PRIORITY CLAIM

[0001] This application claims the benefit of United States Patent Application serial number 17/070,124 entitled “SUSTAINABLE CURTAIN WALL,” filed on October 14, 2020, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure generally relates to micro algae systems. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to systems and methods for micro algae systems with an integrated microalgae curtain wall for building enclosure.

BACKGROUND

[0003] Over the past few decades, microalgae have been cultivated for various uses in agricultural, aquacultural, pharmaceutical, and food industries due to its fast growth rate and a wide array of biodiversity growing in a wide range of habitats. Microalgae offers ecological sustainability by improving soil quality, water quality, and air quality while encouraging biodiversity and minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, it serves socioeconomic sustainability by offering social well-being (e.g. employment, food security), energy security, and resource conservation. Algae’s photosynthesis with its fast growth rate includes a number of benefits. These benefits include the production of O2 and sequestration of CO2, which can be used to offset human driven CO2 emission. Further, microalgae can be used, among other things, to generate biofuel, which can reduce our dependence on non-renewable resources. Use of microalgae to produce O2 and to generate biofuel can offer ecological and economic benefits.

[0004] Tall building enclosures, such as office buildings and apartments, represent a significant amount of the electricity use, energy use and greenhouse gas emissions, particularly those in dense urban areas. Glass enclosures have been preferred in contemporary buildings by architects and owners due to design opportunities such as day lighting, view-out and aesthetics. Aesthetic appeal of transparency and lightness of glass is unique attributes that other building materials do not offer. Further, innovation in glass technology over the past decades has pushed the boundary of design opportunities and technical advancement for glass enclosures.

[0005] In addition to energy attributes, constructability of building enclosure systems is important in that the high-rise buildings and the dense urban site have additional construction challenges such as access to the site, building material storage and space for installation equipment.

[0006] Recently, building-integrated microalgae facades have drawn the attention of architects and designers in the field of net zero architecture due to its effective role in enhancing building energy efficiency, producing on-site biofuel as well as reducing air pollutions and processing wastewater treatment. It is estimated that such tall building enclosures fitted or retrofitted with microalgae facades could significantly reduce energy consumption as compared to the original building or a building constructed without microalgae facades.

[0007] In view of the above, there is a need for a cost effective lightweight prefabricated microalgae facade for use within a microalgae system, that integrates with tall building enclosures, with longevity and quality control that comply with building codes and national industry standards.

[0008] The above-described background relating to microalgae facades is merely intended to provide a contextual overview of some current issues and is not intended to be exhaustive. Other contextual information may become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon review of the following description of exemplary embodiments.

SUMMARY

[0009] The present disclosure generally provides a microalgae system including a microalgae curtainwall for a building that serves as a building enclosure that provides solar heat control, daylight transmission, thermal insulation, and structural integrity to the building, replacing building enclosures, such as low energy efficient windows.

[0010] In one exemplary embodiment, the present disclosure provides a microalgae curtain wall. The microalgae curtain wall includes photobioreactors, an interior glass panel, an exterior glass panel, transoms, and mullions. The photobioreactors are adapted to receive sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow microalgae received therein. The exterior glass panel is offset from the interior glass panel forming a gap therebetween. The transoms hold the interior glass panel and the exterior glass panel therebetween. The transoms suspend the photobioreactors in the gap and between the interior glass panel and the exterior glass panel.

[0011] In one embodiment of the microalgae curtain wall, the photobioreactors are arranged in an array forming open areas therebetween that are adapted to allow a view therethrough.

[0012] In another embodiment of the microalgae curtain wall, the transoms include at least one upper photobioreactor support bracket and at least one lower photobioreactor support bracket with vertically slotted holes that hold and suspend the photobioreactors therebetween.

[0013] In a further embodiment of the microalgae curtain wall, the microalgae curtain wall further includes mullions holding the interior glass panel and the exterior glass panel therebetween and positioned at sides of the photobioreactors. Optionally, the mullions are offset from the sides of the photobioreactors with a localized bracket. Optionally, each of the transoms and the mullions include glass support brackets for the interior glass panel and the exterior glass panel, forming a seal therewith, and wherein the transoms, the mullions, the interior glass panel, and the exterior glass panel form an insulated glass structure. And optionally, the microalgae curtain wall, including the transoms, the mullions, the interior glass panel, the exterior glass panel, and the photobioreactors, forms a modular, prefabricated component.

[0014] In yet another embodiment of the microalgae curtain wall, the photobioreactors include multiple photobioreactor components joined together by one or more brackets with a gasket therebetween. Optionally, each of the photobioreactor components includes a key on opposing sides with the one or more brackets received therein.

[0015] In yet a further embodiment of the microalgae curtain wall, the photobioreactors are arranged in an array with at least one of a partially overlapping and interlocking pattern.

[0016] In another exemplary embodiment, the present disclosure provides a microalgae system. The microalgae system includes a microalgae storage tank and a microalgae curtain wall. The microalgae storage tank adapted to store microalgae cultures. The microalgae curtain wall includes photobioreactors, an interior glass panel, an exterior glass panel, and transoms. The photobioreactors are adapted to receive the microalgae cultures from the microalgae storage tank and to grow microalgae. The exterior glass panel is offset from the interior glass panel forming a gap therebetween. The transoms hold the interior glass panel and the exterior glass panel therebetween and suspend the photobioreactors in the gap and between the interior glass panel and the exterior glass panel.

[0017] In one embodiment of the microalgae system, the photobioreactors are arranged in an array forming open areas therebetween that are adapted to allow a view therethrough. [0018] In another embodiment of the microalgae system, the transoms include at least one upper photobioreactor support bracket and at least one lower photobioreactor support bracket with vertically slotted holes that hold and suspend the photobioreactors therebetween.

[0019] In a further embodiment of the microalgae system, the photobioreactors include multiple photobioreactor components joined together by one or more brackets with a gasket therebetween.

[0020] In yet another embodiment of the microalgae system, the microalgae system further includes an oxygen outlet line adapted to supply oxygen produced by the microalgae to a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system of the building.

[0021] In yet a further embodiment of the microalgae system, the microalgae system further includes onsite energy production adapted to receive the microalgae from the microalgae curtain wall and convert the microalgae into energy.

[0022] In still another embodiment of the microalgae system, the microalgae system further includes a dewatering plant adapted to separate the microalgae from the microalgae curtain wall from water therein.

[0023] In another embodiment of the microalgae system, the curtain wall further includes mullions holding the interior glass panel and the exterior glass panel therebetween and positioned at sides of the photobioreactors. At least one of the mullions and the transoms are anchored to a building structure. Optionally, the microalgae curtain wall, including the transoms, the mullions, the interior glass panel, the exterior glass panel, and the photobioreactors, forms a modular component, and wherein the microalgae system includes a plurality of the modular component. And optionally, each of the transoms and the mullions include glass support brackets for the interior glass panel and the exterior glass panel, forming a seal therewith, and wherein the transoms, the mullions, the interior glass panel, and the exterior glass panel form an insulated glass structure. [0024] In a further exemplary embodiment, the present disclosure provides a microalgae system. The microalgae system includes a microalgae storage tank, a microalgae curtain wall and a controller. The microalgae storage tank is adapted to store microalgae cultures. The microalgae curtain wall includes one or more photobioreactors adapted to receive the microalgae cultures from the microalgae storage tank and to grow microalgae. The controller is configured to determine at least one of a concentration, color, and tint for microalgae in one or more bioreactors of a microalgae curtain wall based on at least one of a desired heat transmission, solar gain, and daylight transmission of the microalgae curtain wall and control production of the microalgae within the one or more bioreactors such that the at least one of the concentration, color, and tint for the microalgae within the one or more bioreactors is obtained therein.

