TITLE

A STRENGTH, STABILITY AND MOTOR CONTROL TRAINING SYSTEM, METHOD AND DEVICE

FIELD OFTHE INVENTION

The present invention relates to sports training, physical exercise, fitness and rehabilitation, and in particular to exercise systems, methods and devices for strength, stability and motor control training.

The invention has been developed primarily for use as a means for strength, stability and motor control training of the stabilising muscles and multi-planar co-ordinated movements of the body. However, it will be appreciated that the invention is not restricted this particular field of use.

PROBLEMS OF THE PRIOR ART

It is known in activities of sport and daily living the body does not operate in isolated segments but works as an integrated and dynamic unit. Skeletal muscle does not work in isolation, but is dependent on neural activation, surrounding muscle recruitment, attachment to the skeleton and co-ordination of this arrangement as posture changes. The force, speed, and range of a resulting movement are also determined by a muscle's motor unit recruitment, muscle fibre type, co-ordination of muscle contraction and relaxation, along with other influences. These are dynamically co-ordinated when a movement is successfully executed. However, often a specific movement has to be re-trained to rehabilitate, strengthen or substitute a muscle's (or muscle group's) function. Functional movements occurring in daily living or sport rely on the combination and interrelation of the muscular, neural and skeletal system - this is known as the kinetic chain link model.

According to the kinetic chain theory a biomechanical deficit in one region of the body can be responsible for symptoms in a distant body part. A biomechanical system operates optimally when all parts of the chain link are able to generate and absorb forces appropriately.

To train or re-train performance of a specific movement, a muscle or muscle group often has resistance applied to it in a very specific manner. This trained control of movement is accomplished by an intricate interplay of the muscular, skeletal and neural system with a complex three-dimensional geometry. Muscle units are recruited as determined by the mechanical requirements to produce a force, which is determined by the anatomy and other factors including the level and characteristics of neural activation.

For example, a muscle group is trained to lift an object. This training takes the form of the muscle group lifting an object via the use of secondary or tertiary levers (the skeleton being the primary lever). The addition of levers with attached weights changes:

(1) the direction of an applied force on the muscle and/or surrounding muscles, and

(2) the distance, speed and range of movement produced.

The concept of core/trunk stability aims to address the issue of motor control for the trunk. Trunk stability has been defined as the body's ability to maintain a neutral/stable spine following perturbation.

The role of the stabilising muscles of the trunk is to control direction-specific stress and strain. Stability of the trunk is dependent on neuromuscular feedback control in response to forces both internal and external. Known devices for muscle training do not address the issue of motor control.

Fixed-weight devices

Strength training using various fixed-weight devices has been practised for decades. Machine weights, free weights, exercise resistance tubing, pulleys, medicine balls and kettle bells are all examples of known devices used for strength training. These known weight-lifting devices use a fixed weight (analogous to a

"dead" or constant load) to provide resistance. Training involves lifting (or pushing or pulling) against resistance provided by such fixed-weight devices. These devices do not sufficiently afford multi-planar movements, which are required to train the stabilising muscles of the body.

A further disadvantage of these known devices is that the load is stable and that using such devices for training does not rely on proprioception and involves predominantly an isolated single muscle. Therefore, with the use of free weights, it remains a challenge to teach a user to trigger the proprioceptive feedback required to activate a particular muscle or muscle group. Instead the movement of stable loads tends to favour the isolation of specific muscles. These devices do not sufficiently afford multi-planar, open chain or dynamic co-ordinated movements. There is a need for a strength, training, motor control and stability exercise system, method and apparatus that employs multi-planar, open chain or dynamic coordinated movement patterns, which will significantly challenge the user's neuromuscular system.

Variable strength training devices

Variable strength training devices are available to consumers but do not have a means of altering the stability of the load or utilizing a "live" (e.g. moving) load. Examples of variable strength training devices include interchangeable dumbbells and barbells where weight is added to or removed from a fixed bar. These variable strength training devices do not allow for a continuous challenge of movement in either a static or dynamic environment. Consequently, there is only ever an approximation of the suitability of the movement performed to the user's requirements. Additionally, the transportation and portability of such devices is relatively limited and the costs of distribution on a commercial scale can be significant.

Proprioception deficiencies

Proprioceptive deficiencies can be improved through training in stability and balance exercises. Loss of proprioception in major joints through the kinetic chain produces unstable joints in other parts of the body. Examples of joints that have a tendency to become unstable and which have a greater potential for injury include the shoulder, spine and knee. Impaired proprioception will increase the risk of injury to the joint as well as other joints throughout the kinetic chain.

The shoulder joint is the body's most mobile yet most unstable joint. Being inherently unstable makes the shoulder joint prone to injury. If the forces travelling through the shoulder joint, produced while performing everyday or athletic tasks (such as picking up an infant or throwing a javelin), are not controlled by the stabilising muscles the risk of injury to the shoulder joint and other joints of the kinetic chain greatly increases.

A weak stabiliser muscle in joints such as the shoulder inhibits the recruitment capacity of the prime movers. The more effective the stabilisers of the shoulder the more effective will be the power output of the prime movers, which aids a user in being able to throw the javelin more suitably (and possibly further), or being able to pick up an infant, without the risk of injury. Exercise which progressively challenges and trains the entire kinetic chain will improve a person's performance and decrease the risk of injury. Known stability training devices

Gymballs, wobble boards, Bodyblades™ and foam rollers have been used by physical trainers and therapists to train the stabilising muscles of the body and to enhance proprioception. The inventor is not aware of any known single device that can be used for providing proprioceptive and resistance training of the stabilising muscles through the entire kinetic chain system. Such a device would be useful for dynamically challenging muscles and movement patterns through the entire kinetic chain system. Known devices are used primarily to train the trunk stabilisers with the stabilisers of the upper or lower extremities.

Gymballs, wobble boards and foam rollers are used for stability training of the lower body stabilisers. They require the user to sit, stand or lie on the device, so cannot be readily used for training the upper body stabilisers. The Bodyblade™ is used for training the upper body stabilisers. It must be held in one or two hands, so is not useful in training the lower body stabilisers. It has the additional disadvantage that it requires a minimum level of physical strength in the upper body to move or shake the device to set up oscillations in the blade.

