Background of the Invention The United States is increasingly burdened with higher potable water demands and more costly downstream water treatment processes. As a practical matter, the costs for water treatment and supply are ultimately borne by the consumer. Reductions in these costs, where economically feasible, draw strong political and commercial support.

Military, industrial, and residential sources generate voluminous quantities of"gray water"from dishwashers,, wash vessels, sinks, showers and bathtubs.

These devices generate gray water and typically lack any form of recycling system. A large number of states have adopted codes for reuse of gray water. Therefore, the impetus for developing robust and economical separation strategies is a reality. The Department of Energy ("DoE") is pushing the private sector to develop more efficient, lower-water usage washing machines with minimal byproducts that are capable of using cold water.

Summary of the Invention The present invention provides a system and method using the system whereby successive loads of laundry may be washed while continuously providing effective soil

removal comprising at least partially recycled wash water from at least one previous wash cycle. The system works well in laundering a wide range of stains and soils, such as those that are encountered in home laundry. The system and the method of using the same comprise filtering wash water with at least one filter to form wash retentate and wash permeate. The use of wash permeate in successive washes provides for reuse of chemicals and water recovery. A similar arrangement may be used with regard to the rinse water. Advantageously, one embodiment of the present invention provides for the use of rinse retentate as make up water in the wash loop that increases water recovery and chemical recovery. The use of additional loops may provide greater recovery.

Ultimately, the present invention can reduce the production of gray water, reduce the discharge of potentially harmful detergent ingredients into the environment, and recover chemicals used in the laundering process.

In accordance with the present invention there is provided a central laundry processing system comprising: at least one wash vessel; at least one detergent initially disposed in the at least one wash vessel; and at least one wash loop wherein the at least one wash loop comprises : at least one wash effluent vessel in fluid communication with the at least one wash vessel; at least one wash filter in fluid communication with the at least one wash effluent vessel; and at least one wash permeate vessel in fluid communication with the at least one wash filter and the at least one wash vessel.

Preferably, said system comprises at least one wash retentate loop between the at least one wash filter and the at least one wash effluent vessel. Preferably, said system comprises at least one rinse loop wherein the rinse loop comprises at least one rinse effluent vessel in fluid communication with the at least one wash vessel.

Preferably, said rinse loop further comprises: at least one rinse filter in fluid communication with the rinse effluent vessel; and at least one rinse permeate vessel in fluid communication with the at least one rinse filter and the at least one wash vessel.

Preferably, said system comprises at least one rinse retentate loop between the at least one rinse filter and the at least one rinse effluent vessel.

Preferably, said system further comprises a conduit disposed in fluid communication with the at least one rinse effluent vessel and the at least one wash effluent vessel wherein the conduit is capable of transferring fluid from the at least one rinse effluent vessel to the at least one wash effluent vessel.

Preferably, said system further comprises at least one additional loop capable of providing greater water and chemical recovery.

In accordance with the present invention there is also provided a method of processing laundry which comprises the steps of: (a) washing a first load of laundry with a detergent in at least one wash vessel to produce a first clean load of laundry and a first wash effluent; (b) passing the first wash effluent through at least one wash filter, producing a first wash permeate . and a first wash retentate; and (c) rinsing the first clean load of laundry to produce a first rinsed load of laundry and a first rinse effluent. Preferably, said

method further comprises the step of: (d) passing at least a portion of the first rinse effluent through at least one rinse filter to produce a first rinse permeate and a first rinse retentate. Preferably, said method further comprises the step of: (e) transferring at least a portion of the first rinse retentate to the first wash effluent.

Alternatively, said method further comprises the steps of: (d) washing a second load of laundry using in part at least a portion of the first wash permeate in the at least one wash vessel to produce a second clean load of laundry and a second wash effluent ;. (e) passing the second wash effluent through the at least one wash filter, producing a second wash permeate and a second wash retentate; and (f) rinsing the second clean load of laundry to produce a second rinsed load of laundry and a second rinse effluent. Preferably, between 30% and 90% of the washing in Step (d) is accomplished with first wash permeate. Preferably, said method further comprises the step of: (g) passing at least a portion of the second rinse effluent through the at least one rinse filter to produce a second rinse permeate and a second rinse retentate. Said method further comprises the step of: (h) transferring at least a portion of the second rinse retentate to the second wash effluent. The method further comprises the step of repeating steps (e)- (h) at least once on additional loads of laundry. Preferably, step (f) is accomplished in part by using at least a portion of the first rinse permeate. Preferably, between 30% and 90% of the washing in Step (f) is accomplished with first rinse permeate.

Alternatively, said method further comprises the steps of: (d) passing the first rinse effluent through at

least one rinse filter, producing a first rinse permeate and a first rinse retentate; (e) washing a second load of laundry with the detergent and in part at least a portion of the first wash permeate in the at least one wash vessel to produce a second clean load of laundry and a second wash effluent; (f) passing the second wash effluent through the at least one wash filter, producing a second wash permeate and a second wash retentate; (g) rinsing the second clean load of laundry with in part at least a portion of the first rinse permeate to produce a second rinsed load of laundry and a second rinse effluent; and (h) passing the second rinse effluent through the at least one rinse filter to produce a second rinse permeate and a second rinse retentate. Preferably, between 30% and 90% of the washing in step (e) is accomplished with first wash permeate and between 30% and 90% of the rinsing in step (g) is accomplished with first rinse permeate.

Alternatively, said method further comprises the steps of: (d) passing a previous rinse effluent through at least one rinse filter, producing a previous rinse permeate and a previous rinse retentate; (e) washing a subsequent load of laundry with the detergent and in part at least a portion of a previous wash permeate in the at least one wash vessel to produce a subsequent clean load of laundry and a subsequent wash effluent ; (f) passing the subsequent wash effluent through the at least one wash filter, producing a subsequent wash permeate and a subsequent wash retentate; and (g) rinsing the subsequent clean load of laundry with in part at least a portion of the previous rinse permeate to produce a subsequent rinsed load of laundry and a subsequent rinse effluent; (h) repeating Steps (d)- (g) at least once; wherein the

previous rinse effluent is the second rinse effluent prior to Step (h) and the previous wash permeate is the first wash permeate prior to Step (h).

In said methods, preferably up to nine loads of laundry are processed. Preferably, said methods are steady state.

Brief Description of the Drawings The present invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:- FIG. 1 is a process flow diagram of one embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a process flow diagram of another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 3 is a process flow diagram of another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 4 is a process flow diagram of another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 5 is a graph of the surface tension vs. detergent concentration for Tide powder detergent; FIG. 6 is a graph of the permeate. flux as a function of feed/retentate volume for a variety of combinations; FIG. 7 is a graph of the soil removal of red wine after subsequent washes under a variety of conditions; FIG. 8 is a graph of the soil removal of raw, unbleached after subsequent washes under a variety of conditions; FIG. 9 is a graph of the soil removal of Immedial Black after subsequent washes under a variety of conditions; FIG. 10 is a graph of the soil removal of blood, milk, and carbon black after subsequent washes under a variety of conditions;

FIG. 11 is a graph of the soil removal of cocoa after subsequent washes under a variety of conditions; FIG. 12 is a graph of the soil removal of blood after subsequent washes under a variety of conditions; FIG. 13 is a graph of the soil removal of carbon black and olive oil after subsequent washes under a variety of conditions; FIG. 14 is a graph of the soil removal of blood, milk, and carbon black after subsequent washes under a variety of conditions; FIG. 15 is a graph of the soil removal of Dust Sebum from cotton after subsequent washes under a variety of conditions; FIG. 16 is a graph of the soil removal of Dust Sebum from polyester after subsequent washes under a variety of conditions; FIG. 17 is a chart showing the reflectance of redeposition swatches from Set 1 ; FIG. 18 is a chart showing the reflectance of redeposition swatches from Set 2; FIG. 19 is a chart showing the reflectance of redeposition swatches from Set 3 ; FIG. 20 is a chart showing the reflectance of redeposition swatches from Set 4; FIG. 21 is a chart of the reflectance of redeposition swatches dried without a fabric softener from Set 5; FIG. 22 is a chart of the reflectance of redeposition swatches dried without a fabric softener from Set 4; FIG. 23 is a graph reflecting the active matter analysis of water from subsequent washes for Set 1 ;

FIG. 24 is a graph reflecting the active matter analysis of water from subsequent washes for Set 2; FIG. 25 is a graph reflecting the active matter analysis of water from subsequent washes for Set 3; FIG. 26 is a graph reflecting the active matter analysis of water from subsequent washes for Set 4 ; FIG. 27 is a graph reflecting the total organic carbon analysis of water from subsequent washes for Set 1; FIG. 28 is a graph reflecting the total organic carbon analysis of water from subsequent washes for Set 3; FIG. 29 is a graph reflecting the total organic carbon analysis of water from subsequent washes for Sets 4 ; FIG. 30 is a graph reflecting the total organic carbon analysis of water from subsequent washes for Sets 5 ; FIG. 31 is a graph reflecting the soil removal on test strips; FIG. 32 is a chart reflecting the reflectance of redeposition swatches dried with fabric softener sheets; and FIG. 33 is a chart reflecting the reflectance of redeposition swatches dried without fabric softener sheets.

Detailed Description of the Invention The present invention provides an economically viable process for central and substantially continuous processing of home laundry in an industrial laundering system. The process preferably achieves effective soil removal and efficient water and surfactant recovery and recycling. As used herein, detergency is relative to an initial wash in a series where fresh water is used.

In one embodiment, the percent removal or "detergency"may be calculated as follows: % Removal ={[(RW-RW) / (R0-RS)]} (100) Rw = reflectance of the washed swatches Rs = reflectance of the soiled swatches Ro = reflectance of the blank swatches (scoured fabric) Ri =l00-((l00-Li) 2 + ai2 bi2) 1/2 "L"= reflectance on black/white scale "a"= reflectance on red/green scale "b"= reflectance on yellow/blue scale Furthermore, effective soil removal preferably retains the colour-fastness of the fabric cleaned.

In addition to achieving effective soil removal, the present invention provides for efficient recovery of water and surfactants. Overall water recovery is least 60%, preferably at least 70%, and more preferably at least 80%, and most preferably about 90%, or more.

Overall surfactant recovery is at least 10%, preferably 20% or more, and more preferably 30% or more.