[0025] In one embodiment of the microalgae system, the one or more photobioreactors are arranged in an array including multiple photobioreactor circuits, and wherein the controller is configured to individually control the at least one of the concentration, color, and tint of the microalgae contained within each of the multiple photobioreactor circuits.

[0026] In another embodiment of the microalgae system, the controller is configured to, based on a user controlled selection, reducing a turbidity level of at least one photobioreactor circuit to provide one or more viewing windows for an occupant.

[0027] In a further embodiment of the microalgae system, the desired heat transmission is based on internal temperatures of a room adjoining the microalgae curtain wall and exterior temperatures and whether, based on temperature control settings for the room, heat should be retained within the room, heat should be expelled from the room, or heat should be blocked from entering the room.

[0028] In yet another embodiment of the microalgae system, the microalgae curtain wall is a biochromic window, and the desired solar gain and daylight transmission of the microalgae is based on settings provided by an occupant in the room. [0029] In yet a further embodiment of the microalgae system, controlling production of the microalgae includes controlling how much and how often microalgae cultures are provided to the one or more photobioreactors. Optionally, controlling the production of the microalgae also includes controlling an amount of carbon dioxide provided to the one or more photobioreactors.

[0030] In still another embodiment of the microalgae system, the controller is also configured to divert returned microalgae to a heat exchanger and extract heat from the microalgae for at least one of hydronic heating and domestic water heating.

[0031] In still a further embodiment of the microalgae system, the microalgae curtain wall further includes an interior glass panel, an exterior glass panel, and transoms. The exterior glass panel offset from the interior glass panel forming a gap therebetween. The transoms hold the interior glass panel and the exterior glass panel therebetween and suspend the photobioreactors in the gap and between the interior glass panel and the exterior glass panel. Optionally, the curtain wall further includes mullions holding the interior glass panel and the exterior glass panel therebetween. The mullions are positioned at sides of the photobioreactors. At least one of the mullions and the transoms are anchored to a building structure. Each of the transoms and the mullions include glass support brackets for the interior glass panel and the exterior glass panel, forming a seal therewith. The transoms, the mullions, the interior glass panel, and the exterior glass panel form an insulated glass structure. The controller is also configured to supply air from the adjoining room into a space within the insulated glass structure surrounding the one or more photobioreactors to increase insulation of the microalgae curtain wall.

[0032] In yet another exemplary embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method for controlling a microalgae system. The method includes determining at least one of a concentration, color, and tint for microalgae in one or more bioreactors of a microalgae curtain wall based on at least one of a desired heat transmission, solar gain, and daylight transmission of the microalgae curtain wall. The microalgae curtain wall includes one or more photobioreactors adapted to receive microalgae cultures from a microalgae storage tank and to grow microalgae. The method also includes controlling production of the microalgae within the one or more bioreactors such that the at least one of the concentration, color, and tint for the microalgae within the one or more bioreactors is obtained therein.

[0033] In one embodiment of the method, the one or more photobioreactors are arranged in an array including multiple photobioreactor circuits, and the method includes individually controlling the at least one of the concentration, color, and tint of the microalgae contained within each of the multiple photobioreactor circuits.

[0034] In another embodiment of the method, the method further includes, based on a user controlled selection, reducing a turbidity level of at least one photobioreactor circuit to provide one or more viewing windows for an occupant.

[0035] In a further embodiment of the method, the desired heat transmission is based on internal temperatures of a room adjoining the microalgae curtain wall and exterior temperatures and whether, based on temperature control settings for the room, heat should be retained within the room, heat should be expelled from the room, or heat should be blocked from entering the room.

[0036] In yet another embodiment of the method, the microalgae curtain wall is a biochromic window, and the desired solar gain and daylight transmission of the microalgae is based on settings provided by an occupant in the room.

[0037] In yet a further embodiment of the method, controlling production of the microalgae includes controlling how much and how often microalgae cultures are provided to the one or more photobioreactors. Optionally, controlling the production of the microalgae also includes controlling an amount of carbon dioxide provided to the one or more photobioreactors.

[0038] In still another embodiment of the method, the method further includes diverting returned microalgae to a heat exchanger and extracting heat from the microalgae for at least one of hydronic heating and domestic water heating. [0039] In still a further embodiment of the method, the microalgae curtain wall further includes an interior glass panel, an exterior glass panel, and transoms. The exterior glass panel offset from the interior glass panel forming a gap therebetween. The transoms hold the interior glass panel and the exterior glass panel therebetween and suspend the photobioreactors in the gap and between the interior glass panel and the exterior glass panel. Optionally, the curtain wall further includes mullions holding the interior glass panel and the exterior glass panel therebetween. The mullions are positioned at sides of the photobioreactors. At least one of the mullions and the transoms are anchored to a building structure. Each of the transoms and the mullions include glass support brackets for the interior glass panel and the exterior glass panel, forming a seal therewith. The transoms, the mullions, the interior glass panel, and the exterior glass panel form an insulated glass structure. The method further includes supplying air from the adjoining room into a space within the insulated glass structure surrounding the one or more photobioreactors to increase insulation of the microalgae curtain wall.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0040] The present disclosure is illustrated and described herein with reference to the various drawings, in which like reference numbers are used to denote like system components/method steps, as appropriate, and in which:

[0041] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a microalgae system;

[0042] FIG. 2 is a partially exploded schematic illustration of an embodiment of the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 1 ;

[0043] FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of an elevation of the microalgae curtain wall of FIGS. 1-2;

[0044] FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a cross-section of the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 3 taken along the line IV-IV; [0045] FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of a partial cross-section of the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 3 taken along the line V-V;

[0046] FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a partial cross-section of the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 3 taken along the line VI-VI;

[0047] FIG. 7 is a partially exploded schematic illustration of an embodiment of the microalgae curtain wall of FIGS. 1-6;

[0048] FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of a partial elevation of the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 7;

[0049] FIG. 9 is a partially exploded schematic illustration of an embodiment of the microalgae curtain wall of FIGS. 1-6;

[0050] FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration of a partial elevation of the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 9;

[0051] FIG. 11 is an exploded schematic illustration of a joint between adjoining photobioreactor components of the photobioreactor of FIGS. 1-10;

[0052] FIG. 12 is a partially exploded schematic illustration of an embodiment of the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 1;

[0053] FIG. 13 is a schematic illustration of a partial elevation of the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 12;

[0054] FIG. 14 is a schematic illustration of a cross-section of the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 13 taken along the line XIV -XIV;

[0055] FIG. 15 is a schematic illustration of a partial cross-section of the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 13 taken along the line XV -XV; [0056] FIG. 16 is a schematic illustration of a partial cross-section of the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 13 taken along the line XVI-XVI;

[0057] FIG. 17 is a partially exploded schematic illustration of an embodiment of the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 1;

[0058] FIG. 18 is a schematic illustration of a partial elevation of the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 17;

[0059] FIG. 19 is a schematic illustration of a cross-section of the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 18 taken along the line XIX-XIX;

[0060] FIG. 20 is a schematic illustration of a partial cross-section of the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 18 taken along the line XX-XX;

