CROSS-REFERENCE

[0001] This application claims priority to Australian Provisional Application Serial No.

2017/901293 filed on April 7, 2017, entitled System, Apparatus and Method for Slowing Progression of a Condition of the Eye which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Also Sherwin, Justin C. et al. The Association between Time Spent Outdoors and Myopia in Children and Adolescents Ophthalmology, Volume 119, Issue 10, 2141 - 2151; and R.R. Lunt and V. Bulovic. "Transparent, near-infrared organic photovoltaic solar cells for window and energy-scavenging applications." Applied Physics Letters, vol. 98, no. 113305, 2011, DOI :10.1063/1.3567516) are each herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure relates at least in part to systems, methods and/or devices for improving eye health. The present disclosure also relates at least in part to systems, methods and/or devices collecting and/or using physiological data in order to improve ocular health. The present invention also relates to systems, methods and devices for recording data related to general well-being and/or improvement of other physical conditions.

BACKGROUND

[0003] There is a general agreement in the scientific community that development and progression of some eye conditions, for example myopia, is related to a number of concurrent non-genetic factors. Some of these factors may include excessive near work, time spent indoors vs outdoors, insufficient exposure to outdoor environments and/or spatial frequency content of the visual scene: indoor vs outdoors. Other factors may include inadequate light to stimulate the retina, increased exposure to longer wavelengths, for example, red wavelengths as opposed to the abundant shorter wavelengths in day light outdoor conditions, for example blue wavelength. Additional body of research also highlights the role of on-axis hyperopia (lag of accommodation) during reading and/or relative peripheral hyperopia.

[0004] A number of solutions have been proposed to target progressing eye conditions in the human population. Some of these solutions have been experimentally proven on animal species. For example, some solutions aim to mitigate excessive growth or elongation of the human eye that result in myopia. These solutions may not have targeted the progression of myopia using a multi-faceted approach by targeting a change in behaviour. Accordingly, there is an unmet need for systems, apparatus and methods that are aimed to provide feedback to modify behaviour and thereby mitigate the risks associated with progressive eye disorders, for example myopia. Exemplary embodiments may also result in other advantages/improvements as discussed herein. The present disclosure is directed to problems disclosed herein. The present disclosure is also directed to pointing out one or more advantages to using exemplary systems, apparatus and methods of recording data related to the eye and/or other physiological conditions.

SUMMARY

[0005] Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to systems, methods and apparatus that allow identification of factors that may promote progression of a condition of the eye, such as eye growth, and generate a response to alert the user of such factors. The system may also directly actuate the response on a user's eye through a wearable device to compensate for such factors.

[0006] Exemplary embodiments are directed to systems, methods and/or devices that allow to identify factors that may promote progression of a condition of the eye, such as eye growth, and generate a response to alert the user to change such factors. The systems and/or methods may also directly actuate the response on a user's eye through a wearable device to compensate for such factors.

[0007] Exemplary embodiments are directed to systems, methods and/or devices that permit the collection and manipulation of data relating to one or more physiological parameters and uses the result of the data collection and manipulation of that data in order to alert a user and/or a third party that modification of the one or more physiological parameters by the end user may result in less progression, or rate of progression, of the end user's myopia and/or axial eye growth. In certain embodiments, an alert may be generated relating to the one or more physiological parameters that informs the end user's and/or the third party of a positive or negative status.

[0008] The wearable device may be, for example, a head mounted wearable, a spectacle, sunglasses, a spectacle and a clip-on, a specially designed frame or safety goggles. The clip-on may be permanently attached to the spectacles or be detachable from the spectacles.

[0009] In certain exemplary embodiments, identification of factors that promote progression of a condition of the eye, such as eye growth may be collected through one or more sensors. In certain other embodiments, one or more actuators may be used to generate an alert that informs the end users and/or the third party of one or more factors that promote the progression of a condition of the eye, such as eye growth. In certain other embodiments, the one or more actuators may directly actuate the response on a user's eyes through a wearable device to compensate for factors that may promote progression of a condition of the eye, such as eye growth. In other embodiments, the one or more actuators may generate a response that informs the end users and/or the third party of a positive or negative response relating to the one or more factors that promote the progression of a condition of the eye, such as eye growth.

[0010] In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more sensors and/or the one or more actuators may be integrated in a wearable device, may be attached to the wearable device, may be separate from the wearable device, may be in communication with one or more other sensors and/or one or more other actuators integrated with the wearable device, or combinations thereof.