Numerous aspects of the present invention may be varied without departing from the scope of the present invention. The following parameters may be varied, depending on the situation and the specific parameters

desired. With regard to each parameter, a preferred parameter or range has been shown, but those skilled in the art should recognize that these parameters are not definitive, but illustrative of the benefits of a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

For example, the filter size'affects the size of contaminants and detergent ingredients that are returned to washer in water. The filter size may have the following effects: about one pm (one micron) filters remove hair, pollen, and sand; about 0.1 pm (0.1 micron) filters remove most bacteria and dust; about 0.1 pm (0.01 micron) filters remove viruses and carbon black; and about 0.001 pm (0.001 micron) filters remove synthetic dye and surfactants. Though smaller pore sizes reduce water flux during filtration, those skilled in the art will recognise the benefits of selecting a certain filter depending on which contaminants and detergent ingredients that are desired to be returned to the wash vessel in the water. Though a preferred range of filters is 0.005 to 5 pm (0. 005 to 5 microns), a more preferred filter size is 0.01 to 0.2 pm (0.01 to 0.2 microns) which allows the removal of dirt, viruses, and bacteria without removing most surfactant or similar cleaning agent and also'allows reasonable water flux.

Furthermore, the filter material affects the rate of water flux and surfactant flux and provides the chemical and physical resistance of the filter. Fluoropolymers such as polytetrafluorethylene or Teflons materials are hydrophobic but are resistant to temperature and chemicals like bleach. Polyacrylonitrile is hydrophilic, allows good water flux as a result, but is less resistant to high temperature and corrosive chemicals. Filter

materials may also include ceramics, polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinylidene fluoride, cellulose, cellulose acetate and polypropylene. In a preferred embodiment, the filter may contain polyacrylonitrile because it provides good water and surfactant recovery and has reasonably good chemical resistance at conditions utilised in this process.

Moreover, the type of filter determines rate of water flux and fouling while determining mechanical action occurring at the surface of the membrane. Types of filters that are effective include filters capable of crossflow filtration or vibratory-enhanced filtration.

Both of these types provide good water flux with minimal fouling with typical soil loading in the washwater.

The wash vessel or washing machine type affects the mode of cleaning and the size of laundry load allowed in the system. Wash vessels or washing machines that may incorporated into the system include. but are not limited to household top-load machines, household front-load machines, and industrial front-load machines. The incorporation of at least one industrial front-load washing machine is preferable because each machine may be capable of segregating wash and rinse water and/or automatically dosing detergent while providing the best option for large-scale processing of laundry.

Detergent type determines cleaning profile achieved in laundry process. Notably, the detergent may be a powder or a liquid. Preferably, the detergent comprises: surfactants such as anionic, nonionic, cationic, phosphates, and/or amphoteric surfactants capable of providing cleaning and foaming; builders such as sodium carbonate, zeolite, and/or soda ash capable of minimising the effects of water hardness and minimising soil

redeposition; hydrotropes capable of increasing solubility of ingredients in liquid formulations; fluorescent whitening agents to whiten fabrics; enzymes to help the surfactants clean tough stains and soils; polymers such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carboxymethylcellulose or polyacrylate capable of preventing soil redeposition and dye transfer; perfumes capable of adding fragrance to clothing; bleach containing chlorine or peroxygen compounds capable of whitening fabric; and/or a defoamer such as soap or silicon oil. Preferably, all of these ingredients can be used in the wash recycle. Chlorine bleach should be added separately in the wash cycle from the rest of the ingredients for optimal performance. In a most preferred embodiment, the use of liquid detergent with no zeolite (because zeolite may clog the filter and is not necessary in soft water), chlorine bleach used in last part of wash cycle, and nonionic surfactants and silicone defoamers that provide the preferred low foaming in soft water are used. Although substantially any laundry detergent may be used in the process of the present invention, liquid laundry detergents are preferred. A most preferred liquid laundry detergent is liquid Procter & Gamble's Tide High Efficiency detergent known as Tide HETM detergent. Additional detergents such as Unilever's Wisp are envisioned to be within the scope of the present invention. Those skilled in the art will recognise that virtually any detergent comprising at least one surfactant may benefit from the present invention.

As discussed herein, the water quality is also a factor. Soft or hard water affects the level of cleaning and foaming. Though the present invention may use soft

or hard water, soft water is preferred for cleaning and rinsing.. In the event that soft water is used, a defoamer may be needed to prevent excessive foaming during washing and rinsing. Hard water or soft water may be used as the wash water in the present invention. In a preferred embodiment, soft water is used. As used herein, the term"soft water"is defined to mean water that is substantially free of multivalent ions, including but not necessarily limited to calcium and magnesium ions. A preferred embodiment of the present invention uses a combination of liquid detergent, such as liquid Tide HE detergent and soft water. When this combination is used, filtration performance may reach a steady state with the soils tested corresponding to good flux and a possible chemical recovery, e. g. surfactant, of about 30%.

Washing temperature affects the level of cleaning and bleaching. The washing temperature (i. e. wash loop may be between 10°C and 90°C ; approximately 40°C is preferred to give good cleaning and chlorine bleaching without excessive wear on the clothes.'Rinsing temperature has less impact than washing temperature.

Lower temperatures mean less energy requirements. Though the rinsing temperature (i. e. rinse loop) may be between 10°C and 90°C, approximately 25°C will provide good rinsing with little waste of energy. Filtration temperature affects the rate of filtration. Higher temperatures may increase water flux. Though the filtration temperature may be between 10°C and 90°C, approximately 30°C provides good water flux with little wear on the filter.

The water recycle ratio affects the amount of water, energy and chemical savings. Water may be recycled in

either or both the wash and the rinse loops. Though the recycle ratio may be between 30% and 90%, a recycle ratio of between 80% and 90% with good cleaning can be achieved with effective filtration of rinse and wash water in the preferred embodiment.

As shown herein, the present invention may include several variations. Some of the preferred variations of the system include: filtering the wash only with fresh water used for rinse to provide good cleaning but lower water recovery; providing two isolated filtered rinse and wash loops that may allow cationic fabric softener to be used in rinse loop; providing two loops with processed rinse retentate used to make up the water in the wash loop which maximises water and chemical recovery but usually prevents use of cationic fabric softener in rinse loop because cationic will react with anionic in wash cycle water; and providing three or more loops that allows maximum water and chemical recovery by tailoring filtration to allow maximum recovery of chemical and maximum detergent effectiveness of the process.

In one embodiment, the wash water and rinse water do not have to be segregated. The combined wash and rinse water may be treated, a fraction of treated water may be mixed with fresh water, and the resulting mixture may be used for the wash and the rinse steps in subsequent cycles. In this embodiment, foaming of the recycled water in the rinse step may occur that would benefit from the use of a defoamer. Alternatively, the wash water and rinse water may be segregated in order to achieve desired water reuse levels.

In a preferred process for recycling wash and rinse water, an amount of rinse effluent and wash effluent are separately collected from at least one wash vessel and

maintained in a segregated fashion. Large particulate matter may be filtered from the wash effluent to produce a prefiltered wash effluent. The prefiltered wash effluent may be microfiltered to produce a wash effluent permeate and a wash effluent retentate. At least a portion of the wash effluent permeate may be recycled back to the wash vessel. Furthermore, a portion of the rinse effluent also may be circulated back to the wash vessel, preferably after a filtration to remove some particulates.

In a preferred embodiment, the rinse water is subjected to substantially the same treatment as the wash water. Preferably, large particulate matter can be filtered from the rinse effluent to produce a prefiltered rinse effluent. The prefiltered rinse effluent may be microfiltered to produce a rinse effluent retentate and a rinse effluent permeate. At least a portion of the wash effluent permeate may be recycled back to the wash vessel. Finally, a portion of the rinse effluent retentate also may be added to the prefiltered wash water (preferably before microfiltration) in order to avoid the need to add fresh make-up water to the wash loop and to maximize water and surfactant recovery.

The following provides some of the preferred embodiments of the present invention. Like designation numerals have been used for like elements throughout.

Those skilled in the art will realise that substantial deviation from these embodiments is envisioned to be within the scope of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 1, a load of laundry is placed in a wash vessel 20. A hot or wash water feed 22 provides hot or warm water into the wash vessel 20 to wash the laundry. A cold or rinse water feed 24 provides cold

water into the wash vessel 20 to rinse the laundry. The hardness level of the wash water feed 22 and the rinse water feed 24 impact the efficiency of the process.

Preferably, the water for both feeds is"soft water." The temperature of the water in each feed impacts the efficiency of soil removal. The wash water will clean more effectively if it is warmed before being fed into the wash vessel. The wash water feed 22 is heated to about 40°C.. Those skilled in the art will recognise that variation of the temperature is within the scope of the present invention. The water may be heated using any suitable means, such as a steam coil, electrical coil, or similar method known to those skilled in the art.

After a wash cycle, the wash water effluent 26 is passed through a suitable large pore filter 28 to remove large particulate matter. Large particle matter includes visible particulate matter and matter having a relatively high molecular weight. Typically, suitable filters will not retain molecules with molecular weight below 500,000.

Examples of suitable filters include, but are not necessarily limited to, wire mesh or other sieves or large pore filters. The prefiltered wash effluent 30 is collected in a holding vessel 32 and mixed with make-up water 33, as necessary. Preferably, the make-up water 33 also is soft water.

The wash effluent stream 34 is passed to a filter 36. The filter 36 may be any suitable filter adapted to reject or remove"filtrate"comprising species with a molecular weight cut off ("MWCO") of 5,000 or more, including, but not necessarily limited to reverse osmosis filters, nanofilters, ultrafilters, and microfilters. In a preferred embodiment, the wash effluent stream 34 is passed through a microfilter known as a tubular membrane

filter such as that described in US-A-5868937. A most preferred tubular membrane filter comprises a tubular membrane with an average pore diameter of about 0.1 jjm (0.1 micron). This pore size is expected to remove particulates, emulsifier oily soils, and/or insoluble builders such as zeolites.

Membrane filtration is defined as the use of polymeric or ceramic substrates in the form of spiral- wound modules or tubes designed to separate species in a liquid or gas stream according to molecular size and chemical properties. The spectrum of membrane filtration for liquids varies from reverse osmosis ("RO") to microfiltration ("MF"), between which nanofiltration ("NF") and ultrafiltration ("UF") fall. The spectrum itself is defined in terms of MWCO, which is a measure of the molecular sizes (i. e. molecular weight of species) beyond which the membrane will reject. The assigned values for RO, NF, UF, and MF are nominal and also depend on the membrane. For the purposes of the following discussion,"microfiltration"will refer to molecular weight cutoffs in the range of between 5,000 and 500,000.

