This invention relates to a novel series of styryl derivatives, to processes for their preparation, to pharmaceutical compositions containing them, and to their use in medicine.

Many hormones and neurotransmitters modulate tissue function by elevating intra-ceilular ieveis of adenosine 3', δ'-cyciic monophosphate (cAMP). The cellular levels of cAMP are regulated by mecnanisms which control synthesis and breakdown. The synthesis of cAMP is controlled by adenyiyl cyciase which may be directly activated by agents such as forskolin or indirectly activated by the Dinding of specific agonists to cell surface receptors which are couoled to adenyiyl cyciase. The breakdown of cAMP is controlled by a family of phosphodiesterase (PDE) isoenzymes, which aiso control the breakdown of guanosine 3',5'-cyciic monophosphate (cGMP). To date, seven members of the family have been described (PDE i-VII) the distribution of which varies from tissue to tissue. This suggests that specific inhibitors of PDE isoenzymes could achieve differential elevation of cAMP in different tissues, [for reviews of PDE distribution, structure, function and regulation, see Beavo & Reifsnyder (1990) TIPS, 11: 150-155 and Nicholson et al (1991) TIPS, 12: 19-27].

There is clear evidence that elevation oτ cAMP in inflammatory leukocytes leads to inhibition of their activation. Furthermore, elevation of cAMP in airway smooth muscie nas a spasmolytic effect, in these tissues. PDE IV plays a major role in the hydrolysis of cAMP. it can be expected, Therefore, that selective inhibitors of PDE iV wouid have therapeutic effects in inflammatory diseases sucn as asthma, by achieving both anti- inflammatory and broncnodilator effects.

The design of PDE !V inhibitors has met with limited success to date, in that many of the potential PDE iV inhibitors which have been synthesised have iacked potency and/or have been caDable of inhibiting more than one

type of PDE isoenzyme in a non-seiective manner. Lack of a selective action has been a particular problem given the widespread role of cAMP in vivo and what is needed are potent selective PDE IV inhibitors with an inhibitory action against PDE IV and little or no action against other PDE isoenzymes.

We have now found a novel series of styryi derivatives, members of which, compared to known structurally similar compounds, are potent inhibitors of PDE IV at concentrations at which they have little or no inhibitory action on other PDE isoenzymes. These compounds inhibit human recombinant PDE IV enzyme and also elevate cAMP in isolated leukocytes. Certain compounds prevent inflammation in the lungs induced by carrageenan, platelet-activating factor (PAF), interieukin-5 (IL-5) or antigen challenge. These compounds also suppress the hyperresponsiveness of airway smooth muscle seen in inflamed lungs. Advantageously, compounds according to the invention have good oral activity and at orally effective doses exhibit little or none of the side-effects associated with known PDE IV inhibitors, such as rolipram. The compounds of the invention are therefore of use in medicine, especially in the prophylaxis and treatment of asthma.

Thus according to one aspect of the invention, we provide a compound of formula (1 )

wherein

Y is a haiogen atom or a group -OR ¹ ' where R ¹ is an optionally substituted aikyi group; X is -0-, -S-, or -N(R ⁶ )-, where R ⁶ is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted alkyl group; R ² is an optionally suostituted cycioalkyl or cycloalkenyl group;

R ³ and R ⁴ , which may be the same or different, is each a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted alkyl, -CO2R ⁷ (where R ⁷ is a hydrogen atom, or an optionally substituted alkyl, aralkyi or aryi group), -CONR ⁸ R ⁹ (where R ⁸ and R ⁹ which may be the same or different is as described for R ⁷ ), 5 -CSNR8R9, -CN or -CH ₂ CN group;

2 is -(CH2)n- where n is zero or an integer 1 , 2 or 3; R ⁵ is an optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyciic aryl group optionally containing one or more heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen atoms; 10 and the salts, soivates, hydrates, prodrugs and N-oxides thereof.

The compounds of formula (1 ) exist as geometrical isomers, and the invention extends to all such individual isomers ana mixtures thereof. Formula (1 ) and the formulae hereinafter should be understood to include 15 all individual isomers and mixtures thereof, uniess stated otherwise, and even though only one isomer may be depicted.

In the compounds of formula (1), when Y is a halogen atom it may be for example a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom. 0

When Y in the compounαs of formula (1 ) is a group -OR ¹ . R ¹ may be, for example, an optionally suostituteα straight or branched C-i-3alkyl group, such as a methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, or i-propyl groups. Optional substitutents which may be Dresent on R ¹ groups include one or more 5 halogen atoms, e.g. fluorine, or chioπne atoms.

When X in compounαs of formula (1 ) is a -N(R ⁶ )- group it may be a -NH- group or a group -N(R ⁶ )- where R ⁶ is an ODtionally substitued C-1-6 alkyl group such as a methyl or ethyl group.

30

When R ² in the compounds of formula (1 ) is an optionally substituted cycloaikyi or cycioaikenyi group it may be for example a C3-8cycloalkyl grouo such as a cycioDutyl, cyciopentyi or cyciohexyl group or a C3-8 cycioaikenyi group containing for example one or two double bonds such P,

-J\ as a 2-cyclobuten-1 -yl, 2-cyciODenten-l -yl, 3-cyclopenten-1-yl, 2,4- cyciopentadien-1 -yl, 2-cyclohexen-1 -yl, 3-cyclohexen-1 -yl, 2,4-

cyclohexadien-1-yl or 3,5-cyclohexadien-1-yl group, each cycloalkyl or cycioaikenyi group being optionally suostituted by one, two or three substituents selected from halogen atoms, e.g. fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atoms, straight or branched Ci-βalkyl e.g. Cι-3alkyl such as methyl or ethyl, hydroxyl or d-βaikoxy e.g. Cι-3aikoxy such as methoxy or ethoxy groups.

Alkyl groups represented by R ³ and R ⁴ in compounds of formula (1) include optionally substituted straight or branched C-ι- ₆ alkyl groups for example C1-3 alkyl groups, such as methyi, ethyl n-propyl or i-propyl groups. Optional substituents which may be present on R ³ or R ⁴ include one or more halogen atoms, e.g. fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atoms, or hydroxyl or C ₁ - ₆ alkoxy e.g. C1- ₃ alkoxy such as methoxy or ethoxy groups, or thioi or C ₁ - ₆ aikylthio e.g. C ₁ - ₃ alkythio such as methylthio or ethylthio groups. Particular examples of R ³ or R ⁴ alkyl groups include -CH ₃ , -CH ₂ CH ₃ , -CH ₂ OH, -CH ₂ CI, -CH ₂ F, -CHCI ₂ . -CHF ₂ and -CH2OCH ₃ groups.

When R ³ and/or R ⁴ is a -CO2R ⁷ , -CONR ⁸ R ⁹ or -CSNR ⁸ R ⁹ group it may be for example a -CO ₂ H, -CONH ₂ , or -CSNH ₂ group, or a group -CO2R ⁷ , -CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , -CSNR ⁸ R ⁹ , -CONHR ⁹ , or -CSNHR ⁹ wherein R ⁷ , R ⁸ and R ⁹ where present is a C ₁ - ₃ alkyl group such as a methyl or ethyl group, a Cβ- ₁₂ aryl group, for example an optionally substituted phenyl, or a 1- or 2- napnthyl group, or a C ₆ - ₁₂ arylC-i- ₃ alkyl group such as an optionally substituted benzyl or pnenethyl group. Optional substituents which may be present on these groups include R ¹⁰ substituents discussed below in relation to the group R ⁵ .

In the compounαs of formula (1) 2 may represent a bond connecting the group R ⁵ to the rest of the moiecule, or represents a group -Chtø-, -(CH ₂ )2- or -(CH ₂ ) ₃ -.

Monocyclic or bicyclic aryi groups represented by the group R ⁵ in compounds of formula (1) include for example C6-12 optionally substituted aryl groups, for example optionally substituted phenyl, 1-or 2-naphthyl, inoenyi or isoindenyi groups.

When the monocyclic or bicyclic aryi group contains one or more heteroatoms it may be a C1-9 for example a C3.9, optionally substituted heteroaryl group containing for example one, two, three or more heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen atoms. In general, heteroaryl groups may be for example monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl groups. Monocyclic heteroaryl groups include for example five- or six-membered heteroaryl groups containing one, two, three or four heteroatoms selected from oxygen, suiphur or nitrogen atoms.

Examples of heteroaryl groups represented by R ⁵ include pyrrolyl, furyl, thienyi, imidazolyi, N-methylimidazolyl, N-ethylimidazoiyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazoiyl, 1 ,2,3-triazolyl, 1 ,2,4-triazolyl, 1 ,2,3-oxadiazoiyl, 1 ,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1 ,2,5-oxadiazoiyl, 1 ,3,4-oxadiazoiyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pvridazinyl, pyrazinyi, 1 ,3,5-triazinyl, 1 ,2,4-triazinyl, 1 ,2,3-triazinyl, benzofuryl, isooenzofuryi, benzothienyl, isobenzothienyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazoiyi, benzoxazoiyl, quinazolinyl, naphthyridinyl, pyrido[3,4-b]pyridyi, pyrido[3,2-b]pyridyl, pyrido[4,3-b]pyridyi, quinoiinyl, isoquinoiinyl, tetrazolyl, 5,6,7, 8-tetra- hydroquinoiinyi and 5,6,7,8-tetrahyαroisoquinolinyl.

The heteroaryi group representeα by R ⁵ may be attached to the remainder of the molecule of formula (1) through any ring carbon or heteroatom as appropriate. Thus, for example, wnen the heteroaryl group is a pyridyl group it may be a 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl or 4-pyridyl group. When it is a thienyi group it may be a 2-thienyi or 3-thienyl group, and, similarly, when it is a furyl group it may be a 2-furyl or 3-furyl group. When it is a pyridazinyi group it may be a 3- or 4- pyridazinyl group, and when it is an imidazoiyi group it may oe a 1-, 2-, 4- or 5- imidazolyi group.

When in compounds of formula (1 ) the heteroaryi group is a nitrogen- containing heterocycle it may oe possible to form quaternary salts, for example N-alkyl quaternary salts and the invention is to bo understood to extend to such saits. Thus for example when the heteroaryl group is a pyridyi group, pyridinium saits may be formed, for example N- alkyipyridinium saits such as N-methyipyridinium.

The aryl or heteroaryi groups represented by R ⁵ in compounds of formula (1 ) may each optionally be substituted by one, two, three or more substituents [R ¹⁰ ]. The substituent R ¹⁰ may be selected from an atom or group R ¹¹ or -Alk ¹ (Ri ¹ ) _m wnerein R ¹¹ is a halogen atom, or an amino (-NH2), substituted amino, nitro, cyano, hydroxyl (-OH), substituted hydroxyl, cycloalkoxy, formyl [HC(O)-], carboxyl (-CO2H). esterified carboxyl, thiol (-SH), substituted thiol, -C(0)R ^7a [where R ^7a is as defined above for R ⁷ ], -S0 ₃ H, -S0 ₂ R ^7a -S0 ₂ N[R ^a R ^8a ], (where R ⁸³ is as defined for R ^7a and may be the same as or different to R ^7a ), -C0N[R ^7a R ^8a ], -NHS0 ₂ R ^7a , -N[S0 ₂ R ^7a ]2, -NHS0 ₂ N[R ^7a R ^8a ], -NHC(0)R ^a , or -NHC(0)OR ^7a group; Alk ¹ is a straight or branched C-i-βalkylene, C2- βalkenylene, or C2-6alkynyiene chain optionally interrupted by one, two, or three -0-, or -S- atoms or -S(0)p-, [where p is an integer 1 or 2] or -N(R ⁶ )- groups; and m is zero or an integer 1 , 2 or 3.

When in the group -Alk ¹ (R ¹¹ ) _m m is an integer 1 , 2 or 3, it is to be understood that the substituent or substituents R ¹¹ may be present on any suitable carbon atom in -Alk ¹ . Where more than one R ¹¹ substitutent is present these may be the same or different and may be present on the same or different carbon atom in Alk ¹ . Clearly, when m is zero and no substituent R ^{1 1} is present the alkylene, alkenylene or alkynylene chain represented by Alk ¹ oecomes an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group.

When R ¹¹ is a substituted amino group it may be a group -NH[Alk ¹ (R ¹² ) _m ] [where Alk ¹ and m are as defined above and R ¹² is as defined above for R ¹¹ but is not a substituted amino, a substituted hydroxyl or a substituted thiol group] or a group -N[Alk ¹ (R ¹² ) _m ]2 wherein each -Alk ¹ (R ¹² ) _m group is the same or different.

When R ^{1 1} is a halogen atom it may be for example a fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine atom.

When R ¹¹ is a cycioaikoxy group it may be for exampie a Cs-ycycloalkoxy group such as a cycioDentyloxy or cyciohexyloxy group.

When R ¹¹ is a substituted hydroxyl or substituted thiol group it may be a group -OAIk ¹ (R ¹² ) _m or -SAIk (R ¹² ) _m respectively, where Alk ¹ , R ¹² and m are as just defined.

Esterified carboxyl groups represented by the group R ¹¹ include groups of formula -Cθ2Alk ² wherein Alk ² is a straight or branched, optionally substituted C-i-βaikyi group such as a methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyi, n- butyl, i-butyl, s-butyi or t-butyi group; a C6-i2arylCι-8alkyl group such as an optionally substituted benzyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, 1-naphthylmethyi or 2-naphthylmethyl group; a C6-i2aryl group such as an optionally substituted phenyl, 1-naphthyl or 2-naphthyl group; a C6-12 aryioxyC-i-salkyl group such as an optionally substituted phenyloxymethyl, phenyloxyethyl, -naphthyioxymethyl, or 2-naphthyloxymethyl group; an optionally substituted Ci-βalkanoyloxyC-i-saikyl group, such as a pivaloyloxymethyl, propionyioxyethyi or propionyioxypropyi group; or a C6-i2aroyloxyCι-8alkyl group such as an optionally substituted benzoyloxyethyl or benzoyloxypropyl group. Optionai substituents present on the Alk ² group include R ¹⁰ substituents describeα above.

When Alk ¹ is present in or as a substituent R ¹⁰ it may be for example a methyiene, ethylene, n-propyiene, i-propyiene, n-butylene, i-butylene, s- butylene, t-butylene, ethenyiene, 2-propenylene, 2-butenyiene, 3- butenylene, ethynyiene. 2-propynyιene, 2-butynyiene or 3-butynyiene chain, optionally interrupted by one, two, or three -O- or -S-, atoms or -S(O)-, -S(0) ₂ - or -N(R6)- groups.

Particularly useful atoms or groups represented by R ¹⁰ include fluorine, chiorine, bromine or iodine atoms, or C-i-βaikyl, e.g. methyi or ethyl, C-i- βalkyiamino, e.g. methyiamino or ethyiamiπo. C1-6 hydroxyaikyl, e.g. hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl, C-i-βalkyithioi e.g. methylthiol or ethylthiol, Ci-βalkoxy, e.g. methoxy or ethoxy, Cs- cycioalkoxy, e.g. cyclopentyloxy, naioCi-βalkyl, e.g. trifluoromethyl, Cι-6alkyiamino, e.g. methyiamino or athyiamino, amino (-NH2), aminoCι-6aikyl, e.g. aminomethyi or aminoethyl, Ci-θdialkyiamino, e.g. dimethylamino or diethylamino, nitro, cyano, hyαroxyi (-OH), formyi [HC(O)-], -C0 H, -Cθ2Alk ² [where Alk ² is as defined

above], C1-6 alkanoyl e.g. acetyl, thiol (-SH), thioCi-βalkyl, e.g. thiomethyi or thioethyl, sulphonyl (-SO3H), C-i-βalkylsulphonyl, e.g. methylsulphonyl, aminosuiphonyl (-SO2NH2), Cι-6alkylaminosulphonyl, e.g. methylamino- sulphonyl or ethyiaminosuiohonyl, Ci-βdialkylaminosulphonyl, e.g. dimethylaminosuiphonyl or diethylaminosuiphonyl, arylaminosulphonyl, e.g. optionally substituted phenyiaminosulphonyl, aralkylaminosulphonyl, e.g. optionally substituted benzyiaminosuiphonyl, carboxamido (-CONH2), C-|. ealkyiaminocarbonyl, e.g. methyiaminocarbonyl or ethylaminocarbonyl, C-\. βdialkylaminocarbonyl, e.g. dimethyl-aminocarbonyl or diethylamino- carbonyl, sulphonylamino (-NHSO2H), C*ι-6alkylsulphonylamino, e.g. methylsulphonylamino or ethylsulphonyl-amino, C-i-βdialkylsulphonyiamino, e.g. dimethylsulphonylamino or diethyi-sulphonyiamino, aminosuiphonyl- amino (-NHSO2NH2), Ci-βalkyiaminosulphonyiamino, e.g. methylamino- sulphonylamino or ethyiaminosulphonyiamino, Cι-6dialkylaminosuiphonyl- amino, e.g. dimethylaminosuiphonylamino or diethylaminosulphonylamino, Ci-βalkanoylamino, e.g. acetylamino, Cι-6alkanoyiamino Ci-βalkyl, e.g. acetylaminomethyi or Ci-βaikoxycarbonylamino, e.g. methoxycarbonyl- amino, ethoxycarbonyiamino or t-butoxycarbonylamino groups.