Training with an unstable load increases the demands on the body's proprioceptors. Movement sense and joint position sense (proprioception) will be challenged far more than when using the above known devices. There is a need for an exercise system, method and device that allows training with an unstable load, thereby engaging the stabilising muscles during training.

OBJECT OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide an exercise system, method and device that allows training with an unstable load, thereby engaging the stabilising muscles during training.

According to one aspect of the invention there is provided an exercise device for strength, stability and motor control training, comprising: (a) an elongate flexible member having a proximal and a distal portion, said proximal portion including a Handle means portion, wherein said Handle means and said flexible member are configured to preclude a relative wrapping relation between them such that the length of said flexible member remains unaltered during rotation of said Handle means; (b) a Weighted Object comprising a weight-bearing object of a specified unit weight or a multiple thereof, said Weighted Object being attached to said distal portion such that: i. said Weighted Object is configured to act as a pendulum suspended from said flexible member and tends to an oscillating state upon lifting said device by said Handle, and ii. said Weighted Object is able to be maintained substantially in an equilibrium position by applying a restoring force to the Handle means while lifting said device.

According to another aspect of the invention there is provided an exercise device for strength, stability and motor control training, comprising:

(a) an elongate flexible member having a proximal and a distal portion, said proximal portion including a Handle means, wherein said Handle means and said flexible member are configured to preclude a relative wrapping relation between them such that the length of said flexible member remains unaltered during any rotation of said Handle means; (b) a closeable receptacle secured to said distal portion able to accommodate a

Weighted Object such that one or more said Weighted Objects can be exchanged so as to comprise a weight-bearing object of a specified unit weight or a multiple thereof, said receptacle being attached to said distal portion such that: i. said Weighted Object within said receptacle is configured to act as a pendulum suspended from said flexible member and wherein said Weighted Object tends to an oscillating state upon lifting said device by said Handle means, and ii. said Weighted Object is able to be maintained substantially in an equilibrium position by applying a restoring force to the Handle means while lifting said device.

According to yet another aspect of the invention there is provided an exercise method for strength, stability and motor control training, including the step of using an exercise device that enables training by an unstable load such that the stabilising muscles are engaged during training to apply a restoring force to stabiliise the unstable load.

According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided an exercise system for strength, stability and motor control training, comprising:

(a) an exercise device that enables training by moving an unstable load such that the stabilising muscles are engaged during training to apply a restoring force to stabiliise the unstable load; and (b) a method for training including the step of using the exercise device to

move an unstable load, wherein the method includes applying a restoring

force to stabilise the unstable load.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A preferred embodiment of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIGURE 1 is a front view of one embodiment of a device for strength, stability and motor control training according to the invention. This embodiment includes a Strap secured to a receptacle (such as a bag) configured to accommodate a Weighted Object (the Strap and Bag Embodiment).

FIGURES 2A and 2B show two arrangements of another embodiment of a device for strength, stability and motor control training according to the invention. This embodiment includes a Strap secured directly to a Weighted Object without the need for a receptacle (the Strap Embodiment)

FIGURES 3A and 3B show the Strap Embodiment of Figure 2 attached to a Weighted Object comprising an everyday household item (in this example, a PET bottle).

FIGURES 4A and 4B show a third embodiment of a device for strength, stability and motor control training according to the invention. This embodiment (the Strapless Embodiment) comprises a receptacle (such as a bag) configured to accommodate a fluid Weighted Object - that is, a specified unit weight (or multiple thereof) of a fluid material (i.e. any material that has fluidity e.g. a volume of rice or sand or other particulate material, or a liquid). Other receptacle shapes may also be suitable. Preferably, the receptacle has flexibility to allow the fluid material to flow relative to the receptacle.

FIGURE 5 is the embodiment of Figure 4 in which the device has been unevenly weighted by compartmentalising the filler material ( not shown).

FIGURE 6 is a perspective view in cross section of two devices of the embodiment in Figure 4 with the receptacles (filled with filler material - not shown) fitting together in modular fashion.

FIGURES 7A and 7B shows an alternative arrangement of the embodiment in Figure 2 in use. Figure 7A shows the device being used to perform a lateral raise exercise. Figure 7B shows the device being used to perform a front raise exercise.

FIGURES 8A and 8B show use of the embodiment shown in Figure 2 in performing leg squat exercise.

FIGURES 9A and B show the embodiment of Figure 4 in one exemplary use, being thrown from one user to another (Figure 9A) and about to be caught by the second user (Figure 9B).

FIGURES 1OA and 1OB show the embodiment of Figure 4 in another exemplary use. The device is being caught and thrown using a body part other than the hands.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A preferred embodiment of the present invention will now be described by reference to the drawings. The following detailed description in conjunction with the figures provides the skilled addressee with an understanding of the invention. It will be appreciated, however, that the invention is not limited to the applications described below. Dictionary of defined terms

Table 1 is a dictionary of terms defined according to the invention. Terms defined in Table 1 are denoted with the use of capitalisation throughout the document. If a term is not capitalised then its plain meaning is to be construed, unless otherwise specified.

Table 1: Dictionary of defined terms

Weighted Any suitable object that provides resistance (i.e. a weight-bearing Object(s) object of a specified unit weight or a multiple thereof) when using the present invention for strength, stability and/or motor control training. Examples include: a container (e.g. a P.E.T. bottle or plastic bag) filled with sand, water, rice, seed; a dumbbell; any object that can act as the desired load (e.g. a filled container of milk or juice, a bag of rice and so on to a desired or specified unit weight or multiple thereof); or a combination of such objects. In a preferred embodiment, the Weighted Object(s) is (are) placed in a receptacle such as a bag that is secured to the Strap. This enables the Weighted Object or combination of Weighted Objects to be easily changed and so vary the load by desired unit amounts. In a first embodiment, the device comprises a receptacle attached to a Strap, the receptacle being capable of accommodating one or more Weighted Object(s). In an alternative embodiment, the Weighted Object is attached directly to a flexible elongate member / Strap. In a third embodiment, the Weighted Object comprises a volume of filler material (housed in a bag or other receptacle). The filler material has fluidity and also carries weight so as to provide a load e.g. particles of grain, sugar, rice or sand, or a liquid. The fluidity of the filler material provides instability. Preferably, the receptacle has flexibility and is not filled to capacity, to allow the fluid material to flow relative to the bag. This enhances the instability of the load.