[0061] FIG. 21 is a schematic illustration of a partial cross-section of the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 18 taken along the line XXI -XXI;

[0062] FIG. 22 is a schematic illustration of a partial cross-section of the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 18 taken along the line XXII-XXII;

[0063] FIG. 23 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of a mounting bracket assembly for the microalgae curtain wall of FIGS. 1-22;

[0064] FIG. 24 is an exploded schematic illustration of an embodiment of a mounting bracket assembly for the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 23;

[0065] FIG. 25 is a block diagram of the controller of FIG. 1;

[0066] FIG. 26 is a schematic illustration of a micro-oculi building enclosure system; [0067] FIG. 27 is an exploded schematic illustration of the micro-oculi building enclosure system of FIG. 26;

[0068] FIG. 28 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of the micro-oculi building enclosure system of FIG. 26;

[0069] FIG. 29 is a schematic illustration of an alternate embodiment of micro-oculi building enclosure system of FIG. 26;

[0070] FIG. 30 is a schematic illustration of a photocatalytic enclosure system;

[0071 ] FIG. 31 is a schematic illustration of an alternate layout of the photocatalytic enclosure system of FIG. 30

[0072] FIG. 32 is schematic illustration of an open cell of the photocatalytic enclosure system of FIG. 30;

[0073] FIG. 33 is a schematic illustration of alternate shapes for the open cell of FIG. 32;

[0074] FIG. 34 is a schematic illustration of programmable logic for controlling a microalgae system;

[0075] FIG. 35 is a schematic illustration of operation of a microalgae system;

[0076] FIG. 36 is a method for controlling a microalgae system; and

[0077] FIG. 37 is a schematic illustration of a closed-loop microalgae system.

DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

[0078] In various embodiments, the present disclosure relates to systems and methods for a microalgae system. In particular, the microalgae system includes a microalgae curtain wall that serves as a primary building enclosure, such as a traditional window, that provides holistic utilitarian functions of adequate thermal and structural performance, good daylight transmission, shading efficacy as well as air tightness and water tightness in accordance with industry standards.

[0079] The microalgae curtain wall, through microalgae growth therein, improves indoor and outdoor air quality through O2 production and CO2 bio fixation as a result of photosynthesis by the microalgae. As another benefit, the microalgae harvested from the microalgae curtain wall can be extracted and converted into renewable fuel stocks, such as biomass or biofuel. The renewable fuel converted from the microalgae can offset building energy consumption from the built environment and can be integrated into the green fuel industry.

[0080] For example, the microalgae curtain wall can produce the heat as a byproduct to supply the heat demands of the building, such as for space heating and for domestic hot water. Furthermore, the microalgae curtain wall can serve as a cost- effective and sustainable infrastructure for domestic wastewater treatment due to the ability of microalgae to provide oxygenation by photosynthesis and water sanitation.

[0081] As will be discussed in greater detail below, in some embodiments, the microalgae curtain wall is prefabricated, which can further contribute to lower development and construction costs, resulting in a cost effective and durable curtain wall that can be retrofitted to existing buildings and incorporated into new construction.

[0082] In various embodiments, the present disclosure further relates to systems and methods for a micro-oculi building enclosure system. The micro-oculus building enclosure system 300 includes micro-oculus shaders that are adapted to control daylight transmission and shading therethrough while producing energy via photovoltaic elements. In dynamic configurations, the micro-oculus shaders are rotatable allowing for dynamic control over the daylight transmission and solar heat gain as well as for optimizing the energy production thereof. [0083] In various embodiments, the present disclosure further relates to systems and methods for a photocatalytic enclosure system. The photocatalytic enclosure system includes an array of open cells that are coated with Titanium Dioxide that acts as a catalyst for removing air pollution. In embodiments, the photocatalytic enclosure system encapsulates the array of open cells between a double skin facade that is adapted to purify air flowing therethrough.

[0084] In various embodiments, the present disclosure further relates to systems and methods for controlling a microalgae system. In particular, the concentration, color, and tint of the microalgae within the system is controlled to regulate heat transmission, solar gain, and daylighting transmission and to respond to solar intensity and CO2 levels. Energy stored in the microalgae system is reclaimed and transferred, such as via a heat exchanger, to other building service systems such as for space and domestic hot water heating.

[0085] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a microalgae system 100. The microalgae system 100 includes a microalgae curtain wall 120, a microalgae storage tank 112, and a dewatering facility 113. The microalgae curtain wall 120 is a facade for a building that serves as a building enclosure. In embodiments, the microalgae curtain wall is adapted to replace glass panels enclosures for buildings. The microalgae curtain wall 120 includes at least one photobioreactor 121 area and at least one vision area 122. In the embodiments illustrated, the microalgae curtain wall 120 includes an array of photobioreactors 121 with vision areas 122 interspersed within the array of photobioreactors 121. The photobioreactors 121 are adapted to encourage microalgae growth by providing a nutrient-rich environment. Further, the growth density of the microalgae provides shading to the interior space. The photobioreactors 121 include a cavity adapted to receive microalgae cultures and are formed of a material that permits sunlight to pass therethrough to the microalgae. The vision areas 122 are adapted to allow view-out by building occupants and daylighting penetration into the building.

[0086] The microalgae storage tank 112 is adapted to store microalgae for distribution to the photobioreactors 121. In particular, the microalgae storage tank 112 is adapted to store young microalgae cultures. In some embodiments, the microalgae storage tank 112 is also adapted to store nutrients, water, and the like that are used to facilitate microalgae growth. The nutrients, water, and the like can be stored in separate containers from the young microalgae cultures within the microalgae storage tank 112 or in a separate microalgae storage tank 112 altogether.

[0087] The microalgae is provided from the microalgae storage tank 112 to the photobioreactors 121, such as by a pump 111 and a microalgae inlet line 102. In embodiments, the microalgae inlet line 102 supplies the microalgae to a top of the microalgae curtain wall 120, such as at atop of each of the photobioreactors 121. Water, nutrients, and the like, are also provided to the photobioreactors 121, such as by the microalgae inlet line 102.

[0088] Air containing CO2 is supplied to the photobioreactors 121, such as by a compressor 116 and an air inlet line 103. In embodiments, the air inlet line 103 supplies the CO2 containing air to a bottom of the microalgae curtain wall 120, such as at a bottom of each of the photobioreactors 121. In some embodiments, the compressor 116 integrates an Ultraviolet-C (UVC) light tunnel to disinfect harmful bacteria and viruses in the CO2 containing air.

[0089] The O2 produced by the microalgae is removed from the photobioreactors 121 using an air outlet line 101. The air outlet line directs the 02 produced by the microalgae away from the photobioreactors 121 for release into the atmosphere or for a specific use, such as for direct injection of the O2 into the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning system (HVAC) 110 of the building. Moisture from the air can be extracted via a moisture extraction line 105, while the O2 rich air can be supplied to the building via an oxygen release line 106.

[0090] The microalgae is extracted from the photobioreactors 121 via a microalgae outlet line 104 and supplied to the dewatering facility 113. In embodiments, the microalgae is gravity fed from the photobioreactors 121 to the dewatering facility 113. However other methods, such as using pumps, is also contemplated. The dewatering facility 113 is adapted to separate the microalgae from water. In embodiments, the water is directed for other uses, and in other embodiments, the water is recycled back to the microalgae storage tank 112 for reuse in the photobioreactors 121 or supply heat for the space heating and water heating demand.