Where desired, two R ¹⁰ substituents may be linked together to form a cyclic group such as a cyciic ether, e.g. a C2-6alkylenedioxy group such as ethyienedioxy.

It will be appreciated that where two or more R ¹⁰ substituents are present, these need not necessarily be the same atoms and/or groups. The R ¹⁰ substituents may be present at any ring carbon atom away from that attached to the rest of the molecuie of formula (1). Thus, for example, in pnenyl groups represented by R ⁵ any substituent may be present at the 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- or 6- positions relative to the ring carbon atom attached to the remainder of the molecuie.

in the compounds of formula (1 ), when an ester group is present, for example a group -Cθ2Alk ² this may advantageously be a metabolically labile ester.

The presence of certain substituents in the compounds of formula (1) may enable salts of the compounds to be formed. Suitable salts include pharmaceutically acceptable salts, for example acid addition salts derived from inorganic or organic acids, ana salts derived from inorganic and organic bases.

Acid addition saits include hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, hydroiodides, alkyisulphonates, e.g. methanesulphonates, ethanesulphonates, or isethionates, aryisuiphonates, e.g. p-toluenesulphonates, besylates or napsylates, phosphates, sulphates, hydrogen sulphates, acetates, trifluoroacetates, propio ates, citrates, maleates, fumarates, malonates, succinates, lactates, oxalates, tartrates and benzoates.

Salts derived from inorganic or organic bases include aikaii metal salts such as sodium or potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as magnesium or calcium saits, ana organic amine salts such as morphoiine, piperidine, dimethyiamine or diethyiamine salts.

Particularly useful saits of compounds according to the invention include pharmaceutically acceptable salts, especially acid addition pharmaceutically acceptable salts.

Prodrugs of compounds of formula (1 ) include those compounds for example esters, aiconols or amines, wnich are convertible, in vivo, by metabolic means, e.g. by hydrolysis, reduction, oxidation or iransesterification, to compounds of formula (1).

in general in compounds of formula (1), the group R ⁵ and the phenyl ring to which the group C(R ³ )=C(R ⁴ )2R ⁵ is attached are in a "trans" position relative to one another.

in the compounds of formula (1), the grouo Y is preferably an -OR ¹ group, especially wnere RΗs an optionally substituted Cι-3alkyl group, particularly an ethyl group or, especially, a methyl group. Especially useful substituents which may be present on R ¹ groups include one, two or three fluorine or chlorine atoms.

The group X in compounds of formula (1 ) is preferably -0-.

A particularly useful group of compounds of formula (1 ) has the formula (2):

where R ² is an optionally substituted cycloalkyl group; R ³ ,R ⁴ , R ⁵ and 2 are as defined for formula (1 ); and the salts, solvates, hydrates and N- oxides thereof.

In the compounds of formulae (1) and (2) R ² is preferably an optionally substituted cyciopentyl group. In particular, R ² is a cyclopentyl group.

The group R ³ in compounds of formulae (1 ) or (2) is preferably a -CH3 group, or especially a hydrogen atom.

In compounds of formulae (1) or (2) the group R ⁴ is preferably a hydrogen atom, a -CN or a -CH3 group.

2 in the compounαs of formulae (1) or (2) is preferably -(ChtøJn- where n is zero, 1 or 2. In particular, however, 2 is especially -(CH2)n- where n is zero.

R ⁵ in the compounds of formulae (1 ) or (2) is preferably an optionally substituted phenyl group, particularly a phenyl group optionally substituted by one, two or more R ^{1 0} groups, and is especially a 2-, 3- or 4- monosubstituted or 2,6-disubstituted phenyl group. Particular substituents include halogen atoms, especially fluorine or chiorine atoms and nitro, amino, alkoxy, haloaikyi, hydroxy, -NHCOR ^7a , -NHCONHR ^7a and -NHS02R ^7a groups.

Particular R ⁵ groups include 2-nitrophenyl, 2-haloalkylphenyl, e.g. 2- trifluoroalkylphenyl, 2-halopnenyl, e.g. 2-fluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, or 2-bromophenyl, 3-halophenyl, e.g. 3-fluorophenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 2,6- di-halophenyl, e.g. 2,6-difiuorophenyl, or 2,6-dichlorophenyl and 2,6- dialkoxyphenyl, e.g. 2, 6-dimethoxyphenyl.

Other particularly useful R ⁵ groups in compounds of formulae (1) and (2) include 2-,3- and 4-pyridinyl, thienyi e.g. 2-thienyl, pyridazinyl, e.g. 3- or 4- pyridazinyl, and imidazolyi e.g. 1-, 2-, 4- or 5- imidazolyi groups, optionally substituted by one, two or more R ¹⁰ groups, especially halogen atoms, e.g. fluorine or chlorine atoms, e.g. 3,5-dichioro-4-pyridinyl, nitro, amino, alkoxy, haioaikyl, hydroxy, -NHCOR ^7a , -NHCONHR ^a or -NHS0 ₂ R ^7a groups.

Particularly useful groups of compounαs of formulae (1) or (2) are those wherein R ³ is a hydrogen atom, R ⁴ is a hydrogen atom, or a -CH3 or -CN group and 2 is a group (CH2)n where n is zero, and the saits, solvents, hydrates and N-oxides thereof. Especially useful compounds in groups of these types are those wherein R ⁵ is an optionally substituted phenyl or pyridinyl group.

Particularly useful compounds according to the invention are

(2)-3-(3-Cyclooentyioxy-4-methoxyphenyi)-2-(4-hydroxyphen yl) propenenitrile;

(E)-4-[2-(3-Cyciopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethenyi]pyridi ne;

(2)-4-[2-(3-Cyciopentyioxy-4-methoxyphenyi)ethenyl]pyriα ine;

(2)-3-(3-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxypnenyi)-2-(2-nitrophenyi )propenenitriie; (2)-3-(3-Cyciopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyi)-2-(4,5-dichloro-1-i midazolyl) propenenitrile

(2)-3-(3-Cyciopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyi)-2-(4-pyridyl)pro penenitrile;

(E)-4-{2-[1-(3-Cyciopentyloxy-4-methoxy)phenyi]-1-propeny l}pyridine;

(2)-3-(3-Cycιopentyioxy-4-methoxyphenyi)-2-(2-thienyi) propenenitrile; (2)-3-(3-Cyclooentyιoxy-4-methoxyphenyi)-2-(2,6-difluorophe nyi) oropenenit le;

(E)-4-[2-(3-Cyciopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethenyl]-3,5-dich ioropyridine; (2)-3-(3-Cyciopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(2,6-dichlorophen yl)- propenenitrile;

N-{4-[2-(3--Cyclopentyioxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethenyl]-3-pyr idyl} phenylsulphonamide;

(E)-4-[2-(3-Cyclopentyioxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethenyi]-3-nit ropyridine; (E)-2-[2-(3-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyi)ethenyl]pyridine; (E)-4-[2-(3-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethenyl]pyrimidin e; or (E)-4-[2-(3-Cyciopentyloxy-4-methoxypnenyl)ethenyl]pyridazin e; and the salts, solvates, hydrates and N-oxides thereof.

Compounds according to the invention are selective and potent orally active inhibitors of PDE IV. The ability of the compounds to act in this way may be simply determined by the tests described in the Examples hereinafter.

The compounds according to the invention are thus of particular use in the prophylaxis and treatment of human or animal diseases where an unwanted inflammatory response or muscular spasm (for example bladder or alimentary smooth muscle spasm) is present and where the elevation of cAMP levels may be expected to prevent or alleviate the inflammation and relax muscle.

Particular uses to which the compounds of the invention may be put include the prophylaxis and treatment of asthma, especially inflamed lung associated with asthma, cystic fibrosis, or in the treatment of inflammatory airway disease, chronic bronchitis, eosinophilic granuloma, psoriasis and other benign and maiignant proliferative skin diseases, endotoxic shock, septic shock, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, reperfusion injury of the myocardium and brain, inflammatory arthritis, chronic glomerulonephritis, atopic dermatitis, urticaria, adult respiratory distress syndrome, diabetes iπsipidus, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, vernal conjunctivitis, arterial restenosis and artherosclerosis.

Compounds of the invention also suppress neurogenic inflammation through eievation of cAMP in sensory neurones. They are, therefore,

analgesic, anti-tussive and anti-hyperalgesic in inflammatory diseases associated with irritation and pain.

Compounds according to the invention may also elevate cAMP in lymphocytes and thereby suppress unwanted lymphocyte activation in immune-based diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, transplant rejection and graft versus host disease.

Compounds according to the invention have also been found to reduce gastric acid secretion and therefore can be used to treat conditions associated with hypersecretion.

Compounds of the invention suppress cytokine synthesis by inflammatory ceils in response to immune or infectious stimulation. They are, therefore, useful in the treatment of bacterial, fungal or virai induced sepsis and septic shock in which cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF) are key mediators. Also compounαs of the invention suppress inflammation and pyrexia due to cytokines and are, therefore, useful in the treatment of inflammation and cytokine-mediated chronic tissue degeneration which occurs in diseases such as rheumatoid or osteo-arthritis.

Over-production of cytokines sucn as TNF in bacterial, fungal or viral infections or in diseases sucn as cancer, leads to cacnexia and muscle wasting. Compounds of the invention ameliorate these symptoms with a consequent ennancement of ouaiity of life.

Compounds of the invention aiso elevate cAMP in certain areas of the brain and thereby counteract depression and memory impairment.

Compounds of the invention suppress cell proliferation in certain tumour cells and can oe used, therefore, to prevent tumour growth and invasion of normal tissues

For the prophylaxis or treatment of disease the compounds according to the invention may be administered as pharmaceutical compositions, and according to a further aspect ot the invention we provide a pharmaceutical

composition which comprises a compound of formula (1 ) together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or diluents.

Pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention may take a form suitable for oral, buccai. parenteral or nasal administration, or a form suitable for administration by inhalation or insufflation. Forms suitable for oral administration are particularly useful.

For oral administration, the pharmaceutical compositions may take the form of, for example, tablets, lozenges or capsules prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as binding agents (e.g. pregelatinised maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methyicellulose); fillers (e.g. lactose, microcrystaiiine cellulose or calcium hydrogen phosphate); lubricants (e.g. magnesium stearate, talc or silica); disintegrants (e.g. potato starch or sodium glycollate); or wetting agents (e.g. sodium lauryl sulphate). The tablets may be coated by methods well known in the art. Liquid preparations for oral administration may take the form of, for example, solutions, syrups or suspensions, or they may be presented as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use. Such liquid preparations may be prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as suspending agents, emulsifying agents, non-aqueous vehicles and preservatives. The preparations may aiso contain buffer salts, flavouring, colouring and sweetening agents as appropriate.

Preparations for oral administration may be suitably formulated for adult or pediatric use and/or to give controlled release of the active compound.

For buccai administration the compositions may take the form of tablets or lozenges formulated in conventional manner.

The compounds of formula (1 ) may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection e.g. by bolus injection or continuous infusion. Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form. The compositions for injection may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory

agents such as suspending, stabilising and/or dispersing agents. Alternatively, the active ingredient may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g. sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.

In addition to the formulations described above, the compounds of formula (1) may also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulations may be administered by implantation or by intramuscular injection. For transdermal administration, the compounds according to the invention may be formulated in αelivery vehicles such as patches,

For nasal administration or administration by inhalation, the compounds for use according to the present invention are conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation for pressurised packs or a nebuliser, with the use of suitable propellant, e.g. dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas or mixture of gases.

The compositions may, if desired, be presented in a pack or dispenser device which may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the active ingredient. The pack or dispense device may be accompanied by instructions for administration.

The quantity of a compound of the invention required for the prophylaxis or treatment of a particular inflammatory condition will vary depending on the compound chosen, and the condition of the patient to be treated. In general, however, daily dosages may range from around 100ng/kg to 100mg/kg, e.g. around 0.01mg/kg to 40mg/kg body weight for oral or buccai administration, from around 10ng/kg to 50mg/kg body weight for parenteral administration, and around 0.05mg to around 1000mg for nasal administration or administration by inhalation or insufflation.

The compounds according to the invention may be prepared by the following processes. The symbols Y, R ² , R ³ , R ⁴ , R ⁵ , X and 2, when used in the formulae beiow are to be understooα to represent those groups described above in relation to formula (1) uniess otherwise indicated.

Thus according to a further aspect of the invention, a compound of formula (1) may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (3):

where

(a) W is a -C(0)R ³ group wherein R ³ is as defined for formula (1) but is not a -CN or -CH2CN group, with a compound R ⁵ 2Ch_2R ⁴ ; or where

(b) W is a -CH2R ³ group with an aldehyde or ketone R ⁵ 2COR ⁴ , where R ⁴ is as just defined for R ³ ; or where

(c) W is a -CO(R) ³ group with a silane derivative Alk3SiCH(R ⁴ )(R ⁵ ), where Alk is an alkyl group; in the presence of a base or an acid in a suitable solvent.

Bases for use in these reactions include inorganic bases, for example alkali and alkaline earth metal bases, e.g. hydroxides, such as sodium or potassium hydroxide; alkoxides, for example sodium ethoxide, and organic bases, for example amines such as piperidine; or an organolithium, such as an alkyllithium, e.g. n-butyllithium. Suitable solvents include alcohols such as ethanoi, or ethers such as tetrahydrofuran. Acids for use in the reaction include organic acids, e.g. carboxylic acids such as acetic acid.

The reaction may be performed at any suitable temperature, for example from around -78°C to ambient temperature to the reflux temperature depending on the nature of the starting materials.

In general, the base, acid, solvent and reaction conditions may be selected depending on the nature or the starting materials, from a range of known alternatives for reactions of this type.

in silane derivatives of formula Alk SiCH(R ⁴ )(R ⁵ ), Alk may be for example a C-i-βalkyl group such as a methyl group. Derivatives of this type may be prepared for example by reacting a compound R ⁵ -CH2-R ⁴ with a silane

derivative, such as chlorotrimethylsilane, in the presence of a base, e.g. lithium diisopropylamide, in a solvent, e.g. tetrahydrofuran, at a low temperature e.g. around -10°C.

The starting materials R ⁵ 2CH ₂ R ⁴ , R ⁵ 2COR ⁴ . and R ⁵ CH2R ⁴ are either known compounds or may be prepared from known starting materials by methods analogous to those used for the preparation of the known compounds.

Intermediates of formula (3) where W is a -C(0)R ³ group wnere R ³ is an alkyl group, such as a methyl group, may be prepared by reacting an aldehyde of formula (3) where W is a -CHO group with an organometallic reagent, such as methylmagnesiumbromide, in a solvent, e.g. tetrahydrofuran, at low temperature, e.g. around 10°C, followed by oxidation with an oxidising agent, such as manganese dioxide, in a solvent, e.g. dichioromethane.