For example, species such as endotoxins, pyrogens, virus, bacteria, pigments, dyes, red blood cells, emulsified oils and other organic, asbestos, and pollen can be removed by membranes having MWCOs of nominally 5,000 or less.

Reverse osmosis or RO will reject species on an ionic scale (molecular weights of between 200 and 500, and lower). Nanofiltration or NF will reject species on a molecular scale (molecular weights of between 200 and 10, 000). Ultrafiltration or UF will reject species in the macro-molecular scale (molecular weights of between 1, 000 and 500,000). Finally, microfiltration or MF will

reject species from molecular weights of between 100, 000 and 1, 000,0000 (pore size of between 0. 05 Mm (0.05 microns) and 1 p, m (1 micron). All four separation categories should reject bacteria--a benefit in recycle systems where bacteria are present. The pressure (i. e. power) and high-pressure plumbing (i. e. system weight) requirements for membrane separation processes decrease from the about 2757. 9 kPa absolute (400 lb./in2 absolute ("asia")) in RO systems to approximately between 68.9 and 137.9 kPa gauge (10 and 20 lb./in2 gauge ("psig")) for MF systems. Aside from the system requirements, the separation results using lower MWCO membranes (e. g. RO) may not always be as desirable and the membranes may be more prone to contamination and plugging problems.

The permeate of a membrane filtration system is generally defined as the fluid (gas or liquid) which permeates through the membrane structure. The retentate is the fluid that does not filter through the membrane structure and is therefore swept across, or out of, the membrane cartridge. Passage of the wash water through the filter 36 produces a wash effluent retentate 38 and a wash effluent permeate 40.

The wash effluent permeate 40 passes to a wash water holding vessel 42 and is mixed with make-up water 43, as needed. Preferably, the make-up water 43 also is, soft water. The wash effluent retentate 38 is circulated back to holding tank 32 and later discarded as wastewater 44.

The rinse water 46 similarly is removed from the wash vessel 20 and fed to a rinse water holding vessel 48. Thereafter, the rinse water 50 preferably is transferred from the holding vessel 48 to a mixing vessel 52, where it is mixed with fresh make-up water 53.

Because fabric and other particles tend to plug the screen on the washer inlet line 24, a bag filter 54 treats the rinse water in mixing vessel 52 before it is drawn and reintroduced into the wash vessel inlet 24.

A second embodiment, depicted in FIG. 2, is substantially the same as the first embodiment and uses like element designations for like elements, except that only one holding vessel 52 is used for the rinse water and the bag filter 54 is omitted. Because the wash loop is the same, only the rinse cycle in FIG. 2 will be described. The rinse water 46 is removed from the wash vessel 20 and fed to a rinse water holding vessel 48.

Thereafter, the rinse water 24 preferably is transferred from the holding vessel 48 to a wash vessel 20. In this embodiment, the resulting mixture is reused in the rinse cycle without adding fresh make up water or passing the mixture through a bag filter.

Another embodiment is depicted in FIG. 3. In addition to many of the elements previously discussed with respect to FIG. 1, wherein similar numerical designations are used to denote similar elements, a second pore filter 29 is disposed in the rinse influent stream 46. Moreover, this embodiment benefits from a second filter 37, that may be any filter such as the ones discussed with reference to filter 36 in FIG. 1, but is preferably a microfiltration unit. The filter 37 replaces the bag filter 54 system shown in FIG. 1. By disposing the filter 37 between the rinse water holding vessel 48 and the mixing vessel 52, the filter 37 processes the rinse effluent from the rinse water holding vessel 48 leaving a waste stream 49. The rinse water stream 50 is filtered and may be mixed with fresh make up water 53 in mixing vessel 52.

Another embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG. 4. Like numeral designations have been used to indicate like elements as previously shown in FIGs. 1-3.

A portion of the rinse water retentate 60 is mixed with the wash water effluent in holding vessel 32 prior to filtration. In this embodiment, fresh water (previously shown as element 33 in FIGs. 1-3) preferably is not used as make-up water in the wash water filtration loop.

Removing particulate matter and filtering the permeates reduces the overall amount of water recovered.

The loss can be overcome by adding an amount of make-up water to the rinse effluent permeate and the wash effluent permeate. The make-up water added to the wash effluent may be fresh or unrecycled water, rinse effluent (preferably at least prefiltered), rinse effluent retentate, and/or rinse effluent permeate. The rinse effluent permeate and the wash effluent permeate may be passed directly to a wash vessel for re-use, or stored in a storage vessel for future use.

The embodiments have been implemented as shown in the following examples. These illustrations of the present invention are not to be considered as limiting the present invention to any particular embodiment but rather implementations of preferred embodiments. Those skilled in the art will recognise that substantial deviation is still within the scope of the present invention.

Example 1 A new consumer Kenmore compact wash vessel was used in the initial experiments. Only the wash water was treated and reused. The rinse cycle used fresh water.

The wash water was microfiltered with a 0.1 nm (0.1-

micron) pore size filter in a tubular membrane. The pore size treated was expected to remove particulate and emulsifier oily soil, as well as insoluble builders (zeolites), when present. A tubular membrane was resistant to fouling by particulate matter.

Standard test strips containing swatches of different soils were used to test cleaning ability.

Redeposition swatches that were initially clean were used to test soils redepositing onto fabric. The reflectance of clothes before and after washing yields the measure of soil removal. This is the standard test in the industry.

A variety of measurements were made on the water at several points in the process to aid in understanding the fate of important chemicals originally present in the detergent. In order to simulate some standard or usual conditions encountered in a Laundromat facility, a cup of powdered Tide (with builder, not with bleach) detergent was used and the temperature of wash water was about 40°C and the temperature of rinse water was about 27°C. All fresh and make-up water was maintained with a water hardness of 150 ppm of CaCO3.

The water was prepared by dissolving 50,000 mg/1 (50,000 ppm) hard water, 44.13 g of CaCl2@2H2O (MW = 147.1), and 40.06 g of MgCl296H2O in 1 litre of deionised water. The water was then diluted with deionised water to maintain about 150 ppm hardness.

The following equipment and materials were also used: Dryer (Kenmore'"model 7/60901/2/7) Detergent: Tide"Free of Dyes and Perfumes" (Wal- Mart Supercenter) Test strips EMPA 90 (Testfabrics, Inc.)

Membrane unit (0.1 llm (0.1 micron) microfilter membrane, 0.2 micro lint filter, ultraviolet ("UV") lamp) CaCl2g2H2O and MgCl2C5H2O Sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) (Fisher Scientific) Hunterlab SN-7834 spectrophotometer In each detergency experiment, two test strips were used. Each of the test strips was comprised of cotton swatches having six different kinds of soils on them. An unbleached swatch and a bleached swatch were used to examine redeposition.

The hot water inlet was used as the feed for the wash step and the cold water inlet for the rinse step.

Initially, a cold water tank was filled with 227.1 L (60 gallons) of tap water. After adjusting the hardness level to 150 ppm of CaCO3, 75.7 L (20 gallons) as previously discussed of the water in the cold water tank was transferred to a hot water tank and heated to about 40°C. To simulate clothes, two test strips, test strip #1 and #2, were pinned to three pounds of scoured fabric.

In order to scour the fabric, the fabric was cut into 114.3 cm x 58.4 cm (45"X 23") pieces before being loosely placed into the washer. Then, 50.4 g of sodium tripoly phosphate ("STPP") was added to the wash. The wash vessel was set at regular. The machine was stopped manually after the wash cycle and before the rinse cycle.

Again 504 g of STPP was added to the washer'for the second, third, and fourth washes. For the fifth cycle, the machine was allowed to go through all the steps, including rinse and spin cycle. The scoured fabric was transferred to the dryer before storing in a clean plastic bag.

A half cup (about 87.5 g) of Tide detergent was poured into the wash vessel containing the scoured fabric samples. The wash cycle was carried out at about 40°C using warm or hot water in the hot water tank. Cold water at about 27°C from the cold water tank was used for the rinse. After the first wash, both the 56. 8 L (15 gal) wash water effluent and the 56.8 L (15 gal) rinse water effluent were transferred to a holding tank before filtering. The permeate from filtration was kept in the cold water tank to be reused for the next wash. The retentate was collected in a vessel after passing through the UV lamp to kill bacteria and circulating to get a sufficient volume. The two test strips were removed for measurement of reflectance using the Hunterlab spectrophotometer after drying. A bleached swatch of each test strip, swatch #8, was cut out from test strips and used as"redeposition swatch." In the second wash, with the same amount of Tide detergent, two new test strips, test strip # 3 and 4, and redeposition swatches from the previous wash were again pinned on to a new set of. about three pounds of scoured fabric. The second wash experiment was carried out as was the first wash except that the feed water to the wash step was permeate from the filtration diluted with fresh water. The detergent dosage was not adjusted. After drying, both test strips and two redeposition swatches were removed for reflectance measurement.

Due to the foam problem occurring in the rinse cycle in this second wash, tap water was used in the rinse cycle without adjusting hardness in the third and subsequent washes. After the third wash, only water effluent was held in the holding tank and rinse water effluent was discarded. To get a sufficient amount of

permeate for the next wash cycle, effluent wash water was mixed with about 18.9 L (five gallons) of fresh water (also at about 150 ppm hardness) before going to the filtration. The fourth and fifth washes were carried out in the same manner as the third wash. Only in the second wash was recycled water used in the rinse cycle.