[0091] The dewatering facility 113 can include a sump or storage tank that holds the microalgae until the microalgae is needed for further distribution. In embodiments, the microalgae system 100 further includes at least one of an onsite energy production system 114 and microalgae transport 115. Onsite and offset outlet lines 107, 108 direct the microalgae for further use. The onsite energy production system 114 is adapted to use the microalgae as fuel and is adapted to provide energy for use. The microalgae transport 115 is adapted to transport the microalgae to processing plants for further use of the microalgae.

[0092] In embodiments, the various lines of the microalgae system including the air outlet line 101, the microalgae inlet line 102, the air inlet line 103, the microalgae outlet line 104, the offsite outlet line 107, and the onsite outlet line 108 are pipes formed of a material that will not react with microalgae, such as Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) pipes.

[0093] In embodiments, the microalgae system 100 includes a controller 200, a heat exchanger 170, and light panel 180, such as a panel of Light Emitting Diode (LEDs). The controller 200 is configured to monitor the microalgae system 100, such as by the use of sensors 204 positioned at varying positions within the system, and to control the various flows and temperature throughout the system, such as via the pump 111, the compressor 116 and various control valves 203 positioned throughout the microalgae system 100. While control valves 203 are illustrated on the main lines (outlet line 101, the microalgae inlet line 102, the air inlet line 103, and the microalgae outlet line 104), in some embodiments, control valves 203 are also included on each of the photobioreactor inlets and outlets. In various embodiments, the sensors 204 include temperature sensors, photometers, pH sensors, oxygen sensors, turbidity sensors, flow meters, and the like. In various embodiments, the sensors 204 are in line sensors positioned at any of on the main lines, within the photobioreactors 121, and the like. In some embodiments, such as for light sensors and temperature sensors, the sensors 204 are also positioned outside of the photobioreactors 121, such as in vision areas 122.

[0094] In some embodiments, the heat exchanger 170 conditions algae medium to regulate the temperature of the photobioreactors 121 to maintain the microalgae with optimal temperature ranges for growth thereof. In embodiments, the heat exchanger 170 is integrated with the storage tank 112 to regulate extreme cold and hot temperatures in the photobioreactors 121. In embodiments, the light panel 180 includes optical fibers. The light panel 180 is adapted to at least provide an artificial light source at night, to stimulate growth of the microalgae. In some embodiments, the light panel 180 is adapted to emit light that kills harmful organisms, such as bacteria, to protect the microalgae.

[0095] FIG. 2 is a partially exploded schematic illustration of an embodiment of the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of an elevation of the microalgae curtain wall of FIGS. 1-2. FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a crosssection of the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 3 taken along the line IV -IV. FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of a partial cross-section of the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 3 taken along the line V-V. FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a partial cross-section of the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 3 taken along the line VI-VI.

[0096] In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 2-6, The photobioreactors 121 are suspended by transoms 130 between mullions 140 and between glass panels 124, 125.

[0097] In embodiments, and as shown in FIGS. 3-6, an exterior glass panel 124 is offset from an interior glass panel 125 forming an air cavity 128 therebetween within which the photobioreactors 121 are suspended. In embodiments, the interior glass panel 125 is a single pane of glass, while the exterior glass panel 124 is insulated panel, such as a dual pane glass panel with an air gap for insulation therein. However, other types and styles of glass panels for each of the interior glass panel 125 and the exterior glass panel 124 are also contemplated. [0098] referring to FIG. 5, the transom 130 includes interior glass support brackets 132 and exterior glass support brackets 137 mounted to a body 135 thereof. In embodiments, the body 135 is a single body, and in other embodiments, the body 135 is formed of two separate bodies joined together. The interior and exterior glass support brackets 132, 137 are adapted to support the interior and exterior glass panels 125, 124. In embodiments, the interior and exterior glass support brackets 132, 135 are adapted to form a seal with the interior and exterior glass panels 125, 124. In some embodiments, a single transom 130 is adapted to support the top of a first set of the interior and exterior glass panels 125, 124 and the bottom of a second set of the interior and exterior glass panels 125, 124. In another embodiment, separate transoms 130 are used.

[0099] In the embodiment illustrated, the transom 130 includes an upper photobioreactor support bracket 131 and a lower photobioreactor support bracket 133. While a single transom 131 is shown with both the upper photobioreactor support bracket 131 and the lower photobioreactor support bracket 133, in other embodiments, separate transoms 130 are used. The upper photobioreactor support bracket 131 of a transom 130 above the photobioreactor 121 and the lower photobioreactor support bracket 133 below the photobioreactor 121 are adapted to connect to the body 135 of the transom 130 and to suspend the photobioreactor 121 therebetween and to suspend the photobioreactor 121 with the air cavity 128 formed by the interior and exterior glass panels 125, 124.

[00100] In some embodiment, the transom 130 also includes an anchor 134 that extends into or adjacent to a building support structure 90, such as a floor of the building, and an anchor bolt 136 that is adapted to ensure that the transom 130 remains anchored to the building support structure.

[00101] The mullion 140 includes interior glass support brackets 142 and exterior glass support brackets 141 connected to a body 145 thereof. In embodiments, the body 145 is a single body, and in other embodiments, the body 145 is formed of two separate bodies joined together. The interior and exterior glass support brackets 142, 141 are adapted to support the sides interior and exterior glass panels 125, 124. In embodiments, the interior and exterior glass support brackets 142, 141 are adapted to form a seal with the interior and exterior glass panels 125, 124. In the embodiment illustrated, a single mullion 140 is adapted to support a side of a first set of the interior and exterior glass panels 125, 124 and a side of a second set of the interior and exterior glass panels 125, 124. In another embodiment, separate mullions are used to support adjacent sides of two sets of the interior and exterior glass panels 125, 124.

[00102] In some embodiments, the mullion 140 is adapted to support the bottom of a second set of the interior and exterior glass panels 125, 124.

[00103] As can be seen in FIG. 6, in some embodiments, the mullion 140 and the photobioreactor 121 is adapted to form a gap therebetween. In embodiments, a localized bracket 129 is adapted to connect the photobioreactor 121 to the mullions 140, which provides further support for the photobioreactor 121 from the mullions 140, while maintaining the suspended nature of the photobioreactor 121 between the upper and lower transoms 130.

[00104] Referring again to FIG. 5, in embodiments, each of the air outlet line 101, microalgae inlet line 102, air inlet line 103, and microalgae outlet line 104 includes a valve 126 for controlling a flow therethrough. In some embodiments, the valves 126 are control valves that are adapted to be controlled by the controller 200.

[00105] In some embodiments, the microalgae curtain wall 120 is a modular component, where the photobioreactor 121, the interior and exterior glass panels 125, 124, the transoms 130 above and below the photobioreactor 121, and the mullions 140 on each side of the photobioreactor 121 are a modular, prefabricated component. In these embodiments, the bodies 135 of adjoining transoms 130 are adapted to connect together to form a single transom 130, and the bodies 145 of adjoining mullions 140 are adapted to connect together to form a single mullion 140. [00106] In embodiments, various designs shapes, materials, and typologies are used for the photobioreactor 121. In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 2-6, the photobioreactors 121 include walls formed of at least a semitransparent material, such as a polymer (e.g. bioplastic, Polyethylene terephthalate) or glass (e.g. borosilicate, float), which are adapted to contain the microalgae. In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 2-6, the photobioreactor 121 includes an array of divided, diamond or circular shaped, bodies connected by tubes.