Alternatively, intermediates of formula (3) may be prepared by aikylation of a corresponding compound of formula (4)

using a compounα R ² Hai [where Hal is a halogen atom such as a bromine or chlorine atom] where necessary in the presence of a base such as caesium or potassium caroonate or an alkoxide such as potassium t- butoxide, in a dipolar aprotic solvent such as an amide, e.g. a substituted amide such as dimethyiformamide at ambient temperature or above e.g. around 40°C to 50°C.

intermediates of formula (4) are either known compounds or may be prepared from Known starting materials by methods analogous to those used for the preparation of the known compounds.

In another aspect of the invention, a compound of formula (1) may be prepared by alkylation of a compound of formula (5)

with a halide R ² Hal, or with an alcohol R ² OH.

The alkylation with the nalide R ² Hai may be performed using the reagents and conditions described above for the preparation of compounds of formula (4). Alkylation using an aicohol R ² OH may be performed in the presence of a phosphine, such as triphenylphosphine, and an activator, for example diethyl azodicarboxylate, in the presence of an organic base such as triethylamine in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran at an elevated temperature, e.g. the reflux temperature [see for example Mitsunobu, O., Synthesis. 1981 , 1].

Intermediates of formula (5) may be prepared by reaction of an aldehyde or ketone of formula (4) with a compound R ⁵ 2CH2R ⁴ as described above for the preparation of compounds of formula (1) from compounds of formula (3). In this reaction the group X-H may need to be in a protected state. Conventional hydroxy. amino or thiol protecting groups may be used in accordance with standard practice [see, for example,. Green T.W., in "Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis" John Wiley and Sons, 1981].

According to a further aspect of the invention a compound of formula (1) may be prepared by dehydration of an alcohol of formula (6)

using an acid at an elevated temperature.

Suitable acids include for example phosphoric or sulphonic acids, e.g. 4- toluenesulphonic acid. The reaction may be performed in an inert organic solvent, for example a hydrocaroon such as toluene, at an eievated temperature, for example the reflux temperature.

Intermediate alcohols of formula (6) may be prepared by reaction of a ketone of formula (3) with an organometallic reagent R ⁴ R ⁵ 2CHM [where M is a metal atom, for example a lithium atom] in a solvent such as an ether, e.g. a cyclic ether such as tetranydrofuran, at a low temperature e.g. around -70°C to ambient temperature.

Reagents R ⁴ R ⁵ 2CHM are either Known compounds or may be prepared, preferably in situ during the above process, by reaction of a compound AlkCH2M or [Alk]2NM [where Alk is an alkyl group such as a n-propyl or i- propyl group] with a compound R ⁴ R ⁵ 2CH2 using the just mentioned reaction conditions.

According to a still further aspect of the invention, a compound of formula (1 ) may be prepared by reaction of a phosphonium salt R ¹³ P+Ar3Hai" where R ¹³ is a group of formula

Ar is an aryi group such as a phenyl group and Hal is a halogen atom such as a chlorine, bromine or iodine atom, with a compound R ⁵ 2COR ⁴ in the presence of a base in a suitable solvent.

Bases for use in this reaction include alkoxiαes, for example alkali metal aikoxides sucn as soαium ethoxiαe or organometallic bases such as ohenviiithium. Suitable solvents include alcohois, such as ethanoi, and

ethers, e.g. cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran. The reaction may generally be performed at ambient temperature.

Intermediate phosphonium salts of formula R ¹³ P ⁺ Ar3Hal" may be prepared by reaction of a halide of formula (7)

with a phosphine Ar3P.

Intermediate haiides of formula (7) may be prepared by reaction of an alcohol of formula (8)

with a hydrogen halide in a solvent such as an ether.

Intermediate alcohois of formula (8) may be prepared by alkylation of a compound of formula (9)

with a halide R ² Hal as described above for the preparation of compounds of formula (1 ) from intermediates of formula (5).

Intermediates of formula (9) are either known compounds or may be prepared by methods analogous to those used for the preparation of the known compounds.

In yet another aspect of the invention, a compound of formula (1) may be prepared by reaction of a phosphonate ester of formula (10)

[wherein R ¹⁴ is a -P(0)(OR ¹⁵ )(OR ¹⁶ ) group, where R ¹⁵ and R ¹⁶ , which may be the same or different is each an alkyl, e.g. ethyl, aryl, e.g. phenyl or aralkyi e.g. benzyl group] with a compound R ⁵ 2COR ⁴ in the presence of a base in a suitable solvent.

Suitable bases include hydrides such as sodium hydride and alkoxides, for example alkaii metal alkoxides such as sodium ethoxide. Solvents include .hers, for example cyciic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran.

Phosphonate esters of formula (10) may be prepared by a Michaeiis Arbuzov reaction of a halide of formula (8) with a phosphite P(OR ¹⁵ ) ₂ OR ¹ 6.

Compounds of formula (1 ) may also be prepareα by interconversion of other compounαs of formula (1 ). Thus, for example, a substituted monocyciic or bicyclic aryl group R ⁵ in compounds of formula (1 ) may generally be obtained by an appropriate suostitution reaction using the corresponding unsubstituted compound of formula (1 ) and a R ^{1 0} containing nucieophile or eiectrophiie. Similarly, where it is desired to obtain a compound of formula (1 ) wnere R ³ and/or R ⁴ is other than a nydrogen atom, an appropriate nucieoohile ana reagents and/or reaction conditions favouring nucieophiiic addition, may be used with the corresponding compound of formula (1 ) where R ³ and R ⁴ is a hydrogen atom. Alternatively, a group R ³ and/or R ⁴ in formula (1 ) may be

manipulated using conventional chemical procedures to yield other groups R ³ and/or R ⁴ .

Thus, in one example of an interconversion process a compound of formula (1) wherein R ⁵ contains a -CH ₂ NH ₂ substituent may be prepared by reduction of a corresponding compound wherein R ⁵ contains a nitrile group, using for example a complex metal hydride such as lithium aluminium hydride in a solvent such as an ether e.g. diethylether.

In a further example, a compound of formula (1) wherein R ⁵ contains -NHCOR ^7a , -NHCONHR -NHCON(R ^a ) ₂ , -NHCSR ^7a or alkanoyiamino- alkyl substituent may be prepared by acylation or thiolation of a corresponding compound wnerein R ⁵ contains a -NH2 or aikylamino group by reaction with an acyl halide e.g. an acyl chloride, an acyl alkyl or aryl isocyanate or a thioi halide in the presence of a base, such as a tertiary amine e.g. triethylamine or pyridine, optionally in a solvent such as dichloromethane.

In a still further example, a compound of formula (1) wherein R ⁵ contains an alkoxy substituent may be prepared by alkylation of a corresponding compound wherein R ⁵ contains a hydroxyl group by reaction with a compound AlkHal [where Alk is a C-ι-6 alkyl group such as a methyl or ethyl group and Hal is a halogen atom such as an iodine atom] in the presence of a base such as caesium or potassium carbonate in a dipolar aprotic solvent such as an amide, e.g. dimethyiformamide at ambient temperature or aPove.

In another example, a compound of formula (1) wherein R ³ and/or R ⁴ is a -CN or -CH2CN group may be prepared by dehydration of a corresponding amide where R ³ and/or R ⁴ is -CONH ₂ or -CH2CONH2 using for example trifluoroacetic anhydride in the presence of a base such a pyridine in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran.

N-oxides of compounds of formula (1 ) may be prepared by oxidation of the corresponding nitrogen base using an oxidising agent such as hydrogen

peroxide in the presence of an acid such as acetic acid, at an elevated temperature, for example around 70°C to 80°C.

Salts of compounds of formula (1) may be prepared by reaction of a compound of formula (1) with an appropriate acid or base in a suitable solvent using conventional procedures.

The following examples illustrate the invention.

The following abbreviations are used:

DMF dimethylformamide

THF tetrahydrofuran

DME dimethoxyethane

EtOAc ethyl acetate

Et ₂ 0 diethylether

RT room temperature

LDA lithium diisopropyiamide

INTERMEDIATE 1 a) 3-Cvciopentvtoxy-4-methoxybenzaldehvde Caesium carbonate (214g, 0.66mol) was added to a mixture of 3-hydroxy- 4-methoxybenzaidehyde (100g, 0.66mol) and cyclopentyl bromide (98g, 0.66mol) in anhydrous DMF (50ml). The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 16h then treated with a further portion of cyciopentyl bromide (98g, 0.66mol) and caesium caroonate (214g, 0.66moi). After a further 6h at RT, the mixture was filtered ana concentratea in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in dichloromethane (300mi) and washed with sodium hydroxide solution (10%; 2x150ml). The organic layer was dried (MgSθ4), concentrated in vacuo. and distilled (150°C. 10" ² mbar) to afford the title compound (130g) as a viscous coiouriess oil. (Found: C, 70.38; H, 7.48. C13H-16O3 requires C, 70.89; H. 7.32%); 6H (CDCI3) 1.5-2.0 (8H, br m, Ci±>)4) _. 3.87 (3H. s. OM.e), 4.80 (1 H. br m. OCJ±CH ₂ ). 6.90 (1 H, d, J 3.7Hz, ArH ortho to OMe), 7.30-7.45 (2H, m. 2xArH meta to OMe), and 3.77 (1 H, s, ArCHO).

b) 3-Cvclopentyloxy-4-methoxybenzylalcohol From 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (50g, 0.324mol), cyclopentyloxy- bromide (70ml, 0.648mol), caesium carbonate (72.83g, 0.222mol) and sodium iodide (5.63g, 0.037mol). Chromatography (Siθ2; EtOAc-CeH- . 1:3) to yield the title compound (25.782g). (Found C, 69.92; H, 8J8. C-13H18O3 requires C, 70.25; H, 8J6).

INTERMEDIATE 2 3.5-Dichloro-4-met ylDyridine 3,5-Dichloropyridine (2.04g, 13.5mmol) in THF (5ml) was added dropwise to a solution of LDA [prepared from diisopropylamine (1.9ml, 13.5mmol) and n-butyllithium (1.6M, 8.4ml, 13.5mmol)] in THF (25ml) at -70°C. After stirring at this temperature for 5 min, iodomethane (0.85ml, 13.5 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture stirred for a further 1.5h at -70°C. Saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (20ml) and dichloromethane (20ml) was added and the organic phase separated, dried (MgSO. ), and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was subjected to chromatography (Siθ2; Et2θ-hexane, 1:3) to afford the title compound (1 J6g) as a paie yellow solid; 5H (CDCI3) 2.46 (3H, s, Me), and 8.36 (2H, s, pyridine H2, tis).

INTERMEDIATE 3 a) 4-f2-(3-Cyciopentyloxy-4-methoχyphenyl)-2-hvdroxyethyl1-3.5 - dichloropyridine Intermediate 2 (2.22g, 13 mmol) in THF (40ml) was added dropwise to a solution of LDA [prepared from diisopropylamine (2.4ml, 17mmol) and n- butyllithium (1.6jM, 10.2ml. 16mmoi)] in THF (50ml) at -70°C and the mixture stirred at this temperature for 0.25h. A solution of Intermediate 1 (3.32g, 15mmol) in THF (50ml) was then added at -70°C and the reaction mixture allowed to warm to RT overnight. Saturated ammonium chloride solution (50 ml) and dichloromethane (50ml) was added and the organic phase separated, dried (MgSO.4), and concentrated in vacuo. The residual yellow soiid was triturated with hot Et2θ to afford the title compound (2.65α) as a white soiid m.p. 139-140°C (Found: C, 59.49; H, 5.68: N, 3.57. CιgH ₂ ιCl2N0 ₃ requires C, 59.69; H, 5.53; N, 3.66%); 5H (CDCI3) 1.5-2.1 (9H. br m, C 2 + OH), 3.2-3.5 (2H, m, CJ±jAr), 3.81 (3H,

s, OMe), 4.7 (1 H, br , OCHCH ₂ ). 5.01 (1 H, dd J 5.8, 8.4Hz, CHOH), 6.75-6.9 (3H, m, ArH ortho to OMe + 2xArH meta to OMe), and 8.36 (2H, s, pyridine H2, He); ffi/Z 383 (10%). 381 (17), 221 (46), 163 (49), 161 (74), 153 (100), 152 (24), 151 (17), 125 (27), 93 (48), 65 (25), and 41 (34).

The following intermediates were prepared in a manner similar to Intermediate 3a:

b) 2-r2-(3-CvciθDentyloxy-4-methoxyDhenvπ-2-(2- vdroxyethyll pyridine

From 2-methylpyridine (1.02g, 1 1 mmol), LDA (1.0 equiv), and Intermediate 1 (2.45g, 1 1 mmol). The crude product was subjected to chromatography (SO2; Et2θ) to afford the title compound (2.67g) as a yeilow solid m.p. 94-96°C (Found: C, 72.89; H, 7.43; N, 4.58. C19H23NO ₃ requires C, 72.82; H, 7.40; N, 4.47%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5-2.1 (9H, br m, (Ctte + OjH) ,3.09 (2H, d, J 6.1 Hz, Ct Ar), 3.80 (3H, s, OMe), 4.74 (1 H, br, d. OCHCH ₂ ). 5.06 (1 H, t, J 6.1 Hz, CH.OH), 6.8-7.2 (5H, m, ArH ortho to OMe + 2xArH meta to OMe + pyridine U3, 4), 7.56 (1 H, m, pyridine H5), and 8.47 (1 H, dm, J 4.5Hz, pyridine Hβ); rn/z 313 (M+, 5%), 153 (16), 152 (90), 151 (53), 93 (100), 80 (17), and 41 (14).

c) 4-r2-(3-CvciθDentvioxy-4-meihoχyp envO-2-hvdroxyethyl] pyrimidine

From 4-methylpyrιmidine (2.15g, 23.6mmof), LDA (1.0 equiv), and intermediate 1 (5.12g, 23.0mmoi). The cruαe product was subjected to chromatography (S.O2; 2O) to afforα the title compound (3.83g) as an amber oil. (HCI salt m.p. 211-213°C) (HCI sait Found: C, 62.24; H, 6.68; N, 8.06. C18H23 2O3 requires C. 31.44; H, 6.87; N, 7.96%); 5H (CDCI3) 1.5-2.1 (8H. br m. (Chbk), 3.10 (2H, α, J_ 6.5 Hz, CH^Ar), 3.80 (3H, s, OMe), 4.15 (1 H. br, s OH), 4.74 (1 H, br, m. OCHCH ₂ ), 5.10 (1 H, t, J 6.5Hz, CHOH), 6.75-6.9 (3H, m, ArH ortho to OMe + 2xArH meta to OMe), 7.09 (1H. dd. J 4.9Hz, pyrimidine H5), 3.53 (1 H, d. J 4.9Hz, pyrimidine H ₆ ), and 9.07 (1 H. d. J 4.0Hz. pyrimidine H ₂ ); m/z 314 (M+. 16%), 296 (19), 228 (23), 227 (75). 166 (18), 153 (22), 152 (20), 151 (16), 94 (100), and 41 (26).

d) 4-{2-π -(3-Cyciopentyloxy-4-methoxy phen vi)-1 - ydroxy]propy II pyridine

From 4-ethylpyridine (2.50g, 2.65ml, 23.33mmol), LDA and Intermediate 1 (5J4g, 23.33mmoi). Recrystallisation (CHCb/hexane) afforded the title compound (0.582g) as colourless fluffy needles, m.p. 131.5-132.3°C. (Found: C, 72.38; H, 7.74; N, 4.22. C20H25NO2V4H2O requires C, 72.44; H, 7.56; N, 4.10%).

