor modulators, histamine receptor modulators, adenosine receptor agonists, ionophores, ion channel modulators, gamma- secretase modulators, corticosteroids, and any combinations thereof. [00038] In an exemplary implementation, the consumable provided herein further comprises a fusion medium. In the context of the disclosure, the term “fusion medium” refers to a composition operable to fuse the layers comprising at least one of: the cultured adipocytes, and oriented myotubes either to the same embedded tissue layer, or to a different tissue layer. The fusion medium can be at least one of: an acellular fusion medium (see e.g., 201 FIG. 4A), a cellular fusion medium (see e.g., 202 FIG. 4B), which can further comprise myoblast cells 1 lOOp, and a mixture of cellular fusion medium including myoblast cells llOOp and differentiated adipocytes capsules (beads lOOi see e.g., 203 FIG. 4C). For example, the acellular fusion medium can be a composition comprising an enzyme configured to form isopeptide crosslinks, such as for example an enzyme such as Tyrosinase, Laccase, and transglutaminase. Conversely, the cellular fusion medium can be, for example low serum medium that promotes the differentiation of myoblasts into multinucleated myotubes (see e.g., FIG. 3), in some embodiments fusion medium includes a minimal medium (e.g., DMEM, EMEM, BME, etc.) containing a low amount of scrum (e.g., 0.5-4%).

[00039] As illustrated schematically in FIG.s IF, 4A-4C and 5, layers 1 lOn, 120m are stacked to form consumable 500 disclosed. The stacking order can be by altering the tissue specific layer (referring to the cultured adipocytes’ layers 120m, and the oriented cultured myotubes’ layers 1 lOn) or any predetermined order configured to provide the source-specific meat emulating consumable. Moreover, the oriented cultured myotubes’ layers 1 lOn can be stacked in parallel, or such that the oriented myotube in each n ^th layer are substantially transverse to the myotube orientation in an adjacent n ^th cultured myotubes’ layer. This configuration can create different organoleptic characteristic to the consumable. Furthermore, it is contemplated, that following the stacking and adhesion of the predetermined-order layers, the consumable undergoes post processing, configured to further “age” or change the organoleptic characteristic of the consumable. The post processing steps can be further myotube proliferation, myotube bundling, flavor infusion, physical manipulation (including cutting and forming shapes), mincing, grinding, combining various consumables in a predetermined manner to form other shapes, and the like.

[00040] Moreover, while as illustrated in FIG.s 1A-1F, and 4A-5B as being identical, in certain exemplary implementations, the shape and area of each tissue layer can be different. For example, the plurality of cultured adipocytes’ layers is sized and configured to cover an area that is smaller than the area covered by the plurality of cultured myotubes’ layers. [00041] In an exemplary implementation, source- specific undifferentiated adipocyte cells are: bovine derived stem cells, avian-derived stem cells, porcine-derived stem cells, or piscine-derived stem cells. Likewise, the meat source- specific satellite cells are: bovine derived satellite cells, avian- derived satellite cells, porcine-derived satellite cells, or piscine-derived satellite cells. While referring to adipocyte cells, it is appreciated that the stem cells may be induced to differentiation into a variety of other somatic cells.

[00042] Accordingly, in the context of the disclosure, the term “stem cells” as used herein refers to cells which under suitable conditions are capable of differentiating into other cell types having a particular, specialized function (i.e. , “differentiated” cells) while under other suitable conditions are capable of self-renewing and remaining in an undifferentiated state. Consequently, “undifferentiated cells” as used herein, refer to stem cells that have the ability to form any adult cell; the term “differentiating cells” as used herein, refer to cells obtained from undifferentiated stem cells but that have not yet matured into fully differentiated cells, c.g. precursor cells; and the term “differentiated cells” as used herein, refer to fully specialized (mature) cells obtained from undifferentiated or differentiating cells.