[00107] In embodiments, the photobioreactor 121 are one of screen types and louver/fin type, which result in the regulation of energy transfer between indoor and outdoor while balancing daylighting, view-out, and solar radiation, all while encouraging microalgae growth, CO2 reduction, and O2 generation.

[00108] FIG. 7 is a partially exploded schematic illustration of an embodiment of the microalgae curtain wall of FIGS. 1-6. FIG. 8 is a partially exploded schematic illustration of a partial elevation of the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 7. FIG. 9 is a partially exploded schematic illustration of an embodiment of the microalgae curtain wall of FIGS. 1-6. FIG. 10 is a partially exploded schematic illustration of a partial elevation of the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 9.

[00109] FIGS. 7-10 illustrate varying shapes of the photobioreactors 121 in accordance with various embodiments. Referring to FIGS. 7 and 8, the photobioreactors 121 illustrated are suspended and formed of a continuous and plaited three-dimensional (3D) tubes that alternate between intersecting (fluidly connecting) and overlapping or interlocking (without fluidly connecting) to form a photobioreactor 121 array.

[00110] Referring to FIGS. 9 and 10, the photobioreactors 121 illustrated are suspended and are small, woven tubes that overlap with an adjoining weave, such as above and below (as shown) or with each weave to the sides thereof. In the embodiment illustrated, each weave is connected to the adjoining weave(s) on the sides thereof, adjacent to the mullions 140. In such a woven topology, a continuous watertight microalgae culture is contained while the density of wefts and warps of the weaves are adjustable to balance the solar exposure for maximum microalgae growth, access to view-out and daylighting potentials while regulating thermal and visual environments.

[00111] In embodiments, woven photobioreactors 121 are made of continuous flexible tubing while woven knots provide the geometric stability for the tubing as a photobioreactor. In embodiments, woven photobioreactors 121 are hung within the air cavity 128 as disclosed above. In other embodiments, the woven photobioreactors 121 are cast within resin, which is a glazing layer for the photobioreactors 121. The small diameter of tubing and its flexibility guarantee even solar exposure for microalgae growth.

[00112] FIG. 11 is an exploded schematic illustration of a joint 150 between adjoining photobioreactor components 127 of the photobioreactor 120 of FIGS. 1-10. In embodiments, the joint 150 includes adjoining photobioreactor components 127, such as tubing, a gasket positioned between the adjoining photobioreactor components 127, a key 153 on each side of the photobioreactor components 127, and one or more brackets 152 adapted to fit within the keys 153 to hold the photobioreactor components 127 together with the gasket 151 held tightly therebetween so as to form a seal. In embodiments, the gasket 151 is formed of silicon. However, other materials are also contemplated.

[00113] FIG. 12 is a partially exploded schematic illustration of an embodiment of the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 1. FIG. 13 is a schematic illustration of a partial elevation of the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 12. FIG. 14 is a schematic illustration of a cross-section of the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 13 taken along the line IX-IX. FIG. 15 is a schematic illustration of a partial cross-section of the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 13 taken along the line XV -XV. FIG. 16 is a schematic illustration of a partial cross-section of the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 13 taken along the line XVI- XVI.

[00114] Referring to FIGS. 12-16, in embodiments, the microalgae curtain wall 120 includes transoms 130, mullions 140, photobioreactors 121, and inflatable pillows 119. In the embodiment illustrated, the photobioreactors 121 are supported from the top and bottom by transoms 130 and the mullions 140 form a crossing pattern that further supports the photobioreactors 121 by providing support for the inflatable pillows 119.

[00115] In embodiments, the inflatable pillows 119 include a body formed of a fluorine based plastic, such as Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) that is adapted to inflate. Air inlet lines 118 are adapted to supply air to the inflatable pillows 119 for inflation thereof. In embodiments, the microalgae system 100 includes a compressor for supplying the air thereto.

[00116] The photobioreactors 121 are positioned on an outer surface of the inflatable pillows 119, opposite the building. The photobioreactors 121 and the inflatable pillows 119 form separate, dissociated cavities. In embodiments, the photobioreactors 121 are integrated into the inflatable pillow 119. By integrating the photobioreactors 121 into the inflatable pillows 119, a primary enclosure with good structural, thermal, and solar performance is provided for the building. Further, the integration of photobioreactors 121 within the inflatable pillows 119 provides noise attenuation, such as for noise from rain droplets.

[00117] FIG. 17 is a partially exploded schematic illustration of an embodiment of the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 1. FIG. 18 is a schematic illustration of a partial elevation of the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 17. FIG. 19 is a schematic illustration of a cross-section of the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 18 taken along the line XIV- XIV. FIG. 20 is a schematic illustration of a partial cross-section of the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 18 taken along the line XX-XX. FIG. 21 is a schematic illustration of a partial cross-section of the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 18 taken along the line XXI -XXI. FIG. 22 is a schematic illustration of a partial cross-section of the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 18 taken along the line XXII-XXII.

[00118] Referring to FIGS. 17-22, in embodiments, the microalgae curtain wall 120 includes strands of photobioreactors 121 extending vertically between transoms 130. In embodiments the strands include an arced or wave shape and are connected to adjacent strands at the maximum/minimums of the arcs/waves. In particular, a middle edge adapter 146 is adapted to connect sections of the strands together. In embodiments, the strands of photobioreactors 121 are extrusions and form structural framing of the microalgae curtainwall 120.

[00119] In embodiments, inflatable pillows 117 are adapted to fill the gaps between the strands of photobioreactors 121. In some embodiments, inflatable pillows 117 include a body formed of a fluorine based plastic, such as EFTFE that is adapted to inflate. Air inlet lines 118 are adapted to supply air to the inflatable pillows 117 for inflation thereof. In embodiments, side edge adapters 147 are adapted to connect the inflatable pillows 117 to the strands of photobioreactors 121, such as around a perimeter of the inflatable pillows 117.

[00120] As the inflatable pillows 117 are infilled between the photobioreactor extrusions, the inflatable pillows 117 can be adapted to provide view-out, daylight transmittance, waterproofing, airtightness, thermal insulation, and natural ventilation.

[00121] FIG. 23 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of a mounting bracket assembly for the microalgae curtain wall of FIGS. 1-22. FIG. 24 is an exploded schematic illustration of an embodiment of a mounting bracket assembly for the microalgae curtain wall of FIG. 23. Referring to FIGS. 23 and 24, in some embodiments, microalgae system 100 includes one or more mounting bracket assemblies 160 adapted to secure the microalgae curtain wall 120 to the building support structure 90.

[00122] In embodiments, the mounting bracket assembly 160 is adapted to receive and hold a portion of a mullion 140, such as the portion adjacent to a transom 130. In the embodiment illustrated, the mounting bracket assembly 160 includes an ‘L’ shaped bracket 161, a slider bracket 162, and a sliding bracket 163. However, other configurations are also contemplated. The ‘L’ shaped bracket 161 includes a vertical portion adapted to secure to the building support structure 90 by fasteners 169, such as bolts and includes a horizontal portion extending out from the vertical portion. [00123] The slider bracket 162 includes a base 164 and a slider 165. The base is adapted to be joined to the horizontal portion of the ‘L’ shaped bracket 161 by fasteners 169. The slider extends upward from the base 164 and is adapted to slidably couple with the sliding bracket 163.

