CONSTRUCTION OF LOAD BEARING PARTITION AND EXTERNAL WALLS;

ROOF ELEMENTS AND FLOOR CONSTRUCTIONS

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention applies to building construction of low energy buildings built in renewable materials- sustainable constructions. This invention is especially applicable to the building construction system, and particularly to construction of load bearing partition and external walls, roof elements and floor constructiona by help of one type of laminated timber prism where the above mentioned elements are connected by joints as defined in the respective invention. The proposed invention enables design of load bearing walls , partition walls, floor construction, roof construction, joists and lintels to be applied to all types of building construction.. The construction of buildings by use of elements of the proposed invention is simple and effective..

TECHNICAL PROBLEM

Technical problems of design and construction of buildings in materials like brick, concrete, steel and timber are the following:

- All the building constructive elements are designed and built in different materials used for construction of load bearing walls(external and internal), partition walls, floor construction, roof contruction, beams and lintels.;

- Construction of buildings of different uses(ranging from prefabricated buildings, residential buildings to industrial plants) are also designed and built in different materials and different dimensions;

- Low energy buildings that are built in concrete or brick demand thicker exernal walls;

- The construction of previously mentioned buildings involves greater time consumption necessary for their design, bids and materials specification, materials supply and installation; and

- All the building construction projects realized in classical construction (brick, reinforced concrete or timber construction) face the problem of how to avoid simultaneous change of the ^' architecture of the building( its plan, form, facade etc) when changing designed construction with a new building material.. By use of the proposed invention all those problems are being solved by use of a laminated timber element (1),of the joint E1 between two walls standing at right angles, the joints E2 and E3 between the external and partition wall, the joint E4 of the post with four walls (4), the joint E5 for longitudinal joining of two walls (4), the joint E6 of floor construction, the joints G1- G3 of joists and lintels. The joints E1-E6 and G1 -G3 are in the steel profiles (6), (13) and (17) making easier application of the respective invention.

STATE OF THE ART

Brick and reinforced concrete building constructions are being designed and built in different materials and dimensions.

Timber constructions are designed and built in:

- Materials of different dimensions used in load bearing walls, partition walls, roof constructions etc.,

- Laminated elements of various dimensions, lengths, widths and heights, and

- Joints of posts and horizontal lamellas are different and are designed and built for every type of building construction respectively.

Document EP649947B1 demonstrates the invention pertinent to the method of construction of internal and external walls, characteristic for its use of elongated building elements in timber or concrete assembled one upon the other, vertically connected by U-, round- or polygonally shaped profile 7. As opposed to the invention from the document EP649947B1 , the steel profiles as defined in the proposed invention join all the bearing elements of the building construction. The fabrication of the basic laminated prism is also simpler enabling easier construction. Furthermore, basic laminated timber prism is used for construction of all the structural building construction elements.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

By use one type of element, laminated timber prism and by joining those prisms with E1— E6 joints building constructions can be realized from foundations up to the roof.

By application of the laminated timber prisms interconnected by the joints E1 - E6 i G1 - G3 the following constructions could be built:

1.1. All bearing and partitioning elements of the building construction: :

- Load bearing walls ( external and internal ),

- Partition walls, - Floor constructions,

- Roof constructions, and

- Joists and lintels for all spans and loads.

1.2. All types of building constructions of differents uses:

- Weekend house, family house, hotel, multi rise constructions,

- Industrial plants and warehouses and

- Smaller prefabricated objects like newspaper stands, catering buildings, camp-site buildings, garages, building site objects, gazebos etc.

1.3. All types of low-energy constructions:

- Low-energy building,

- Three-liter building, and

- Passive building.

By use of the laminated prism of for example 10cm thickness( d=10 cm) we achieve 3 to 4 times smaller wall thickness in comparison to classical construction..

During design and building construction phases:

- Design of technical details pertinent to the construction is being simplified,

- Bidding and material specification is not time consuming, and

- Construction is simple due to following reasons:

• Laminated timber prism of 20x10x400 cm weighs only 48kg, so it could be built in by only two workers or by one worker using hand jack,

• Due to the fact that the identical prism and the joints E1 - E6 are used in execution of the complete construction of the building, only one qualified worker is needed for the assembly of the building, while the other workers do not need any technical qualifications, and

• In relation to classical construction in this case construction is 3-4 times faster.

