Related Application

This is a patent application claiming priority to Provisional Application No. 60/010061, filed on January 1 ₆ , 1996. The entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Background of the Invention

Starch is composed primarily of two components: amylose, a mainly linear polymer of about 500-6000 o-D glucosyl residues, and amylopectin, a highly branched polymer of α-D glucosyl distributed in 15-60 residues per chain (Godet et a . , Carbohydrate Polymers 7:47-52 (1995)). It is well known that amylose can form complexes with molecules such as iodine, alcohols and lipids, whereas amylopectin forms these complexes weakly or not at all (Morrison et a_l. , Cereal Chem 20-385-91 (1993); Sarko & Zugen aier, Fiber Diffraction Methods. A.D. French & K.C. Gardner, Eds., ACS Symposium Series 141:459-482 (1980)). The in situ biosynthesis of amylose-lipid complexes in starch with naturally occurring fatty acids and phospholipids has been demonstrated (Morrison et al. (1993)). Others have shown that complex formation occurs during heat/moisture treatments, especially during gelatinization of starches with the naturally containing lipids (Kugimiya et ai. , Starke 32:265-270 (1980); Kugimiya & Donovan, J. Food Sci. 4_6:765-777 (1981)) or when lipids are added to defatted starches (Biliaderis et al. , Food Chem. j2:279-295 (1986)) or pure amylose which is free of

natural lipids (Biliaderis e£ ai. , Carbo Ydr, PoiLvm. 5:367- 389 (1985)).

Both naturally-occurring and heat-formed complexes show specific properties such as a decrease in amylose εolubility or an increase in gelatinization temperatures (Eliasson e_fc al. , StSrke 12:130 (1981), Morrison e_fe al. _(1993)) . Polar lipids, e.g., fatty acids and their monoglyceride esters are of technological importance in starch systems, as they cause a reduction in stickiness, improved freeze-thaw stability (Mercier et al. , Ceyeal

_C hem. 5_2: ₄ - ₉ ( ₁ 980) and retardation of retrogradation. One important example is the use of fatty acids and monoglycerides as anti-staling agents in bread and biscuits. Incorporation of such additives in the dough in _d uces a slower crystallization (retrogradation) of the amylose fraction and retards the staling of bread (Krog, StSrke 22:206-210 (1971)).

Summary of ^hp Tnvention

The present invention pertains to starch-emulsifier compositions and methods of making the starch-emulsifier compositions comprising heating starch (e.g., jet-cooking, heating in a batch cooker) in the presence of an emulsifier to produce a starch-emulsifier dispersion which can optionally be treated to obtain greater than about 20% by weight short chain amylose.

In one em _b odiment of the invention, a starch and an emulsifier are heated (e.g., jet-cooked) to disrupt essentially all starch granules and solubilize amylose and amylopectin in the starch. The product contains a _d ispersion o _f gelatinized starch and emulsifier which is believe _d to _b e in the form of a complex, as seen by X-ray diffraction. The dispersion of starch and emulsifier can be cooled slowly or quickly to form an elastic textured paste, or the solution can optionally be dried to a powder.

In another embodiment of the invention, a starch and emulsifier are heated (e.g., jet-cooked) to produce a dispersion of gelatinized starch and emulsifier in which the amylose and amylopectin are εolubilized. The starch is subsequently hydrolyzed to release short chain amylose, preferably using an enzymatic treatment. After hydrolysis of the starch-emulsifier solution, the solution can optionally be heated to a temperature sufficient to liquify the emulsifier, thereby increasing the percentage of starch-e ulsifer complex formed. Thereafter, the solution can be cooled to form a εhort-textured, non-elaεtic paste or it can optionally be dried (e.g., by spray drying) into a powder.

The starch-emulsifier compositions can also be optionally co-processed with hydrocolloids, polymers, gums, modified starches and combinations thereof, which can be added at any point in the processes described herein. These optional ingredients serve to change (e.g., increase or decrease) the functional properties (e.g., water binding capacity, oil binding capacity or viscosity) of the composition depending upon product end use. For example, these optional ingredients can be added to increase the overall water binding capacity of the starch-emulsifier composition or change the rheology of the starch-emulsifier composition.

The starch-emulsi ier composition produced by a process which uses a hydrolytic method is characterized by a relatively small particle size (a weight average of 4-5 μ) , a short, non-elastic texture or rheology and a low water and oil binding capacity. The starch-emulsifier composition produced by cooking starch and emulsifier, without subsequent hydrolysis, is characterized as more elastic and a less opaque gel compared to the hydrolyzed product. In either process, the dried starch-emulsifier

composition can be rehydrated, preferably in an aqueous medium suitable for use in food or beverage formulations (e.g., milk or water), under conditions of medium to high shear to produce an opaque paste upon refrigeration. The starch-emulsifier compositions produced by the methods described herein are useful in a variety of food and beverage applications. For example, the starch- emulsifier compositions can be used as an opacifier in foods and beverages εuch as skim milk, or as a texturizing agent to prepare dairy products with a rheology similar to sour cream, yogurt, mayonnaise and similar products. For example, the starch-emulsifier compositions of the present invention can be used to prepare lactose-free dairy products. The starch-emulsifier compositions can also be used to stabilize foams, such as in the production of ice cream, and as a fat replacer in a variety of reduced-fat and fat-free foods, such as cakes, pudding type desserts, sauces, margarine, cream cheese and other spreads, snack dips, mayonnaise, sour cream, yogurt, ice cream, frozen desserts, fudge and other confections, and skim milk. The starch-emulsifier compositions can be incorporated into fat-free, reduced fat and fat containing cheeses, such as natural, processed and imitation cheeses in a variety of forms (e.g., shredded, block, slices, grated). The starch- emulsifier compositions are also useful, as for example a shortening, in baked goods such as cakes, pies, brownies, cookies, breads, noodles, snack items, such as crackers, graham crackers and pretzels, and εimilar products.