INTERMEDIATE 4 a) 4-f2-f3-Cvciopentyloxy-4-met oxyp envi)-2-hvdroxyethvπ pyridazine n-Butyllithium (1.6M in hexanes) (9.5ml, β.Ommol) was added dropwise to a solution of methylpyridazine (0.47g, δ.Ommoi) in THF (25ml) at -70°C. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at this temperature for 0.5h then a solution of Intermediate 1 (1 Jg, 5.0mmol) in THF (20ml) was added. The mixture was allowed to warm to RT then partitioned between dichloromethane (25m i) and saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (25ml). The organic phase was separated, dried (MgS04), and concentrated in vacuo to afford the title compound which was used in the next step [Exampie 7a] without any further purification.

The following Intermediates were prepared in a manner similar to Intermediate 4 a.

b) 4-f2-(3-Cvclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-hvdroxyethyπ pyridine

From 4-methylpyridine (3.00g, 32Jmmol), n-butyllithium (32Jmmol), and intermediate 1 (6.82g, 31.0mmoi). The crude product was subject to chromatography [Siθ2; EtOAc-hexane. 3:2 (500ml) to 4:1 (1000ml) then EtOAc-methanol 9:1 (1500ml)] to afford the title compound (9.68g) as fine white needles m.p. 97-101 °C (from toluene) δH (CDCI3) 1.5-2.0 (δH, br m, (Cid2)4, 2.45(1 H. br, s, CHOH), 2.96 (2H, d, J_ 6.5 Hz, CH2 pyridine), 3.80 (3H. s, OMe), 4.70 (1 H. br, m, OCHCH ₂ ), 4.81 (1 H, t, J 6.5Hz, CHOH),

6.76(3H, s, ArH ortho to OMe + 2xArH meta to OMe), 7.00 (2H, dm, J 4.5Hz, pyridine H3, ids), and 8.33 (2H, dm, J 4.5Hz, pyridine H2, tie).

c) 2-r2-(3-Cvclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenvi)-2-hvdroxy9thvπ pyrazine

From methylpyrazine (0.94g, 11 mmol), α-butyllithium (1.6M; 6.9ml, 11 mmol), and intermediate 1 (2.2g, 10mmoi) to afford the title compound which was used in the next step [Example 7c)] without any further purification.

INTERMEDIATE 5

(3-Cyciopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenvπ-3-hvαroxy-2- (p enyimethy l)propane-1 -n itri le 3-Phenylpropionitrile (2.62g, 20mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of LDA [prepared from n-BuLi (1.6M solution in hexanes) (14ml, 22mmol) ana N,N-diisopropyiarτιine (3.5ml, 25mmol)] in THF (100ml) at -70°C. A solution of Intermediate 1 (4.4g) in THF (25m!) was then added and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to RT then poured into NaHCθ3 solution (50ml) and extracted with CH2CI2 (2x50mi). The extract was dried (Na2S04), concentrated in vacuo. and the residue subjected to chromatography (Siθ2; Et2θ-hexane, 1 :1 ) to afford the title compound (4.34g) as a paie yeilow oil; m/z 351 (M+ 10%), 221 (22), 153 (100), 152 (19), 151 (15), 125 (15), 93 (25), 92 (25), 65 (14) and 41 (16).

INTERMEDIATE 5 f3-Cyciopemyloxy-4-methoxy)phenvi methyl ketone To a solution of methvlmagnesiumbromide (5.44ml) in THF (150ml) at 10°C was added Intermediate 1. The reaction mixture was left to stir at RT for 5-6hr, then Nl- CI and Et?0 (100ml) were added and the solution stirred for another 90 min (the solution went from nazy to clear). The layers were separated, the aqueous layer was extracted with Et2θ (50ml) the combined organic layer was extracted with a saturated bicarbonate solution (100ml) then Drine (100ml). Evaporation in vacuo afforded 1-

methoxy-2-cycιopentyloxy-4-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene which was disolved in dichloromethane (300ml) before adding Mnθ2 (10eq). The reaction mixture was stirred for I20h, then the Mnθ2 was filtered off and the solvent evaporation in vacuo. Purification by column chromatography (Siθ2; dichloromethane-hexane. 350-150 to dichloromethane) afforded the title compound.

INTERMEDIATE 7

4-r2-(3-Cvciopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenvπ-2-methyl-2-hydrox yethyl] pyridine

To a cold (-78°C) solution of 4-picoline (0.80ml) in THF was added n-BuLi (5.6ml), the solution stirred for 30min then transferred to a cold suspension of cerium chloride anhydrous (2.0g) at -78°C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1h before adding Intermediate 6 in THF then left to warm to RT overnight. 10% NH4CI solution and EtOAc were added, the solution was filtered through Celite, washed with EtOAC (150ml) and the organic layer was separated, washed with brine (100ml) then dried (Na2S04). The solvents were evaporated in vacuo to afford the title compound (2.367g) as paie off-white crystals m.p. 99-101 °C. Found C, 73.21; H, 7.63; N, 4.20. C20H25NO3 requires C 73.37; H, 7.70; N, 4.28%). m/z (El) 327 (M ⁺ . 3%), 235 (18), 166 (38), 151 (100), and 93 (54).

INTERMEDIATE 8 3-Cvciopentyloxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol Intermediate 1 b (0.6g, 2.7mmol) was dissolved in ethereal HCI, the solution stirred at RT and followed by thin layer chromatography until complete disappearance of the starting material. The solution was washed with saturateα sodium bicarbonate solution. The organic layer extracted and dried (Na2S04). Concentration in vacuo afforded the iϋie compound (0.395g).

INTERMEDIATE 9 3-Cvclopentyloxy-4-methoxyDenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride

A mixture of Intermediate 8 (10.4g. 43.2mmol) and triphenyiphosphine (11.5g, 43.8mmoi) in toluene (100ml) was heated to reflux for 18h. The

reaction mixture was concentrated tt? vacuo and the residue triturated with acetone (250ml) to afford the title compound (19.5g) as a white soiid.

INTERMEDIATE 10 Diethyi 3-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxybenzylphosphonate

A mixture of Intermediate 8 (52.7g, 0.22moi) and sodium iodide (32.9g, 0.22mol) in triethyl phosphite (76.4g, 0.46mol) was heated at 100°C for 24h. The reaction mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (200ml) and water (200ml) and the organic iayer was separated. The extract was washed (brine; 50ml), dried (MgS04), and concentrated in vacuo to give a pale yellow oil (70g). A portion (40g) of the oil was distilled (190-210°C, 10 ^-2 mbar) to afford the title compound (20,3g, 27%) as a colourless oil.

EXAMPLE 1 a) {Z)-3-(3-Cvclopentvioxy-4-methoxyphenv0-2-(2-thienyl) propenenitrile

2-Thiopheneacetonitriie (1.1 ml, 10mmol) and Intermediate 1 (2.29g, 10mmoi) was dissolved in ethanoi (10ml) and added to a solution of sodium hydroxide (0.51g, 12.8mmol) in water (5ml). The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at RT for 2h then partitioned between dichloromethane (20mi) and saturateo sodium hydrogen caroonate solution (15mi). The organic layer was separated, dried (MgSθ4), and concentrated in vacuo to give a yellow gum which was recrystallised from ethanoi to afford the title compound (3.35g) as yeiiow crystals m.p. 100-101 °C. (Found: C, 69.47; H, 5.80; N, 4.18. C ₁ 9H19NO2S requires C. 70.13; H, 5.80; N, 4.18%); δH (CDCI ₃ ) 1.5-2.1 (8H, br m, (Cføk), 3.87 (3H. s, OMe), 4.85 (1 H, br m, OCHCH2), 6.83 (1H, α, J 8.5Hz, ArH ortho 10 OMe), 7.00 (1H, dd, J 4.5, 3.5Hz, thiophene M4), 7.15-7.3 (4H, m, ArH para to cyclopentyloxy -_- CJH=CCN+thiopnene H ₃ , j±s), and 7.60 (1 H, d, J 2.2Hz, ArH ortho to cyclopentyloxy); m/z 326 (M+ -<- 1. 23%), 325 (M+ 87), 259 (34), 258 (85), 257 (100), 224 (24), 214 (27). 97 (21), 96 (93) and 41 (29).

The following compounαs were prepared in a manner similar to the compound of Example 1 a.

b) (Z)-3-(3-Cyciopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyπ-2-phenyl- propenenitrile

From phenylacetonitrile (0.52g, 4.4mmoi) and Intermediate 1 (0.95g, 4.3mmol). Chromatography (Siθ2; EtOAc-hexane) gave the title compound (0.81 g) as a yellow solid m.p. 84-86% (Found: C, 78.83; H, 6.60; N, 4.38. C21 H21NO2 requires C, 78.97; H, 6.63; N, 4.39%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5-2.1 (8H, m, (Ctøk), 3.86 (3H, s, OMe), 4.82 (1 H, br m, OCHCH2), 6.85 (1H, d, J 8.8Hz, ArH ortho to OMe), 7.15-7.7 (7H, m, ArH para to cyclopentyloxy + CH=CCN + Cetis). and 7.67 (1 H, d, J 2.3Hz, ArH ortho to cyclopentyloxy); m/z 319 (M+, 33%), 252 (49), 251 (100), 218 (15), 208 (32), 190 (48), 180 (15), 152 (15) and 41 (20).

c) (Z)-3-(3-Cyrtopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(2-pyridyl)- propenenitrile

From 2-pyridyiacetonitriie (11mmol) and Intermediate 1 (2.20g, 10mmol). Trituration of the crude product with ethanoi gave the title compound (2.40g) as a yellow solid m.p. 82.5-83°C (Found: C, 74.87; H, 6.27; N, 8.46. C20H20N2O2 requires C, 74.98; H, 6.29; N, 8.74%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5- 2.1 (8H, br m, (CtteM), 3.824(3H, s, OMe), 4.80 (1 H, br m, OCHCH ₂ ), 6.84 (1 H, d, ά 8.6Hz, ArH ortho to OMe), 7.05-7.25 (1 H, m, pyridine H5), (1 H, dd, _[ 8.6, 1.95Hz, ArMβaia to OMe ), 7.6-7.75 (3H, m ArH ortho to cyclopentyloxy+ pyridine H.3.H4). 8.29 (1 H. s, CH=CCN) and 8.52 (1 H, ca.α, J 4.6 Hz, pyridine He); m z 320 (M+, 15%), 252 (38), 251 (100), 237 (5), 236 (10), 209 (5), 179 (5), and 41 (8).

d) (Z)-3-(3-Cvclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(3-pyridyl)- propenenitrile

From 3-pyridylacetonitrile (2.35ml, 22mmoi) and Intermediate 1 (4.40g, 20mmol). Chromatography (Siθ2; EtOAc) gave the title compound (5.31 g) as a paie yellow solid m.p. 86.5-87.5°C (Found: C, 74.80; H, 6.26; N, 8.74. C20H20N2O2 requires C, 74.98; H, 6.29; N, 8.74%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5- 2.1 (8H, br m, (Ctbk). 3.87 (3H, s, OMe), 4.82 (1 H, br m, OCHCH ₂ ), 6.86 (1 H, d, J 8.6Hz. ArH ortho to OMe), 7.2-7.4 (2H, m, ArJiβara to OMe +

pyridine H3) _. 7.42 (1 H, s, CH=CCN), 7.70 (1 H, d, J 2.0Hz, ArH ortho to cyclopentyloxy), 7.87 (1 H, dm, J 7.6Hz, pyridine H4), 8.53 (1 H, dd, J. 4.8, 1.3Hz, pyridine Hβ) and 8.84 (1 H, d, J 2.4Hz, pyridine H2); m/z 320 (M+, 20%), 252 (100), 251 (67), 234 (20), 223 (27), 205 (27), 151 (50), 69 (22), and 41 (31).

e) (ZV3-f3-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl-2-(4-pyridyπ- prooenenitrile

From 4-pyridylacetonitrile (1.7g, n mmol) and Intermediate 1 (2.20g, 20mmol). Trituration of the crude product with ethanoi gave the title compound (2.75g) as an orange soiid m.p. 125-127°C. (Found: C, 74.84; H, 6.29; N, 8.33. C20H20N2O2 requires C, 74.98; H, 6.29; N, 8.74%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5-2.1 (8H, br m, (Ctkk). 3.84 (3H, s, OMe), 4.83 (1 H, br m, OCHCH2), 6.83 (1 H, d, J 8.2Hz, ArH ortho to OMe), 7.26 (1 H, dd, J 8.2, 2.2Hz, ArH para to OMe ), 7.44 (2H, dd, J 4.7, 1.7Hz pyridine H3.H5), 7.53 (1 H, s, CH=CCN) 7.69 (1 H, d, J 2.2Hz, ArH ortho to cyclopentyloxy), 8.56 (2H, dd, J 4.7,1.5 Hz, pyridine H _2j H ₆ ); m/z 320 (M+ 28), 253 (19), 252 (100), 251 (59), 224 (15), 223 (38), 209 (10), and 41 (23).

f) (Z 3-(3-Cvciopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl-2-(1-naphthvπ propenenitrile

From 1-naphthylacetonιtrile d .67g, l Ommol) and Intermediate 1 (2.2g, 10mmol). The reaction mixture was extracted with dichloromethane then the extract dried (MgSθ4) and concentrated in vacuo to afford the title com pound (2.56g) as a yellow soi ±p. 161 -163°C (Found: C, 31.22; H, 6.29; N. 3.77. C25H23NO2 reαuires C, 81.27; H, 6.27; N, 3.79%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5-2.1 (8H, br m, (CH2M). 3.89 (3H, s, OMe), 4.85 1 H, br m. OCHCH ), 6.87 (1 H. d, J 8.1 Hz, ArH ortho to OMe), and 7.15- 8.1 (1 OH, m, 2xArH ortho 10 OMe + CH=CCN + C10M7); ___/Z 320 (M+ + 1 , 9%), 369 (M+, 30), 302 (28), 301 (100), 268 (10), 240 (17), 202 (5), and 41 (5).

g) {Z)-3-(3-Cvciopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenv0-2-(2-naphthv0 propenenitrile

From 2-naphthylacetonιtrile (1.67g, 10mmol) and Intermediate 1 (2.2g, 10mmol). The crude product was recrystallised from ethanoi to afford the title compound (3J4g) as a pale yellow soiid. m.p. 147-148°C (Found: C, 81.15; H, 6.24; N, 3.56. C25H23NO2 requires C, 81.27; H, 6.27; N, 3.79%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5-2.1 (8H, br m, (Cj±^), 3.88 (3H, s, OMe), 4.87 (1H, br m, OCHCH ₂ ), 6.86 (1H, d, J 8.3Hz, ArH meta to OMe), and 7.2- 8.1 (10H, m, 2xArH meta to OMe + CH=CCN + C10H7); m z 370 (M+ + 1 , 10%), 369 (M+, 40), 302 (23), 301 (100), 240 (20), 167 (12), 124 (38), and 41 (10).

h) (ZV3-f3-Cyciopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenvπ-2-f3-thienyl) propenenitrile From 3-thienyiacetonitriie (1.2ml, 10.5mmol) and Intermediate 1 (2.21 g, 10mmol). The crude product was recrystallised from ethanoi to afford the title compound (2.5Qg) as a yellow solid m.p. 83-84°C (Found: C, 69.86; H, 5.85; N, 4.18. Cι ₉ H ₁₉ N0 ₂ S requires C, 70.13; H, 5.89; N, 4.30%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5-2.1 (8H, br, m, (ChbU), 3.86 (3H, s, OMe), 4.85 (1 H, br m, OCHCH2), 6.84 (1 H, d, J 8.0Hz, ArH ortho to CMe) 7.15-7.5 (5H, m, ca to cyclopentyloxy + CH=CCN) + thiophene H2, hU, jds) and 7.62 (1 H, d, j. 2.2Hz, ArjH ortho to cyclopentyloxy); m/z 325 (M+, 34%), 258 (23), 257 (100), 256 (10), 226 (11), 214 (19), 197 (12), and 196 (30).