[0011] In exemplary embodiments, the one or more sensors may comprise one or more of the following: an ambient light detector arranged to measure the intensity of light incoming towards the wearable device, an optical sensor arranged to measure a spectral composition of light incoming towards the wearable device, a proximity detector arranged to estimate a distance between the wearable device and object of fixation, , a motion sensor (multi-axis accelerometer, gyroscope and the like) to detect movement of the individual, temperature sensor to detect body temperature, skin conductivity sensor to detect fatigue and exhaustion through skin conductivity, eye tracking sensor to detect movements of the eye of the individual, a micro-switch to monitor compliance to lens wear, a depth sensor, for example time-of-flight sensor, to monitor the dioptric map of the visual field of the eye of the individual, air quality sensor to measure levels of pollution in air and a bio-potential sensor to detect biopotential signals generated by body organs .. In exemplary embodiments, the one or more sensors may comprise one or more of the following: an ambient light detector, an optical sensor, a proximity detector, a biopotential sensor and a multi-axis accelerometer. In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more sensors may comprise one or more of the following: an ambient light detector, an optical sensor, an eye tracking sensor and a motion sensor.

[0012] In exemplary embodiments, the one or more actuators may comprise one or more of the following: a combination of: a broad spectrum light emitting diode (LED) array arranged to direct light towards an eye of a user, a micro-projector arranged to project an image in front of an eye of the user, a liquid jet nozzle used to deliver fluid to an eye of the user, a vibration and/or sound alert system arranged to deliver an alert to the user. In exemplary embodiments, the one or more actuators may comprise one or more of the following: a broad spectrum LED array, a micro-projector, and a vibration and/or sound alert system arranged to deliver an alert to the user.

[0013] Exemplary embodiments provide a system for slowing progress of a condition of the eye; the system comprising: a wearable device of one or more of the embodiments disclosed herein; a data storage and/or collection unit arranged to receive data from the one or more sensors and store the data into a memory; a data processing unit arranged to process data collected by the data storage and/or collection unit; and an actuation unit arranged to generate an actuation signal; wherein the actuation signal is generated based on a comparison performed by the data processing unit between a set of processed data and at least one criterion related to the condition of the eye. In certain embodiments, the condition of the eye may be axial growth and/or myopia.

[0014] In some embodiments, the actuation signal is directed to the wearable apparatus and triggers a change in a property of the wearable apparatus. The property may be one or more focal lengths of a lens of the wearable device. The actuation signal may also be directed to the wearable device and triggers an alert on the device.

[0015] In some embodiments, the wearable apparatus comprises an electronic unit that includes one or a combination of the data storage and/or collection unit and the data processing unit. In alternative embodiments, the system comprises a portable computing device remote to the wearable apparatus, such as a smartphone. The portable computing device may comprise one or a combination of the data processing unit and the data actuation unit. The actuation signal may be directed to the portable computing device and trigger an alert on the portable computing device.

[0016] In some embodiments, the system may be arranged to collect data over time to identify and monitor a user's behaviour related to eye growth and generate recommendations for the user to modify the behaviour. The data storage and/or collection unit may be arranged to collect data over time and the data processing unit may be arranged to process the collected data into a user behavioural profile. The data processing unit may be arranged to compare the user behavioural profile with at least one criterion related to eye growth and, based on the comparison, generate at least one behavioural recommendation for a user to slow the user's eye growth. The data processing unit may be arranged to retrieve user specific information from a user database and the retrieved information may be modified or post-processed as per at least one criterion related to the eye growth and the at least one criterion be specific to the user.

[0017] In embodiments, the system may further comprise a user interface module arranged to gather user specific data for storage in the user database; the user interface module may be accessible by the user through a portable computing device connected to the wearable apparatus.

[0018] The user specific data may comprise a plurality of thresholds that may be set and/or modified by the user and/or a third party via the user interface module. The data processing unit may be arranged to calculate one or more of the following: an amount of time the wearable apparatus has been exposed to light in a given intensity range, an amount of time the wearable apparatus has been exposed to light in a given wavelength range, an amount of time the wearable apparatus has been located indoors, an amount of time the wearable apparatus has been located outdoors; an amount of time a user wearing the wearable apparatus has been focusing on near objects; an amount of time a user wearing the wearable apparatus has been focusing on far objects; an amount of time spent by a user wearing the wearable apparatus without moving the eyes; and an amount of time spent by a user wearing the wearable apparatus without moving the head. The actuation unit may be arranged to generate an actuation signal to trigger one or more of the following: an activation of an LED array to direct light with a certain spectral composition towards an eye of a user wearing the wearable apparatus and/or activation of an integrated micro-projector to project an image in front of the wearable apparatus; and on a lens of the wearable device to affect the focusing distance of an eye of a user wearing the wearable apparatus; and activation of flicker light and/or vibration and/or sound.