Detailed Description of the Invention The present invention pertains to methods of manufacture and the starch-emulsifier compositions produced thereby that are useful in a variety of food and beverage applications. According to the invention, a starch is heated in the presence of an emulsifier to a temperature

and pressure sufficient to disrupt essentially all the starch granules and solubilize the amylose and amylopectin contained therein, such as by jet cooking, to yield a starch-emulsifier dispersion. This dispersion can be cooled slowly or quickly to form an elastic gel, or the dispersion can optionally be dried to a powder. The powder can be rehydrated with medium to high shear to produce a smooth gel that is more elastic and less opaque compared to the hydrolyzed product described below. Alternatively, a dispersion of the starch-emulsifier complex produced as described above can be treated to generate about 20% by weight short chain amylose (e.g. , enzymatically debranched, hydrolysis of the backbone by amylase or acid hydrolysis) , and the resultant dispersion of starch, containing greater than about 20% by weight short chain amylose, and emulsifier is optionally heated to a temperature sufficient to inactivate the enzyme if used and to liquify the emulsifier. Liquification of the emulsifier facilitates the formation of additional starch- emulsifier complexes in the final composition.

As used herein, short chain amylose is defined as amylose having a degree of polymerization (DP) of from about 6 to about 60 and a molecular weight of from about 1,000 to about 10,000 which is indicative of maltodextrin. The term "gelatinization" or varient thereof, is intended to embrace the generally recognized term but also is intended to encompass the process of rupturing essentially all starch granules present in the starch, thereby releasing amylose and amylopectin. The dispersion of starch and emulsifier containing about 20% short chain amylose can be allowed to cool to form an opaque paste with a short, non-elastic texture. Alternatively, the dispersion can be dried to a powder and rehydrated with medium to high shear to produce a short,

εmooth, non-elastic textured paste of high opacity upon refrigeration.

The starch used as a starting material in the process of the present invention can be a native starch or a pregelatinized starch. If a pregelatinized starch iε utilized, it should preferably contain a low amount of resistant starch, such as less than about 10% resistant starch. If the starting starch has more than about 10% resistant εtarch, the starch can be used in the present invention if it is first heated to a temperature above the melting point of the reεistant starch.

The native or pregelatinized starch uεed in the present invention should preferably have an amylose content of less than about 30%. If the amylose content is greater than about 30%, debranching and/or hydrolysis of the starch (e.g., with an acid or by enzymatic amylase treatment) prior to heating in the presence of the emulsifier may be required to reduce the molecular weight of the amylose. The use of high-amylose starch is generally not preferred, as high-amylose starch tends to form stable resistant starch with a large particle size during processing. For example, debranched or partially hydrolyzed amylomaize can be used, as well as common cornstarch, potato, tapioca, wheat, smooth pea, rice, sago, barley and oat starches. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the processes described herein yield compositions comprising starch and emulsifier in the form of a complex having an insoluble microparticle nature which is stabilized by the interaction between amylose and emulsifier. The composition also comprises uncomplexed emulsifier, uncomplexed starch, and optionally short chain amylose if debranching and/or hydrolysis is performed. Thus, emulsifiers capable of forming a complex with amylose are particularly preferred for use in the invention. Generally, the emulsifiers will be monoglycerides, sorbitan

esters, diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides (DATEM) , propylene glycol esters, polysorbates and sucrose esters of medium and long chain saturated fatty acids (e.g. , having an acyl group containing more than about 10 carbon atoms) , as well as saturated fatty acids (e.g. , saturated fatty acids which contain from about 12 to about 18 carbons) and unsaturated fatty acids (unsaturated fatty acids which contain from about 12 to about 18 carbons, e.g., oleic and linoleic acids). For example, emulsifiers including, but not limited to, polyethylene glycol monolaurate or glyceryl monostearate, sodium or calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate, sucrose monostearate and sucrose monopalmitate are suitable for use in the starch-emulsifier composition of the present invention, as well as other saturated fatty acids (see also Example 6) .

The starch and the emulsifier are combined in an aqueous medium such as water to produce a dispersion. The dispersion generally contains from about 5% to about 25% (w/w) of starch. The emulsifier will be present in an amount which is approximately 0.1% to about 25% of the starch weight, and more preferably 1% to 10% of the starch weight present in the composition. The disperεion is then heated under conditions appropriate to disrupt essentially all the starch granules and solubilize the amylose and amylopectin present in the starch. This can be carried out, for example, by co-jet cooking the starch-emulsifier disperεion. Alternatively, the starch-emulsifier dispersion can be heated in a reactor or batch cooker, or by any other method in which the starch is gelatinized in the presence of the emulsifier, such as by extrusion. The starch can also be jet cooked into the emulsifier; that is, the starch can be heated to or above its gelatinization temperature and immediately combined with the emulsifier. The emulsifier may need to be dispersed beforehand in a

little water and the dispersion added to the starch slurry prior to cooking; added to the jet cooked starch; or the starch is jet cooked into the disperεion of the emulsifier. The temperature and pH necessary to disperse the emulsifier in water are characteristic for each emulsifier or can be determined by those skilled in the art. It is essential that the emulsifier and starch be combined prior to the heating or jet cooking step or immediately after solubilization of the starch, as later addition of the emulsifier results in a larger particle εize and a gritty product due to retrogradation of the starch.