[00043] A “cell” as used herein refers to a single cell as well as to a cell population of (i.e. more than one) cells. A cell population may be a pure population comprising one cell type. Alternatively, a cell population may comprise more than one cell type. As noted above, the stem cells may be, in accordance with the present invention, pluripotent stem cells as well as multipotent stem cells. The term “pluripotent stem cells” as used herein, refer to stem cells that can give rise to any differentiated cell types in an embryo or an adult, preferably including germ cells (sperm and eggs) as well as pluripotent stem cells obtained by in vitro techniques known in the art.

[00044] Similarly, the first biocompatible hydrogel-forming polymer is a composition comprising at least one of: an alginate, a carrageenan, an agar, a guar gum, a copolymer, and a terpolymer of the foregoing, while the second biocompatible hydrogel-forming polymer is a composition comprising at least one of: a gelatin, a collagen, an elastin, Poly(lysine-g-(lactide-fe- ethylene glycol)), hydroxylated poly(lysine), a copolymer thereof, and a terpolymer thereof.

[00045] In the context of the disclosure, the term “copolymer” refers to polymers formed by the polymerization of at least two different monomers. For example, the term “copolymer” includes the co-polymerization reaction product of amines and carbohydrates or the copolymerization of PVP to chitosan. Likewise, the term “terpolymer” refers to polymers formed by the polymerization of at least three different monomers.

[00046] In an exemplary implementation the consumables disclosed herein are formed using the methods disclosed herein. Accordingly, provided herein is a method of forming an edible meatemulating consumable comprising: encapsulating a plurality of undifferentiated adipocyte cells in beads of a first biocompatible hydrogel; differentiating the plurality of undifferentiated adipocyte cells in the beads; embedding the beads comprising the plurality of differentiated adipocytes cells in a plurality of first molds, each first mold comprised of a second biocompatible hydrogel, thereby forming a plurality of cultured adipocytes’ layers; embedding a plurality of meat source-specific satellite cells in a plurality of second molds, each second mold comprised of the second biocompatible hydrogel; inducing simultaneous myodifferentiation and myotube formation of the embedded plurality of satellite cells, thereby forming a plurality of cultured myotubes’ layers; and stacking the plurality of cultured myotubes’ layers and the plurality of cultured adipocytes’ layers at a predetermined order in the presence of a fusion medium, disposed between each stacked layer. In certain exemplary implementations, the step of stacking, comprises alternating the plurality of cultured adipocytes’ layers and the plurality of cultured myotubes’ layers, while in other implementations, the layers are not alternating but rather form blocks of one tissue, interspersed in blocks (referring to a plurality of layers of the same tissue), of another tissue.

[00047] The term "comprising" and its derivatives, as used herein, are intended to be open ended terms that specify the presence of the stated features, elements, components, groups, integers, and/or steps, but do not exclude the presence of other unstated features, elements, components, groups, integers and/or steps. The foregoing also applies to words having similar meanings such as the terms, "including", "having" and their derivatives.

[00048] All ranges disclosed herein are inclusive of the endpoints, and the endpoints are independently combinable with each other. “Combination” is inclusive of blends, mixtures, alloys, reaction products, and the like. The terms “a”, “an” and “the” herein do not denote a limitation of quantity, and are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The suffix “(s)” as used herein is intended to include both the singular and the plural of the term that it modifies, thereby including one or more of that term (e.g., the cell(s) includes one or more cell). Reference throughout the specification to “one implementation”, “another implementation”, “an implementation”, “an exemplary implementation” and so forth, when present, means that a particular element (e.g., feature, structure, and/or characteristic) described in connection with the implementation is included in at least one implementation described herein, and may or may not be present in other implementations. In addition, it is to be understood that the described elements may be combined in any suitable manner in the various implementations.