[0019] Exemplary embodiments provide an executable application for a mobile computing device, the application comprising: a wearable apparatus communication module arranged to communicate with a wearable device of one or more of the embodiments disclosed herein; a data processing module arranged to process data received by the wearable apparatus; and a user interface module arranged to provide a user interface for gathering user specific data for storage in the user database and to prompt, to the user, behavioural recommendations for slowing progress of a user's eye condition.

[0020] Exemplary embodiments provide a method for slowing progress of a condition of the eye, the method comprising the steps of: receiving data from a wearable apparatus of one or more of the embodiments disclosed herein; processing the received data in a data processing unit and comparing at least a set of the processed data with at least one criterion related to eye growth; and generating an actuation signal to the wearable apparatus and/or a user's personal computing device.

[0021] Advantageous embodiments provide the capability of monitoring one or more user habits to derive a user behavioural profile and to compare the profile against patterns that may promote progression of myopia. The system disclosed herein may communicate with the user through multiple channels to affect the behaviour of the user. For example, the system may provide audio or physical alerts through a wearable device, such as a pair of spectacles, or provide recommendations through the user's mobile phone.

[0022] Other features and advantages of the subject matter described herein will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0023] Features and advantages of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following description of embodiments thereof, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0024] Figure 1 shows a schematic of a wearable smart spectacle device with various sensors and actuators in accordance with embodiments. [0025] Figure 2 shows a block diagram of a system comprising a wearable apparatus and personal computing device in accordance with certain embodiments.

[0026] Figure 3 shows a block diagram of a platform for slowing down eye growth in accordance with certain embodiments.

[0027] Figure 4 is an example of a screenshot of a mobile application interface.

[0028] Figure 5 shows a flow diagram outlining steps for slowing down eye growth in accordance with certain embodiments.

[0029] Figure 6A shows a schematic of a wearable smart spectacle device with an ambient light sensor, a microprocessor and storage unit, a transceiver, a power source and an actuator in accordance with embodiments.

[0030] Figure 6B shows a schematic of a wearable smart spectacle device with a proximity sensor, a microprocessor and storage unit, a transceiver, a power source and an actuator in accordance with embodiments.

[0031] Figure 7A shows a flow diagram outlining steps for collecting/recording data from a forward facing ambient light sensor, storing the data on a microprocessor/storage unit and post-processing the collected light intensity data to generate a feedback signal in accordance with certain embodiments, for example Figure 6A.

[0032] Figure 7B shows a flow diagram outlining steps for collecting/recording data from a forward facing proximity sensor, storing the data on a microprocessor/storage unit and post-processing the collected near working distance data to generate a feedback signal in accordance with certain embodiments, for example Figure 6B.

[0033] Figure 8 shows a schematic of a wearable smart spectacle device with a multi- spectral sensor, a microprocessor and storage unit, a transceiver, a power source and an actuator in accordance with embodiments.

[0034] Figure 9 shows the absolute spectral power distributions (SPDs) of different natural day light, sunset (evening) conditions and various artificial light sources. The artificial light sources include warm fluorescent, cool fluorescent, LED and Incandescent.

[0035] Figure 10 shows the absolute SPDs of different natural daylight and various artificial light sources. The artificial light sources include halogen, cool white LED, warm white LED, incandescent and fluorescent. [0036] Figure 11 shows the relative SPDs of different natural day light and various artificial light sources. The artificial light sources include Tungsten incandescent, Mercury fluorescent, low pressure Sodium, high pressure Sodium and metal Halide.

[0037] Figure 12 shows a flow diagram outlining steps for collecting/recording data from a forward facing multi-spectral sensor, storing the data on a microprocessor/storage unit and post-processing the collected SPD data to generate a feedback signal in accordance with certain embodiments.

[0038] Figure 13 shows a schematic of a wearable smart spectacle device with a 6-axis motion sensor (3-axis gyroscope and 3-axis accelerometer), a microprocessor and storage unit, a transceiver, a power source and an actuator in accordance with embodiments.