The elements of the invention are now described under the following headings: Preferred embodiments

Referring to the drawings, the present invention provides a system, method and device for strength, stability and motor control exercise training, including for rehabilitation.

The device in all of its embodiments enables the use of an unstable or "live" load in strength and stability training. The term "live" load is derived from structural engineering and refers to a temporary or moving load. In this document, the term "unstable" load is also used in this way.

In two classes of embodiments (illustrated in Figures 1 to 3), the device includes an flexible elongate member, or Strap. In a first class of embodiments (shown in Figure 1), the device also includes a receptacle such as a bag capable of housing one or more Weighted Object(s) so that, in use, when the device is lifted by the Strap, the Weighted Object within the bag is effectively suspended from the end of the Strap.

In a second class of embodiments (illustrated in Figures 2 and 3), the exercise device includes a flexible elongate member, or Strap, attached directly to a Weighted Object. The Strap is attached to a Weighted Object and, in use, the Weighted Object is suspended from the free end of the Strap.

In both of these embodiments, the Strap causes the Weighted Object to oscillate about an equilibrium position when the device is moved (e.g. lifted) by the Handle means. In the equilibrium position, the Weighted Object is static and the restoring force applied by the user is equal to the applied force causing the Weighted Object to oscillate.

The Handle means and the Strap or flexible elongate members are configured so that a relative wrapping relation between them is precluded when the Handle means is rotated, so that the length of the Strap remains unaltered during rotation. The Handle means may additionally be covered (e.g. with a tube), which facilitates rotation of the Strap within the hand and further precludes winding or unwinding of the Strap around the Handle means.

In a third class of embodiments (shown in Figures 4 and 5), the exercise device comprises a closeable receptacle (hereafter, the Strapless embodiment) and a filler material (within the receptacle) that acts as a Weighted Object. The filler material is a quantity of a weight-bearing material of a specified unit of weight and that has fluidity, such as a volume of sand, rice or other particulate material so that the Weighted Object has fluidity. This enables relative movement between the flexible filler contents (e.g. sand, rice) and the receptacle during use, which results in instability of the load. The fluidity of the filler material (since it flows or moves independently of the receptacle) makes the load unstable and thereby challenges the body in a manner different to the challenge posed by a stable, non-fluid load.

Thus the Weighted Object itself provides a continuously unstable load due to the fluidity of the filler material. In a preferred arrangement, the receptacle (e.g. a soft, flexible bag) has flexibility (non-rigidity), which further enhances the instability of the load.

In any of the embodiments, the Weighted Object may comprise modular receptacles that fit together to provide a pre-determined load or multiple(s) thereof. Each receptacle is filled to make up a specified weight and is capable of fitting together with one or more other receptacles (filled to the same weight or different weights) in a modular fashion so that the total load can be readily increased or decreased by the addition or removal of one or more receptacles.

Moving (e.g. lifting) an unstable load engages the local stabilising muscles of the trunk. This invention aims to retrain and recruit the local and global stabilising muscles that hold the body's joints in position while performing everyday tasks. The invention provides a means to recruit the local and global stabilisers (by providing a means to train for fitness, conditioning or rehabilitation purposes using an unstable load). Movements using this invention are performed slowly with low, unstable loads. Unstable, slow, low-load exercises train motor control. Known devices do not address the issue of motor control.

Strap and Receptacle Embodiment

Referring to Figure 1, a first class of preferred embodiments 10 includes:

1. an adjustable flexible elongate member, or Strap, 30 incorporating a Handle means (with or without a cover 40); and

2. a receptacle such as a bag 20 attached to the Strap, for accommodating one or more Weighted Objects (not shown).

One or more Weighted Objects is placed in the receptacle 20 to provide a load when the device is being lifted. The receptacle 20 is capable of holding a variable load (the Weighted Object(s) can be varied) and is collapsible for transportation. For convenience, this embodiment will be referred to as the Strap and Receptacle Embodiment.

One or more Weighted Objects (not seen) are placed into the receptacle 20 prior to use. The Strap and Receptacle Embodiment includes a closing means 50 for closing the bag to prevent accidental spillage of the Weighted Object(s) from the bag 20 during use. In one arrangement, the closing means 50 comprises buckle straps or similar, as illustrated in Figure 1. In another arrangement, the closing means 50 is a drawstring or similar covering over the opening of the bag.

In yet another arrangement (not illustrated), the Strap and Receptacle Embodiment includes more than one Strap (e.g. two Straps) so that the load provided by the Weighted Object is distributed across a plurality of Straps. This enables the invention to be used in training exercises that involve more than one limb or more than one person. Strap Embodiment

Figures 2 and 3 show another embodiment 60 of an exercise device for strength, stability and motor control training. This embodiment includes a flexible elongate member, or Strap, 30 secured directly to a Weighted Object 70. The Weighted Object 70 can be any item with the desired weight, such as a dumbbell or a PET bottle filled with fluid, water, sand, etc. This enables the Strap 30 to be used with readily available items in the home, outdoors or any fitness/gym setting.

As with the other embodiments, the Strap 30 incorporates a Handle means 40 (being the part of the Strap 30 where force is applied), which may or may not include a cover or tube 45.

As with the first class of embodiments, the Strap functions to destabilise the load by causing the load to oscillate and act as a pendulum suspended from the Strap when the device is in use. The Strap can be adjusted (not shown in Figures 2 or 3) to vary the load by varying the length of the Strap. The load can also be adjusted by adding, removing or substituting a Weighted Object.