In one embodiment, after the εtarch-emulεifier dispersion is heated to solubilize the amylose present in the starch, the starch is treated to release short chain amylose. Appropriate treatment of the starch will result in a starch material containing greater than about 20% short chain amylose. Generally, release of the short chain amylose from the starch will be carried out by enzymatically debranching the starch, e.g., the starch can be debranched with (1-6)-specific glycosidic enzymes which are capable of cleaving 1,6-alpha-D-glucosidic linkageε. For instance, the starch-emulsifier dispersion can be treated with pullulanase or isoamylase, at a temperature and pH and for a time sufficient to allow the enzyme to releaεe the εhort chain amyloεe. Generally, appropriate temperatures will range from about 25°C to about 100°C, with from about 55°C to about 65°C being preferred, for a time of from about 1 hour to about 30 hours, depending on the enzyme utilized and the enzyme concentration. Furthermore, the pH of the solution will be from about 3 to about 7.5. In a particularly preferred method, the starch- emulsifier dispersion is treated with pullulanase at 60°C at pH 5 for about 4 hours. The optimum conditions for the enzymatic reaction will vary, with changes in parameters such as starch and enzyme concentrations, pH, temperature

and other factors which can be readily determined by the skilled artisan.

Alternatively, the starch can be randomly hydrolyzed to produce greater than 20% short chain amylose by use of an appropriate acid, such as a mineral acid or organic acid. Generally, acid hydrolysis will take place at a pH of less than about 4°C and at a temperature greater than about 60 ^β c, depending upon the acid used. The conditions for acid hydrolysis should be such that inappropriate side reactions are minimized. Short chain amylose can also be generated by treating the starch with alpha amylase, alone or in combination with pullulanase. Substantial debranching or hydrolysis of the εtarch (e.g., debranching sufficient to generate a starch material containing greater than about 20% short chain amylose) results in a short textured, non-elastic paste, whereas in the absence of debranching or hydrolysiε the product is an elastic gel (see Example 3) .

Both the hydrolyzed and non-hydrolyzed starch- emulsifier dispersions can be heated to a temperature and pH and for a time sufficient to liquify the emulsifier, i.e., a temperature above the melting point of the emulsifier, to produce additional starch-emulεifier complexes in the composition. If a debranching enzyme is used, the heat treatment will also inactivate the enzyme. In most cases, a temperature of approximately 70°C to approximately 100°C is sufficient to liquify the emulsifier within the dispersion and inactivate the enzyme, if present. The starch-emulsifier dispersion can be heated by a number of conventional methods, including a heat exchanger, jacketed reactor, direct steam injection or extruder.

The starch-emulsifier compositions that have been hydrolyzed and subsequently heat treated appear watery and have a low viscosity at approximately 10% to 25% solids. The low viscosity product can be cooled slowly or rapidly to form a paste for use in food applications, or the low viscosity composition can be optionally dried to produce a powder by a number of art-recognized methods, including spray drying, belt drying, freeze drying, drum drying or flash drying; however, in a preferred embodiment, the disperεion is spray dried. The powder can be εtored at room temperature, and can be rehydrated with water or another aqueous medium, preferably an aqueous medium which is appropriate for use in food and beverage formulations, under conditions of medium to high shear to give a paste of high opacity and short, non-elastic texture.

The starch and emulsifier can also be co-processed with hydrocolloids, gums, polymers, modified starches and combinations thereof to change the rheology or increase the water binding capacity of the starch-emulsifier compositions. For example, xanthan gum, alginate, carrageenan, carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, guar gum, gum arabic, locust bean gum and combinations thereof can be added to the starch-emulsifier compositions at any time during the preparation thereof, as long as the additional ingredient(s) does not prevent the formation of the amylose-emulsifier complex. That is, these additional optional ingredients can be jet-cooked along with the starch and emulsifier, added prior to or after the debranching step, added prior to or after the optional heating step, added to the paste composition or dry blended with the powdered composition after drying. Preferably, the hydrocolloid, gum, modified starch or polymer is added to the dispersion after the debranching step and prior to

drying the composition (see Example 7) or iε dry blended with the powdered compoεition after the drying step.

The starch-emulsifier compositionε of this invention comprise starch-emulεifier complexes, uncomplexed emulsifier, uncomplexed starch and optionally greater than from about 20% short chain amylose if the uncomplexed starch in the compoεition is hydrolyzed. The percentage of complex present in the composition will vary depending upon whether the starch and emulsifier are hydrolyzed, but in any event, the composition should compriεe a minimum of about 20% by weight starch-emulsifier complex. The complexes are insoluble microparticulates which have an average particle size of less than about lOμ, and preferably less than about 6μ. The starch-emulsifier composition of the present invention produced using hydrolysis has a short, non-elastic texture or rheology and a low water and oil binding capacity and contains greater than about 20% short chain amylose. The starch-emulsifier composition produced by cooking starch and emulsifier, without subsequent hydrolysis, is characterized as a more elastic and less opaque gel compared to the hydrolyzed product.