Redeposition swatches were present in successive washes. For instance, swatch &num 8, as previously mentioned, of test strip #1 and #2 were present together with test strips #3 and #4 in the second wash. After the experiment was completed, Swatch #8 or bleached cotton was cut out from test strips &num 3 and 4. All redeposition swatches and test strips #5 and #6 were present in the third wash. In this manner, redeposition swatches were used over and over to examine redeposition. The following Table gives the percent soil removal per wash for various materials: TABLE 1: Percent Soil Removal Description 1st wash 2nd wash 3rd wash 4th wash 5th wash Red Wine 44. 31 42.33 45.82 41.84 42.91 Raw, unbleached 6. 59 8.84 6.63 4.67 5.94 Immedial black 11. 29 14. 15 12. 33 11. 21 10. 89 Blood, milk, carbon 58. 22 54. 07 55. 41 52. 10 51. 56 black Cocoa 60. 57 64. 13 67. 53 60. 77 60. 06 Blood 82. 49 72. 04 76. 33 75. 35 75. 15 Carbon black, olive 42. 57 53.49 51.50 49. 78 48.98 oil As seen from the Table 1, the soil removal varies little over sequential washes. The following tables show that the reflectance or brightness of the redeposition swatches of the test strips appear nearly constant: TABLE 2: Reflectance of the Swatches Wash # Test strip # 1, 2 3, 4 5, 6 1 92. 05-- 2 94. 01 92- 3 94. 09 94. 16 92 4 94. 02 94. 12 94.35 5 93. 84 94. 01 94. 21

Example II Active matter titration was used to determine the anionic surfactant concentrations (both sulphonates and sulphates) of the experimental solutions as well as a blank. The surfactants were reacted with an aqueous solution of dye. About 20 ml of dimidium bromide/disulphine blue indicator ("DI") stock solution, obtained from Gallard-Schlesinger Industries, Inc., was added to about 200 ml of distilled water in a one litre glass-stoppered mixing cylinder. About 3 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid mix was added and then diluted to one litre with distilled water and again mixed thoroughly. Reagent grade chloroform (Fisher Scientific) was added and the two-phase mixture was titrated with a standard aqueous solution of Hyamine 1622 (Benzethonium chloride, 98%, Lancaster synthesis).

Standard 0.0004 molar Hyamine solution was prepared by dissolving about 1.8 grams of Hyamine 1622 in distilled water and diluting to one litre. Using a 10-ml pipette, about 10 ml of sodium lauryl sulphate ("SLS") determined to have a molarity of 0.003527 was transferred to a graduated cylinder. DI water was added until 20 ml

volume was reached. Then, about 20 ml mixed indicator solution and 15 ml chloroform was added.

Next, about 20 ml of surfactant solution (water sample) was added to a 100 ml graduated cylinder and the weight of the solution sample was recorded. Then, about 20 ml of mixed indicator solution and 15 ml chloroform was added to the graduated cylinder. Titration was begun by adding approximately 2 ml of hyamine solution to the cylinder, capping and inverting the cylinder about 10 times, making sure all liquids were mixed. The cylinder was vented after the first inversion as some pressure will build up and cause leakage if not vented. Hyamine solution was added in additional small quantities, mixing well after each addition. The endpoint was reached when the bottom chloroform layer changed colour from pink to gray-blue.

The normality of the hyamine was calculated as follows: Normality of Hyamine (N) = (10 ml SLS) (0.00327 Molarity of SLS) (ml hyamine used in titration) At the titration end point the chloroform layer changed from pink to gray-blue.

Samples of wash water permeate were collected and kept in the refrigerator for later analysis. The wt. % active matter in the samples was calculated as follows: Milli-equivalent (Meq/g) = (N) (ml hyamine used) (100) grams of sample used % AM = (Meq/g) (MW of the test surfactant)/1000 Total organic carbon ("TOC"), inorganic carbon ("IC"), conductivity, pH, and turbidity were measured. Atomic absorption was used to measure Ca+2 and Mg+2 concentrations.

The active matter of the wash water, permeate, and retentate, are reflected in the following Table 3: TABLE 3: Active Matter Active matter balance calculated Run Sample Active Volume, from No. matter, L (gal) Water influent water effluent ppm to washing from Machine, ppm filtration, ppm Fresh water-- Wash water 1 196.00 56.8 (15) 305.0 112.7 Permeate_1 49. 46 94.6 (25) Retentate 1 90.66 18. 9 (5) Wash water 2 227.51 56.8 (15) 354.46 180. 73 Permeate_2 68. 04 75. 7 (20) Retentate 2 135.01 37.9 (10) Wash water3 280.00 56.8 (15) 373.04 173.17 Permeate_3 96.00 56. 8 (15) Retentate 3 231.50 18.9 (5) Wash water 4 277.26 56.8 (15) 401.00 227.89 4 Permeate_4 115. 92 56. 8 (15) Retentate 4 335. 92 18. 9 (5)

"Wash water" (in column 2) = water samples collected right after wash (water effluent from wash vessel) "Water influent to washing machine"= water samples containing 87.5 grams of detergent and retained detergent from the previous wash "Water effluent from filtration"= water samples from filtration unit downstream, number in this column refers to the summation of the active matter content in the permeate and the retentate.

Active matter in the wash water sample (right after wash, not including rinse water) was 196 ppm. The concentration of active matter influent was 87.5 g (composition of active matter was 19.8 wt. %) of Tide detergent in 56.8 L (fifteen gallons) of fresh water.

Therefore, the active matter in the water influent (shown in column 5, subcolumn 1) was <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> x1000x0. 19 = 305ppm<BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> (15 * 3. 791itres) In subcolumn 2, the numerical values were calculated from the summation of. active matter content in 94.6 L (25 gal) of permeate and that in 18.9 L (5 gal) of retentate.

A certain amount of fresh water was added into the wash water before going to the membrane unit. Accordingly, the concentration needed to be adjusted in the original volume 56.8 L (15 gal). Comparing active matter content with each other: (49.46*25)+(90.66*5) =56.33ppm (after diluted) 30 (56.33*30/15) = 112.7 ppm The calculation procedure for subsequent runs was the same except that the active matter calculation in "water influent to washing machine"involved a water sample that was now recycled water containing a certain amount of active matter. Consequently, the total <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> concentration of active matter in the water in was, e. g., 49.46+305 = 354.46 ppm The concentration of active matter in the retentate was approximately three times that of the permeate, compared to a factor of 2 in blank filtration.

Surfactant emulsifying oily soil and adsorbed on particulate soil may have caused this effect. The active matter content increased with the number of runs because the permeate contained some surfactant to which a new dose was added.

The amount of active matter retained in the clothes was calculated by: [active matter in water influent to washing machine, shown in subcolumn 1] - [active matter in wash water, shown in column 3].

For example, for run #1, [active matter retained in the clothes] = 305-196=109 ppm % retained (based on the water influent to washing machine) = 109/305*100 = 35.74% The amount of active matter retained in the membrane unit was calculated by [active matter in water before going to the filtration unit, shown in column 3] - [active matter in water effluent from filtration, shown in subcolumn 2] For example, run # 1, [active matter retained in the filtration unit] = 196-112. 7 = 83.3 ppm % retained (based on the water inlet of filtration) = 83. 3/196*100 = 42.5 % Approximately 2/3 of the original surfactant was in the wash water effluent and 1/3 in the clothing and accompanying retained water: TABLE 4: Amount of Active Matter Retained Amount of active matter retained in Run No. Clothes* filtration unit** ppm % ppm % 1 109 35. 74 83.3 42.5 2 127 35. 83 46.8 20.57 3 93 24. 93 106.8 38.14 4 123. 7 30. 85 49.4 17. 82

* Numbers represented as the difference amount of active matter in ppm and percent of the wash influent and effluent ** Numbers represented as the difference amount of active matter in ppm and percent of the filtration upstream and downstream The TOC of the water effluent increased with number of runs faster than active matter, possibly due to accumulation of oily soil. Inorganic carbon level increased mildly with number of washes (more slowly than TOC) and only mildly greater retentate IC is seen compared to permeate IC.

The permeate was so clean that its turbidity was negligible. The turbidity of wash effluent and retentate did not vary much with number of washes. Conductivity and pH increased with the number of washes, possibly because alkali was added with fresh detergent in each load. Since builder was added with each load also, [Ca+2] and [Mg+2] decreased with sequential washes.

Since the surfactant concentration in all streams was above the critical micelle concentration ("CMC"), the surface tension was approximately the same for the solutions analysed as shown in FIG. 5.

Example III Two 0.1 cm (0.1 micron) membranes (PEF 4172, area 0.17 m2) from Stork were used in these experiments.

These membranes should produce a flux of 1000 L per m2 per hour (= 2.8 L/min) for pure water at the operating pressure of about 100 KPa. Initial tap water flux for these membranes was determined to be about 1 L/min at 206.8 kPa g (30 psig) feed pressure when they were installed in the filtration system.

The first membrane was previously used for the treatment of wash water effluents from the wash vessel.

Because of this, the first membrane was washed, treated with 100 ppm bleach, and back flushed with tap water.

Four filtration experiments with the first membrane and two experiments with the second membrane were performed.

The second membrane had previously been used to filter the wash sequence with Liquid Tide'detergent in soft water. The second membrane was not bleach treated or back flushed since it was a new membrane when the liquid Tide HE detergent in soft water was filtered.

However, the second membrane was cleaned extensively including bleach treatment and back flushing with tap water before filtering SDS in soft water. The back flushing procedure dislodged a substantial quantity of brown/gray slime from the inside of the membrane tubes.

For all experiments, a reservoir connected to the filtration system was filled with soft tap water to the 39.7 L (10.5 gallon) mark and tap water was circulated through the system at a rate of about 20.4 L/min (5. 4 gal/min) (186.2 kPa g (27 psig feed pressure)) until an equilibrium flux was obtained. After the soft tap water flux reached equilibrium, surfactant or detergent was added and an equilibrium flux was established. If hardness (150 ppm as CaCO3) was to be added, then a weighed amount of solid mixed chlorides (Ca/Mg = 3/2) was slowly added and a new equilibrium flux was established.

Permeate and feed/retentate samples were taken at each equilibrium point, which dropped the water level in reservoir to 37.9 L (10 gallons).

The permeate hose, which had been recycling to the reservoir, was moved to a separate container and about 9.5 L (2.5 gallons) of composite permeate was removed

from the system. After collection of the composite permeate, the hose was returned to the tank, flux measurement was made with a graduated cylinder, and samples of permeate and feed/retentate were collected (28.4 L (7.5 gallon point)). The permeate hose was then moved to another empty container to collect a second composite permeate (28.4 L to 18.9 L (7.5 gallons to 5 gallons)) and returned to the reservoir for flux measurement and sample collection. Similarly, a collection of third composite permeate (18.9 L to 9.5 L (5 gallons to 2.5 gallons)) was done.

At this point, the filtration system contained about 9.5 L (2.5 gallons) of feed/retentate and three different containers had permeate volumes of 9.5 L (2.5 gallons).

When all samples were taken, all three of the permeate volumes were poured back into the reservoir (reconstituted system) containing only slightly less fluid than the original. Flux measurement was made and samples were collected from the reconstituted system.

TOC and active matter analysis of water samples were performed.