The Strap Embodiment also includes an arrangement involving more than one Strap, so that the load is distributed across a plurality of Straps. This enables this embodiment to be used for training exercises that involve more than one limb and/or more than one person.

Strapless Embodiment

Referring to Figure 4, a third class of embodiments 80 is shown in which the exercise device comprises a receptacle 90 (hereafter, the Strapless embodiment) filled with a suitable filler material that is configured to act as a Weighted Object (not shown). The filler material is fluid in character (i.e. has fluidity) and is weight- bearing, such as a volume of sand, rice, sugar, beans or other suitable particulate material. The filler material is used to make up a specified unit of weight, preferably starting at 50O g and increasing in 25O g increments (0.5 units) up to 2 kg. Referring to Figure 5, the receptacle 90 can be compartmentalised so that the filler material is contained within discrete compartments, so as to distribute the load unevenly across the device. This may further enhance the instability of the load as different compartments may accommodate greater or smaller quantities of particles or other filler material.

The device provides a continuously unstable load due to the fluidity of the filler contents (whether or not compartmentalised) causing movement of the contents relative to the receptacle during use. The receptacle is made of any suitable material that can withstand the rigours of use as exercise equipment and is of sufficient strength to carry the desired load. Preferably, the receptacle has flexibility (non-rigidity), which further adds to instability of the load since the non- rigid walls of the receptacle allow the filler material to move relative to the receptacle.

The receptacle can be of various shapes, such as a cylinder, a rectangular prism, a cube, or a sphere. In a preferred arrangement of the third embodiment, the device is a rectangular prism and is of a size that is easy for the user to grasp at least in one dimension. However, the overall size of this arrangement is typically larger being capable of being fully enclosed within the palm of a typical hand, contributing to further instability of the load during use.

A receptacle of greater volume may be used if necessary to accommodate a greater volume of filler material, when loads of greater weight are required. Alternatively, each receptacle is capable of fitting in modular fashion with one or more other receptacles so that the load can be readily varied by the addition or removal of one or more receptacles. Each receptacle is filled to a predetermined unit weight or multiple thereof, for easy calculation of the load provided by the device. Uses of the present invention

The present invention in all of its embodiments provides a single device for proprioceptive and resistance training of the stabilising muscles through the entire kinetic chain system, including the local and global stabilisers. Apart from application as a strength, stability and motor control training device in general physical fitness and conditioning, the inventive device has a number of more specific applications, examples of which are described below.

Co-contraction and proprioception

The key to the present invention involves the introduction of resistance perturbations resulting from lifting an unstable load. A perturbation is an applied force that causes destabilisation. One example of a perturbation is lifting or moving an unstable (or "live") load. The instability of the load (which tends to oscillate about an equilibrium position when the device is in use) challenges the neuromuscular system and causes co-contraction of the stabilising muscles to overcome the instability. For example, when lifting an unstable load, research has found that there is a significantly higher degree of co-contraction of the abdominal muscles than when lifting a stable load.

The mechanism for increased muscle co-contraction involves sensory feedback, in the form of visual and proprioception feedback. This feedback during the perturbation encourages engagement or recruitment of the stabilising muscles to stabilise the load.

Proprioceptive deficits throughout the kinetic chain can lead to an unstable joint and increase of mechanical stress on contractile and non-contractile tissue. Such stresses can lead to repetitive micro-trauma, abnormal biomechanics and injury.

For example, proprioceptive deficits have been demonstrated in recurrent ankle sprains and research suggests that patients with lower back pain have impaired proprioceptors in facet joints of the spine. Proprioception is a key component of dynamic joint stability - the ability to appropriately activate muscles to stabilise a joint. Proprioception can be improved through training and such training can play an important role in injury prevention. This is because by improving proprioception, improvements can in turn be made in engaging the stabilising muscles. This leads to greater joint control and reduces the likelihood of joint injury throughout the kinetic chain.

Research has shown that co-contraction of the stabilising muscles (e.g. the abdominal muscles) is significantly higher when lifting an unstable load. Lifting of stable loads (such as in many weight-training devices or weight machines) does not cause a high level co-activation of stabilising muscles. Functional tasks that require pushing or pulling an unstable ("live") load is a greater neuromuscular challenge than strength training exercises that rely on moving a stable, fixed load.

The difficulty in training muscles is that: 1. many training devices predominantly require activation of the prime movers;

2. the stabilising muscles are only activated upon appropriate proprioceptive feedback; and

3. using many known devices does not provide the proprioceptive feedback required for co-activation recruitment.

Means for proprioceptive training

The present invention provides a means for proprioceptive training, as part of strength and stability training. A Weighted Object(s) placed in the receptacle 20 or secured directly to the Strap 30 place(s) a load on the muscles used to lift the device. The role of the Strap 30 is to destabilise the load, by introducing resistance perturbations (oscillations) when the load is moved. The user must apply a restoring force to maintain the load substantially in equilibrium while simultaneously moving the load.

Moving an unstable load in this way involves: 1. activation of the prime mover muscles to perform the gross movement

(e.g. lifting the device);

2. proprioceptive feedback from the movement (e.g. the "swing" caused by lifting the device using the Strap);

3. co-activation of the stabilising muscles to stabilise the load and overcome the resistance perturbations introduced by the Strap 30 (applying a restoring force to return the Weighted Object towards the equilibrium position).

Experiments conducted by the inventor found that users could be taught to "read" proprioceptive feedback during exercise training when using the present invention.

Teaching this skill can be very difficult to achieve in practice, particularly in learning or movement impaired individuals, which is particularly common in a rehabilitation setting. In practice, it is difficult to describe what the subject should be feeling when performing a particular movement and then to describe how that feeling should change in response to a different movement or how to perform a movement to change the proprioceptive feedback.

Experiments conducted by the inventor showed that the present invention could be used for proprioceptive training, with particular advantage in learning impaired individuals for whom other forms of proprioceptive training are more difficult to teach. All subjects in the experiments, even those with learning impairment, were able to read the proprioceptive feedback and use it to co-actively engage stabilising muscles during training. This is because proprioceptive feedback using the invention is perceived as the load "swinging" (oscillating) during movement of the load. The stabilising muscles are engaged by stopping the "swing". The "swing" is stopped by applying sufficient counterforce to the Handle means to maintain the Weighted Object substantially in equilibrium while using the device.