The starch-emulsifier compositions of the present invention are suitable for use in a variety of foods and beverages. The amount of starch-emulsifier composition incorporated into the food or beverage will depend upon the formulation of the food, but will generally be approximately 1-10% by weight. For example, the starch- emulsifier compositions can be used as an opacifier in milk and similar foods to improve the visual appeal of the food. The starch-emulsifier compositions can also be used as a texturizing agent in various dairy foods; due to its small particle size, the starch-emulsifier compositions do not impart a gritty mouthfeel to products in which it is incorporated. The starch-emulsifier compositions are

uεeful for preparing dairy productε with a rheology εimilar to traditional sour cream, yogurt and mayonnaise formulations. For example, the starch-emulsifier compositions can be used in the preparation of lactose-free dairy products. The compositions are particularly useful for the preparation of reduced-fat and fat-free food products, particularly margarines, pudding type desserts, sauceε, εnack dips, mayonnaise, sour cream, yogurt, ice cream, frozen desserts, cream cheese and other spreadε, fudge and other confectionε, and εkim milk. The εtarch- e ulsifier compositions can be incorporated into fat-free, reduced fat and fat containing cheeses, such as natural, processed and imitation cheeses in a variety of forms (e.g., shredded, block, slices, grated). The starch- emulsifier compositions are also useful in baked goods such as breads, cakes, pies, brownies, cookies, noodles, snack items, such as crackers, graham crackers and pretzels, and similar products, as it does not interfere with the organoleptic properties of the foods in which it is incorporated.

Terms used herein have their art-recognized meaning unless otherwise defined. The teachings of references referred to herein are incorporated herein by reference. All percentages are by weight unless otherwise specified. The following examples are offered for the purpose of illustrating the present invention and are not to be construed to limit the scope of the present invention:

Examples

Example 1: Effect of Different Levels of Monoglyceride on starch-E ulsifier Composition

Fifteen gallons (55 liters) of corn starch slurry (15% solids) and various levels of distilled monoglyceride emulsifier (Myverol 18-06, Quest International; containing

-13-

90% glyceryl monostearate) were preheated to 60°C in a Likwifier. The slurries were then pumped through a jet cooker operating at 150°C and 120 psi steam pressure. Each jet cooked dispersion was then cooled to 60°C and the pH was adjusted to 5.2+0.2 using 15% phosphoric acid. The starch-emulsifier disperεion was enzymatically debranched by the enzyme pullulanaεe (Promozyme 200 L, Novo Nordiεk A/S, Denmark; 0.02 ml enzyme per gram of εtarch solidε) at 60°C for 4 hours. The debranched starch product was then heated to 90°C and spray dried into a fine powder. The spray drier air inlet and outlet temperatures were typically 360°F (182 ^β C) and 220°F (104°C) , respectively. Four samples were prepared as described above with different monoglyceride contents: Sample A: no monoglyceride added

Sample B: 1% (of starch weight) monoglyceride added Sample C: 3% (of εtarch weight) monoglyceride added Sample D: 6% (of starch weight) monoglyceride added.

Example 2: Characterization of the Starch-Emulsifier Composition

The four samples prepared according to example 1 were analyzed by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) , molecular weight distribution, X-ray diffraction analysis, particle size distribution, gel viscosity, and opacity.

A. DSC Thermal Analysiε

Ten milligramε of powdered sample was weighed in a Perkin Elmer high pressure capsule DSC pan. The sample was mixed with 50 μl deionized water and hermetically sealed in the DSC pan. The sample was then analyzed (DSC 7, Perkin- Elmer, Norwalk, CT) from 20°C to 160°C at 10°C/minute with a sealed empty pan as a reference. Samples B, C and D showed an endothermic peak at about 105°C, typical of the melting of amylose-lipid complexes.

After the initial scan the samples were quench cooled from 160°C to 20°C in the DSC, followed by rescanning from 20°C to 160°C at 10°C/min. Samples B, C and D all showed a peak near 100°C to 102°C upon rescanning, confirming the presence of amylose-lipid complex.

B. Molecular Weight Distribution

The molecular weight distributions of the debranched samples were analyzed by high performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) . Two Polymer Laboratory mixed bed B columns (300 x 7.5 mm) were connected in series and the temperature of the column maintained at 70°C. The mobile phase was 5 mM sodium nitrate in DMSO at a flow rate of 1 ml/minute. A Waters 400 refractive index detector was used. The columns were calibrated using pullulan standardε (Hayashibara Biochemicals, Japan) with molecular weightε ranging from 5800 to 1.66 x 10 ⁴ daltons. The molecular weights of the starch samples were obtained using Perkin Elmer's Turbochrome 4 software and the calibration curve for the standards. The starch samples (10 mg) were completely dissolved in 4 ml mobile phase by heating in a 90°C water bath for 10 minutes. A 200 μl sample was injected onto the columns. In general the chromatograms of the 4 samples prepared according to Example 1 can be divided into two fractions: high molecular weight (HMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) . The molecular weight distribution data are summarized in Table 1. The results indicate that the molecular weight distributions were essentially the same for the four εamples.