The membrane flux for first and second membranes with tap water was about 700-about 1000 ml/min and about 1110-about 1250 mL/min, respectively. When the SDS, powder Tide HE detergent or liquid Tide HE detergent was added to water, the flux dropped immediately to about 50 % of the tap water value with a feed flow in all cases of 20.4 L/min (5.4 gallon/min), as shown in the following table and graphically in FIG. 6: TABLE 5: Flux Filtration System Flux (mL/min) Tap water Detergent Hardness Addition Addition Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate with 810 500 soft water (first membrane) Liquid Tide HE with soft 890 540 water (first membrane) Liquid Tide HE with hard 680 320 195 water (first membrane) Powdered Tide HE with hard 970 380 170 water (first membrane) Liquid Tide HE with soft 1110 810 water (second membrane) Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate with 1740 690 soft water (second membrane)

A further drop in flux was observed when hardness was added. For example, tap water flux (membrane 1) of about 680 ml/min dropped to about 320 ml/min with the addition of liquid Tide HE detergent, and further dropped to about 195 ml/min after hardness was added (this process took about 1.5 hours to reach equilibrium).

Tap water flux (membrane 1) of about 970 ml/min dropped to about 380 ml/min with the addition of powder Tide HE detergent, and further dropped to about 170 ml/min after hardness was added. Hence, there is a penalty for flux when particulate matter is present in the filtration feed. With liquid Tide detergent, the particulate matter increases because of added hardness that is possibly soap precipitation. With powder Tide detergent, the particulate matter is primarily zeolite and adding hardness seems to make the problem worse.

When 75% of the feed volume was removed 37.9 L to 9.5 L (10 gallons to 2.5 gallons)) as permeate, the flux dropped about 17-about 44 % (depending on the system) of the flux at the 37.9 L (10 gallon) level. When the three permeate volumes were poured back into the

reservoir, the flux increased but did not reach the starting value.

The second membrane had relatively high flux with tap water (about 25% higher than the first membrane).

The observations with the second membrane are not unusual in view of the number of cycles the first membrane endured, which included the filtration of zeolite and other mixtures.

Active matter was measured by titration SLS, Hyamine 1622, mixed indicator, chloroform, concentrated sulphuric acid, and TOC was measured using DC 180-Rosemount.

. The following Table reflects the active matter results.

TABLE 6: First Membrane Active Matter Active Liquid Tide HE Liquid Tide HE Powder Tide HE Matter (ppm) SDS in soft water In soft water In hard water In hard water Feed volume Feed Feed Feed Feed L (G) (retentate) Permeate (retentate) permeate (retentate) permeate (retentate) permeate 37.9 (10) 1140 333 338 213 293 179 250 73 28.4 (7.5) 1200 431 197 326 312 196 303 56 18.9 (5) 1270 517 390 205 351 189 496 72 9.5 (2.5) 1680 776 508 276 512 207 712 82 The following Table reflects the TOC analysis.<BR> <P>TABLE 7: First Membrane TOC Analysis Liquid Tide HE Liquid Tide HE Powder Tide HE TOC (ppm) SDS in soft water In soft water In hard water IN hard water Feed volume Feed Feed Feed Feed L (G) (retentate) Permeate (retentate) permeate (retentate) permeate (retentate) permeate 37.9 (10) 1384 525 1029 753 1083 828 583 175 28.4 (7.5) 1727 559 1094 777 1136 778 708 171 18.9 (5) 2270 673 1256 831 1290 789 1049 190 9.5 (2.5) 3349 1023 1572 967 1706 834 1500 214 TABLE 8: Second Membrane TOC Analysis . Liquid Tide HE TOC (ppm) In soft water SDS in soft water Feed volume Feed Feed L (G) (retentate) Permeate (retentate) permeate 37.9 (10) 999 973 2083 1878 28.4 (7.5) 1053 971 2148 1805 18.9 (5) 1096 993 2371 1872 9.5 (2.5) 1130 1016 2612 1914

The active matter and TOC measurements are qualitatively consistent even though the TOC measurement detects citrate in liquid Tide detergent and nonionic surfactant in detergent that the active matter does not.

The qualitative trend between active matter and TOC for the SDS is not as consistent as for the other samples (the SDS permeate samples developed cloudiness while awaiting AM titration analysis). All detergent samples showed increased retention of surfactant as the original 37.9 L (10 gallon) volume was reduced by the removal of permeate from the system. After removal of about 75% of the 37.9 L (10 gallon) volume as permeate, the powder Tide detergent samples showed a more extreme case of surfactant retention in the feed/retentate solution (the active matter and TOC ratio of feed to permeate (F/P) reached a value of 8.68 and 7.01, respectively).

TABLE 9: Feed to Permeate Ratio Liquid Tide HE In soft SDS in soft SDS in soft Liquid Tide HE Liquid Tide HE Powder Tide HE water water water In soft water In hard water In hard water Second Second First membrane First membrane First membrane First membrane membrane membrane Feed volume F/P F/P F/P F/P F/P F/P F/P L (G) (AM) (TOC) F/P (AM) (TOC) (AM) (TOC) (AM) (TOC) F/P (TOC) F/P (TOC) 37.9 (10) 3.42 2.64 1.59 1.37 1.64 1.31 3.42 3.33 1.03 1.11 28.4 (7.5) 2.78 3.09 1.65 1.41 1.59 1.46 5.41 4.14 1.08 1.19 18.9 (5) 2.46 3.37 1.9 1.51 1.86 1.63 6.88 5.52 1.10 1.27 9.5 (2.5) 2.16 3.27 1.84 1.63 2.47 2.05 8.68 7.01 1.11 1.36

The precipitate particles present in the Liquid Tide detergent with hardness samples showed a lower degree of effect in increasing the F/P ratio of the surfactant. With the second membrane, the surfactant retention was also increased as the volume of feed solution reduced but less amount of surfactant was retained in the feed/retentate solution.

The presence of particulate matter had a marked effect on membrane flux and on surfactant concentration in the permeate. Both relative flux and the permeate surfactant concentrations were lowered in the presence of particulates. Both membranes acted more like an ultrafiltration membrane than like a microfiltration membrane. The reduced water and active matter flux observed when using hard water and/or powder detergent containing insoluble zeolite particles indicates that use of liquid detergent and soft water is a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

Example IV Five sets of detergency experiments (details discussed below) were performed using a Maytag Neptune horizontal axis wash vessel. In each detergency experiment, 2. 3 kg (five pounds) of freshly scoured cotton fabric on which test strips were pinned was used to simulate the clothes.

In order to scour the fabric, 2.3 kg (five pounds) of fabric (size of each piece: 91.4 cm x 91.4 cm (36 inch x 36 inch)) were loosely placed into the Kenmore TI portable washer. Then, 50.4 g of STPP was added to the wash. The wash vessel was set at regular. The machine was stopped manually after the wash cycle and before the rinse cycle. Again, 50.4 g. of STPP was added into the washer for the second, third, and fourth wash cycles.

For the fifth cycle, the machine was allowed to go through all the steps, including rinse and spin cycle.

The fabric was transferred to the dryer before storing in a clean plastic bag.

Warm water (about 40° C) was used for the wash cycle. Cold water (about 27° C) was used for the three rinse cycles. The Neptune wash vessel was set to whites for fabrics and the wash cycle was carried out at regular (normal wash) mode. The wash water and rinse water effluents were collected separately in holding tanks after passing through a wire mesh (used for lint separation). The wire mesh was not used for the set 1 experiments. The reflectance of washed swatches was measured using a Hunterlab spectrophotometer. For all washes, the standard dosage of detergent for a normal wash was used and the detergent dosage was not adjusted during the sequence. The microfiltration membrane unit was cleaned by flushing it with tap water for several minutes between rinse (set 3-5) and wash (set 1-5) filtrations, and the wash sequences for each set.

However, it was back flushed with tap water between the sets. One membrane was used to filter both rinse and wash waters (set 3,4, and 5).

Initial experiments used powder Tide HE detergent for washing in water with added Ca/Mg hardness to the extent of 150 ppm. Liquid fabric softener (Downy softener) was also added. Later washes in this sequence employed liquid Tide HE detergent with soft water and no added fabric softener. This change was prompted by the expectation that soft water would improve washing effectiveness and by the detrimental effect of the zeolite builder in powdered Tide detergent on filtration processes.

A washing sequence typically included a total of six washes and five filtrations. The first wash in each sequence used fresh water. Subsequent washes used filtered/recycled water for wash and rinse steps.

Standard test strips (e. g., EMPA 103) and redeposition swatches were included in each wash and examined by reflectance measurements to determine washing effectiveness. Fluid samples from the wash, rinse, and filtration steps were analysed for active matter (detergent) and TOC.

Filtration of the wash/rinse fluids was done with a Stork 0.1 jum (0.1-micron) microfiltration membrane.

Several experiments were carried out to determine filtration effectiveness in the absence of wash-produced soil/particulates. These experiments utilised either liquid or powdered Tide detergent or a sodium dodecyl sulphate mixture.

The use of chlorine bleach or peroxygen bleach was also assessed in several washing procedures. Chlorine bleach seemed to be most effective with the peroxygen bleach showing poorer performance even at elevated washing temperatures.

In each detergency experiment, two test strips of "EMPA 103"were used. A bleached swatch of EMPA 103 was put through the sequence of six washes to examine redeposition.

The following are the sets of conditions used: Set 1: Hard water; powdered detergent; wash temperature about 40°C, rinse temperature-room temperature; 60% wash water recovery after microfiltration; 60% rinse water recovery after bag

filter (0.45 Rm (0.45 micron) pore size)) filtration; rinse-added fabric softener. Six runs were made.

FIG. 1 shows the process flow diagram for the apparatus of Set 1. The hot water inlet 22 was used as the feed for the wash step and the cold water inlet 24 was for the rinse step. The hardness level of the water in wash water feed tank 42 was adjusted to 150 ppm as CaCO3 and water was heated to about 40° C with a steam coil. A half cup (about 87.5 g) of Tide HE detergent and a standard dosage (about 28.27 g) of Downy fabric softener were placed in the wash and rinse dispensers.

After the wash cycle, the wash water effluent (about 14.4 L (3.8 gallons)) was collected in a holding tank 32 where the wash water effluent was mixed with about 2.6 L (0.7 gallon) of fresh hard water (150 ppm as CaCO3) prior to its filtration. Three rinse water effluents (about 60.6 L (16 gallons)) were transferred to a holding tank 32.

The wash effluent held in holding tank 32 was filtered with the tubular 0.1. im (0.1-micron) micro filtration filter 36. The permeate, or solution passing through the filter 36 (about 14.2 L (3.75 gallons)), was passed to tank 42 mixed with about 4.7 L (1.25 gallon) of' fresh hard water (150 ppm as CaCO3), and reused for the next wash. The retentate, or solution not passing through the filter 36, after circulating to get a sufficient volume was held in holding tank 32 and was discarded (about 2.8 L (0.75 gallons)) upon completion of filtration.