Means for training muscle co-contraction Training one or more muscle groups using unstable loads requires that the body appropriately responds to the task by producing force, reducing force and dynamically stabilising (applying a restoring force) against abnormal force. Coordinated muscle recruitment contributes to successfully support an unstable load.

For the body to produce movement without the potential for injury, neuromuscular control needs to be sufficient for the body to produce movement around the right joint in the right plane and at the right time. These co-ordinated movement patterns require the body not only to maintain appropriate forces but also to dynamically stabilise segments throughout the kinetic chain.

Functional strength is the neuromuscular system's ability to produce force, reduce force and dynamically stabilise the kinetic chain during functional movements. These movements need to be performed on demand in a co-ordinated smooth manner.

Dynamic joint stability is achieved through the dynamic activation and co- activation of specific muscles as the load changes. The stability of a muscle system is trained and enhanced through the movement of an unstable load, since this mimics the requirements of functional movement that occur in everyday and sporting activities.

Lifting an unstable load, or isotonically holding an unstable load, will challenge the body to mimic movement patterns that occur as part of real world (functional) activities. Lifting a shopping bag out of the car, putting a suitcase on the top shelf of the wardrobe, or lifting a toddler out of the cot are everyday examples of lifting unstable loads.

Means for training multi-planar movements

The present invention also provides a means for training multi-planar movements. The presentation of unstable resistances to specific muscle groups allows the muscle group to adapt to multi-planar resistances and respond with multi-planar movements, as are required in real world activities. Traditionally both rehabilitation and strength training programmes focused on training isolated muscles groups in single planes of motion. However all functional activities are multiplanar and require acceleration, deceleration and dynamic stability of joints throughout the kinetic chain. Movement may appear to be in one plane but other planes will need to be dynamically stable for optimal movement to occur.

Training with an unstable load serves to improve neuromuscular control. Neuromuscular control is established by the combination of forces through the body occurring at the right joint, in the right plane and at the right time.

Training with an unstable load will force the neuromuscular system to respond at a higher level which mimics the response required to perform functional activities.

The movement of unstable loads also serves to balance the varying external forces by selectively shifting the stability of the muscle groups to enhance the user's posture in order to maximise efficiency of muscle forces whilst minimising passive tissue stresses

In contrast, the movement of stable load tends to favour the isolation of specific muscles. Stable load shifting is common in rehabilitation and training regimes; however, its benefits may be less optimal when compared to training with unstable loads. Consequently, training with unstable loads protects the user from skeleto-muscular injury and/or allows the user to successfully rehabilitate.

Means for rehabilitation training

Neuromuscular control is required throughout the kinetic chain if movement patterns are to be optimal and the body is to remain injury-free. The neuromuscular system needs to remain efficient so it can cope with the demands placed on it during functional tasks. If the efficiency of the neuromuscular system decreases the ability of the kinetic chain to maintain the appropriate forces and dynamic stabilisation significantly decreases. A decrease in neuromuscular efficiency leads to injury from compensation and substitution patterns as well as poor posture during functional activities.

The invention provides a means of training controlled functional movement patterns. This is key to the rehabilitation of injured or physically impaired individuals, as well as for training of optimal athletic performance and maintenance of general fitness and mobility or physical conditioning in the ageing population (e.g. baby boomers). Functional movement is integrated, multiplanar movement that relies on acceleration, deceleration and stabilisation of the kinetic chain in a smooth and co-ordinated fashion.

To successfully use the present invention, the user is required to dynamically stabilise through the kinetic chain while performing movements which require deceleration and acceleration and stabilisation in multiples planes of movement. Jerky or uncontrolled movement patterns will become obvious to the user of this invention via proprioceptive feedback. The inventive device will be seen to swing or move if the user is not able to control movement throughout the kinetic chain.

The section 'Means for proprioceptive training' (above) describes how the device assists in identifying and correcting faulty movement patterns. Experiments by the inventor indicate that subjects who have difficulty in using, or are reluctant to use, free weights or other known weight-training equipment (e.g. the elderly or

"mature-aged" individual, or the physically impaired) may find the inventive device relatively more comfortable and easier to use than known devices because of the easy scalability of the load (including the ability to adjust the load by adjusting the lever (length of the Strap) rather than only by adjusting the weight of the load), and the clear proprioceptive feedback provided during use. Features of various embodiments of the inventive device

A flexible elongate member, or Strap

Referring to the drawings, the Strap 30 of the embodiments in Figures 1 and 2 enables the Weighted Object to perform as a "live" load, rather than as a constant or fixed ("dead") load. It acts as a secondary or tertiary lever (see below) but is flexible to enable resistance perturbations, which are important in co-actively engaging the stabilising muscles and for training motor control.

The Strap 30 causes instability of the load, which is suspended from the end of the Strap when the device is in use. The Strap 30 is configured so that relative wrapping between the Handle means 40 and the Strap 30 (or flexible elongate member) is precluded and the length of the Strap remains unaltered during any rotation of the Handle means.

The Strap 30 may be made from any suitable material, such as string, rope, cord or webbing for securing directly (see Figures 2 and 3) or indirectly (see Figure 1) to a Weighted Object for use in strength, stability and motor control training. Rubber cord (also described as exercise tubing, bungee cord or theraband) is also suitable and adds additional instability to the load compared with materials with less elasticity (e.g. strong or rope).

The Strap can be lengthened or shortened prior to lifting the load, to:

1. further increase or decrease the stability (oscillating movement) of the load; and/or 2. change the lever characteristics.

A cord lock, ladder lock, cam buckle, tension locking buckle, belay device or the like can be used to adjust the Strap and maintain the adjustment.