[00124] The sliding bracket 163 is adapted to receive and be fastened to the mullion 140 by fasteners 169 and is adapted to slidably couple with the slider bracket 162. In the embodiment illustrated, the sliding bracket 163 includes bracket arms 166 that are spaced apart and that receive the mullion 140 therebetween. Each bracket arm 166 includes a slot 167 that is adapted to receive the slider 165. In the embodiment illustrated, the bracket arms 166 are adapted to be transverse, such as orthogonal, to each of the base 164, the slider 165, and the vertical and horizontal portions of the ‘L’ shaped bracket 161.

[00125] FIG. 25 is a block diagram of the controller 200 of FIG. 1. The controller 200 can be a digital device that, in terms of hardware architecture, generally includes a processor 202, input/output (I/O) interfaces 204, wireless interfaces 206, a data store 208, and memory 210. It should be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that FIG. 25 depicts the controller 200 in an oversimplified manner, and a practical embodiment may include additional components and suitably configured processing logic to support known or conventional operating features that are not described in detail herein. The components (202, 204, 206, 208, and 202) are communicatively coupled via a local interface 212. The local interface 212 can be, for example, but not limited to, one or more buses or other wired or wireless connections, as is known in the art. The local interface 212 can have additional elements, which are omitted for simplicity, such as controllers, buffers (caches), drivers, repeaters, and receivers, among many others, to enable communications. Further, the local interface 212 may include address, control, and/or data connections to enable appropriate communications among the aforementioned components.

[00126] The processor 202 is a hardware device for executing software instructions.

The processor 202 can be any custom made or commercially available processor, a central processing unit (CPU), an auxiliary processor among several processors associated with the controller 200, a semiconductor-based microprocessor (in the form of a microchip or chip set), or generally any device for executing software instructions. When the controller 200 is in operation, the processor 202 is configured to execute software stored within the memory 210, to communicate data to and from the memory 210, and to generally control operations of the controller 200 pursuant to the software instructions. The I/O interfaces 204 can be used to receive user input from and/or for providing system output. User input can be provided via, for example, a keypad, a touch screen, a scroll ball, a scroll bar, buttons, barcode scanner, and the like. System output can be provided via a display device such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), touch screen, and the like. The I/O interfaces 204 can also include, for example, a serial port, a parallel port, a small computer system interface (SCSI), an infrared (IR) interface, a radio frequency (RF) interface, a universal serial bus (USB) interface, and the like. The I/O interfaces 204 can include a graphical user interface (GUI) that enables a user to interact with the controller 200.

[00127] The wireless interfaces 206 enable wireless communication to an external access device or network. Any number of suitable wireless data communication protocols, techniques, or methodologies can be supported by the wireless interfaces 206, including, without limitation: RF; IrDA (infrared); Bluetooth; ZigBee (and other variants of the IEEE 802.15 protocol); IEEE 802.11 (any variation); IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX or any other variation); Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum; Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum; Long Term Evolution (LTE); cellular/wireless/cordless telecommunication protocols (e.g. 3G/4G, etc.); wireless home network communication protocols; paging network protocols; magnetic induction; satellite data communication protocols; wireless hospital or health care facility network protocols such as those operating in the WMTS bands; GPRS; proprietary wireless data communication protocols such as variants of Wireless USB; and any other protocols for wireless communication. The wireless interfaces 206 can be used to communicate with external networks for receiving command and control instructions as well as to relay data. [00128] The data store 208 may be used to store data. The data store 208 may include any of volatile memory elements (e.g., random access memory (RAM, such as DRAM, SRAM, SDRAM, and the like)), nonvolatile memory elements (e.g., ROM, hard drive, tape, CDROM, and the like), and combinations thereof. Moreover, the data store 208 may incorporate electronic, magnetic, optical, and/or other types of storage media. The memory 110 may include any of volatile memory elements (e.g., random access memory (RAM, such as DRAM, SRAM, SDRAM, etc.)), nonvolatile memory elements (e.g., ROM, hard drive, etc.), and combinations thereof. Moreover, the memory 210 may incorporate electronic, magnetic, optical, and/or other types of storage media. Note that the memory 210 may have a distributed architecture, where various components are situated remotely from one another but can be accessed by the processor 202. The software in memory 210 can include one or more software programs, each of which includes an ordered listing of executable instructions for implementing logical functions. In the example of FIG. 25, the software in the memory 210 includes a suitable operating system (O/S) 214 and programs 216. The operating system 214 essentially controls the execution of other computer programs and provides scheduling, input-output control, file and data management, memory management, and communication control and related services. The programs 216 may include various applications, add-ons, etc. configured to provide end-user functionality with the controller 200, including performing various aspects of the systems and methods described herein.

[00129] It will be appreciated that some embodiments described herein may include or utilize one or more generic or specialized processors (“one or more processors”) such as microprocessors; Central Processing Units (CPUs); Digital Signal Processors (DSPs): customized processors such as Network Processors (NPs) or Network Processing Units (NPUs), Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), or the like; Field- Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs); and the like along with unique stored program instructions (including both software and firmware) for control thereof to implement, in conjunction with certain non-processor circuits, some, most, or all of the functions of the methods and/or systems described herein. Alternatively, some or all functions may be implemented by a state machine that has no stored program instructions, or in one or more Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), in which each function or some combinations of certain of the functions are implemented as custom logic or circuitry. Of course, a combination of the aforementioned approaches may be used. For some of the embodiments described herein, a corresponding device in hardware and optionally with software, firmware, and a combination thereof can be referred to as “circuitry configured to,” “logic configured to,” etc. perform a set of operations, steps, methods, processes, algorithms, functions, techniques, etc. on digital and/or analog signals as described herein for the various embodiments.

[00130] Moreover, some embodiments may include a non-transitory computer- readable medium having instructions stored thereon for programming a computer, server, appliance, device, processor, circuit, etc. to perform functions as described and claimed herein. Examples of such non-transitory computer-readable medium include, but are not limited to, a hard disk, an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, a Read-Only Memory (ROM), a Programmable ROM (PROM), an Erasable PROM (EPROM), an Electrically EPROM (EEPROM), Flash memory, and the like. When stored in the non-transitory computer-readable medium, software can include instructions executable by a processor or device (e.g., any type of programmable circuitry or logic) that, in response to such execution, cause a processor or the device to perform a set of operations, steps, methods, processes, algorithms, functions, techniques, etc. as described herein for the various embodiments.

[00131] FIG. 26 is a schematic illustration of a micro-oculi building enclosure system 300. FIG. 27 is an exploded schematic illustration of the micro-oculi building enclosure system 300 of FIG. 26. FIG. 28 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of the micro-oculi building enclosure system 300 of FIG. 26. FIG. 29 is a schematic illustration of an alternate embodiment of micro-oculi building enclosure system 300 of FIG. 26.

[00132] Referring to FIGS. 26-29, the micro-oculi building enclosure system 300 includes micro-oculus shaders 310. The micro-oculus shaders 310 are one of statically oriented, such as in the static system illustrated in FIG. 29, and adapted to dynamically rotate, such as in the dynamic system illustrated in FIGS. 26-28. The geometry and movements of kinetic micro-oculi device are optimized for solar gain, day lighting, and views, and in particular for solar power production. In embodiments, micro-oculi building enclosure system 300 is a prefabricated unit that serves as a primary building enclosure.