Concerning the object ^' s architectural image, it is completely unaffected by plan, shape, etc. enabling designing according to the architect ^' s and investor ^' s wishes.. Any building construction project ( of 4-5 storeys height in classical brick, reinforced concrete or timber construction) could be realized in constructive elements of the proposed invention because it is possible to put any type of facade or roof covering on the construction of building realized according to the respective invention. Internal walls- visible timber elements could remain visible or could be covered in Knauf or similar materials.. When finished it is not possible to discerm whether the building was constructed in brick, concrete or in technical timber. Also it is possible to build every building construction designed in classical materials by use of constructive elements of the respective invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

Follows a detailed description of invention with reference to figures :

- Figure 1 shows laminated element 1 and joining of basic elements according to the respective invention,

- Figure 2 shows an example of the construction of building realized by use of basic laminated element shown on fig. 1 ,

- Figure 3 is a schematic drawing of application of joints E1- E6 and G1- G3,

- Figure 4 is a drawing showing the building of the wall 4 using prisms 20 and insert pieces 3 according to the respective invention,

- Figure 4a shows axonometric drawing of the construction of the wall 4 by using prisms 20 and insert pieces 3 and the connection of elements using joint E1,

- Figure 5 shows schematic axonometric drawing of connecting the elements using joints E1- E6 and G1- G3,

- Figure 6 shows connection of the post positioned betweent the two walls standing at right angles using joint E1 , detail A as shown on fig. 3, 4, 4a and 5,

- Figure 7 shows connection of the partition and external walls using joint E2, detail B as shown in fig. 3 and 5,

- Figure 8 shows connection of the partition and external walls using joint E3, detail C as shown in fig. 3 and 5,

- Figure 9 shows connection of the partition and external walls using joint E4, detail D as shown in fig. 3 and 5,

- Figure 10 shows longitudinal connection of two walls using joint E5, detail F as shown in fig. 3 and 5,

- Figure 11 shows connection of the floor construction using joint E6, detail G as shown in fig. 5,

- Figure 12 shows connection of joist G1 shown in fig. 5,

- Figure 13 shows connection of joist G2 shown in fig. 5, and

- Figure13 shows connection of joist G3 shown in fig. 5.

Basic construction of external and internal wall, i.e. load bearing and partition walls is made in laminated timber wall 4. Laminated timber wall 4 is assembled from basic laminated timber elements 1 joined by gluing in joiner ^' s shop and, on the building site, vertically joined together by joints of the prism (20) with insert pieces (3) and assembled to desirable height and length.

The invention shown on figures 1-3 shows basic timber laminated element 1 and possible ways of assembling and interconnecting lamellas of bearing walls, joists and lintels. Further, figures 4, 4a and 5 show the construction of the wall 4 by use of prisms 20 and insert pieces 3 according to the proposed invention as well as schematic axonometric drawing of elements connecting by joints E1- E6 and G1- G3. Figure 1 shows basic timber laminated element 1 glued or joined by screws in order to form prefabricated prisms 20 of various dimensions(lengths, widths, heigths) where prefabricated prism 20 is made of at least three laminated timber elements(!) longitudinally joined across their width by gluing. The final timber laminated elements 1 of the prism 20 have grooves 2, of suggested rectangular section. Interconnection of prisms 20, for example in wall assembly, either of bearing or partition wall, shown on figures 4 and 4a is made by use of insert pieces 3.. Insert pieces 3 have suggested rectangular section, which has clearance lesser than a double section of groove 2, where final dimensions of insert 3 section depend on the way of how the two prisms are interconnected In case of dry assembly of inserts 3 and prism 20, the width of insert piece 3 is so dimensioned to fit precisely into the groove 2. In case of gluing the cross section of the insert piece 3 is something smaller from the double section of the groove 2. The length of insert piece 3 is same as the length of prism 20 or in case it is smaller two or more inserts 2 are assembled longitudinally in order to secure stability of load bearing wall. In fabrication of joists and lintels laminated elements are connected by screws with nuts and/or by use of insert pieces. It is advisable to make the laminated element 1 from fir or spruce timber, while the insert piece 3 is suggested to be made from oak, beech or maple timber, or waterproof plywood. Suggested dimensions of laminated timber prism are 20x10x400 cm. Suggested dimension of inser pieces 3 are 20x56 mm.