Although the initial plan for the rinse effluent was dilution and reuse, fabric and other particles plugged the screen on washer inlet line 24, so a 0.45 pm (0.45

micron) bag filter 54 had to be used to treat the rinse water prior to dilution and reuse. The rinse effluent 46 (about 60.6 L (16 gallons)) was transferred from holding tank 48 to mixing tank 52 where it was mixed with 37.9 L (10 gallons) of fresh hard water and treated with the bag filter 54.

A total of six washes and five filtration experiments were performed. Water samples collected from several points of the unit were analyzed for TOC, IC (wash influent, wash effluent, wash permeate, wash retentate, rinse influent and rinse effluent) and for active matter (sulphate/sulphonate) content (wash effluent, first rinse, wash permeate and wash retentate).

The two test strips after the wash were air-dried before measuring reflectance using the Hunterlab spectrophotometer at the specular excluded reflectance mode. Swatch #8 or a bleached swatch of each test strip was cut out from the test strips and were used as "redeposition swatch." Active matter titration was used to determine the anionic surfactant (both sulphonates and sulphates) concentrations and the results are shown in FIGs. 23-26.

For the Set 1 and 2 experiments, active matter of the retentate was approximately 12.4 times that of the permeate, compared to a factor of 8.7 in blank filtration of powder Tide HE detergent in hard water. The following are the active matter results for Set 1: TABLE 10: Active matter balance of set 1 water samples Active Active Amount of active matter Wash Water samples Matter Volume atter retained On clothes In after wash filtration (ppm) L (gal) (g) (g) *unit (g) ** 1 Detergent dosage 929.326288 18.9 (5) 17. 59 Wash water 14.4 effluent 555. 49 (3.8) 7.99 9.60 3.52 20.8 First rinse 88. 58 (5.5) 1.84 14.2 Permeate (wash) 169. 85 (3.75) 2.41 2.8 Retentate (wash) 723.78 (0.75) 2.05 Wash water 14.4 2 effluent 578. 89 (3.8) 8.33 20.8 First rinse 118. 06 (5.5) 2.46 11. 67 2. 81 14.2 Permeate (wash) 176. 83 (3. 75) 2.51 2.8 Retentate (wash) 1058.22 (0.75) 3.00 Wash water 14. 4 3 effluent 601. 84 (3.8) 8.66 20. 8 First rinse 160.58 (5.5) 3.34 11.44 3.04 14. 2 Permeate (wash) 136.27 (3.75) 1.93 2.8 Retentate (wash) 1297.69 (0.75) 3. 68 Wash water 4 effluent 582. 85 11.4 (3) 6.62 20. 8 First rinse 160.38 (5.5) 3.34 12. 90 0. 98 14. 2 Permeate (wash) 111.39 (3.75) 1.58 2.8 Retentate (wash) 1430. 79 (0.75) 4. 06 Wash water 14. 4 5 effluent 589. 05 (3.8) 8.47 20. 8 First rinse 141.98 (5.5) 2.96 10.70 2.77 14. 2 Permeate (wash) 115.77 (3.75) 1.64 2. 8 Retentate (wash) 1430.22 (0.75) 4.06 Wash water 14.4 6 effluent 544. 92 (3.8) 7.84 20. 8 First rinse 152. 36 (5.5) 3. 17 11.39

* Number represents the difference between active matter content of wash water influent with added dose and wash water effluent ** Number represents the difference between active matter content of filtration unit upstream and downstream TABLE 11: Active matter retained on clothes and in the membrane unit (set 1) AM Recycled with wash Amount of active matter retained permeate Wash on clothes after in filtration # wash (%) *** unit (%) **** k 1 54.57 44.11 13. 71 2 58. 37 33. 78 12. 55 356. 9335. 10 9. 62 4 66. 10 14. 74 8. 10 5 55. 80 34. 89. 57 6 59. 24 *** numbers represent as percent difference between active matter content of wash water influent with added dose and wash water effluent **** numbers represent as percent difference between active matter content of filtration unit upstream and down stream Set 2: Hard water; powdered detergent; wash temperature about 40° C, rinse temperature-room temperature; 60% wash water recovery after microfiltration; 80 to 95% rinse water recovery after bag filter filtration; rinse-added fabric softener. Nine runs were made.

Experimental conditions for set 2 were similar to those of set 1 with a few exceptions, shown in the

configuration of FIG. 2, such as all three rinse effluents were collected in the rinse tank 52, which had an initial content of 75.7 L (20 gal) fresh hard water, and reused without adding fresh make up water and using bag filter. Fresh hard water (about 7.6 L (2 gallons)) was added to the wash effluent when the wash effluent was in tank 32 prior to filtration. A total of nine washes and eight filtration experiments were performed.

Active matter titration was used to determine the anionic surfactant (both sulphonates and sulphates) concentrations, with the following results: TABLE 12: Active matter balance of set 2 water samples active Active Amount of active matter Wash Water samples Matter Volume Matter retained on clothes in after wash filtration (ppm) L (gal) (g) (g) *unit (g) ** Wash water 18.9 1 influent 929. 326288 (5) 17.59 Wash water 14.4 effluent 350. 98 (3.8) 5. 05 12.54 1.75 60.6 Rinse effluent 37.34 (16) 2. 26 18.9 Permeate (wash) 85.74 (5) 1. 62 Retentate 2.8 (wash) 591.33 (0. 75) 1.68 Wash water 14.4 2 effluent 423. 89 (3. 8) 6.10 60.6 Rinse effluent 50.09 (16) 3.03 13.11 1.30 18.9 Permeate (wash) 88.78 (5) 1.68 Retentate 2.8 (wash) 1099.11 (0.75) 3.12 Wash water 14.4 3 effluent 434.51 (3.8) 6.25 60.6 Rinse effluent 53.72 (16) 3.25 13.02 1.48 18.9 Permeate (wash) 90.55 (5) 1.71 Retentate 2.8 (wash) 1076. 53 (0.75) 3. 06 Wash water 14.4 4 effluent 434. 84 (3.8) 6.25 Rinse effluent 70.21 60.6 4.25 13. 05 1. 20 Active Active Amount of active matter Wash Water samples Matter Volume Matter retained on clothes in after wash filtration (ppm) (gal) (g) (g) * unit (g) ** (16) 18. 9 Permeate (wash) 105. 52 (5) 2.00 Retentate 2.8 (wash) 1077.24 (0.75) 3.06 Wash water 14.4 5 effluent 454. 73 (3.8) 6.54 60.6 Rinse effluent 93. 06 (16) 5.64 13.04 1.61 18.9 Permeate (wash) 87.53 (5) 1.66 Retentate 2.8 (wash) 1154.01 (0.75) 3.28 Wash water 15.1 6 effluent 567. 67 (4) 8.59 60.6 Rinse effluent 109. 82 (16) 6. 65 10.65 3.56 18.9 Permeate (wash) 103. 94 (5) 1.97 Retentate 2.8 (wash) 1081.44 (0.75) 3.07 Wash water 14.4 7 effluent 578. 89 (3.8) 8.33 60.6 Rinse effluent 119.58 (16) 7.24 11.23 2.65 18.9 Permeate (wash) 102.46 (5) 1.94 Retentate 2.8 (wash) 1316.00 (0. 75) 3.74 Wash water 14.4 8 effluent 585. 41 (3.8) 8.42 60.6 First rinse 126. 30 (16) 7.65 11.11 2.48 18.9 Permeate (wash) 107.27 (5) 2.03 Retentate 2. 8 (wash) 1375.86 (0.75) 3.91 Wash water 14.4 9 effluent 603. 15 (3.8) 8.68 60. 6 Rinse effluent 133. 32 (16) 8. 07 10. 94 2. 48 TABLE 13: Active matter retained on clothes and in the membrane unit (set 2) Amount of active matter retained in AM Recycled with Clothes after wash Filtration Unit wash (%) *** wash permeate 1 71. 30 34. 60 9. 23 2 55. 37 21. 27 8. 75 3 54.61 23.68 8. 89 4 54. 72 19. 18 10. 35 5 54. 06 24. 59 8. 46 6 40. 67 41. 39 10. 22 7 43. 33 31. 84 9. 92 8 42. 70 29. 50 10. 40 9 41.67 28. 58 11.04

Set 3: Soft water; liquid detergent; wash temperature about 40° C, rinse temperature-room temperature; 60% wash water recovery after microfiltration; 80% rinse water recovery after microfiltration; no fabric softener added;"Surfactant- sensitive"swatches added in addition to other swatches; UV filter used in reflectance measurements to avoid fluorescent brighteners skewing results. Six runs were made.

The experimental flow chart of set 3 is shown in FIG. 3. Liquid Tide HE detergent was used at the dosage for a normal wash (about 98 g). For this set, soft tap water was used for wash and rinse cycles. Fabric softener was not used.

Besides EMPA 103., two sets of three soiled swatches (EMPA 116, Cotton 400 and Cotton PEDP 7435 WRL) were washed. Reflectance of swatches before and after the wash was measured with the Hunterlab spectrophotometer at the specular included reflectance mode. The UV filter was also included during the reflectance measurements in

order to eliminate the effect of detergent brightener on the reflectance.

Six washes and five filtration experiments were performed. The rinse effluent (about 60.6 L (16 gallons)) was filtered with the microfiltration unit and the permeate stream (about 53.0 L (14 gallons)) was collected in the rinse water holding tank. 11.4 L (three gallons) of fresh soft water was added to the rinse effluent permeate before it was reused for the next wash.

The same microfiltration unit was used to treat the wash water effluent in FIG. 3.

For the set 3 and 4 experiments, active matter of the retentate is approximately 9 times that of the permeate, compared to a factor of 2 in blank filtration of liquid Tide HE detergent in soft water. Surfactant emulsifying oily soil and adsorption on particulate soil could explain the increase in retained surfactant concentration in the retentate streams. However, the active matter content of the retentate is approximately three times that of the permeate for set 5.