Table 1

HMW LMW % area of

Sample Mw Mn MW Mn LMW

A 470 kd 114 kd 3.7 kd 2.5 kd 35

B 582 kd 119 kd 3.7 kd 2.5 kd 35

C 569 kd 119 kd 3.6 kd 2.5 kd 37

D 579 kd 109 kd 3.6 kd 2.5 kd 34

C. X-rav Diffraction Analysis

X-ray diffraction diagrams of samples A, C (as deεcribed in Example 1) and a dry blend of sample A with 3% monoglyceride (based on εtarch weight, Myverol 18-06, Queεt International) were recorded uεing a X-ray diffractometer (Philips Electronic Instruments) with CuKαi radiation (0.15405 nm) . The generator was operated at 40 KV and 30 mA. The scans were recorded from 2 to 30° 2-theta at a rate of 1° per minute. Scans for sample A and the dry blend with monoglyceride were virtually identical, showing mostly amorphous patterns. The scan for sample C showed 3 diεtinctive peaks near 7.36, 13.1, and 20.1° 2-theta, characteristic of the crystalline patterns for amylose- lipid complex as reported by Biliaderis and Seneviratne (Carbohydrate Polvmer. ϋ:185-206 1990).

D. Particle Size Distribution

The particle size distribution was determined by using a laser light particle size analyzer (Microtrac, Leeds and Northrup Instruments, North Wales, PA). A 15% (w/w) dispersion of each starch sample was prepared by mixing the εample in 70°C deionized water using a kitchen blender at high speed for 5 minutes. After cooling to room temperature, an aliquot of the dispersion was analyzed. Table 2 shows the particle sizes of the samples, prepared according to Example 1, at 50 and 90 percentiles. The addition of emulsifier dramatically decreased the particle

εize of debranched cornεtarch. However there appearε to be no correlation between the amount of emulsifier and the particle size.

Table 2

Particle size (μ)

Sample 50% 90%

A 22.4 36.2

B 4.4 10.3

C 5.4 11.2

D 4.5 10.5

E. Viscosity

The viscosity of the hydrated starch samples were measured using a Bohlin Visco 88, Bohlin Reologi AB, Lund, Sweden. A 15% (w/w) diεpersion of each starch sample (prepared according to Example 1) was prepared by mixing the starch sample in 70°C deionized water using a kitchen blender at high speed for 5 minutes. The disperεion waε refrigerated at 4°C for 24 hours. The viscosity of the debranched cornstarch decreased with increasing emulsifier concentrations. The samples showed shear thinning behavior. No data was obtained for the sample without emulsifier (sample A) because the gel was too rigid to be measured by this instrumental technique.

Table 3

Sample Viscosity(Pas) at 17.5s" ¹

B 3.75

C 1.37

D 0.24

F. Opacity

Opacity of the above dispersions after a series of dilution was measured by a spectrocolorimeter (ColorQuest

45/0, Hunter Associated Laboratory, Reston, VA) . An opacity of 100% is equivalent to the opacity of the white tile used aε a reference. At the same solids level, opacity increased with increasing emulsifier concentrations up to 3%. The opacity of the sample containing 6% emulsifier (D) waε marginally, if at all, higher than the 3% εample (C) .

Example 3: Effect of Debranching the Starch

A 15% cornεtarch slurry containing 3% (by weight of starch) glyceryl monostearate was jet cooked as described in Example 1. The jet cooked material was split into two batches; one batch was enzymatically debranched using pullulanase as described in Example 1, whereas the other batch was not treated with the enzyme. After refrigeration the two samples were examined for differences in gel appearance and rheology. The debranched sample formed an opaque paste. The rheology of the paste was short and smooth, resembling that of CRISCO® brand shortening. In contrast, the sample which was not debranched gave a more elastic and less opaque gel compared to the debranched sample, resembling that of jello. The sample which was not debranched had no low molecular weight fraction and its high molecular weight fraction comprises an Mw of 7359 kd and an Mn of 294 kd. The particle size of this sample at 50% was approximately 4.5μ and at 90% was approximately 10.5μ.

Example 4: Effect of Processing Conditions

A dry blend of 75 grams of debranched cornstarch (Example 1, sample A) and 2.25 grams of glyceryl monostearate was dispersed in 425 grams of 90°C water by mixing in a kitchen blender at high speed for 5 minutes. The dispersion was split into two batches. One batch was refrigerated at 4°C and the other batch was autoclaved at

121°C for 10 minuteε before being refrigerated. Both εampleε remained liquid after 24 hourε of refrigeration and gave a gritty mouthfeel when judged by a εensory panel. Thus, neither process produced a satisfactory product for use in food products.

Example 5: Addition of Emulsifier After Jet Cooking the starch A cornstarch slurry (15% solids) containing monoglyceride (2% by weight of starch, Myverol 18-06, Quest International, containing 90% glyceryl monostearate) was jet cooked and processed as described in Example 1 (sample 5A) . Another sample (sample 5B) was prepared by jet cooking cornstarch slurry (15% solids) directly into a predispersed monoglyceride dispersion (2% glyceryl monostearate, by weight of starch) followed by enzymatically debranching and drying as described in Example 1. DSC thermal analysis of the two εamples gave similar melting peaks near 103°C, indicative of the presence of amylose-lipid complex. A 15% aqueous dispersion of each sample was prepared by mixing the starch-emulsifier composition in 30°C deionized water using a kitchen blender at high speed for 3 minuteε. The dispersion was refrigerated at 4°C for 24 hours. Both samples set up as a smooth and opaque paste with similar rheological characteristics. The sensory evaluation of the two samples by trained experts is given in Table 4, where the numbers are scaled from 0 to 10, in which 0 = gritty; and 10 = smooth for smoothness; and 10 = firm for body.