Figure 5 shows schematic axonometric illustration of joining different elements of building construction by joints E1- E6 and G1-o G3. Joint E1 is joint of the post positioned between two walls(4) standing at right angles. Joint E2 is connection between the external and partition wall(4) where walls (4) are standing at right angles. Joint E3 is a joint between external and partition wall (4). Joint E4 is joint of the post with four walls(4) standing at right angles at the required span. Joint E5 is a joint of two successive walls (4). Joint E6 is a joint to be used in interconnecting floor constructions. Interconnecting of joists (21) along length, width or heigth is made by using joints G1- G3.

Figures 6, 8 and 9 show constructive elements of joints E1 , E3 and E4. Joints E1 , E3 i E4 connect at least two walls (4) standing at right angles, either bearing, external or partition walls, where the mentioned joints are made by use of a hollow steel profile (6) of square or rectangular section, with at least two external profile sidess (6) made of firmly joint steel sheets (6a) perpendicular to the mentioned profile sides(6) and parallel to each other with pre-defined distance R between the sheets (6a). The steel sheets(6a) are joined to the steel profile (6) by welding. The hollow (7) of the profile (6) is filled with sawdust or Styropor or any other insulation material. In case of connecting external and partition wall as shown on fig. 8 three couples of parallel steel sheets (6a) are connected to hollow profile (6) with an always pre-determined distance R between two parallel steel sheets(6a).ln case of connecting two walls standing at right angles as shown on fig. ,9 4 pairs of parallel steel sheets (6a) are connected to hollow profile (6), always with pre- determined distance R between two parallel steel sheets (6a). Length and width of steel sheets (6a) are determined by structural analysis of the construction load bearing capacity . Height of joints E1 , E3 and E4 equals the storey height. Walls (4) at their ends, along their height, have two parallel grooves at the distance R into which enter steel sheets (6a) of the profile (6), where the cross section of the above mentioned grooves by its shape is identical to that of the steel sheets (6a) in way that they fit in tightly. Depth of the grooves in the wall (4) by its size corresponds to the length of steel sheets (6a) or is deeper for air space (11). Walls (4) are interconnected by profile (6) by at least two screws (8) and at least four nuts (9)in a way that the screw (8) is driven perpendicularly through the wall (4) and perpendicularly to steel sheets (6a) and fastened by above mentioned nuts (9). Above the nuts (9) there is a drill hole of larger diameter than the nut diamater (9) and which hole is closed by timber tenon ( 0) glued in, with an air space(1 ) between the nuts (9) and timber tenon (10).

On the external side of parallel steel sheets (6a) there is timber batten (12) joined to the part of the steel profile (6) and part of the wall (4) by gluing, where wall (4) is distanced from the profile (6) for a height or width of the batten (12) and with air space (11) between parallel steel sheets (6a) between the steel profile (6) and the wall (4).

Figures 7 i 11 show joints used to connect, for example, partition and external walls (4) standing at right angles by using joint E2 and connection of floor construction by using joint E6. Above mentioned joints E6 and E2 are fabricated in steel sheet (6a) and steel profile (13), where the profile (13) is made of three steel sheets (6a) of which two steel sheets (6a)are paralel at the distance R and perpendicularly firmly joined to the third steel sheet (6a). Steel sheets (6a) are joined together by welding in way to form a profile(13).

The length and width of steel sheets (6a) is obtained by structural analysis of the construction load bearing capacity.. The height of the joint E2 equals the storey height, while the height of joint E6 equals to joist height (21). Walls (4) and joists (21 )at their ends along the heigth have two parallel grooves at distance R , into which fit steel sheets (6a) of the profile(13), where the section of mentioned grooves by its shape corresponds to the section of steel sheets (6a) in a way that they fit in tigthly together. The groove depth in the wall (4) by its size corresponds to the length of steel sheets (6a) or is larger for air space (11). Walls (4) are interconnected by the profile (13) using at least one screw (8) and at least two nuts (9) in a way that the screw (8) is driven perpendicularly through the wall(4) and perpendicularly to steel sheets (6a) and is fastened by the mentioned nuts (9). Above nuts

(9) there is a drill hole of greater diameter than diameter of the nut (9)and which hole is closed by a timber tenon (10) glued in, where there is air space(11) between the nuts (9) and timber tenon (10).