The following are the active matter results for Set 3: TABLE 14: Active matter balance of set 3 water samples Water Active Active Amount of active matter Wash samples Matter Volume Matter retained In filtration on clothes unit after (wash) (wash) (ppm) L (gal) (g) (rinse) (g) * (rinse) (g) ** Wash water 1 influent 1180.660502 18.9 (5) 22.34 Wash water 14.4 effluent 694.09 (3.8) 9.98 12.36 4.53 Rinse 60.6 effluent 53. 85 (16) 3.26 9.10 Permeate (wash) 98.94 18.9 (5) 1.87 Retentate 3.0 (wash) 1181. 14 (0.8) 3.58 Water Active Active Amount of active matter Wash samples Matter Volume Matter, retained In filtration on clothes unit after (wash) (wash) (ppm) L (gal) (g) (rinse) (g) * (rinse) (g) ** Permeate 53.0 (rinse) 24.76 (14) 1.31 1.26 Retentate (rinse) 90. 81 7.6 (2) 0.69 Wash water 14.4 2 effluent 825. 69 (3.8) 11.88 Rinse 60.6 effluent 98.05 (16) 5.94 12.34 4.90 Permeate (wash) 151.87 18.9 (5) 2.87 7.71 Retentate 3.0 (wash) 1355. 98 (0.8) 4.11 Permeate 53.0 (rinse) 70.37 (14) 3.73 0.84 Retentate (rinse) 180.50 7.6 (2) 1.37 Wash water 14.4 3 effluent 919.16 (3.8) 13.22 Rinse 60.6 effluent 115.09 (16) 6.97 12.00 5.81 Permeate (wash) 165.25 18.9 (5) 3. 13 8.76 Retentate 3.0 (wash) 1416. 09 (0.8) 4.29 Permeate 53.0 (rinse) 81.39 (14) 4.31-0.03 Retentate (rinse) 354. 38 7.6 (2) 2.68 Wash water 14.4 4 effluent 780. 00 (3.8) 11.22 Rinse 60.6 effluent 141.20 (16) 8.55 14.25 3. 90 Permeate (wash) 159.67 18.9 (5) 3.02 10.01 Retentate 3.0 (wash) 1419.29 (0.8) 4.30 Permeate 53.0 (rinse) 103.65 (14) 5.49 0.43 Retentate (rinse) 347.60 7.6 (2) 2.63 Wash water 14.4 5 effluent 982.58 (3. 8) 14.13 Rinse 60.6 effluent 155.39 (16) 9. 41 11.23.4.74 Permeate (wash) 222. 67 18.9 (5) 4.21 7.32 Retentate 3.0 (wash) 1709. 00 (0.8) 5.17 Permeate 53.0 (rinse) 112. 21 (14) 5.95 0.30 Water Active Active Amount of active matter Wash samples Matter Volume Matter retained In filtration on clothes unit after (wash) (wash) (ppm) L (gal) (g) (rinse) (g) * (rinse) (g) ** Retentate (rinse) 418. 56 7.6 (2) 3.17 ash water 14.4 6 effluent 877.810023 (3.8) 12.63 13.93 rinse water 60.6 effluent 151. 8028931 (16) 9. 19 10. 69

The follow table shows the active matter retained on clothes and in the membrane unit.

TABLE 15: Active matter retained on clothes and in the membrane unit (Set 3) AM Recycled with wash Amount of active matter retained permeate On clothes In filtration In filtration wash after wash Unit (%)-Unit (%), # (%) *** wash**** rinse****% 1 55. 32 45.42 38.69 8.38 2 50.96 41.23 14.20 11.87 3 47.58 43.91-0.37 12.40 4 55.96 34.76 5. 00 11.86 5 44.29 33.57 3. 14 16.61 6 52. 46

Set 4: Soft water; liquid detergent; wash temperature about 40° C, rinse temperature-room temperature; 60% wash water recovery after microfiltration; 80% rinse water recovery after microfiltration; integration of rinse and wash water recovery systems-retentate from rinse water filtration was used instead of fresh water feed to the wash water recycle system; no fabric softener added; six runs were made.

The following are the active matter results for Set 4: TABLE 16: Active matter of set 4 water samples Water Active Active Amount of active matter Washsamples Matter Volume Matter retained in on clothes filtration after unit L (wash) (wash) (ppm) (gal) (g) (rinse) (g) (rinse) (g) ash water 18.9 1 influent 1180.660502 (5) 22.34 Wash water 14.4 effluent 703.67 (3. 8) 10.12 12.22 4.63 Rinse 60. 6 effluent 59. 90 (16) 3. 63 8.60 Permeate 18.9 (wash) 132.44 (5) 2.51 Retentate 3.0 (wash) 1190.03 (0.8) 3.60 Permeate. 53.0 (rinse) 28.00 (14) 1.48 1.53 Retentate 7.6 (rinse) 81.31 (2) 0.62 ash water 14.4 2 effluent 879. 65 (3.8) 12.65 Rinse 60.6 effluent 86.80 (16) 5.26 12. 20 3.89 Permeate 18.9 (wash) 174.10 (5) 3.29 8.43 Retentate 3.0 (wash) 1805. 08 (0.8) 5.47 Permeate 53.0 (rinse) 83.51 (14) 4.43 Retentate 7.6 (rinse) 0. 00 (2) Wash water 14.4 3 effluent 716.30 (3.8) 10.30 Rinse 60.6 effluent 120. 56 (16) 7. 30 15. 34 2. 70 Permeate 18.9 (wash) 212.67 (5) 4.02 12. 46 Retentate 3.0 (wash) 1897.44 (0.8) 5.75 Permeate 53.0 (rinse) 75.08 (14) 3.98 1.15 Retentate 7.6 (rinse) 286.35 (2) 2.17 ash water 14. 4 4 effluent 720.24 (3.8) 10.36 Rinse 60.6 effluent 123.63 (16) 7.49 16.01 1.78 Permeate 18.9 (wash) 234. 65 (5) 4.44 12. 50 Retentate 3.0 (wash) 2116.87 (0.8) 6.41 Water Active Active Amount of active matter Wash samples Matter Volume Matter retained in on clothes filtration after unit L (wash) (wash) (ppm) (gal) (g) (rinse) (g) (rinse) (g) Permeate 53.0 (rinse) 84. 74 (14) 4.49 0.73 Retentate 7.6 (rinse) 299. 95 (2) 2.27 Wash water 14.4 5 effluent. 767.02 (3.8) 11.03 Rinse 60.6 effluent 124.32 (16) 7.53 15. 75 2.34 Permeate 18.9 (wash) 238.17 (5) 4.51 12.71 Retentate 3.0 (wash) 2148.57 (0.8) 6.51 Permeate 53.0 (rinse) 94.14 (14) 4.99 0.22 Retentate 7.6 (rinse) 306.79 (2) 2.32 Wash water 14.4 6 effluent 982.0709357 (3.8) 14.13 12.73 rinse water 60.6 effluent 137. 2744571 (16) 8. 31 9. 40

The following table shows the active matter retained on clothes and in the membrane unit.

TABLE 17: Active matter retained on clothes and in the membrane unit (Set 4) AM Recycled with Amount of active matter retained in wash permeate Clothes Filtration Filtration after wash Unit (%)-Unit (%), wash # (%) *** wash**** rinse**** % 1 54. 70 45. 71 42. 12 11. 22 2 49.09 30.76 13. 26 3 9. 82 26. 21 15. 82 15. 70 4 60. 71 17. 17 9. 69 16. 84 5 58.81 21.22 2.89 16.83 6 47. 40 Set 5: Soft water; liquid detergent; wash temperature about 40° C, rinse temperature-room temperature; 60% wash water recovery after

microfiltration; 80% rinse water recovery after microfiltration; integration of rinse and wash water recovery systems-retentate from rinse water filtration was used instead of fresh water feed to the wash water recycle system; chlorine bleach was used; dryer-added fabric softener sheets used. Six runs were made.

The following are the active matter results for Set 5: TABLE 18: Active matter of set 5 water samples Water Active Active Amount of active matter Wash samples Matter Volume Matter retained In On clothes filtration after unit L (wash) (wash) (ppm) (gal) (g) (rinse) (g) (rinse) (g) Wash water 18.9 1 influent 1180.660502 (5) 22.34 Wash water 14.4 effluent 723.27 (3. 8) 10.40 11.94-2.75 Rinse 60.6 effluent 102.39 (16) 6.20 5.74 Permeate 18.9 (wash) 510.14 (5) 9.65 Retentate 3.0 (wash) 1531.71 (0.8) 4.64. Permeate 53.0 (rinse) 76.01 (14) 4.031.03 Retentate 7.6 (rinse) 151.09 (2) 1.14 ash water 14.4 2 effluent 1068.69 (3.8) 15.37 Rinse 60.6 effluent 171.55 (16) 10.39 16.63-0.12 Permeate 18.9 (wash) 572.16 (5) 10.83 10.27 Retentate 3.0 (wash) 1541.35 (0.8) 4.67 Permeate 53.0 (rinse) 157.71 (14) 8.36-0.06 Retentate 7.6 (rinse) 276.84 (2) 2.10 ash water 14.4 3 effluent 1305.70 (3.8) 18.78 Rinse 60.6 effluent 238.64 (16) 14.45 14.39 5.62 Permeate 18.9 (wash) 437. 89 (5) 8.29 8.30 Retentate 2976. 71 3.0 9.01 Water Active Active Amount of active matter Washsamples Matter Volume Matter retained In On clothes filtration after unit L (wash) (wash) (ppm) (gal) (g) (rinse) (g) (rinse) (g) (wash) (0.8) Permeate 53.0 (rinse) 182.66 (14) 9.68 0.63 Retentate 7.6 (rinse) 546.72 (2) 4. 14 Wash water 14.4 4 effluent 1359.88 (3.8) 19.56 Rinse 60.6 effluent 262.30 (16) 15.89 11. 07 3.46 Permeate 18.9 (wash) 656.63 (5) 12. 43 4.87 Retentate 3.0 (wash) 2437.95 (0.8) 7.38 Permeate 53.0 (rinse) 224.56 (14) 11.90 0.28 Retentate 7.6 (rinse) 490. 14 (2) 3. 71 Wash water 14.4 5 effluent 1302.58 (3.8) 18.74 Rinse 60.6 effluent 285.29 (16) 17.28 16. 04 4.33 Permeate 18.9 (wash) 566.58 (5) 10.72 10.66 Retentate 3.0 (wash) 2095. 18 (0.8) 6.34 Permeate 53.0 (rinse) 343.74 (14) 18.21-3.60 Retentate 7.6 (rinse) 351.57 (2) 2.66 Wash water 14.4 6 effluent 1419.38 (3.8) 20.42 12.65 rinse water 60.6 effluent 344.22 (16) 20. 85 10. 02 The following shows the active matter retained on clothes and in the membrane unit. TABLE 19: Active matter retained on clothes and in the membrane unit (Set 5) AM Recycled with wash Amount of active matter retained in permeate Clothes Filtration Filtration after wash Unit (%)-Unit (%), wash# (%) *** wash**** rinse****% 1 53. 44-26.4 16.60 43.21 2 51. 96 0.28-0.61 33.84 3 43. 39 29.91 4. 39 24.98 4 3. 5 17.69 40 57 5 46. 12 23.11-20.83 30. 84 6 38. 26

Experimental conditions for set 4 and 5 were similar to those of set 3. However, the wash water effluent was integrated with the rinse water retentate (7.6 L (2 gallons)) prior to filtration as shown in FIG. 4. Hence, using fresh water as make-up water was eliminated for the wash water filtration loop.