Table 4

Samples Smoothness | Body

5A 7 4.5

5B 7 3

Examole 6: Effect of Different Emulsifiers

Emulsifierε, such as glyceryl monostearate, sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate (SSL), sucroεe monostearate, sorbitan monostearate, and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate, known to complex with amylose, as well as others, can be used in the present invention to prepare a product as described in Example 1. SSL increases the viscosity of the jet-cooked material more than other emulsifiers and tends to form an elastic gel when cooled to 60°C before debranching. Therefore lower εtarch εolidε and/or higher levelε of debranching enzyme are preferred when SSL iε used. In general, samples made with the aforementioned emulsifiers gave typical characteristics such as small particle size, high opacity, and short, non-elastic paste structure. However differences in the extent of these properties do exist with different emulsifiers. For example, the SSL-containing sample was lesε opaque than εamples with other emulsifiers, and sucrose monostearate gave a much smaller median particle size (~l.5μ) than the typical 4-5μ size. Table 5 summarizes some of the properties of starch-emulsifier compositions prepared using different emulsifiers.

Table 5

Properties

Particle Opacity Gel

Emulsifier Size (μ) (%)' Rheology ²

Glyceryl 5.4 88.8 Short paste monostearate

Sucrose 1.5 88.1 Short paste monostearate

Sodium stearoyl- NM ³ 84.2 Viscous gel 2-lactylate

¹ Measured at 8% εolidε.

Sensory evaluation of 15% refrigerated dispersions.

Not measured due to high gel viscosity,

Example 7: Co-processing with Gums

Cellulose gum such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and natural gums such aε guar, alginate and xanthan gums can be co-processed with the present invention to enhance the functional properties of the composition. A sample containing 3% glyceryl monostearate was prepared as described in Example 1. An amount of CMC which equals 10 of the starch solids was prehydrated in water at room temperature to make a 4% CMC dispersion. The dispersion was then mixed into the debranched starch-emulsifier composition in a high shear device. The mixture was then heated to 90°C and spray dried into a fine powder. The spray drier air inlet and outlet temperatures were typically 360°F (182°C) and 220°F (104°C) , respectively. The product gave similar opacity but higher viscosity compared to the sample without gum.

Examnle 8: starch-Emulsifier Composition

A cornstarch slurry (10% solidε) containing calcium εtearoy1-2-lactylate (2.5% by weight of starch, American Ingredients Co., Kansas City, MO) was jet cooked as described in Example 1. The jet cooked dispersion was then spray dried under the conditions described in Example 1. A 10% aqueous dispersion of the sample was prepared by mixing the spray dried powder in 90°C deionized water using a kitchen blender at high speed for 3 minutes. The dispersion was cooled at room temperature for 30 minutes and then refrigerated at 4°C for 24 hours (sample 8A) . Another cornstarch slurry (10% solids) containing calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate (2.5% by weight of starch) was prepared by mixing the cornstarch into predispersed aqueous calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate. The slurry was then autoclaved at 121°C for 30 minutes followed by cooling at room temperature for 30 minutes. The autoclaved sample waε then refrigerated at 4°C for 24 hours (sample 8B) . Samples A and B were analyzed for firmness using a texture analyzer (TA XT-2, Stable Microsystem). DSC was used to measure the thermal properties of the two samples. Results from the texture analyzer and DSC measurements are shown in Table 6.

Table 6

DSC Peak

Firmness Temperature DSC Enthalpy

Sample (Peak force, kg) (°C) (J/g)

8A 0.433 97.0 5.2

8B 3.390 96.4 1.7

Examole 9: Effect -of Different Emulsifierε on Starch-

Emulεifier Complex Emulsifiers such as glyceryl monostearate, calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate and DATEM esters known to complex with amylose, aε well as others, can be used in the preεent invention to prepare a product aε described in Example 8 (εample 8A) . Three 10% refrigerated gels were prepared as described in Example 8 (sample 8A) from three starch- emulsifier compositions containing equivalent moles (2.5% based on starch weight) of calcium εtearoy1-2-lactylate (sample 8A) , monoglyceride (sample 9B) , and DATEM esters (sample 9C) . The samples were evaluated by a texture analyzer for firmness and DSC was uεed to measure the thermal properties of the gels. The reεultε are given in Table 7.

Table 7

DSC Peak

Firmness Temperature DSC Enthalpy

Sample (Peak force, kg) (°C) (J/g)

8A 0.433 97.0 5.2

9B 0.515 103.8 8.3

9C 0.636 95.9 5.5

Example 10: Potato Starch as Starting Material

A starch-emulsifier composition was made from potato starch and monoglyceride (2% based on starch weight) according to the method described in Example 1. A 15% aqueous dispersion of the sample waε prepared as described in Example 2 using a kitchen blender. Sensory evaluation of the pastes by an expert panel showed that the paste had higher viscosity and lower smoothness scores than the cornstarch counterpart. Molecular weight distribution and thermal properties of the sample were measured by HPLC and DSC, respectively. HPLC and

D _SC results of t _h e sample along with those of a cornstarch counterpart are shown in Table 8 and 9, respectively.