i) (Z 3-(3-Cyclopentvioxy- -methoxyphenylϊ-2-(2-fluorophenyl) propenenitrile From 2-fluorophenylacetonitrile (1.35g, 10mmol) and Intermediate 1 (2.20g, 10mmoi). Chromatography (Siθ2; Et2θ-hexane) gave the title compound (0.51 g) as a yellow solid m.p. 70-73°C (Found: C, 74.58; H, 6.08; N, 4.03. C-21 H20NO2 requires C, 74.76; H, 5.97; N, 4.15%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5-2.1 (8H. br, m, (CJ&M, 3.88 (3H, s, OMe), 4.83 (1 H, br m, OCHCH2), 6.85 (1 H, d, J 8.6Hz, ArH ortho to OMe), 6.9-7.6 (5H, m, ArH para to cyclopentyloxy + C ₆ H ₄ F),7.40 (1 H, s, CH=CCN), and 7.69 (1 H, d, J 2.2Hz, ArH ortho to cyclopentyloxy); m/z 337 (M+ 5%), 269 (55), 220 (13), 153 (25), 152 (100), 151 (96), 69 (17), 67 (13), and 41 (51).

j) {Z)-3-(3-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenviy-2-(3-fluorophenyl) propenenitrile

From 3-fluorophenyιacetonitriie (1.2g, 10mmol) and Intermediate 1 (2.20g, 10mmol). The crude product was recrystallised from ethanoi to afford the title compound (2.77g) as yeilow crystals m.p. 114-116°C (Found: C, 74.79; H, 5.96; N, 4.07. C ₂ ιH ₂ oFN0 ₂ requires C, 74.76; H, 5.97; N, 4.15%); δH (CDCI ₃ ) 1.5-2.1 (8H, br, m, (CJ±JU), 3.88 (3H, s, OMe), 4.85 (1 H, br m, OCHCH ₂ ), 6.86 (1 H. d, J 8.4Hz, ArH ortho to OMe), 7.0-7.45 (6H, m, ArH βara to OMe + CH=CCN + CehUF), and 7.68 (1 H, d, J 1.8Hz, ArH ortho to cyclopentyloxy); m z 337 (M+, 10%), 270 (23), 269 (100), 208 (30), 149 (13), 55 (14) and 41 (17).

k) (Z)-3-(3-Cvciopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl) propenenitrile From 4-fluorophenyiacetonitrile (1.3g, 10mmoi) and Intermediate 1 (2.41 g, 11 mmol). The reaction mixture was filtered to afford the title compound (3.34g) as coiouriess crystals m.p. 139-141 °C (Found: C, 74.80; H, 5.95; N, 4.05. C21H20FNO2 requires C, 74.76; H, 5.97; N, 4.15%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5-2.1 (8H, br, m, (CH^)- 3.87 (3H, s, OMe), 4.82 (1 H, br m, OCHCH2), 6.85 (1 H, d, J 8.6Hz, ArH ortho to OMe), 6.95-7.2 (3H, m, ArH para to cyclopentyloxy + 2xArH ortho to F), 7.30 (1 H, s, CH=CCN), 7.45- 7.7 (3H, m, ArH. ortho to OCp + 2xArH. meta to F); m z 337 (M+, 11%), 271 (21), 269 (100), 226 (13), 208 (25), and 41 (19).

i) {Z)-2-(3-Chlorophenv0-3-(3-cvciopentvioxy-4-methoxyphenvn propenenitrile From 3-chlorophenyιacetonitrile (1.53g, l Ommol) and Intermediate 1 (2.21 g, l Ommol). The crude product was recrystalliseα from ethanoi to afford the title compound (3.01 g) as yellow crystals m.p. 98-100.5°C (Found: C, 71.40; H, 5.70; N, 4.03. C ₂ ιH2oC!N0 ₂ requires C, 71.28; H, 5.70; N, 3.96%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5-2.1 (8H. br m. (CH^M), 3.87 (3H, s, OMe), 4.82 (1 H. br m. OCHCH ₂ ), 6.85 (1 H, d, J. 8.4Hz, ArH orthc to OMe), and 7.2-7.7 (7H, m, 2xArH meta to OMe + C6M4CI + CH=CCN); m/z 353 (M+ 26%), 288 (18), 287 (85), 286 (56), 285 (100),224 (37), 207 (22) ana 41 (45).

) /Z)-2-(3-Bromophenvn-3-(3-cvciopentyloxy-4-methoxypheny0 propenenitrile

From 3-bromophenyiacetonitrile (1.97g, l Ommol) and Intermediate 1 (2.24g, lOmmol). The crude product was recrystallised from ethanoi to afford the title compound (2.94g) as yellow crystals m.p. 90-91.5°C (Found: C, 63.38; H, 5.01 ; N, 3.48. C ₂ ι H ₂ oBrNθ2 requires C, 63.33 H, 5.06; N, 3.52%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5-2.1 (8H, br m, (CH^k). 3.88 (3H, s, OMe), 4.85 (1 H, br m, OCHCH ₂ ), 6.85 (1 H, d, J 8.5Hz, ArH ortho to OMe), and 7.15-7.75 (7H, m, 2xArlH meta to OMe + Cβfc Br + CH=CCN) ; m z 399 (8%), 397 (8), 332 (21), 331 (100), 330 (23), 329 (100), 235 (15), 217 (16), 207 (26), 190 (14), 178 (12), and 41 (38).

n) (E)-3-(3-Cvclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenv0-2-(2.6-difluoropheny 0 propenenitrile From 2,6-difluorophenyiacetonitrile (1.86g, 10mmol) and Intermediate 1 (2.19g, lOmmol). Chromatography (Siθ2; Et2θ-hexane, 1:4) followed by recrystallisation from ethanoi gave the title compound (0.3g) as yellow crystals m.p. 11 1-1 13°C. (Found: C, 70.78; H, 5.37; N, 3.85. C21H19F2NO2 requires C, 70.97 H, 5.39; N, 3.94%); δH (CDCI3) 1.4-1.8 (8H, br s, (Ctfek), 3.80 (3H, s, OMe), 4.22 (1 H, br s, OCHCH ₂ ), 6.52 (1 H, br s, ArH ortho to OMe), and 6.7-7.5 (6H, m, 2xArH meta to OMe + C ₆ H ₄ F ₂ ) ; m/z 355 (M+- 21%), 288 (19), 287 (100), 244 (11), 152 (48), 151 (31 ), and 41 (22).

o) (ZV3-(3-Cvclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(2.6-dichloropheny l) propenenitrile From 2,6-dichiorophenyiacetonitrile (1.88g, lOmmol) and Intermediate 1 (2.21 g, lOmmol). The crude product was recrystallised from ethanoi to afford the title compound (1.95g) as a white solid m.p. 164-166°C. (Found: C, 64.88; H, 4.93; N, 3.60. C2iHι ₉ CI ₂ N0 ₂ requires C, 64.96; H, 4.93; N, 3.61%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5-2.1 (8H, br m, (CJ ). 3.88 (3H, s, OMe). 4.85 (1 H, br m, OCHCH ), 6.94 (1 H, d, J. 8.4Hz, ArH ortho to OMe), 6.86 (1 H, s, CH=CCN), 7.1-7.45 (4H, m, ArH βara to cyclopentyloxy ÷ C6U3CI2), and 7.75(1 H, d. J 1.8Hz, ArH ortho to cyclopentyloxy); m/z 389 (18%), 388 (7), 387 (29), 323 (19), 322 (19), 321 (87), 320 (29), 319 (100), 284 (18), 252 (19), 249 (24), 241 (25), 177 (14), and 41 (33).

p) gy-3-(3-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(3.4-dichloropheny l) propenenitrile

Fronting 3,4-dichiorophenyiacetonitrile (1.88g, lOmmol) and Intermediate 1 (2.23g, lOmmol). The crude product was recrystallised from ethanoi to afford the title compound (3.56g, 90%) as a yellow solid m.p. 151.5- 1540C (Found: C. 64.89; H, 4.93; N, 3.61. C21 H-19CI2NO2 requires C, 64.96; H, 4.93; N, 3.61%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5-2.1 (8H, br m, (CjjfcU), 3.88 (3H, s, OMe), 4.82(1 H, br m, OCHCH ₂ ), 6.86 (1H, d, J 8.4Hz, ArH ortho to OMe), and 7.2-7.7 (6H, m, 2xArH meta to OMe + CH=CCN+ C ₆ H ₃ Cl2); m/z 389 (13%), 388 (5), 387 (20), 323 (12), 322 (12), 321 (69), 320 (19), 319 (100), and 41 (21).

q) (Z 3- 3-Cvciopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenvi)-2-(2.4-dichlorophenyl) propenenitrile From 2,4-dichlorophenylacetonitrile (1.90g, 10mmoi) and Intermediate 1 (2.21 g, 10mmoi). The crude product was recrystallised from ethanoi to afford the title compound (2.25g) as a white solid m.p. 105-107°C (Found: C, 64.93; H, 4.92; N, 3.64. C ₂ ι Hι ₉ CI ₂ N0 ₂ requires C, 64.96; H, 4.93; N, 3.61%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5-2.1 (8H, br m. (CfcbU), 3.88 (3H, s, OMe), 4.86 (1 H, br m, OCidCH ₂ ), 6.85 (1 H, d, J 8.6Hz, ArH ortho to OMe), 7.05-7.45 15H. m. ArH para to cyclopentyloxy + CH=CCN+ C6JI3CI2); and 7.70 (1 H, d, J 1.9Hz, ArH ortho to cyclopentyloxy); jm/z 389 (12%), 387 (28), 319 (100), 284 (23), 252 (24), 249 (31 ), and 41 (49)

r) <Z)-3-f3-Cvciopentvioxy-4-methoxyphenvπ-2-(2-trifluorome thyl- phenyl) propenenitrile

From 2-trifiuoromethyipnenylaceιonιtrile (1.8g, 10mmoi) ana Intermediate 1 (2.27g, lOmmoi). Chromatograpny (Siθ2; Et2θ-hexane, 1 :2) followed by recrystallisation from ethanoi gave ihe title compound (0.82g) as a white soiid m.p. 96-98°C (Found: C. 67.93; H, 5.21 ; N, 3.53. C22H20F3NO2 requires C, 68.21 ; H, 5.20; N. 3.62%); δH (CDCI3) 1 -5-2.1 (8H, br m, (C-ttek), 3.88 (3H, s, OMe), 4.83 (1 H, br m, OCHCH ₂ ), 6.85 (1 H, d, J 8.4Hz, ArH ortho to OMe), 6.98 (1 H,s,CH=CCN), 7.18 (1 H, dd, _[ •3.4. 2.2Hz. ArH ortho to cyclopentyloxy), 7.25-7.8 (4H. m, C3H4CF3)), and 7.67 M H. d, J 2.2Hz. ArH. ortho to cyclopentyloxy; m/z 387 (M+, 17%),

320 (53), 319 (100), 276 (14), 256 (19), 248 (18), 208 (9), 207 (9), and 41 (34).

s) (ZΪ-3-(3-Cvclopeπtyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(3-trifluoromet hyl- phenyQpropβnenitrlle

From 3-trifiuoromethylphenyiacetonitrile (1.56g, 10mmoi) and Intermediate 1 (2.34g, 10.6mmol). Chromatography (S.O2; Et2θ-hexane, 1 :1) gave the title compound (2.62) as a yellow solid m.p. 70-73°C (Found: C, 68.14; H, 5.18; N, 3.55. C22H20F3NO2 requires C, 68.21 ; H, 5.20; N, 3.62%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5-2.1 (8H, br m, (Ctkh), 3.88 (3H, s, OMe), 4.85 (1 H, br m, OCHCH2), 6.87 (1 H, d, J 8.2Hz, ArH ortho to OMe), 7.29 (1 H, dd, _l 8.2, 2.1 Hz, ArH para to OMe), 7.42 (1 H, s, CH=CCN), 7.45-7.85 (4H, m, C6H4CF3), and 7.68 (1 H, d, J 2.1 Hz, ArH ortho to cyclopentyloxy;) _m/z 387 (M+ 11%), 320 (23), 319 (100), 276 (7), 258 (9), 67 (6), and 41 (21).

t) (Z 3-f3-Cvciopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(4-trifluoromethyl- phenyl)propenenitrile From 4-trifluoromethylphenyiacetonitrile (1.85g, 10mmol) and Intermediate 1 (2.36g, 10.7mmol). Chromatography (Siθ2; Et2θ-hexane, 2:1) gave the title compound (3.77g) as a yellow solid m.p. 96-99°C (Found: C, 68.32; H, 5.26; N, 3.38. C22H20F3NO2 requires C, 68.21; H, 5.20; N, 3.62%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5-2.1 (8H, br m, (Ctfck), 3.89 (3H, s, OMe), 4.85 (1 H, br m, OCHCH2), 6.87 (1 H, d, J 8.1 Hz, ArH ortho to OMe) and 7.2-7.75 (7H, m, 2xArJ± meia to OMe + C6H4CF3 + CH=CCN); m/z 387 (M ⁺ , 14%), 320 (26), 319 (100), 276 (12), 258 (15), and 41 (10).

u) (Z)-3-(3-Cvciopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenv0-2-(3-methoxyphenyl) propenenitrile

From 3-methoxyphenyiacetonitrile (1.48g, 10mmol) and Intermediate 1 (2.23g, 10mmol). Chromatography (Siθ2; Et2θ-hexane, 1 :1) gave the title compound (1.97g) as a yellow soiid m.p. 83-85°C (Found: C, 75.80; H, 6.62; N, 4.13. C22H23NO3 requires C, 75.62; H, 6.63; N, 4.00%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5-2.1 (8H, br m, (Ctkk), 3.83 (3H, s, OMe), 3.87 (3H, s, OMe), 4.84 (1 H, br m, OCHCH ₂ ), 6.8-6.95 (3H, m + d (δ6.85, J 7.9Hz), 3 x ArjH ho to OMe), 7.1-7.4 (4H, m. ArH para to OMe + ArH para to cyclopentyloxy + ArH meta to OMe and olefin + CH=CCN) and 7.66 (1 H,

d, J 1.9Hz, ArH ortho to cyclopentyloxy); _m z 349 (M+, 27%) 282 (28), 281 (100), 248 (7), 220 (13), and 41 (22).

v) (Z)-3-(3-Cvclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenv0-2-(3.4- dimet oxyp eπv propenenitrile

From 3,4-dimethoxyphenylacetonitrile (1.95g, 11 mmol) and Intermediate 1 (2.20g, lOmmol). Chromatography (Siθ2; Et2θ-hexane, 1 :1) gave the title compound (2.41 g) as a yellow solid m.p. 101-103°C. (Found: C, 72.68; H, 6.46; N, 3.49. C23H25NO3 requires C, 72.80; H, 6.64; N, 3.69%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5-2.1 (8H, br m, (Ctbk). 3.87 (3H, s, OMe), 3.89 (3H, s, OMe), 3.92 (3H, s, OMe), 4.84 (1 H, br m, OCHCH ₂ ), 6.85 (2H, d, J 8.1 Hz ArH meta to cyclopentyloxy +ArH ortho to OMe), 7.0-7.35 (4H, m, ArH para to cyclopentyloxy + CH=CCN + ArH ortho and ArH para to OMe), and 7.64 (1 H, d, J 2.0Hz, ArH ortho to cyclopentyloxy); m/z 380 (M+ + 1. 5%), 379 (M+ 27), 312 (20), 311 (100), 295 (12), 278 (5), 250 (8), and 41 (8).

w) (Z 3-(3-Cvciopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenv0-2-(2.3.4.5.β- pentafluorophenvOpropenenitrile From 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-pentafluoropnenylacetonitrile (2.07g, l Ommol) and Intermediate 1 (2.20g, l Ommoi). The crude product was recrystallised from ethanoi to afford the title compound (1.1 g) as orange crystals m.p.94.5-96°C. (Found: C. 81.64; H. 3.94; N, 3.26. C21 H16F5NO3 requires C, 61.62; H, 3.94: N. 3.42%); 5H (CDCI3) 1.5-2.1 (8H, br m, (Cfctek), 3.89 (3H, s. OMe), 4.85 (1 H, br m, OCHCH2), 6.85 (1 H, d, J 3.4Hz, ArH ortho to OMe); 7.15 (1 H. slightly broadened s, CH=CCN) and 7.23 (1 H, dd, J 8.4, 2.1 Hz, ArH para to cyclopentyloxy); m/z 409 (M+, 12%), 367 (8), 342 (21 ),341 (100), 298 (20). 27(10), 250 (10), and 41 (21).