A longer Strap will make the load more unstable and therefore more difficult to lift while maintaining it in equilibrium. Additionally a longer Strap will also increase the moment of inertia which will increase the relative mass of the load, again increasing the difficulty of the task. Unlike other fixed-weight strength training devices, lifting a weight that is not stable will challenge the neuromuscular system and train the stabilising muscles of the body far more than a stable load.

The flexible Strap makes the load unstable and therefore incorporates training to increase proprioceptive (sensory information) responses (and awareness) and increases activation of stabilisers. Improving recruitment of joint stabilisers can lead to performance enhancement, motor control, strength gains and injury prevention.

The flexible Strap also acts as a secondary or tertiary lever (the skeleton being the primary lever) since the Weighted Object (whether within a bag or secured directly to the Strap) provides the resistance, and in the case of a:

1. second-class lever, the lift on the Handle is the applied force. In this arrangement the force is more distal to the fulcrum (the pivot on which a lever moves) than the resistance - which is more proximal to the handle. Consequently, a small force can balance a larger weight. That is, the effective force is increased. Notice, however, that when a force moves the Handle, the load moves more slowly and covers a shorter distance. An example is performing a push-up.

2. third-class lever, the speed and distance travelled by the load are increased at the expense of effective force (which moves a small distance). An example is a biceps curl.

The addition of levers with attached weights change: 1. the direction of an applied force on the muscle and/or surrounding muscles, and 2. the distance, speed and range of movement produced.

The Strap can be adjusted so as to work as a second or third class lever when lifting an unstable load, to work as many muscles as required across one or more joints (kinetic chain link model) rather than a single muscle across a single joint. Further, the Strap enables perturbations (oscillations) to be applied as an unstable resistance.

Increased proprioception awareness is achieved through use of embodiments of the invention through providing proprioceptive challenges for the limb(s) and trunk. This invention does not rely on the user's muscular effort to create the unstable environment (as it does using the Bodyblade or Wobble board) but relies on gravity to create perturbations of the load - a situation which mimics real world movement patterns.

In the first two classes of embodiments, the Strap incorporates a Handle, being the part of the Strap where force is applied. The Handle may be completely seamless with the Strap (see, for example, Figure 2B) or involve additional discrete components (see, for example, Figure 2A). The Handle may be covered in foam or a tube (see Dictionary and Figure 2A). In the case where the Handle is grasped by hand, one arrangement incorporates a foam cover or (or similar) or a tube for comfort and to facilitate relative pivotal movement between the Handle and the Weighted Object and to prevent the winding and unwinding of the Strap around the Handle. Where the Handle is lifted by being hooked over the ankle, say, the tube is generally omitted.

An adjustable load

The unstable load can be further adjusted by changing the Weighted Object. The Weighted Object comprises a weight-bearing object of a specified unit weight or a multiple thereof. Adjusting the load can be achieved by:

1. detaching and attaching the Strap to a different Weighted Object, in the embodiment of Figures 2 and 3);

2. substituting, adding or subtracting a Weighted Object placed in a receptacle attached to the Strap, in the embodiment of Figure 1); 3. including a larger volume of filler material making up the Weighted Object, in the embodiment of Figure 4; or 4. substituting, adding or subtracting one or more receptacles filled to a desired unit weight (or a multiple thereof) in modular fashion.

Referring to of Figure 1, the receptacle 20 is of a sufficient size to accommodate one or more Weighted Objects (such as dumbbells, or including infinitely adjustable materials such as sand or water). In one arrangement, the bag has approximately the equivalent volume of a standard shoe box (although it will not be limited in shape to a rectangular prism).

Referring to Figure 4, the bag 90 is of a sufficient size to accommodate a specified unit weight of filler material. As discussed earlier in this document, preferably, the bag is capable of being filled in increments of 25O g, starting at, say, 50O g and increasing up to 2 kg.

The receptacle 20 of Figure 1 is made of any suitable material that can withstand the rigours of use as exercise equipment and is of sufficient strength to carry the desired load. Examples of suitable materials include PVC, canvas, neoprene, hard- wearing nylon fabric, polyester, polypropylene or similar.

Similar materials can be used for the receptacle 90 of Figures 4 to 6. Preferably the receptacle 90 has sufficient flexibility to allow relative movement between the fluid Weighted Object (filler material) and the receptacle 90. This facilitates instability to the load of the third embodiment 80. The receptacle should not be filled to the extent that movement of the internal contents (filler material) is prevented - that is, it should not be filled to capacity as this will diminish the fluidity of the contents.

The receptacle 20 of any embodiment has a reversible opening to enable removal of contents and substitution of contents to vary the load. The advantages are:

1. weight can be added and removed as needed before use and/or during use; and 2. the invention is easily portable (the bag can be emptied and compacted to a minimal volume).

If the user travels, the device is light and can easily be packed into a travel case. Once at the destination, the Strap 30 can be attached to a suitable Weighted Object (e.g. item 70 in Figures 2 and 3) or the receptacle 20, 90 can be filled to reach a specified unit weight by means of a fluid filled bladder, sand or any other readily available suitable weighted item for the purpose of strength and stability training. The receptacle may include a scale to indicate various weights when filled to a particular capacity.

The receptacle can be of any shape. Different exemplary arrangements in the shape of the receptacle include cylindrical, rectangular, square, round or flat. In the preferred embodiment, the bag is a rectangular prism, with greater proportional dimensions in length than in width or depth. Experiments by the inventor have found this shape to be advantageous over the other bag shapes as the narrow width of the bag:

(a) enables the load of the embodiment of Figure 1 to stay closer to the body while the length of the bag adds volume and allows a larger load to be carried. However, experiments have also shown that other shapes are suitable for use and may be preferred depending on the specific training outcome desired; and

(b) is easier to grasp in the embodiment of Figure 4, in which the bag is used by gripping the bag and performing various catching and throwing exercises, an example of which is illustrated in Figure 8

The embodiment in Figure 1 shows a closing means 50 comprising flaps positioned on opposing sides of the opening and closed by overlapping opposing edges then further secured with a buckle or the like (see Figure 1). An alternative closing means (not shown) includes a light weight nylon or polyester fabric attached to the perimeter of the bag to contain/seal any weighted items placed in the bag 20. A drawstring cord is sewn into the top of this fabric to secure all items in the bag. A cord lock secures the drawstring cord. This closing means 50 can be used in any embodiment wherein the load is provided by a Weighted Object placed within a bag.