The effect of using bleach (chlorine bleach, Ultra Clorox bleach) and fabric softener sheet on detergency was also studied in the set 5 experiments. The standard dosage of Ultra Clorox bleach for a normal load (3/4 cup = 180.66 g) was placed in the bleach dispenser of the wash vessel.

In addition to soiled swatches, four pieces of EMPA 223 (redeposition swatch) were used for each wash. Two pieces of EMPA 223 were dried with a fabric softener sheet (Bounce softener) and all the other swatches were dried using a dryer for ten or fifteen minutes without a fabric softener sheet. All swatches were ironed before the reflectance measurements. All pieces of EMPA 223 were recycled to the next wash. Rewashed redeposition swatches were dried with a fabric softener sheet only if they were previously dried with a fabric softener sheet.

As seen in FIGs. 7-16, the soil removal varies little over sequential washes for each set. Liquid Tide HE detergent in soft water (Sets 3 and 4) performs better soil removal than the powdered Tide HE detergent in hard water (Set 2) for red wine (15-20% better), blood-milk-carbon black (15-20% better), cocoa (4-9% better), blood (15-20% better), and carbon black-olive oil (5-8% better). However, the soil removal of immedial black and raw-unbleached with the use of liquid Tide HE detergent decreases about 1-3% and 2-5%, respectively.

Residual chlorine bleach in the reused water stream (set 5) contributes to overall cleaning except for cocoa and bloodstains. The soil removal of immedial black increases about 60% (comparison between Set 5 and 4) with chlorine bleach for the first wash and increases further with the reuse of water (for example: 71% with the 6th wash). This is probably due to the presence of residual chlorine bleach in the reused water.

The Set 2 water reuse system when compared with the Set 1 water reuse system improves the soil removal of red wine by 10%, raw-unbleached by 4%, blood-milk-carbon black by 5%, and cocoa by 10% even though the wash conditions are same for both systems. Wash conditions and water reuse system for the set 3 and 4 were kept same but the rinse retentate was integrated with the wash effluent prior to filtration for the set 4 water reuse system (refer to FIGs. 2-3). This difference decreases the soil removal of red wine by 6%, raw-unbleached by 1%, blood-milk-carbon black by 2%, blood-milk-carbon black (smaller swatch) by 3-7.5%, dust sebum on cotton by 8- 17%, dust sebum (on cotton PEDP) by 3-7%), and carbon black-olive oil by 2-5%.

The reflectance or brightness of the redeposition swatches decreases for all the sets except Set 5 as seen in FIGs. 17-22. For Set 5, reflectance of redeposition swatches appears nearly constant due to the presence of chlorine bleach in the system as shown in FIGs. 21-22.

TOC amount of set 5 wash permeate is twice that of the set 4 wash permeate samples as shown in FIGs. 29-30.

The presence of chlorine might explain the increase in surfactant concentration for set 5 wash permeate streams.

Either the chlorine concentration in the feed stream is over the chlorine tolerance level of the membrane (membrane will be damaged) or chlorine disrupts the detergent gel layer formed on the membrane (more surfactant will pass through membrane). The active matter content increased with the number of runs because the permeate contained residual surfactant to which a new dose was added.

About 10% of the initial surfactant used is recovered for reuse when the wash water is treated with Set 1 and Set 2 filtration systems (powdered Tide HEw detergent in hard water used). Set 3 wash filtration unit recovers about 12% of initial surfactant for reuse (liquid Tide HE'detergent in soft water). Integrating rinse retentate with wash water effluent prior to filtration increases the recovery of initial surfactant to 17% (Set 4). Over 30% of the initial surfactant was recovered for reuse with the Set 5 experiments.

The TOC of the wash effluent in FIGs. 27-30 increased with number of runs faster than the active matter, probably due to accumulation of oily soil.

Example V Using the same process flow as used in Set 5, this experiment used a Unimac industrial washer. In order to simulate conditions at steady state, a minimum of six washes were made in which water was treated from one run, and then used in the subsequent run. In order to titrate the active matter, soap, and available chlorine, water samples were taken after performing the washes and the filtrations. In addition, TOC analyses were performed in the water samples. The reflectance of washed swatches was measured using a Hunterlab spectrophotometer. For all the washes, the dosage of detergent and bleach was 70% (66.5 ml) and 180 ml, respectively. FIG. 31 shows the soil removal on the test strips that was observed.

The following Tables 20-21 show soil removal for the wash/filtration sequence.

TABLE 20: Soil Removal for the Wash/filtration Sequence Raw, Immedial Blood, Wash Red Unbleached black milk, Cocoa Wine Carbon black 1 81. 32 26.24 69.87 77.89 71.19 2 86. 18 26.98 73.09 73.39 63.69 3 83. 60 23/73 71.12 73.77 63. 33 4 83. 16 28.04 75.94 74.97 60.39 5 85. 85 29.02 74. 65 70. 53 56.23 6 83. 49 29.47 76.88 73. 58 56. 91 TABLE 21: Soil Removal for the Wash/filtration Sequence Carbon black, Blood, milk, Dust Sebum Dust Sebum Wash Blood olive oil carbon black (Cotton 400) (PEDP) S 81. 50 37. 21 77. 15 66. 33 84.40 2 79. 09 41. 29 74. 07 68. 55 89. 31 3 75. 62 34. 58 73. 89 71. 66 89. 23 4 80. 65 45. 65 74. 87 69. 15 88. 49 5 75.61 47. 49 63. 15 65. 51 87.54 6 74. 88 40. 09 74. 59 62. 89 85. 95 The following table shows the TOC-results for the wash/filtrationsequence: TABLE 22: TOC Results for the Wash/filtration Sequence Rinse (composite Wash Wash Rinse Rinse Wash # Wash of 1,2,3) Retentate Permeate Retentate Permeate 1 545 43 634 278 56 39 2 549 71 862 383 115 50 3 830 87 1275 484 149 82 4 978 101 1195 522 146 104 5 973-128 1152 592 158 120 6 I051 l41----

During the wash/filtration sequence we studied the reflectance and brightness of redeposition swatches.

These swatches were dried under different conditions.

Some of them were dried with fabric softener, see FIG.

32, and some others were dried without fabric softener, see FIG. 33. These brightness of the redeposition swatches dried with and without fabric softener are shown in the following Tables 23 and 24.

TABLE 23: Brightness of Redeposition Swatches Dried with Fabric Softener

Swatches Swatches Swatches Swatches Swatches Swatches Wash # 1,2 3,4 5,6 7,8 9,10 11,12 Unwashed 87.27 86. 99 86.08 87. 42 86.58 87.02 je85. 98 2 85. 70 86. 02 - - - - 3 85. 95 85.18 85. 47 - - - 4 86. 70 86.00 86.00 86. 42 - - 5 86. 55 86. 76 86.79 86.88 86.91- 6 86. 22 86.02 86.14 86.50 85.91 85.77 TABLE 24: Brightness of Redeposition Swatches Dried without Fabric Softener Swatches Swatches Swatches Swatches Swatches Swatches Wash # 1,2 3,4 5,6 7,8 9,10 11,12 Unwashed 84.82 85.66 85.31 86.05 86.15 85.88 1 86.20----- 2 86. 15 86.63---- 3 86. 92 86. 82 86. 68--- 4 86. 90 86.'78 86. 74 86. 90-- 5 87. 07 87. 15 86. 97 87. 21 86. 57- 686. 6386. 75 86. 85 86. 64 86. 73 86. 82

The active matter percentage for the wash/filtration sequence was as follows : TABLE 25: Active Matter Percentage for the Wash/Filtration Sequence Wash Wash Rinse Rinse Wash # Wash Rinse Retentate Permeate Retentate Permeate 1 0.0473 0.0044 0. 0660 0. 0246 0.0043 0.0039 2 0. 0471 0.0073 0.0903 0.0309 0. 0088 0.0055 3 0. 0705 0.0098 0.1406 0.0362 0.0126 0.0078 4 0. 0785 0.0104 0.1249 0.0372 0.0131 0.0095 5 0. 0772 0.0109 0.1196 0.0404 0.0151 0.0106 6 0. 0785 0.0158----

The soap percentage for the wash/filtration sequence was as follows: TABLE 26 : Soap Percentage for the Wash/. Filtration Sequence Wash Wash Rinse Rinse Wash Wash Rinse Retentate Permeate Retentate Permeate # 1 0. 00383 0.00042 0.00393 0. 00167 0.00047 0.00017 2 0. 00291 0.00048 0.00558 0.00166 0.00111 0.00038 3 0. 00505 0.00060 0.00840 0.00238 0.00110 0. 00060 4 0. 00580 0. 00085 0.00800 0.00285 0.00118 0. 00076 5 0. 00660 0.00099 0.00807 0.00278 0.00124 0. 00061 6 0. 00708 0. 00128 - - - -

The available chlorine for the wash/filtration sequence was as follows: TABLE 27: Available Chlorine for the Wash/Filtration Sequence Wash Wash Rinse Rinse Wash Wash Rinse Retentate Permeate Retentate Permeate # 1 0. 02234 0.00203 0.00359 0.00406 0.00172 0.00141 2 0. 01344 0. 00156 0.00375 0.00438 0.00109 0.00141 3 0. 01969 0.00203 0.00484 0.00641 0.00109 0.00156 4 0. 02000 0.00188 0.00422 0.00547 0.00094 0.00109. 5 0.02188 0.00156 0. 00547 0. 00688 0. 00125 0. 00141 6 0.0230 0. 00188----

Those skilled in the art will recognize that substantial deviation is within the scope of the invention. Though the concepts of the invention have been described with reference to certain preferred embodiments of the system and methods of using these arrangements, this description is not limited to those embodiments as described and claimed herein. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that many modifications may be made to the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.