EXAMPLE 2 a) fZ)-2-(4-Aminophenyl)-3-(3-cvcιopenτyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl) propenenitrile

A mixture of intermediate 1 (2.24g, l Ommol), 4-aminophenyiacetonitrile (1.37g, l Ommol), and piperidine (10 drops) in ethanoi (8ml) was heated to reflux for 6h. The reaction mixture was partitioned between dichloromethane (20ml) and brine (10ml). The organic layer was separated, dried (MgS04), and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was subjected to chromatography (Siθ2; Et2θ-hexane, 2:1 ) to afford the title compound (1 J5g) as a yellow solid m.p. 82-84°C (Found: C, 75.22; H, 6.68; N, 7.86. C21 H22N2O2 requires C, 75.42; H, 6.63; N, 8.38%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5-2.1 (8H, br m, (Cfckk). 3.72 (2H, s, ArNtk) 3.88 (3H, s, OMe), 4.85 (1 H, br m, OCHCH ₂ ), 6.87 (1 H, d, J 8.3Hz, ArjH ortho to OMe), 7.05- 7.4 (5H, m ArH para to cyclopentyloxy + C6H4NH2), 7.52 (1 H, d, J 1.8Hz, ArH ortho to cyclopentyloxy) and 8.26 (1 H, s, CH=CCN); m/z 314 (M+ 79%), 268 (13), 267 (98). 266 (100), 265 (100), 250 (19), 143 (14), 116 (34), 89 (21) and 41 (33).

The following compounds were prepared in a manner similar to the compound of Example 2 a.

b) (Z)-2-(2-Chlorophenvπ-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl) propenenitrile

From 2-chlorophenylacetoπιtrile (J .53g, 10mmol) and Intermediate 1 (2.23g, 10mmol). Chromatography (Siθ2; Et2θ-hexane, 3:2) gave the title compound (1.85g) as pale yellow crystals m.p. 94-95°C (Found: C, 71.25; H, 5.72; N, 3.84. C21H20CINO2 requires C, 71.28; H, 5.70; N, 3.96%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5-2.1 (8H. br m, (CJ±jU). 3.88 (3H, s, OMe), 4.85 (1 H, br m, OCHCH ₂ ), 6.85 (1 H, d, J 8.3Hz, ArH ortho to OMe), 7.11 (1 H, s, CH=CCN), 7.15-7.5 (5H, m, ArH para to cyclopentyloxy + C6H4CI), and 7.72 (1 H, d, J 2.2Hz, ArH ortho to cyclopentyloxy); m z 353 (M+, 17%), 287 (43), 286 (23), 285 (100), 250 (64), 218 (75), 207 (28), 206 (25), 190 (38), and 41 (52).

c) (Z)-2-(2-BromophenvD-3-(3-cvciopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenvπ propenenitrile

From 2-bromophenyιacetonitrile (l .OOg, 5J mmol) and Intermediate 1 (1.13g, SJ mmoi). The crude product was recrystallised from ethanoi to

afford the title compound (0.48g) as a white solid m.p. 100-103°C

(Found: C, 63.36; H, 5.07; N, 3.51. C ₂ ι H ₂ oBrN0 ₂ requires C, 63.33 H,

5..06; N, 3.52%); δH (CDCI ₃ ) 1.5-2.1 (8H, br m, (Ch& ), 3.88 (3H, s,

OMe), 4.86 (1 H, br m, OCHCH ₂ ) _. 6.85 (1 H, d, J 8.4Hz, ArH ortho to OMe), 7.06 (1 H, s, CH_=CCN), 7.15-7.4 (45H, m, ArH. oara to cyclopentyloxy + 2xArH meta to Br + ArH oara to Br), 7.5-7.65 (1 H, m, ArH ortho to Br), and 7.72 (1J± d, J 1.9Hz, ArH ortho to cyclopentyloxy); m/z

399 (47%), 397 (47), 331 (94), 329 (89), 250 (57), 219 (24), 218 (100),

207 (25), 190 (48), and 41 (36).

d) (Z)-3-(3-Cvclopentyloxy-4-methoχyphenvD-2-(4-nitrophenyl) propenenitrile

From 4-nitrophenylacetonitrile (1.66,g 10mmoi) and Intermediate 1 (2.20g, 10mmol). Chromatography (S.O2; Et2θ-hexane, 1 :1 ) followed by recrystallisation from methanoi-ethanol gave the title compound (1.76g) as yellow crystals m.p. 185.5-187 ⁰ C (Found: C, 69.29; H, 5.40; N, 7.67.

C21H20N2O4 requires C, 69.22; H, 5.53; N, 7.69%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5-2.1

(8H. br m, (CtkU), 3.90 (3H, s. OMe), 4.85 (1 H, br m, OCJiC^), 6.88 (1H, d, J 8.5Hz, ArH ortho to OMe), 7.3 (1 H, dd, J 8.5, 1.9Hz, ArH βara to

OMe), 7.52 (1 H, s. CH=CCN), 7.73 (1 H, d, J 1.9Hz, ArH. ortho. to cyclopentyloxy), 7.75 (2H, ca.d, J_8,7Hz, 2xArH ortho to NO2); _m/z 364

(M+. 7%), 297 (28), 296 (100), 266 (29), 207 (13), 206 (10), 190 (10), and

41 (28).

ei (ZV-2-(2-AminopnenvO-3-(3-cvciopentvioxy-4-methoxyphenyl) propenenitrile

From 2-aminophenyiacetonitrile (1.3g, lOmmol) and Intermediate 1 (2.20g, "l Ommol). Filtration of the reaction mixture gave the title compound (1.75g) as a white soiid m.p. 81 -82.5°C (Found: C, 74.86; H, 6.63; N, 8.32. C21H22N2O2 reαuires C, 75.42; H. 6.63; N, 8.38%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5- 2.1 (8H, br m, (Cttek), 2.14 (2H, s, NH ₂ ), 3.89 (3H, s. OMe) 4.85 (1 H, br m. OCHCH2), 6.88 (1 H. d, J 8.4Hz, ArH ortho to OMe), 7.0-7.5 (4H, m, C ₆ H NH2), 7.30 (1 H, dd. J 8.4, 1.9Hz, ArH para to cyclopentyloxy), 7.55 ;1 H _. d, J 1.9Hz, ArjH ortho to cyclopentyloxy) and 8.28 (1 H, s, CH=CCN);

m/z 334 (M+, 32%), 266 (41), 265 (97), 252 (12), 251 (65), 250 (26), 249 (100), 69 (11 ), and 41 (32).

f) (Z)-3-(3-Cvclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenv0-2-(2-nitrophenv0 propenenitrile

From 2-nitrophenylacetronitrile (1.62g, l Ommol) and Intermediate 1 (2.20g, lOmmol). Chromatography (S-O2; Et2θ-hexane, 1 :1) gave the title compound (2.60g) as a yellow solid m.p. 95.5-97°C (Found: C, 69.14; H, 5.43; N, 7.70. C21 H20 2O4 requires C, 69.22; H, 5.53; N, 46.69%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5-2.1 (8H, br m, (CJ±jh), 3.88 (3H, s, OMe), 4.86 (1 H, br m, OCHCH2), 6.8-7.7 (7H, m, 2xArH meta to OMe + ArH ortho to OMe + CM=CCN + 2xArjH meta toN0 ₂ + ArH. para toN0 ), and 7.95-8J (1 H, m, ArH ortho to N0 ₂ ); _m z 364 (M+, 9%), 332 (19), 296 (33), 265 (20), 264 (100), 250 (12), 249 (35), 225 (10), 221 (17), 152 (60), 151 (26), 69 (16), and 41 (30).

EXAMPLE 3 a) (Z 3-(3-Cvciopentyloxy-4-methoχyphenvO-2-(4- hydroxyprtenyQpropenenitrile

Sodium ethoxide [prepared from sodium (0.35g, 15mmol) in ethanoi (10ml)] was added dropwise to a mixture of Intermediate 1 (1.09g, 4.95mmol) and 4-hydroxyphenylacetonitriie (0.67g, 5.03mmol) in ethanoi (10ml). The reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 3h then partitioned between dichloromethane (25ml) and saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (15ml). The organic layer was separated, dried (MgSθ4), and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was subjected to chromatogrpahy (Siθ2i Et2θ-hexane, 2:3) to afford the title compound (1.57g) as a yellow solid m.p. 138-140°C. (Found: C, 75.16; H, 6.35; N, 4.11. C21H21NO3 requires C, 75.20; H, 6.31 ; N, 4.18%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5- 2.0 (8H, br m, (CfcfeM, 3.86 (3H, s, OMe), 4.85 (1 H, br m, OCHCH ₂ ), 5.57 (1 H, br s. OH), 6.84 (3H. ca, d, J ca. 8.6Hz, ArH ortho to OMe + 2xArH ortho to OH), 7.22 (1 H, dd, J 8.4, 1.9Hz, ArjH βara to OCp), 7.26 (1 H, s, CM=CCN), 7.47 (2H, ca. d. J ca. 8.7Hz, 2x ArH. meta to OH) and 7.62

(1 H, d, J 8.7Hz, ArH ortho to OCp); m z 335 (M+, 58%), 267 (100), 154 (28), 129 (41), 70 (25), 57 (33), and 41 (40).

The following compounds were prepared in a manner similar to the compound of Example 3 a.

b) (Z)-3-(3-Cvciopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenv0-2-(2-methoxyphenv0 propenenitrile

From 2-methoxyphenylacetonιtrile (1.52g, 10mmol) and Intermediate 1 (2.21 g, 10mmol). The crude product was recrystallised from ethanoi to afford the title compound (1.26g) as white crystals m.p. 85-87.5°C (Found: C, 75.67; H, 6.63; N, 3.95. C22H23NO3 requires C, 75.62; H, 6.63; N, 4.01%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5-2.1 (8H, br m, (Ch^ ), 3.87 (3H, s, OMe), 3.88 (3H, s, OMe), 4.83 (1 H, br m. OCHCH ₂ ), 6.83 (1H, d, J 8.4Hz, ArH ortho to OMe), δ.8-7.4 (5H, m, ArH para to cyclopentyloxy + C ₆ H ₄ OMe), 7.25 (1 H, s, CH=CCN), and 7.70 (1 H, d, J 2.1Hz, ArH ortho to cyclopentyloxy); jn/z 350 (M+ + 1 , 14%), 349 (M+, 57) 282 (20) 281 (100), 150 (12), 129 (37), 71 (11 ), 70 (11), 67 (13), 57 (16), and 41 (22).

c) (Z)-2-(4-Chiorophenyl)-3-(3-cyciopentyloxy-4-met oxyphenyl) propenenitrile

From 4-chlorophenylacetronitrile (1.65g, 8.7mmol) and Intermediate 1 (2.00g, 9Jmmoi . The crude product was recrystallised from ethanoi to afford the title compound (2.74g) as pale yellow crystals m.p. 129-137°C (Found: C. 71.18; H, 5.69; N, 3.82. C21H20CINO2 requires C, 71.28; H, 5.70; N. 3.96%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5-2.1 (8H. br m. (Ctk ), 3.88 (3H, s, OMe), 4.85 (1 H, br m, OCHCH ), 6.85 (1 H, d, J 8.4Hz, ArH ortho to OMe), 7.2-7.6 (6H, m, ArH oara to cyclopentyloxy + CH=CCN + C6.H4CI), and 7.67 (1 H. α, J. 2J Hz. ArH ortho to cyclopentyloxy); _m/z 353 (M+ + 10%), 288 (6), 287 (35), 286 (18), 285 (100), 224 (7), and 207 (10).

d) (Z)-2-(4-Bromophenvι)-3-(3-cvciopentyloxy-d-methoxyphenyl) propenenitrile

From 4-bromophenylacetonitrile (2.15g, l Ommol) and Intermediate 1 (2.00g, 9Jmmol). The crude product was recrystallised from ethanoi to afford the title compound (3.27g) as yellow crystals m.p. 116-119°C (Found: C, 63.17; H, 5.03; N, 3.35. C ₂ ιH ₂ oBrNθ2 requires C, 63.33; H, 5.06; N, 3.52%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5-2.1 (8H, br m, (Cfckk), 3.88 (3H, s, OMe), 4.84 (1 H, br m, OCHCH ₂ ), 6.85 (1 H, d, J 8.5Hz, ArH ortho to OMe), 7J5-7.35 (1 H, m, ArH para to cyclopentyloxy), 7.35 (1 H, s, CH=CCN), 7.48 (4H, s, C ₆ H ₄ CBr), and 7.67 (1 H, d, J 2JHz, ArH ortho to cyclopentyloxy); _m/z 399 (16%), 397 (17), 332 (19), 331 (100), 329 (19), 328 (100), 235 (8), 207 (15), and 41 (17).

e) (Z)-3-(3-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(2.6-dichlorophen yl) propenenitrile From 2,6-dichlorophenylacetoπitrile (8.00g, 43mmol) and Intermediate 1 (9.46g, 43mmol). The crude product was recrystallised from ethanoi to afford the title compound (12.35g) as a white solid (see Example 1 0) for spectral data).

f) (Z)-3-f3-Cvclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(2.6-dimethoxy- phenyl) propenitrile

From 2,6-dimethoxyphenylacetonitrile and Intermediate 1. The crude product was recrystallised from ethanoi to afford the title compound as white crystals m.p. 120.5-122°C (Found: C, 72-88; H, 6.33; N, 3.13. C23H25NO4 requires C, 77.80; H, 6.64; N, 3.69%); δH (CDCI3) 1.45-2.1 (8H, br m, (CH ₂ )4), 3.84 (6H, s, C ₆ H ₃ (OMefe), 3.89 (3H, s, OMe ortho to cyclopentyloxy), 4.87 (1 H, br m, OCJH), 6.60 (2H, d, J. 8.4 Hz, C6H3 (OMθ)2), 6.87 (1 H, d, J 8.4 Hz, ArH meta to OCp), 7.00 (1H, s, CH=CCN), 7.2 (1 H, dd, J 8.4, 2.1 Hz, ArH g&ra to OCp), 7.29 (1 H, d, . 8.4Hz, ArjH meta to 2 xOMe), and 7.79 (1 H, d, J 2.1 Hz, ArH ortho to OCp); m/z 379 (M+. 20%), 312 (21), 311 (100), 280 (11), 152 (43), 151 (72), 150 (33), 137 (18), 91 (16), 85 (15), 83 (23), 43 (10), and 41 (19).

EXAMPLE 4

(Z)-(3-Cyclopentyloxy-4-met oxyphenyl)-2-(4-methoxyp enyl)- propenenitrile

A mixture of the phenol of Example 3 (600mg, 1.79mmol), caesium carbonate (580mg, 1.79mmol), and methyl iodide (0.24mg, 3.8mmol) in DMF (10ml) was allowed to stir at ambient temperature for 18h. The reaction mixture was partitioned between dichloromethane (20ml) and saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (10ml). The organic layer was separated, dried (MgS04), and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was recrystallised from ethanoi to afford the title compound (490mg) as yellow crystals m.p. 102-105°C. (Found: C, 75.43; H, 6.60; N, 3.98. C22H23NO3 requires C, 75.62; H, 6.63; N, 4.01%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5-2.1 (8H, br m, (C-ikk), 3.82 (3H, s, OMe), 3.87 (3H, s, OMe), 4.82 (1 H, br m, OCHCH2), 6.84 (1 H, d, J ca. 8.6Hz, ArH meta to cyclopentyloxy), 6.89 (2H, ca.d, J 8.8Hz, 2x ArH ortho to OMe), 7.23 (1 H, dd, J 8.6, 2.5Hz, ArH oara to OMe), 7.27 (1 H, s, CH=CCN), 7.53 (2H, ca.d, J 8.8Hz, 2x Arj± meta to OMe) and 7.64 (1 H, d, J 2.0Hz. ArH ortho to cyclopentyloxy); m/z 349 (M+, 32%), 282 (36), 281 (100), 266 (19), 238 (14), 220 (8), and 41 (11).