This alternative arrangement of the closing means allows the bag to extend in height (and therefore volume) if necessary. The re-sealable closing means in any arrangement enables substitution, addition or removal of contents as desired.

In the embodiment of Figures 4 to 6, the receptacle may include a zip or other resealable closing means for reversibly retaining filler materials within the receptacle.

Weighted Object(s)

In use, the load can be adjusted as desired. This has been described above. A variety of commonly available, inexpensive household items of a specified unit weight such as water in one or more sealed containers (see for example, Figure 3) or a fillable bladder, or a container of sand, pebbles, flour, sugar filled to a specified unit weight can be used. Commonly available training equipment such as a dumbbell (see for example, Figure 2) can also be used.

In the third embodiment, a volume of suitable filler material such as sand, grain, sugar, beans or other fluid material can be used. The flexible Weighted Objects so formed can be pre-packaged or made as required. The receptacle is not filled to capacity, thereby enhancing the instability of the load. A scale may be included to indicate the respective load when the receptacle is filled to a desired capacity.

This provides flexibility for the user, since the user is not required to purchase, hire or have access to a variety of commercially available weights (e.g. dumbbells) in order to work different muscle groups or perform different movement patterns. Adjusting the length of the lever in the first two embodiments (by adjusting the length of the Strap) enables a single Weighted Object to provide different loads. This device can be used to perform standard strength training exercises such as: bicep curls, shoulder press, deltoid raise, bench press, triceps extension, single leg squat etc. Figures 7 and 8 show different embodiments being used to perform a lateral raise (Figure 7A), front raise (Figure 7B), and a leg squat (Figure 8A and 8B) exercise. The crucial element in using the device is stopping oscillations of the Weighted Object and applying a restoring force while lifting or moving the device to maintain the Weighted Object in equilibrium (static).

Method of stability training

Using the device: embodiments including a Strap

The first two embodiments (that is, the embodiments of Figures 1 to 3) are used by gripping the Strap at the Handle means (i.e. the point where force is applied by lifting the Strap) or hooking the Strap over part of the arm or leg to lift the device. The device is lifted by the Handle means while simultaneously applying a restoring force through the Handle means to stop oscillations of the Weighted Object, thereby maintaining the Weighted Object in an equilibrium (non-oscillating) position during use.

Proprioceptive feedback is provided by the degree of "swing" or oscillations occurring. The device is designed so that the Handle does not interfere with proprioceptive feedback to the user. In one arrangement, the Handle means is covered with a tube, which facilitates free rotation of the Strap within the hand - that is, relative pivotal movement between the Handle means and the Weighted Object.

Standard weight-lifting exercises such as bicep curls, pec flyes, leg squats, lateral leg or arm raises and side raises, and side-lying hip abduction and adduction can be performed using the device. The difference with performing these exercises in the conventional manner is that the exercises are required to be performed using the preferred embodiment while applying a restoring force to the Handle means to maintain or restore the Weighted Object toward an equilibrium position.

Shortening the Strap (and/or strings) by adjusting its length enables the device to be used for squatting and lunging exercises where having a shortened lever enables a greater range of movement through the hips and legs before the Weighted Object touches the ground.

By adjusting the length of the Strap, the load can be varied without varying the Weighted Object.

Using the device: Strapless Embodiment

The Strapless Embodiment (Figures 4 to 6) is used by gripping the device and catching or throwing it. The embodiment can be caught and thrown by the same user (e.g. in Figure 10), or between the user and one or more partners (e.g. Figure 9). The Strapless Embodiment is typically thrown in an underarm fashion; however, other variations of throwing (e.g. over-arm, side-arm or under-arm) are also possible. The Strapless Embodiment will mostly be thrown and caught using the hands; however, any body part (e.g. foot or knee as shown in Figure 10) can also be used to catch and throw the airborne Strapless Embodiment.

In throwing and catching the Strapless Embodiment, the emphasis is on correct biomechanics in both applying force to the object (throwing) and absorbing the force created by the airborne object (catching). The projectile path of the weighted object will be determined by the user's body position and velocity of the weighted object. As the Strapless Embodiment provides an unstable load, the user is required to engage the stabilisers in order to catch and throw the unstable load. The device differs from catching or throwing juggling balls, which are of a sufficient size to be fully enclosed in a typical sized hand. In catching (or throwing) a juggling ball, the size of the juggling ball is such that there is little relative movement between the filler contents and the external skin of the ball. Therefore, the load is not sufficiently unstable to engage the stabilising muscles. Standard throwing and catching exercises using solid Weighted Objects such as a medicine ball or hurricane ball are more likely to injure a novice performer. In a preferred arrangement, the receptacle is made of a soft textile. In addition to the fluid nature of the Weighted Object, this is less likely cause injury to the user. Unlike a medicine ball the Strapless Embodiment is unable to bounce or roll away.

Using the device: all embodiments

By providing a device for stability training, the present invention is valuable in the exercise rehabilitation and physical fitness setting. Research has shown that weak stabilising muscles of joints such as the back, shoulders and knees increases the risk of injury to those joint. Both the general public and high level athletes have an increased potential for injury if the stabilizing muscles are not working optimally.

The inventive device can be used in following settings: rehabilitation, yoga, tai-chi, Pilates, strength training, physical fitness or physical conditioning. The device can be used in a group or class setting with a teacher/instructor/therapist giving instruction and feedback. The device can also be used in a one-on-one setting with a single client/patient and teacher/instructor/therapist giving instruction and feedback. The stabilising muscles are engaged by stopping or preventing the "swing" while using the first and second embodiments, so that the Weighted Object is maintained substantially in equilibrium when lifting or moving the device. In the third embodiment, the stabilising muscles are engaged by stopping or preventing the relative movement of the internal or filler contents while throwing or catching the external bag of the embodiment.