[00049] All ranges disclosed herein are inclusive of the endpoints, and the endpoints are independently combinable with each other. Furthermore, the term "about" means that amounts, sizes, formulations, parameters, and other quantities and characteristics are not and need not be exact, but may be approximate and/or larger or smaller, as desired, reflecting tolerances, conversion factors, rounding off, measurement error and the like, and other factors known to those of skill in the art. In general, an amount, size, formulation, parameter or other quantity or characteristic is "about" or "approximate" whether or not expressly stated to be such. For example, “about” as used herein mean a reasonable amount of deviation of the modified term such that the end result is not significantly changed. These terms of degree should be construed as including a deviation of at least ±5% or at least ±10% of the modified term if this deviation would not negate the meaning of the word it modifies.

[00050] Accordingly and in an exemplary implementation, provided herein is an edible specific (i.e., species of meat source, namely bovine, piscine, avian and the like) meat-emulating consumable comprising: a plurality of cultured adipocytes layers; and a plurality of cultured myotubes layers, stacked in a predetermined order, wherein (i) each layer in the plurality of cultured adipocytes layers comprise a plurality of differentiated adipocytes encapsulated in a plurality of beads (meaning that the cells are contained in a biocompatible sphere or jacket which isolates the cells and which protects the encapsulated cells from environmental stressors outside of the microcapsule) formed of a first biocompatible hydrogel-forming polymer, (ii) each layer in the plurality of cultured adipocytes layers is also comprised of a second biocompatible hydrogel-forming polymer, wherein (iii) the plurality of beads formed of the first biocompatible hydrogel, is embedded in the second biocompatible hydrogel, forming a duplex suspension, wherein (iv) the plurality of differentiated adipocytes are initially encapsulated with undifferentiated stem cells, (v) each layer in the plurality of cultured adipocytes layers further comprises a plurality of myoblast cells, wherein (vi) each layer in the plurality of cultured myotubes layers comprise a plurality of oriented myotubes (in other words, exhibiting myotubes where the longitudinal axes are generally in parallel), (vii) the myotubes are initially formed from meat source- specific satellite cells, the consumable (viii) further comprising a fusion medium, (ix) the fusion medium is at least one of: an acellular adhesion medium, and a cellular adhesion medium, (x) the acellular adhesion medium comprises an enzyme adapted to form isopeptide crosslinks, (xi) the enzyme is at least one of: Tyrosinase, Laccase, and transglutaminase, wherein (xii) the cellular adhesion medium comprises myoblast cells, wherein (xiii) the cellular adhesion medium further comprises plurality of the beads formed of a first biocompatible hydrogel-forming polymer, containing the plurality of differentiated adipocytes, wherein (xiv) each layer in the plurality of cultured adipocytes layers has a thickness of between about 0.3 mm and about 1.0 mm, likewise (xv) each layer in the plurality of cultured myotubes layers has a thickness of between about 0.3 mm and about 1.0 mm, wherein (xvi) the plurality of cultured adipocytes layers is interspersed in the plurality of cultured myotubes layers in an alternating manner, (xvii) the number of cultured adipocytes layers is equal to the number of cultured adipocytes layers, or (xviii) not equal to the number of cultured adipocytes layers, wherein (xix) the plurality of cultured adipocytes layers are each sized and configured to cover an area that is smaller than the area covered by the plurality of cultured myotubes layers, wherein (xx) the source-specific undifferentiated adipocyte cells arc: bovine derived stem cells, avian-derived stem cells, porcine-derived stem cells, or piscine-derived stem cells, wherein (xxi) the first biocompatible hydrogel-forming polymer is comprised of at least one of: an alginate, a carrageenan, an agar, a guar gum, a copolymer, and a terpolymer of the foregoing (xxii) the second biocompatible hydrogel is comprised of at least one of: a gelatin, a collagen, an elastin, Poly(lysine- g-(lactide-h-ethylene glycol)), hydroxylated poly(lysine), a copolymer of the foregoing, and a terpolymer of the foregoing biocompatible hydrogel forming polymers, and wherein (xxiii) the plurality of cultured adipocytes layers, and the plurality of cultured myotubes layers are stacked in a way that the oriented myotubes are arranged substantially transverse to each other.