EXAMPLE 5 E 4-r2-^3-Cvclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenvπethenyll-3-nitropyrid ine

A mixture of Intermediate 1 (2.13g, 9.68mmol), 4-methyl-3-nitropyridine (2.47g, 17mmol), and ammonium acetate (1.19g, 15mmol) in acetic acid (20ml) was heated to reflux for 3h. The reaction mixture was cooled and partitioned between dichloromethane (20ml) and saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (2 x 10ml). The organic layer was separated, dried (MgSθ4), and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was subjected to chromatography (Siθ2; Et2θ-hexane, 1 :1) to afford the title compound (1.83g) as an orange solid m.p. 114-116°C. (Found: C, 66.94; H, 5.94; N, 8.01. C19H20N2O3 requires C, 67.05; H, 5.92: N, 8.23%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5- 2.1 (8H, br m, (Cfcfc ), 3.86 (3H, s, OMe), 4.75 (1 H, br m, OCHCH ₂ ), 6.84 (1 H, d, J 8.5Hz, ArH ortho to OMe), 7.0-7.2 (2H, m, 2x ArH meta to OMe) 7.30 (1 H, s, CH=CH), 7.38 (1 H. s, CH=CH), 7.61 (1 H, d, J 5.4 Hz, pyridine ids), 8.73. (1 H, d , J 5.4 Hz. pyridine ids), and 9.09 (1 H. s, pyridine H2); m/z 340 (M+, 15%) 308 (25), 240 (69), 226 (20), 225 (34), 152 (100), 151 (31 ), 149 (29), 121 (29), 68 (26), 67 (66), and 57 (22).

EXAMPLE 6 a) (EV4-r2-(3-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethenyπ-3.5- dichloropyridine

Intermediate 3a) (2.65g, 6.92mmol) was dissolved in toluene (60ml) containing p-toluenesulphonic acid (0.2g) and the mixture heated to reflux for 2.5h in a Dean-Stark apparatus. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue subjected to chromatography (Siθ2; Et2θ-hexane, 1 :2) to afford the title com ^p ound (1.55g) as yellow crystals m.p. 99-101°C. (Found: C, 62.68; H, 5.22; N, 3.70. C19H19CI2NO2 requires C, 62.65; H, 5.26; N, 3.85%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5-2.1 (8H, br m, (C ), 3.86 (3H, s, OMe), 4.82 (1 H, br m, OCHCH ₂ ), 6.83 (1H, d, J 8.9Hz, ArH ortho to OMe), 6.90 (1 H, d, J 16.6 Hz,CH=CH) 7.0- 7.2 (2H, m, 2x ArH meta to OMe), 7.40 (1 H, d, 1 16.6 Hz,CH=CH), and 8.42(2H, s, pyridine t_2 _, H ₆ ); m/z 365 (15%), 363 (20), 297 (67), 296 (28), 295 (100), 262 (28), 260 (79), 245 (36), 230 (22), 228 (27), 216 (23), and 152 (24).

The following compounds were prepared in a manner similar to the compound of Example 6 a.

b) ⁽ E)-2-r2-(3-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyp enyltethenyπpyridine From Intermediate 3b). The crude product was subjected to chromatography (Siθ2; Et2θ-hexane, 2:1) to afford the title compound (1.58g) as a pale yellow solid m.p. 76-77.5°C. (Found: C, 77.20; H, 7.20; N, 4.63. C19H21NO2 requires C, 77.26; H, 7.17; N, 4.74%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5-2.1 (8H, br m, (Ctkk), 3.84 (3H, s, OMe), 4.80 (1H, br m, OCH), 6.80 (1 H, d, J 8.5Hz, ArH ortho to OMe), 6.95 (1 H, d, J 15.6 Hz,CH=CH), 6.95- 7.7 (5H, m, 2x ArH. meta to OMe + pyridine fcb, H4, ids), 7.51 (1 H, d, J 15.6 Hz,CH=CH), and 8.53(1 H, dm, J 4.9 Hz, pyridine H ₆ ); m/z 295 (M+ 23%), 294 (11 ), 227 (21 ), 226 (100), 211 (18), 184 (10), and 154 (13).

c) fE)-4-[2- 3-Cyciopentyloxy-4-methoxyp enyl)ethenyπpyrimidine

From Intermediate 3 c). The crude product was subjected to chromatography (Siθ2; EtOAc) then recrystallised from Et2θ-hexane to afford the title compound (1.64g) as a pale yellow amorphous solid m.p. 83-84.5°C. (Found: C, 72.58; H, 6.81 ; N, 9.40. Cι ₈ H ₂ oN2θ ₂ requires C, 72.95; H, 6.80; N, 9.45%); δH (300MHz; CDCI ₃ ) 1.6-1.7 (2H, br m, cyciopentyl id's), 1.8-2.1 (6H, br m. cyclopentyl id's), 3.90 (3H, s, OMe), 4.84 (1 H, br m, OCidCH ₂ ), 6.91 (1 H, d, J 16Hz, CH=CH), 6.92 (1 H, d, J

8.3 Hz, ArH ortho to OMe), 7.1-7.2 (2H, m, 2x ArH meta to OMe), 7.31 (1H, dd, J 5.3, 1.3 Hz, pyridine H5), 7.81 (1 H, d, J. 16 Hz,CH=CH), 8.65 (1 H, d, J 5.3 Hz, pyridine idε), and 9.14 (1 H, d, . 1.3Hz, pyridine JH2); mfc 296 (M+, 18%), 228 (26), 227 (100), 213 (6), 212 (7), and 41 (9).

EXAMPLE 7 a) {E)-4-f2-f3-Cyciopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenvi)et enyllpyridazine intermediate 4a) was dissolved in toluene (50ml) containing 4- toluenesuiphonic acid (0.1 g) and the mixture heated to reflux in a Dean- Stark apparatus for 2h. The cooled reaction mixture was poured into saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (25mi) and extracted with dichloromethane (1x50ml, 1x25ml). The organic extract was dried (MgSθ4), concentrated in vacuo and the residue subjected to cnromatography (Siθ2; Et2θ-hexane, 1 :1 ) to afford the title compound (370mg). (Found: C, 72.75; H, 6.78; N, 9.23. C18H20N2O2 requires C, 72.95; H, 6.80; N, 9.45%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5-2.1 (8H, br m, (CtbU). 3.85 (3H, s, OMe), 4.82 (1H, br m, OCH), 6.75-7.7 (7H, brm, ArH ortho to OMe + 2x ArH meta to OMe + CH=CH + pyridazine H ₃ , ids), 8.95 (1 H, dd, J 4.3,

1.4 Hz, pyridazine idβ);

The following compounds were prepared in a manner similar to the compound of Example 7a.

b) (E)-4-r2-(3-Cvclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenvi)ethenvπpyridine From Intermediate 4b). The crude product was subjected to chromatography (Siθ2; EtOAc) to afford the title compound (7.47g) as pale yeiiow needies m.p. 108-108.5°C (from Et2θl-hexane). (Found: C, 76.92; H, 7.12; N, 4.88. C19H21NO2 requires C. 77.26; H, 7.17; N, 4.74%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5-2.1 (8H, br m, (Cfctek), 3.84 (3H, s, OMe), 4.81

(1 H, br m, OCHCH ₂ ), 6.77 (1 H, d, J 15.8 Hz, CH=CH), 6.81 (1 H, d, J βa. 9 Hz, ArH ortho to OMe), 6.95-7.1 (3H, m, ArH meta to OMe + CH=Cid), 7.28 (2H, dd, J 4.7, 1.6 Hz, pyridine J±3 _, H ₅ ), and 8.49 (2H, dd , 4.7, 1.6 Hz, pyridine id2, H ₆ ); m/z 295 (M+, 35%), 228 (20), 227 (100), 226 (86), 198 (34), 184 (23), 167 (12), 166 (16), 154 (10), and 41 (20).

c) (E)-2-r2-(3-Cvclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethenyl]pyrazine From Intermediate 4c). The crude product was subjected to chromatography (Siθ2; Et2θ-hexane, 1 :1) to afford the title compound (0.80g) as a pale brown solid m.p. 81-83°C. (Found: C, 72.94; H, 6.78; N, 9.23. C18H20N2O2 requires C, 72.94; H, 6.80; N, 9.45%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5- 2.0 (8H, br m, (CtteU), 3.84 (3H, s, OMe), 4.80 (1 H, br m, OCH), 6.81 (1 H, d, J. 8.8 Hz, ArH ortho to OMe), 6.93 (1 H, d, J 15.9 Hz, CH=CH), 7.0-7.15 (2H, m, 2xArH meja to OMe), 7.63 (1 H, d, J 15.9 Hz, CH=CH), and 8.25- 8.60 (3H, m, pyrazine id3, idδ.idβ)-

d) (EM-r2-(3-Cvclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenviy-1-propenyl1 pyridine

From Intermediate 7 (1 g) using 10% NaOH solution (25ml). Chromatography (Siθ2; dichloromethane) followed by recrystallisation (hexane) afforded a mixture of (Z)- title compound, 4-{2-[1-(3-Cyclo- pentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propenyl]pyridine, and the title compound (247mg) as white needles m.p. 78-79°C. Found C, 77.64; H, 7.58; N, 4.41 C20H23NO2 requires C, 77.63; H, 7.49; N, 4.52%). δH (80 MHz; CDCI3) 1.6-2.0 (8H, br m, (CtbU), 2.26 (3H, d, J 1.3Hz, CH3), 3.85 (3H, s, OMe), 4.75-4.85 (1 H, m, OCHCH ₂ ). 6.60-7.21 (6H, m, ArH + PyJd3, hs + C=CH), and 8.52 (2H, br d, Pyid2. H ₆ ). m/z (El) 309 (M ⁺ , 30%), 241 (100), 222 (21 ), and 212 (29).

e) (E -{2-ri-(3-Cvclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl -propenyl ^' | l pyridine vdroc loride

From Intermediate 3d (0.40g, l .22mmol). Purification by column chromatography (Siθ2; EtOAc) afforded the title compound free base which was dissolved in Et2θ and treated with ethanoiic HCI to give the title. compound as a fine yeilow precipitate, m.p. 197.1 - 200.6°C. (Found: C, 69.12; H, 6.92: N, 3.96 C20H23NO HCI requires C, 69.45; H, 6.99; N,

4.05%). δH (80 MHz; CDCI ₃ ) 1.6-2.0 (8H, br m, (CJtfek). 2.39 (3H, d, J 1.0Hz, CH ₃ ), 3.87 (3H, s, 0Cid3), 4.73-4.83 (1 H, m, OCHCH ₂ ), 6.93-7.0 (3H, m, ArH), 7.25 (1 H, s, HC=C), 7.90 (2H, br d, PyH ₃ , H5), and 8.65 (2H, br d, Pyid2. id ₆ ). m/z (El) 309 (M+-HCI), 241 and 212. 5

EXAMPLE 8

(Z)-4-r2-(3-Cvciopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenvπethenvnpyridin e

A solution of sodium ethoxide [prepared from sodium (0.1 Og, 4.50mmol)] in ethanoi (50ml) was added over 5 mm to a stirred mixture of 4-pyridine

10 carboxaldehyde (0.44g, 4.10mmo!) and (3-cyclopentyloxy-4- methoxyphenyi)-methyltriphenyiphosphonium chloride (2.00g, 4.08g) in ethanoi (30ml). After 2h, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue partitioned between EtOAc (75ml) and brine (50ml). The organic layer was separated, then dried (MgS04) and concentrated jn

15 vacuo. A ¹ H n.m.r. spectrum indicated that the mixture consisted of a 3:2 mixture of (Z.) : (E.) title compound (and triphenylphosphine oxide). A portion (0.6g) of the mixture was subjected to chromatography (Siθ2; hexane to EtOAc) to afford pure (Z)-title compound (0.14g) as a pale yelow solid m.p. (Found: C, 77.18; H, 7.16; N, 4.63. C19H21 NO2 requires

20 C, 77.26; H, 7.17; N, 4.74%); δH (300MHz; CDCI3) 1.5-1.55 (2H, br m, cyclopentyl H's), 1.65-1.9 (6H, br m, cyciopentyl id's), 3.83 (3H. s, OMe), 4.44 (1 H, br m, OCidCH ₂ ), 6.40 (1 H, d, J 12.2 Hz. Cid=CH), 6.65-6.80 (4H, m, ArH ortho to OMe + 2xArH meta to OMe + CH=CH), 7.15 (2H, ca. d, J 6.0 Hz, pyridine H2 _, H ₆ ); m/z 295 (M+, 22%), 22S (15), 227 (100), 226

25 (94), 198 (35), 184 (15), 166 (12), 43 (19), and 41 (29).

EXAMPLE 9 fZ)-3-(3-Cvclopentyloxy-4-methoχyphenv0-2-(phenvimethyl) propenenitrile

30 A solution of Intermediate 5 (l .l g) in toluene (100ml) containing 4- toluenesuiphonic acid (0.05g) was heated to reflux for 3h. The reaction mixture was partitioned between saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (50ml) and dichloromethane (50ml). The organic phase was separated then dried (MgS04) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue

OK was subjected to chromatography (Siθ2; Et2θ-hexane, 1 :1 ) to afford the title compound (0.90g) as an off-white solid m.p. 1 11-112°C. (Found: C,

79.12; H, 7.00; N, 4.13. C22H23NO2 requires C, 79.25; H, 6.95; N, 4.20%); δH (CDCI3) 1.5-2.1 (8H, br m, (CtteM), 3.64 (2H, d, J_0.9Hz, PhCid2). 3.83 (3H, s, OMe), 4.85 (1 H, br m, OCHCH ₂ ), 6.78 (1 H, d, J 8.3 Hz, ArH ortho to OMe), 6.82 (1 H, d, J 0.9Hz, CH=CCN), 7.07 (1 H, dd, J 8.6, 2.0Hz, ArH para to cyclopentyloxy), 7.2-7.3 (5H, ___\. s, Cβids), and 7.50 (1 H, d, J 1.8Hz, ArH ortho to cyclopentyloxy); m/z 333 (M ⁺ , 16%), 266 (19), 265 (100), 264 (25), 222 (11), 137 (11), 115 (14), and 41 (13).

EXAMPLE 10 (E) and (Z) isomers of 3-(3-Cvciopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(4.5- dichloro-1 -imidazolyi) propenenitrile

4,5-dichloroimidazol-1-yl acetonitrile (purified by dissolution in CH2CI2, containing florisil and Siθ2) (2.99g, 0.016mol) in THF (5ml) was added to a solution of LDA [made from diisopropylamine (190ml, 0.0135mol) and n- butyllithium (10.60ml)] in THF at 0°C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C. for c__\ 30min, filtered and concentrated to dryness. Purification by column chromatography (Siθ2; EtOAc-hexane, 1 :3) gave (1) (Z) title compound (0.218g) after trituration in hexane as a yellow solid m.p. 87.8- 88.8 (Found: C, 57.05; H, 4.48; N, 10.96 C18H17O2N3CI2 requires C, 57.16; H, 4.53; N, 11.11%). δH (80MHz; CDCI3) 1.5-2.0 (8H, br m, (CJd2)4). 3.84 (3H, s, OCH3), 4.3-4.4 (1 H, m, OCHCH ₂ ). 6.00 (1 H, s, ArH), 6.77 (2H, br s, Arid), 7.33 (1 H, s, HC=C or imid C±), and 7.42 (1 H, S, HC=C or imid CH.). m/z (El) 379 (M ⁺ , 3%), 377 (5), 308 (10), 276 (1 1), 275 (13), 274 (41 ), 273 (28), 247 (11 ), 242 (100), 230 (22), and 214 (10).