[00133] In embodiments, the micro-oculus shaders 310 are mounted on an interior glass pane 350. And in some embodiments, such as the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 28, the micro-oculus shaders 310 are mounted between an interior glass pane 350 and an exterior glass pane 360. In embodiments, the interior glass pane 350 and the exterior glass pane 360 form an insulated glass unit, which provides insulation for the building. Both the kinetic and static systems provide adequate thermal and structural performance, good daylight transmission, shading efficacy, longevity, as well as air tightness and water tightness in accordance with industry standards.

[00134] In embodiments, the micro-oculus shaders 310 include photovoltaic elements, such as organic photovoltaic elements, for solar energy production. Each of the micro-oculus shaders 310 includes an ocular shape with an upper shading portion 312 and a lower shading portion 314. The upper shading portion 312 protrudes outward from a circular base of the micro-oculus shader 310 in the axial direction relative to the base and at least partially toward the axis of the base. The lower shading portion 314 protrudes outward from the circular base of the micro-oculus shader 310 in the axial direction relative to the axis of the base and at least partially away from the axis of the base. In embodiments, the upper shading portion 312 and the lower shading portion 314 generally include a hollow cylindrical wedge shape with an axis that is at a different angle than that of the base.

[00135] The upper shading portion 312 is adapted to partially block light passing through the micro-oculus shader 310, while the lower shading portion 314 is adapted to reflect light passing adjacent to the micro-oculus shader 310. [00136] In embodiments, the dynamic system includes a gear chain 340, at least one driving gear 345, oculus rotation gears 320, and interstitial rotation gears 330. The gear chain 340 is adapted to rotate the micro-oculus shaders 310. In particular, the gear chain 340 is adapted to rotate the driving gear(s) 345. Each driving gear 345 is adapted to drive rotation of one of an oculus rotation gear 320 and an interstitial rotation gear 330. In the embodiment illustrated, each driving gear 345 is in a geared relationship with an interstitial gear anchor 325. Each oculus rotation gear 320 is adapted to rotate a micro- oculus shader 310. While the oculus rotation gears 320 are shown as separate devices in the embodiment shown, in embodiments, the oculus rotation gear 320 and the corresponding micro-oculus shader 310 are unitary structure that is a single structurally formed entity.

[00137] The interstitial rotation gears 330 are positioned between adjacent oculus rotation gears 320 and are adapted to transmit rotation between the adjacent oculus rotation gears 320. In the embodiment illustrated, the interstitial rotation gears 330 are in a geared relationship with four oculus rotation gears 320 when positioned in an interior of the dynamic system, are in a geared relationship with two oculus rotation gears 320 when positioned along a side of the dynamic system, and in a geared relationship with one oculus rotation gear 320 when positioned at a comer of the dynamic system.

[00138] In the embodiment illustrated, each interstitial rotation gear 330 is rotationally mounted to one of the glass panes 350, 360 via a mounting pin 330, and the interstitial rotation gears 330 are adapted to hold the micro-oculus shaders 310 in place via the oculus rotation gears 320. With the rotation of the micro-oculus shaders 310, an amount of light passing therethrough and into the building is controllable. Further, with integrated photovoltaic elements, the micro-oculus shaders 310 can be rotated to the optimum angle for energy production.

[00139] FIG. 30 is a schematic illustration of a photocatalytic enclosure system 400. FIG. 31 is a schematic illustration of an alternate layout of the photocatalytic enclosure system 400 of FIG. 30. FIG. 32 is schematic illustration of an open cell 410 of the photocatalytic enclosure system 400 of FIG. 30. FIG. 33 is a schematic illustration of alternate shapes for the open cell 410 of FIG. 32.

[00140] Referring to FIGS. 30-33, the photocatalytic enclosure system 400 includes an array of open cells 410. In embodiments, the array of open cells is 410 formed as a unitary structure that is a single structurally formed entity. In embodiments, the photocatalytic enclosure system 400 is a prefabricated unit with cost-effective constructability and long-term durability.

[00141] In embodiments, the open cells 410 are coated with Titanium Dioxide (TiCh). Due to the TiCh, the photocatalytic enclosure system 400 operates as a smog eating facade, as the TiCh acts as a catalyst activated by solar UV to remove common urban smog such as NO, NO2, SO, and VOCs.

[00142] The open cells 410 are 3D open cells that are optimized to balance day lighting, solar radiation, and air purification. This acts as a daylight reflection and/or shading device. In embodiments, the photocatalytic enclosure system 400 is installed at one of outside of a window and inside of a window. In embodiments, the photocatalytic enclosure system 400 is encapsulated between a double skin facade where external air flows through and is purified. The geometry and scale of the photocatalytic 3D cells are optimized based on facade orientations, site locations, and wind (air flow) characteristics. In embodiments, the material of the open cells 410 is one of be opaque, translucent, and transparent depending on the priority of performance requirements (e.g. air purification, daylighting penetration, solar shading, and view- out). Materials range from lightweight fiber concrete, fiber plastics, clear polymers, ceramics, terracotta, and metal.

[00143] The photocatalytic enclosure system 400 also serves as a light reflection and shading device that can maximize daylighting while minimizing energy consumption from heating, cooling, and artificial light loads. This energy efficiency will offset CO2 emission by burning fossil fuels. [00144] FIG. 34 is a schematic illustration of programmable logic 500 for controlling a microalgae system. In some embodiments, the system is the microalgae system 100 illustrated in FIG. 1. Microalgae cultivation requires close monitoring and control of environmental factors to ensure the efficient operation of the system as concerns culturing, enrichment, microalgae collection, harvesting, and bio-product processing. In various embodiments, the target environmental conditions are monitored and controlled by measuring data using various sensors, such as sensors 204 of FIG. 1. In various embodiments, these sensors include temperature sensors, photometers, pH sensors, oxygen sensors, turbidity sensors, flow meters, and the like. The sensors are utilized to detect system changes in culture temperature, light intensity, pH of the medium, nutrients, salinity, and the like. In response to environmental conditions being out of predetermined ranges, inflow and outflow of media, energy, gas, other materials, and the like are adjusted by the controller(s), such as controller 200. The control, such as the programmable logic control outlined in FIG. 34 can be optimized for maximum culture productivity.

[00145] FIG. 35 is a schematic illustration of operation of a microalgae system 600. Referring to FIG. 35, in various embodiments, the microalgae system 600 is integrated into the system 100 of FIG. 1. The microalgae system 600 includes a microalgae curtain wall, such as any of the microalgae curtain walls disclosed herein. In the embodiment illustrated, the microalgae curtain wall includes biochromic window 610. In various embodiments, the biochromic window 610 includes one or more circuits of bioreactors (such as photobioreactors 121 disclosed above) with transparent or semi-transparent walls/windows 615 on each side of the bioreactors. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 35, the biochromic window 610 includes interlocking bioreactors 611, 612.

[00146] In embodiments, the microalgae system 600 includes a microalgae circuit 620. The microalgae circuit 620 includes storage 621, 622, 623, such as tanks. In some embodiments, the storage 621, 622, 623 includes a returned microalgae storage 621, a microalgae culture storage 622, and a non-microalgae storage 623. In some of these embodiments, the microalgae culture storage 622 is configured to receive microalgae cultures from the returned microalgae storage 621, and includes 100% microalgae contained therein, while the non-microalgae storage 623 includes 0% microalgae.

[00147] In embodiments, microalgae circuit 620 includes an actuator 625 that is configured to control an amount of microalgae being extracted from the microalgae culture storage 622 and fed to one or more bioreactors via an algae intake line 626. In particular, each of the microalgae culture storage 622 and the non-microalgae storage 623 are connected to the actuator 625, such that how much material fed from each is controlled thereby. While a single actuator 625 is shown in the embodiment illustrated, multiple separate actuators can also be used. A controller 640 is configured to control the actuator 625. In various embodiments, the controller 640 is the controller 200.