Table 8

HMW LMW % area

Sample of LMW

MW Mn MW Mn

| cornstarch 569 kd 119 kd 3.6 kd 2.5 kd 35

1 Potato starch 584 kd 91 kd 4.4 kd 2.6 kd 41

Table 9

DSC peak DSC Enthalpy

Sample temperature ( ^β C) (J/g)

Cornstarch 102.5 7.4

Potato starch 107.1 4.8

Tram le ₁ 1: pprlnred-Fat Cake

A 5 ₀ % reduced-fat cake was prepared with the starch- emulsifier product (3% monoglyceride) prepared according to Example ₁ using the following formulation:

Ingredients Weight Percentage

Starch-emulsifier

Control Composition

Cake flour 27.63 27.63

Sugar 27.63 27.63

Baking powder 1.38 1.38

Salt 0.55 0.55

Skim milk 19.61 19.61

Shortening 11.05 5.525

25% Starch-emulsifier paste 0.00 5.525

Eggs 12.15 12.15

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1. Prepare 25% starch-emulsifier paste ahead of time by mixing 25 grams dried starch-emulsifier composition with 75 grams water and refrigerating overnight.

2. Cream sugar together with shortening and starch- emulsifier paste in Kitchen Aid mixer.

3. Add sifted flour, salt and baking powder.

4. Mix for 1 minute on speed 1.

5. Scrape down sides of bowl and add eggs and milk.

6. Mix for 1 minute on speed 2.

7. Scrape down bowl and mix for 2 minutes on speed 3.

8. Bake at 350°F (177°C) for 25-30 minutes.

Table 10 showε the characteristics of the reduced-fat cake compared with the characteristics of the control.

Table 10

Example 12: 50% Reduced-Fat Cream Cheese Spread

A 50% reduced-fat cream cheese spread was prepared with the starch-emulsifier composition (3% monoglyceride) prepared according to Example 1 using the following formulation:

Ingredients Weight Percentage

Full-fat cream cheese 48.09

25% Starch Emulsifier paste in εkim milk 48.57

Pregelatinized εtarch 2.07

Salt 1.04

Cream cheeεe flavor 0.24

1. Blend 25% starch-emulsifier paste, pregelatinized starch, salt and cream cheese flavor in a Kitchen Aid mixer until smooth.

2. Add full-fat cream cheese and blend until homogenous.

3. Fill into receiving container and refrigerate.

Example 13: Fat-Free Onion Dip

A fat-free onion dip was prepared with the starch- emulsifier composition (3% monoglyceride) prepared according to Example 1 uεing the following formulation:

Ingredientε Weight Percentage

15% Starch-e ulεifier gel in skim milk 91.84

Dried onions 5.29

Hydrolyzed corn protein 0.91

Salt 0.64

15X Starter dist. replacer 0.50

Xanthan gum 0.26

Sour cream flavor 0.24

Citric acid 0.32

Blend 15% starch-emulsifier gel, starter distillate and xanthan gum with low shear until smooth.

2. Add corn protein, sour cream flavor, salt and citric acid and blend until homogenous.

3. Blend in dried onionε until evenly diεtributed.

4. Pack and refrigerate.

Example 14:

A εkim milk waε prepared with the εtarch-emulεifier compoεition (containing 3% sucrose stearate) according to Example 6 using the following formulation:

Ingredients Weight Percentage

Skim milk 97.990

Starch-emulsifier powder 2.000

Carrageenan (FMC, Viscarin GP 109) 0.010

1. Slowly add the εtarch-emulεifier powder to l61 ^β F

(71°C) milk while mixing with a kitchen blender (high εpeed) . Continue mixing for three minuteε once dispersed. 2. Add carrageenan and mix for 1 minute.

3. Homogenize through a two-stage homogenizer (2500/500 psi) .

4. Cool in ice/water bath in capped bottles to 50°F (10°C) , shake intermittently. 5. Store refrigerated.

The milk prepared as described above was compared to skim milk and whole milk. The sensory evaluation was conducted by a three-person trained expert panel, and the results are given in Table 11.

Table 11

Hunter Mouth

Opacity ¹ Viscoεity Smoothnes

(1:10 (9=more Viscosity s (9=more

Formulation dilution) viεcous) (CP) ² smooth)

2% starch- 63% 4 16 8.5 emulsifier product skim milk 50% 4 13 8.5 whole milk 84% 9 16 9

¹ = measured according to Example 2D

² Zahn cup #2

Example 15: Preparation of No-Fat Ice Cream

A no-fat ice cream waε prepared with the εtarch- emulεifier-gum composition prepared according to Example 7 using the following formulation:

Ingredients Weight Percentage

Skim Milk 72.52

Corn Syrup Solids - 36DE 12.15

Sugar 2.60

Nonfat Dry Milk 6.47

Maltodextrin - 10DE 4.55

Powder (Example 7) 1.20

Stabilizer Polmo (Germantown) 0.31

Mono-diglycerides, Gold Star Swan (Grinstad) 0.20

1. Funnel feed the dry ingredients, as a blend, into a recirculating stream of skim milk.

2. Preheat to 150°F (65°C) and homogenize through a 2 stage homogenizer; 2000 PSI (1st stage) , 500 PSI (2nd stage) .

3 Pasteurize at 185°F (85°C) for 25 εecondε. 4 Age overnight at 40°F (4°C).

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5. Add pure vanilla extract (2x) at 0.6% use rate, then freeze to 20°F (-6°C) with a continuous freezer (target 75% overrun) .