[00051] In another exemplary implementation, provided herein is a method of forming an edible meat-emulating consumable comprising: encapsulating a plurality of undifferentiated adipocyte cells in beads of a first biocompatible hydrogel-forming polymer; differentiating the plurality of undifferentiated adipocyte cells in the beads; embedding the beads comprising the plurality of differentiated adipocytes cells in a plurality of first molds, each first mold comprised of a second biocompatible hydrogel-forming polymer, thereby forming a plurality of cultured adipocytes layers; embedding a plurality of meat source- specific satellite cells in a plurality of second molds, each second mold comprised of the second biocompatible hydrogel; inducing simultaneous myodifferentiation and myotube formation of the embedded plurality of satellite cells, thereby forming a plurality of cultured myotubes layers; and stacking the plurality of cultured myotubes layers and the plurality of cultured adipocytes layers at a predetermined order in the presence of a fusion medium, disposed between each stacked layer, wherein (xxiv) each layer in the plurality of cultured myotubes layers comprise a plurality of axially oriented myotubes, (xxv) each layer in the plurality of cultured adipocytes layers further comprises a plurality of myoblast cells, wherein (xxvi) the fusion medium is at least one of: an acellular adhesion medium, and a cellular adhesion medium, (xxvii) the acellular adhesion medium comprises an enzyme adapted to form isopeptide crosslinks, (xxviii) the enzyme is at least one of: Tyrosinase, Laccase, and transglutaminase, wherein (xxix) the cellular adhesion medium comprises myoblast cells, (xxx) the cellular adhesion medium further comprises plurality of the beads formed of a first biocompatible hydrogel-forming polymer, containing the plurality of differentiated adipocytes, wherein (xxxi) each layer in the plurality of cultured adipocytes layers has a thickness of between about 0.3 mm and about 1.0 mm, (xxxii) each layer in the plurality of cultured myotubes layers has a thickness of between about 0.3 mm and about 1 .0 mm, wherein (xxxiii) the step of stacking, comprises alternating the plurality of cultured adipocytes layers and the plurality of cultured myo tubes layers, (xxxiv) the number of cultured adipocytes layers is equal to the number of cultured adipocytes layers, or (xxxv) the number of cultured adipocytes layers is not equal to the number of cultured adipocytes layers, wherein (xxxvi) the plurality of cultured adipocytes layer molds is sized and configured to cover an area that is smaller than the area covered by the plurality of cultured myotubes layer molds, wherein (xxxvii) the undifferentiated adipocyte cells are: bovine derived stem cells, avian-derived stem cells, porcine-derived stem cells, or piscine-derived stem cells, wherein (xxxviii) the meat source- specific satellite cells are: bovine derived satellite cells, avian- derived satellite cells, porcine-derived satellite cells, or piscine-derived satellite cells, wherein (xxxix) the first biocompatible hydrogel-forming polymer is comprised of at least one of: an alginate, a carrageenan, an agar, a guar gum, a copolymer, and a terpolymer of the foregoing, (xl) the second biocompatible hydrogel-forming polymer is comprised of at least one of: a gelatin, a collagen, Poly(lysine-g-(lactide-Z?-ethylene glycol)), hydroxylated poly(lysine), a copolymer thereof (in other words, the biocompatible hydrogel-forming polymer), and a terpolymer thereof, and wherein (xli) the step of stacking further comprising stacking the plurality of cultured adipocytes’ layers, and the plurality of cultured myotubes’ layers in a way that the oriented myotubes’ longitudinal axes are arranged substantially (in other words, at angle larger than 30°) transverse to each other.

[00052] Although the foregoing disclosure for methods and compositions for forming a food consumable emulating source -specific meat, using stacked layers of cultured tissues, has been described in terms of some implementations, other implementations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art from the disclosure herein. Moreover, the described implementations have been presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the inventions. Indeed, the novel methods, systems and compositions described herein may be embodied in a variety of other forms without departing from the spirit thereof. Accordingly, other combinations, omissions, substitutions and modifications will be apparent to the skilled artisan in view of the disclosure herein.