[00148] The bioreactors 611, 612 receive the algae from the algae intake line 626 and carbon dioxide from a carbon dioxide intake line 613 to grow algae therein and which is extracted via a grown algae outtake line 624. The grown algae is fed to the returned microalgae storage 621. The returned microalgae storage 621 is connected to the microalgae culture storage 623 to provide the microalgae cultures thereto. The returned microalgae storage 621 is also connected to an algae extraction line 626 for extracting grown microalgae from the system for use thereof.

[00149] In some embodiments, the microalgae system 600 also includes a heat exchanger 630. In the embodiment illustrated, the heat exchanger 630 is connected to the returned microalgae storage via a heat exchanger line 633. In other embodiments, the grown algae outtake line 624 feeds through the heat exchanger 630 before returning the microalgae to the returned microalgae storage 621. In embodiments, the heat exchanger 630 is configured to receive main water from a water inlet 631 to heat water for domestic use which is supplied via a water outlet 632. In some embodiments, the heat exchanger 630 is also configured to supply heat for hydronic heating via a hydronic heating line 634. In embodiments, solar energy is stored in the biochromic window during the daytime and serves as thermal storage. The stored heat energy after photosynthesis can then be used for the hydronic heating, domestic hot water heating, and the like. [00150] In various embodiments, the microalgae system 600 is configured to regulate heat transmission 601 (dynamic insulation), solar gain 602 (shading efficiency), daylight 603 (daylighting and view-out), and carbon dioxide levels. This is accomplished by controlling a concentration, color, and tint of the microalgae being grown in the bioreactors 611, 612, such as via controller 640 and the actuator(s) 625 In various embodiments, the control is based on desired heat transmission 601, solar gain 602, daylight levels that are either predetermined or determined based on other environmental factors. In various embodiments, the control is also based on solar intensity and carbon dioxide levels. In embodiments, the microalgae system 600 is configured for a semi continuous production mode of the microalgae, which allows for control of a density of the microalgae.

[00151] In various embodiments, each bioreactor 611, 612 includes a separate microalgae circuit 620. In these embodiments, heat transmission 601, solar gain 602, and daylight 603 regulation can be managed by each bioreactor 611, 612 independently, which allows for increased dynamic control and allows for viewing windows to be temporarily provided by reducing a turbidity level of the microalgae in one or more of the bioreactors 611, 612.

[00152] In various embodiments, when increased insulation is desirable, the microalgae system 600 is configured to supply room air into the microalgae curtain wall/biochromic window 610, which reduces temperature-based heat transfer between the inside and outside. Utilizing this dynamic insulation with dynamic insulation provided by increasing the algae in the bioreactors along with the heat supplied by the algae for both hydronic heating and domestic water, heating results in energy savings and better thermal comfort of occupants. In embodiments, the dynamic insulation control can be based on the desirability to retain heat within a room, expel heat from the room, or block heat from entering the room.

[00153] FIG. 36 is a method 700 for controlling a microalgae system. The method includes determining at least one of a concentration, color, and tint for microalgae in one or more bioreactors of a microalgae curtain wall based on at least one of a desired heat transmission, solar gain, and daylight transmission of the microalgae curtain wall at step 702. In various embodiments, the desired heat transmission is based on internal temperatures of a room adjoining the microalgae curtain wall and exterior temperatures and whether, based on temperature control settings for the room, heat should be retained within the room, heat should be expelled from the room, or heat should be blocked from entering the room. In various embodiments, the microalgae curtain wall is a biochromic window, and the desired solar gain and daylight transmission of the microalgae is based on settings provided by an occupant in the room.

[00154] The method also includes controlling production of the microalgae within the one or more bioreactors such that the at least one of the concentration, color, and tint for the microalgae within the one or more bioreactors is obtained therein at step 704. In various embodiments, step 704 includes controlling how much and how often microalgae cultures are provided to the one or more bioreactors. In some of these embodiments, step 704 also includes controlling an amount of carbon dioxide provided to the one or more bioreactors.

[00155] In some embodiments, the bioreactor system includes multiple bioreactor circuits, and the controller is configured to individually control the at least one of the concentration, color, and tint of the microalgae contained within each of the multiple photobioreactor circuits. In some of these embodiments, based on a user controlled selection, reducing a turbidity level of at least one photobioreactor circuit to provide one or more viewing windows for an occupant.

[00156] In some embodiments, the method further includes supplying air from the adjoining room into a space of the microalgae curtain wall surrounding the one or more bioreactors to increase insulation of the microalgae curtain wall.

[00157] In some embodiments, the method further includes diverting returned microalgae to a heat exchanger and extracting heat from the microalgae for at least one of hydronic heating and domestic water heating. [00158] FIG. 37 is a schematic illustration of a closed-loop microalgae system 800. In various embodiments, the closed-loop microalgae system 800 is implemented for an off grid residential community that is able to process wastewater treatment and clean energy production on-site without relying on city grids. As can be seen in FIG. 37, the closed-loop microalgae system 800 allows for a closed-loop, holistic food-water-energy feedback production. Waste, such as wastewater and flue gas, generated by the microcommunity 810 supplies nutrients for microalgae growth to the microalgae system of the micro-community 810 The biomass produced provides is provided for biofuel production 830, which is used to produce biofuel energy, such as via co-generation 832. The biofuel energy is then provided for community use, such as for electricity and heat 834. Recovered wastewater 812 after use as part of the microalgae growth, along with concentrated microalgae 814 is provided to wastewater treatment that utilizes the concentrated microalgae for treatment of the recovered wastewater 812. In embodiments, a post treatment 822 is performed on the water to ensure usability thereof and it is stored in a clean water reservoir 824 that is supplied back to the microcommunity 810 for use thereof, such as for domestic water usage and landscape irrigation.

[00159] In embodiments, microalgae enclosures in the micro-community serve as an alternative building system to provide operational cost savings and occupant health and wellbeing. They offer good summer shading efficacy by increasing density and color responding to solar intensity, thus reducing cooling load. They offer maximum winter solar gain because their growth rate in winter would be slower and less dense, thus reducing heating demand. Microalgae enclosures can achieve daily, seasonal density targets by withdrawing grown microalgae and filling in new media or vice versa. They can also contribute to CO2 capture and increase their biomass for potential economic return.

[00160] In various embodiments, the microalgae biomass harvested from the microalgae system is used in any of a number of ways including for direct use, for bio active compounds, for biofuel, and for bioelectricity. Direct use can include human food, animal food, food supplements, and the like. Bio active compounds can include poly unsaturated fatty acid, proteins, antioxidants, astaxanthin, beta carotene, vitamins, and the like. Biofuel can include solid biofuel (e.g., bio-char), liquid biofuel (e.g. bioetanol, biodiesel, vegetable oil), a gaseous biofuel (e.g. biohydrogen, biosyngas). Bioelectricity can include Microalgae-based microbial fuel cells (mMFC).

[00161] Although the present disclosure has been illustrated and described herein with reference to preferred embodiments and specific examples thereof, it will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that other embodiments and examples may perform similar functions and/or achieve like results. All such equivalent embodiments and examples are within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, are contemplated thereby, and are intended to be covered by the following claims.