(2) ⁽ E ⁾ title com ^p ound (0.189g) as pale yellow crystals m.p. 129.3-131.9 (from EtOH). (Found: C, 57.08; H, 4.48; N, 10.92 C18H17O2N3CI2 requires C, 57.16; H, 4.53; N, 11 ,11%) δH (80 MHz; CDCI3) 1.6-2.0 (8H, br m, (CtbU), 3.91 (3H, s, OC.H3). 4.78-4.86(1 H, m, OCHCH ₂ ), 6.88 (1 H, d, J 8.5Hz, Arids), 7.15-7.3 (2H, m, Arid), 7.51 (1 H, s, imid CH), and 7.60 (1 H, d, J 2.0Hz, HC=C). m/z (El) 379 (M ⁺ , 63%), 377 (88), 311 (27), 310 (12), 309 (39), 276 (33), 275 (27), 274 (96), 273 (35), and 242 (100).

EXAMPLE 11

(Z)-3-(3-Cvclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)2-(2.6-dιfluorophen yl) propenenitrile

To a solution of LDA [made from butyllithium (6.70ml, 0.01 Omol) and diisopropylamine (1.80ml, O.012mol)3 in THF at -10°C was added 2,6- difluorophenylacetonitrile (1.20mi, 9.70mmol). The solution became yellow. Left to stir at -10° C for ca 30min before adding chlorotrimethylsilane (1.30ml, 0.01 Omol). The solution became colourless. Left to stir at -10°C for ca 20min before cooling to -78°c and adding butyllithium (6ml; 9.6mmol)). The solution became light orange. Left to stir ca 15 min before adding Intermediate 1 (2J3g, 9.68mmoi). The reaction mixture was left to warm to RT overnight, washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, extracted with dichloromethane, dried (MgSθ4) and concentrated in vacuo. Chromatography (Siθ2; Et2θ- hexane, 1 :4) afforded the title compound (0.301 g) as white crystals, m.p. 79J-81°C (Found C, 70.80; H, 5.39; N, 3.93. C21H19F2NO2 requires C, 70.97; H, 5.39; N, 3.94%). δH (80MHz; CDCI3) 1.5-2.0 (8H, br m, (CH2)4), 3.88 (3H, s, OCid3), 4.18-4.9 (1 H, m, OCiHCH ₂ ). 6.78-7.4 (6H, m, ArH + HC=C), and 7.74 (1 H. d, J 2J Hz, ArH). m/z (El) 355 (M+, 15%), 287 (100), 244 (15) and 84 (25).

EXAMPLE 12

Ethyl cis-(3-Cvciopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(4-pyridyl) propenoate

A mixture of Intermediate 1 (26.62g; 0J2mol), ethyl-4-pyridylacetate (19.92g; 0J2mol; l eq) ana ammonium acetate (18.63g; 0.24g; 2eq) in glacial acetic acid (200ml) was stirred at 120°C under N2 for 20 hours. The solution was cooled to room temperature and the acid removed in vacuo to give an orangey/brown residue. This residue was taken up in a saturated bicarbonate solution (to pH=8.5) and extracted several times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried (MgSθ4) and evaporated to dryness to give a yellow solid. Recrystallisation from toluene/hexane ( 1 st crop) then toluene (2nd crop) followed by coiumn chromaiography (Siθ2; nexane-EtOAc/hexane: 7/3) gave the title compound m.p. 109-111°C as a white crystalline solid, δμ (CDCI3) 1.27 (3H, t, J 7J Hz, CH ₂ Cid3), 1 *45-1.8 (8H, br m, cyclopentyl id's), 3.81 (3H, s, OMe), 4J 6 (1 H. br m. OCid), 4.25 (2H, q, J 7.1 Hz,

C.H2CH3), 6.43 (1 H, d, J 2.0Hz, ArH ortho to cyclopentylolxy), 6.73 (1H, d, J 8.4 Hz, Arid ortho to OMe), 6.80 (1 H, dd, J 2.0, 8.4 Hz, Arid para to cyclopentyloxy), 7.22 (2H, dd, J 1.6, 4.5 Hz, pyridine M3, ids), 7.83 (1 H, s, iHC = C) and 8.64 (2H, dd, J 1.6, 4.5 Hz, pyridine H2. Hβ). An alternative procedure is as follows:

To a stirred solution of Intermediate 1 (22g; l OOmmol) and ethyl-4-pyridyl- acetate (16.5g; lOOmmol) in dry toluene (150ml) at room temperature was added glacial acetic acid (2.4ml) followed by piperidine (0.8ml). The solution was heated to reflux and the water produced removed as an azeotrope, collected by a Dean Stark Apparatus. After 16 hrs, the solution was allowed to cool to room temperature, charcoal and Florisii added, stirred for 5 minutes and then filtered. The solvent was removed by evaporation in vacuo. The crystalline solid obtained was dissolved in dichloromethane, washed with a saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, dried (MgS04), filtered and the solvent removed by evaporation in vacuo. The product was recrystallised (diisopropyl ether) to give the title compound as a white crystalline solid, with melting point and NMR consistent with the above values.

EXAMPLE 13

(E)-1-(3-Cvclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyπ-2-(3-pyridyπeth ene

Potassium tert.-butoxide (197mg, 1.75mmol, 1.2eq) was added to a solution of Intermediate 10(500mg, 1.46mmoi) in THF at 0°C. The mixture was stirred for 5 min then a solution of 3-pyridinecarboxaldehyde (156mg, l .46mmoi) in THF (5ml) was added dropwise. After stirring at RT for 16h the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was partitioned between chloroform (10ml) and water (5ml), and the organic phase was separated, dried (MgSθ4), and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was subjected to chromatography (Siθ2; EtOAc-hexane, 1 :1) to afford the title compound (196mg) as a pale yellow oil; δH (80MHz; CDCI3) 1.5-2.1 (8H, br m, (Cfck ), 3.82 (3H, s, OMe), 4.80 (1 H, br m, OCH), 6.7- 7.3 (6H, m, C6id ₃ ÷ iHC=CH + pyridine t ), 7.73 (1 H, m, pyridine ids), 8.40 (1 H, dd, J 4.5, 2.0Hz, pyridine H ₆ ), and 8.64 (1 H, d, J 2.0HZ, pyridine hb).

The title compound (185mg) was dissolved in ethanoi (5ml) and treated with Et2θ-HCI. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue recrystallised form chloroform-hexane to afford the title compound hvdrochloride (173mg) as pale yellow crystals m.p. 177-181 °C (300MHz; CDCI ₃ ) 1.65-2J (8H. br m, (Cid2)4), 3.91 (3H, s, OMe), 4.87 (1 H, br m, OCid), 6.91 (1 H, d, J 8.0 Hz, ArH ortho to OMe), 6.93 (1 H, d, J 16.2Hz, Cid=CH), 7.05-7J5 (2H, m, 2 x ArH meta to OMe), 7.2-7.3 (1 H, m, pyridine H ₄ ), 7.73 (1 H, d, J 16.2Hz, CH=CH). 7.85 (1 H, dd, i 7.5, 5.0Hz, pyridine ids), 8.41 (1H, d, J 7.5HZ, pyridine ids), 8.55 (1H, dj. 5.0Hz, pyridine H2), and 8.87 (1 H, br s, NH); m/z (El) 295 (M ⁺ -HCI, 49%), 228 (20), 227 (100), 226 (92), 207 (28), 198 (25), 180 (39), 41 (34), 38 (27), and 36 (85).

FORMULATION EXAMPLES

The compounds of the invention may be formulated for pharmaceutical use in a number of forms using any suitable excipients. Thus, for example, for oral use the compounds of the invention such as the compounds of the Examples may be formulated as a solid dosage form, by mixing an appropriate weight of compound (for example 50mg) with maize starch (50-99%w/w), anhydrous colloidal silica (0-10%w/w) and organic or inorganic acid (up to 1%w/w), to fill capsules of an appropriate size, e.g. white opaque hard gelatine capsules size 3. If desired the same mixture may be compressed into tablets.

The activity and selectivity of compounds according to the invention was demonstrated in the following tests. In these tests the abbreviation FMLP represents the peptide N-formyl-met-leu-phe.

I llsssouuliiaaatiieeeduu E eennnzzzyyymmmeee

The potency and selectivity of the compounds of the invention was determined using distinct PDE isoenzymes as follows:

i. PDE I, rabbit heart ii. PDE II, rabbit heaπ iii. PDE 111, rabbit heart, Jurkat cells

iv. PDE IV, HL60 cells, rabbit brain, rabbit kidney and human recombinant PDE IV v. PDE V, rabbit lung, guinea pig lung

A gene encoding human PDE IV has been cloned from human monocytes {Livi, et al.. 1990, Molecular and Cellular Biology, IQ, 2678). Using similar procedures we have cloned human PDE IV genes from a number of sources including eosinophils, neutrophiis, lymphocytes, monocytes, brain and neuronal tissues. These genes have been transfected into yeast using an inducible vector and various recombinant proteins have been expressed which have the biochemical characteristics of PDE IV {Beavo and Reifsnyder, 1990, TIPS, 1_1, 150). These recombinant enzymes, particularly the human eosinophii recombinant PDE IV, have been used as the basis of a screen for potent, selective PDE IV inhibitors.

The enzymes were purified to isoenzyme homogeneity using standard chromatographic techniques.

Phosphodiesterase activity was assayed as follows. The reaction was conducted in 150μl of standard mixture containing (final concentrations):

50mM 2-[[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyi]amino]-1-ethane-sulphonic acid (TES)

-NaOH buffer (pH 7.5), 10mM MgCI ₂ , OJ μM [ ³ H]-cAMP and vehicle or various concentrations of the test compounds. The reaction was initiated py addition of enzyme and conducted at 30°C for between 5 to 30 min. The reaction was terminated by addition of 50μl 2% trifluoroacetic acid containing [ ¹⁴ C]-5'AMP for determining recovery of the product. An aliquot of the sampie was then applied to a column of neutral alumina and the

[ ³ H]-cAMP eluted with 10ml 0J TES-NaOH buffer (pH8). The [ ³ H]-5'-AMP product was eluted with 2ml 2M NaOH into a scintillation vial containing 10ml of scintillation cocktail. Recovery of [ ³ H]-5'AMP was determined using the [ ¹⁴ C]-5'AMP and all assays were conducted in the linear range of the reaction.

Compounds according to the invention such as compounds of the Examples herein cause a concentration-dependent inhibition of

recombinant PDE IV at OJ - 1000nM with little or no activity against PDE I, II, III or V at concentrations up to 100μM.

2. The Elevation of cAMP in Leukocytes The effect of compounds of the invention on intracellular cAMP was investigated using human neutrophils or guinea pig eosinophils. Human neutrophils were separated from peripheral blood, incubated with dihydrocytochalasin B and the test compound for 10 min and then stimulated with FMLP. Guinea pig eosinophils were harvested by peritoneal lavage of animals previously treated with intra- peritoneal injections of human serum. Eosinophils were separated from the peritoneal exudate and incubated with isoprenaline and test compound. With both cell types, suspensions were centrifuged at the end of the incubation, the cell pellets were resuspended in buffer and boiled for 10 min prior to measurement of cAMP by specific radioimmunoassay (DuPont).

The most potent compounds according to the Examples induced a concentration -dependent elevation of cAMP in neutrophils and/or eosinophils at concentrations of 0J nM to 1 μM.

3. Suppression of Leukocyte Function

Compounds of the invention were investigated for their effects on superoxide generation, chemotaxis and adhesion of neutrophils and eosinophils. Isolated leukocytes were incubated with dihydrocyto¬ chalasin B for superoxide generation only and test compound prior to stimulation with FMLP. The most potent compounds of the Examples caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of superoxide generation, chemotaxis and adhesion at concentrations of OJnM to 1μM.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced synthesis of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) by human peripheral blood monocytes (PBM) is inhibited by compounds of the Examples at concentrations of 0.01 nM to 10μM.

4. Relaxation of Constricted Airway Smooth Muscle in vitro

The effects of compounds of the invention on guinea-pig isolated tracheal smooth muscle were investigated. Isolated tracheal rings were suspended in organ baths and immersed in oxygenated Krebs' solution. The smooth muscle was contracted with sub-maximal concentrations of histamine or carbachol prior to the addition of increasing concentrations of test compound to the organ baths. The most potent compounds of the Examples caused a concentration- dependent reversal of both histamine and carbachol-induced contractions at concentrations of 1 nM to 100μM. The compounds were generally more potent in reversing histamine-induced tone than carbachol-induced tone.

5. Effects on Cardiac Muscle in vitro Compounds of the invention have been tested for their effects on isolated cardiac muscle. Right atrial and papillary muscles were dissected out from the hearts of guinea pigs and suspended in organ baths for measuring the rate (chronotropic) of spontaneously beating atria and force (inotropic) of the electrically stimulated papillary muscle. In these preparations, selective PDE IV inhibitors such as rolipram do not have any direct effects whereas selective PDE III inhibitors such as milrinone have positive chronotropic and inotropic effects. The non-specific PDE inhibitor theophylline, which is used in asthma as a bronchodilator, also causes significant cardiovascular changes such as tachycardia. Selective PDE IV inhibitors have advantage over theophylline, therefore, . through reduced cardiovascular side effects. The most potent and selective compounds of the Examples had no direct effects on the atrial and papillary muscies in vitro at concentrations up to 10μM but in combination with PDE III inhibitors, these inhibitors showed an enhancement of chronotropic and inotropic activity, typical cf selective type IV inhibitors.

S. Anti-inflammatory Activity in vivo lnterleukin-5 (IL-5)-induced pleural eosinophilia in the rat (Lisle, et al. 1993. Br.J. Pharmacol. 108. 230p) is inhibited by compounds of the

Examples given oraily at doses of 0.0001 to 10.0mg/kg. The most potent compounds cause a dose-dependent reduction in migrating eosinophils with ED50S of 0.003 to 0.03mg/kg p.o.

Compounds of the invention also reduce the inflammatory responses induced in rats by platelet activating factor (PAF).

7. Anti-allergic Activity in vivo Compounds of the invention have been tested for effects on an IgE- mediated allergic pulmonary inflammation induced by inhalation of antigen by sensitised guinea pigs. Guinea pigs were initially sensitised to ovalbumin under mild cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression. by intraperitoneal injection of antigen in combinations with aluminium hydroxide and pertussis vaccine.

Booster doses of antigen were given two and four weeks later and at six weeks, animals were challenged with aerosolised ovalbumin whilst under cover of an intraperitoneaily administered anti-histamine agent (mepyramine). After a further 48h, bronchial alveolar lavages (BAL) were performed and the numbers of eosinophils and other leukocytes in the BAL fluids were counted. The lungs were also removed for histological examination for inflammatory damage. Administration of compounds of the Examples (0.001 -10mg/kg i.p. or p.o.), up to three times during the 48h following antigen challenge, lead to a significant reduction in the eosinophilia and the accumulation of other inflammatory leukocytes. There was also less inflammatory damage in the lungs of animals treated with compounds of the Examples.

8. Effects on Pulmonary Dynamics

Compounds of the invention (0.001 -10mg/kg by oral or other route of aministration) reduce the allergic bronchoconstruction caused by antigen in sensitized guinea pigs.

Compounds of the invention have been tested for their effects on ozone-induced hyperreactivity of the airways of guinea pigs. Following the inhalation of ozone, guinea pigs become very much

more sensitive to the bronchoconstrictor effects of inhaled histamine than naive animals (Yeadon et al. 1992, Pulmonary Pharm., 5, 39). There is a pronounced shift to the left (10-30 fold) of the dose response curve to histamine and a highly significant increase in the maximum increase in pulmonary resistance. Compounds of the

Examples administered 1h prior to ozone by the intraperitoneal or oral (0.001 -10mg/kg) route caused a dose-dependent inhibition of ozone-induced hyperreactivity.

Adverse Effects

In general, in our tests above, compounds of the invention have had no observed toxic effects when administered to animals at the doses shown.