On the external side of the parallel steel sheets (6a) there is a timber batten (12) which is connected to the part of the steel profile (6) and the part of the wall (4) by gluing where the wall (4) is distanced from the profile (6) for the heigth or width of the batten (12) and with air space (11) between parallel steel sheets (6a) between the steel profile (6) and the wall (4). Figure 10 shows longitudinal joining of two walls by using joint E5. Walls (4) are along their length interconnected by joint E5 using the steel profile (17) assembled from three steel sheets (6a) joined together in a way that their section forms letter H where parallel sheets (6a) are at distance R, or only by use of two parallel steel sheets (6a). Instead of two mentioned parallel steel sheets (6a), two walls could be joined along the length by using waterproof plywood (18). In this case plywood (18) is joined to the walls (4) by gluing. Steel sheets (6a) are joined together by welding in a way that they make a profile (17). The length and width of steel sheets (6a) is defined from the structural analysis of the construction bearing capacity. The height of the joint E5 equals the storey height. Walls (4) at their ends along the height have two parallel grooves at distance R into which enter steel sheets (6a) of the profile (17), where the section of the mentioned grooves by its shape corresponds to the section of steel sheets (6a) in way that they fit tightly together. Depth of the groove in the wall (4) corresponds by its size to the length of the steel sheets (6a) or is larger for air space (11). Walls (4) are interconnected by the profile (17) by using at least one screw (8) and at least two nuts (9) in a way that the screw (8) is driven perpendicularly through the wall (4) and perpendicularly to parallel steel sheets (6a) and is fastened by the mentioned nuts (9). Above nuts (9) there is a drill hole of diameter larger than that of the nut(9) and which hole is closed by timber tenon (10) glued in, with air space(11) between the nuts (9) and the timber tenon

(10) . On the outer side of parallel steel sheets (6a) there is timber batten (12) which is connected to the part of the steel profile (6) and the part of the wall (4) by gluing with the wall (4) distanced from the profile (6) for the height or width of the batten (12) and with air space

(11) between parallel steel sheets (6a) between steel profile (6) and the wall (4). Figures 12, 13 and 14 show the joints of joists G1 - G3. Joists 21 could be made in solid timber or could be laminated timber prisms 20 dimensioned in a way to secure load capacity of the construction. Primary joists (21) could be joined together along their length, height or width by using joints G1- G3 securing in this way taking of calculated loads. Joints G1 - G3 of joists (21) are made by using a steel profile (17) or (13) depending on whether the joists are joined together along their width, height or length.. According to the suggested assembly of the proposed invention by using profile (17) the joining of joists (21) is realized along the length and height, and with a profile (13) along the width. As in formerly described joints made by using the profiles (13) and (17), the joists (21) at their ends have along their height two parallel grooves at distance R into which steel sheets (6a) of the profiles (13) or (17) enter, where the cross section of those grooves by its shape corresponds to the cross section of steel sheets (6a) in a way that they fit tightly together. The groove depth in the joist (21) by its size corresponds to the length of steel sheets (6a) or is larger for air space (11). Steel sheets (6a) of the profiles (13) or (17) are joined together by welding. The joists (21) are joined together either by the profile (13), or the profile (17) by using one or two screws (8) and corresponding nuts (9) in a way that screws (8) are driven perpendicularly through the joists (21) and perpendicularly to the steel sheets (6a) and fastened together by help of mentioned nuts (9). Above the nuts (9) there is a drill hole of diameter larger than that of the nut (9) and which hole is closed by timber tenon (10) glued in, with air space(11) between the nuts (9) and timber tenon (10). Suggested dimensions of the joint G1 are 20x20 cm, while the joist length varies from L=4,00m up to L=6,00m. Suggested dimensions of the joint G2 are 40x10 cm, while joist length varies from L=4,00m up to L=6,00m. Suggested dimension of the joint G3 are 40x20 cm, while joist length varies from L=8,00m up to L=12,00m