6. Harden at -30°F (-32°C) for 24 hourε (for quart size containers) .

Example 16: Preparation of No-fat Mayonnaise

A no-fat mayonnaise was prepared with the debranched starch-emulεifier composition (containing 2% monoglyceride) prepared according to Example 1 using the following formulation:

Ingredients Weight Percentage

Water 65.39

Vinegar (50 gr, white dist.) 10.80

Sugar, granulated cane 4.50

Corn εyrup εolidε (Frodex 24) 4.50

Powder (Example 1) 4.20

Corn starch

Pregelatinized cornstarch 3.00

Egg Yolks (frozen) 2.50

Soybean oil 2.30

Salt 2.00

Xanthan gum (Keltrol F) 0.40

Lemon juice concentrate 0.20

Potasεium εorbate 0.10

Sodium benzoate 0.10

0-carotene 0.01

Total 100.00

Procedure:

1. Place water (185°F; 85 ^β C) in glass vessel of a kitchen blender.

2. Disperεe debranched starch-emulsifier composition and corn εtarch as a dry blend. Slowly add the powders to the kitchen blender while mixing on maximum speed. Once disperεed, blend on high for 5 minuteε to fully hydrate.

3. Add dry blend of xanthan, corn syrup solids, sugar and salt to kitchen blender, blend on high for 2 minutes, to fully disperεe.

4. Tranεfer contents to a mini food processor, add egg yolk, color, acids and lemon juice, then procesε juεt enough to mix all ingredientε.

5. Add oil, slowly, while mixing. Continue mixing for 1- 2 minuteε until product iε smooth and homogeneous in appearance.

6. Fill containers, refrigerate overnight before evaluation.

Example 17: Preparation of Reduced-Fat Peanut Butter

Spread A reduced-fat peanut butter spread was prepared with the debranched starch-emulsifier composition (containing 2% monoglyceride) prepared according to Example 1 using the following formulation:

Ingredient Weight Percentage

Water 49 . 01

Peanut Butter (Skippy Full-Fat) 25 . 00

Maltodextrin (GPC M040) 15 . 00

Sucrose 2 . . 50

Powder (Example 1) 4 , . 50

Glycerin 2 . . 00

CMC (AquaIon 7MF) 0 . . 50

Salt 0 . , 50

Roaεted Peanut Flavor (Bell#109-14081) 0. . 29

Potaεium εorbate (granular) 0 . 10

Caramel Color (Williamson #622) 0 . 60

Total 100 . 00

Procedure:

1. Place ambient temperature water in glaεε vessel of a standard kitchen blender.

2. Slowly add starch-emulsifier composition and CMC (as a dry blend) while mixing on maximum speed. Mix for 5 minutes to fully hydrate.

3. Add sucroεe, M040, salt, K sorbate (as a dry blend) and continue shear for 5 minutes.

4. Add premelted peanut butter, glycerin and color and continue mixing at medium εpeed for 1 minute.

Transfer to a metal container; place in a boiling water bath (185-190°F; 85°C-88°C) , and homogenize using a Silverson homogenizer at 3/4 maximum speed for 5 minutes (small emulsor screen) . Add flavor last. 5. Place in ice water bath and cool to 80°F (27°C) while slowly mixing with an overhead stirrer. Measure Brookfield viscosity at 80°F (27°C) .

6. Deaerate using a WhipMix dearator.

7. Store refrigerated 2 to 3 days before evaluating.

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Example 18: Fat Free Chocolate Spread

A fat free chocolate spread was prepared with the debranched starch-emulsifier composition (containing 2% monoglyceride) prepared according to Example 1 using the following formulation:

Ingredient Weight Percentage

Maltodextrin M040 18 , . 00

Water 50 , . 56

Heavy Cream 7 . . 90

Cocoa Powder (Bensdorp defatted) 3 . . 50

Powder (Example 1) 4 . . 50

Xanthan Gum (Keltrol F) 0 . , 04

Salt 0 . , 50

Fructose (Krystar 300) 15 . 00

Total 100. 00

Procedure:

1. Prepare blend of dry ingredientε.

2. Slowly diεperεe blend into 195-200°F (90-94°C) water with a standard kitchen blender. 3. Blend on high speed for 5 minutes.

4. Add cream. Continue blending for 1 minute.

5. Deaerate using WhipMix deaerator.

6. Store refrigerated 2 to 3 days before evaluating.

Example 19: Water and Oil Absorption The water absorption (percent by weight) was determined by a modification of American Association of Cereal Chemists Method 88-04. Instead of using 5 grams of test sample and centrifuging at 2000 g, 3 grams of sample were dispersed in water and centrifuged at 1450 g. For oil absorption, store-bought Wesson vegetable oil was used in lieu of water. Table 12 shows the water and oil absorption

reεults for the εtarch-emulεifier compoεition (Example l, sample _C ) . Data for a debranched starch (Example l, sample A) and a microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH105, FMC) are also presented for comparison.

Table 12

Water Absorption Oil Abεorption

Sample (%) (%)

Starch-emulsifier composition 132 71

Debranched starch 211 86

Microcrystalline cellulose 213 137

Ecuivalents

Those skille _d in the art will recognize or be able to aεcertain, uεing no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention deεcribe _d herein. Such equivalentε are intended to be encompaεεed in the scope of the following claims.