Proprioceptive feedback is provided by the amount of movement of filler material, which can be felt by the user when using the device. Again, the object is to maintain the load in equilibrium during use of the device. The user must engage the stabilisers to prevent the Strapless Embodiment from continuing to move beyond the desired trajectory - i.e. poorly controlled throwing or catching results in greater relative movements between the filler contents and the receptacle, which can be sufficient to cause the user to drop the device or lose balance.

The inventive device is used in a slow controlled manner while performing various movement patterns that are performed traditionally in fitness, strength, conditioning or rehabilitation training routines. Examples of such exercises include bicep curls, lateral raise, front raise, shoulder press single leg squats, side lunges, leg raise, and side-lying hip abduction and adduction. The invention can be used while the user is sitting, kneeling, lying or standing.

Current weight training devices have a primary aim of strengthening the prime mover muscles such as the biceps for bicep curls, deltoids when performing shoulder press, triceps when performing a triceps extension.

This invention relies heavily on the kinetic chain link approach where control of one segment is necessary to transfer force to another segment. Kinetic chain activations should be encouraged as a means of developing efficiencies in force development and joint protection. Dysfunction in the kinetic chain affects individuals involved in all levels of movement from the high-level athletic activities (such as gymnastics) to movements required for everyday living (such as walking).

Additionally the third embodiment can be used to challenge the user's neuromuscular control by progressively increasing the speed, distance or accuracy of the object being thrown and caught. In addition repeated and continuous throwing and catching of this device has been shown to challenge the cardio- vascular system. No known single fitness device enables a user to challenge both their motor control and cardio-vascular system in a relatively confined space (e.g. fitness studio or physiotherapy clinic).

The invention has particular application to learning or mobility impaired individuals, including mature and elderly subjects, because of the enhanced proprioceptive feedback provided using the device (e.g. the "swing" in the first two embodiments, or the relative movement or flow between the fluid load and the receptacle in the third embodiment) and the relative ease and comfort of use compared with known weight-training devices.

Additionally this invention allows the user to change the relative load being lifted by adjusting the length of the Strap. For example, increasing the length of the Strap increases the moment of inertia of the mass being lifting. No known devices enable users to adjust the load without changing the weight (mass) being lifted.

Example 1. An exercise method When training to improve neuromuscular control, the goal is to start with movements that provide the least challenge to the neuromuscular system and gradually progress these movement patterns to provide greater neuromuscular challenges. Exemplary training methodologies using the device are described below.

1. Wide base of support to narrow base of support

Training begins by using the device while standing on both feet in a neutral stance then progressing to a one-legged stance and finally to a dynamic single stance.

2. Single plane to multi-plane movements

Movement of the device occurs through one of three planes sagittal, frontal, transverse or a combination of two or more planes. Training begins with a body movement that occurs in a single plane, such as a bicep curl, and progresses to a body movement that occurs in more than one plane.

As with any training programme the progression is from low weight and low repetitions to increasingly heavier weights with greater repetitions. 3. Varying body position

The device can be used in any body position: supine, prone or side lying, sitting, kneeling or half kneeling, double leg standing, alternate leg standing, single leg standing. The device is moved (e.g. lifted) in varied body positions.

4. Lower and upper extremity exercises

The device can be used with single limb, two limbs (i.e. two arms or two legs), alternate upper and lower limbs (e.g. right arm , left leg), or single limb with rotation. One arrangement of the Distributed Load Embodiment enables the device to be used with more than one person

5. Static to dynamic body movement

Training begins with the user remaining in a static position progressing to dynamic body movements such as walking, lunges or squats while performing upper limb body movements.

6. Balance modality

Training can begin using the device while standing on the floor and progress to the following: sport beam, half foam roller, balance pad, balance cushion, balance board, wobble board, BOSU ball, prop shoes and sand.

7. Symmetrically loaded to asymmetrically loaded

The user begins training by performing symmetrical body movements firstly bilaterally then unilaterally. This progresses to movements which load one side of the body more or differently than the other side. For example, performing a side raise, using the left arm, while performing a front raise, using the right arm.

8. Adjusting moment of inertia

To provide a further challenge, the length of the adjustable Strap can be made longer which increases the moment of inertia and therefore the relative load being lifted. To begin training with this invention the Strap is kept short. As the user gains control over lifting the unstable load, the Strap can be made longer. System for strength, stability and motor control training

The present invention provides an exercise system for strength, stability and motor control training, including:

(a) an exercise device that enables training by moving an unstable load

such that the stabilising muscles are engaged during training to apply a

restoring force to stabiliise the unstable load; and

(b) a method for training including the step of using the exercise device to

move an unstable load, wherein the method includes applying a

restoring force to stabilise the unstable load.

Any of the embodiments of the exercise device herein described can be used in the inventive system.

Example 2. An exercise system

The system includes various movement patterns and exercises involving use of one or more of the embodiments described. This enables the use of an unstable load in strength and stability training, with applications including: a. general fitness and conditioning; b. proprioceptive training; c. training muscle co-contraction; d. training multi-planar movements; and e. rehabilitation training.

Exemplary methods for training including: a. movement patterns designed specifically for using the device (e.g. movements progressing from symmetrically loaded to asymmetrically loaded, as described earlier in this document); b. using the exercise device in fitness, strength, conditioning or rehabilitation training routines (e.g. biceps curls) while keeping the Weighted Object of the exercise device in equilibrium ; c. combining use of the exercise device with tai chi, yoga or Pilates techniques or other so-called "mind-body" fitness activities.

The invention thus provide an exercise system, method and device that allows training with an unstable load, thereby engaging the stabilising muscles during training. The invention is useful in sports training, physical exercise, fitness and rehabilitation and can be used by individuals or in group settings for rehabilitation, strength training, physical fitness or physical conditioning as described earlier in this document, and can also be used in combination with yoga, tai-chi, Pilates or other exercise techniques to enhance the physical benefits of these training techniques.

Although the invention has been described with reference to specific examples, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the invention may be embodied in many different other forms.