[0039] Figure 14 shows a flow diagram outlining steps for collecting/recording data from a 6-axis motion sensor (3-axis gyroscope and 3-axis accelerometer), storing the data on a microprocessor/storage unit and post-processing the collected position and motion and head tilt data to generate a feedback signal in accordance with certain embodiments.

[0040] Figure 15 shows a schematic of a wearable smart spectacle device with a temperature sensor, a microprocessor and storage unit, a transceiver, a power source and an actuator in accordance with embodiments.

[0041] Figure 16 shows a flow diagram outlining steps for collecting/recording data from a temperature sensor, storing the data on a microprocessor/storage unit and postprocessing the collected body temperature data to generate a feedback signal in accordance with certain embodiments.

[0042] Figure 17 shows a schematic of a wearable smart spectacle device with a skin conductivity sensor, a microprocessor and storage unit, a transceiver, a power source and an actuator in accordance with embodiments.

[0043] Figure 18 shows a flow diagram outlining steps for collecting/recording data from a skin conductivity sensor, storing the data on a microprocessor/storage unit and postprocessing the collected skin conductivity response data to generate a feedback signal in accordance with certain embodiments.

[0044] Figure 19 shows a schematic of a wearable smart spectacle device with inward facing cameras, a microprocessor and storage unit, a transceiver, a power source and an actuator in accordance with embodiments. [0045] Figure 20 shows a flow diagram outlining steps for collecting/recording data from the inward facing cameras, storing the data on a microprocessor/storage unit and postprocessing the collected palpebral fissure data to generate a feedback signal in accordance with certain embodiments.

[0046] Figure 21 shows a schematic of a wearable smart spectacle device with micro switches located at the hinge of the spectacle, a microprocessor and storage unit, a transceiver, a power source and an actuator in accordance with embodiments.

[0047] Figure 22 shows a schematic of a wearable smart spectacle device with Time- of-Flight (ToF) sensor, a microprocessor and storage unit, a transceiver, a power source and an actuator in accordance with embodiments.

[0048] Figure 23 shows sample standard images from a camera converted into physical distances using ToF sensor producing a dioptric map of the visual scene experienced by the user.

[0049] Figure 24 shows a flow diagram outlining steps for collecting/recording data from the ToF sensor, storing the data on a microprocessor/storage unit and post-processing the collected information on the dioptric map of the visual scene experienced by the spectacle wearer to generate a feedback signal in accordance with certain embodiments.

[0050] Figure 25 shows a schematic of a wearable smart spectacle device with air quality sensor, a microprocessor and storage unit, a transceiver, a power source and an actuator in accordance with embodiments.

[0051] Figure 26 shows a flow diagram outlining steps for collecting/recording data from the air quality sensor, storing the data on a microprocessor/storage unit and postprocessing the collected information on the gas concentration, particle concentration, smoke or hazardous chemicals in the vicinity of the spectacle wearer to generate a feedback signal in accordance with certain embodiments.

[0052] Figure 27 shows a schematic of a wearable smart spectacle device with jet stream nozzle, a microprocessor and storage unit, a transceiver, a power source and an actuator in accordance with embodiments.

[0053] Figure 28 shows a schematic of a wearable smart spectacle device with a biopotential sensor, a microprocessor and storage unit, a transceiver, a power source and an actuator in accordance with embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0054] The following disclosure provides many different embodiments, or examples, for implementing different features of the provided subject matter. Specific examples of components and arrangements are described below to simplify the present disclosure. These are, of course, merely examples and are not intended to be limiting. In addition, the present disclosure may repeat reference numerals and/or letters in the various examples. This repetition is for the purpose of simplicity and clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationship between the various embodiments and/or configurations discussed.

[0055] The following description is provided in relation to several embodiments that may share common characteristics and features. It is to be understood that one or more features of one embodiment may be combined with one or more features of other embodiments. In addition, a single feature or combination of features in certain of the embodiments may constitute additional embodiments. Specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the disclosed embodiments and variations of those embodiments.

[0056] The subject headings used in the detailed description are included only for the ease of reference of the reader and should not be used to limit the subject matter found throughout the disclosure or the claims. The subject headings should not be used in construing the scope of the claims or the claim limitations.

[0057] As used herein the terms, "far", "far distance" or "distance" mean physical distances that are greater than approximately 3 meters.

[0058] As used herein the terms "intermediate distance" or "intermediate" mean physical distances that are approximately between 70 cm to 3 meters.

[0059] As used herein the terms "near distance" or "near" mean physical distances that are approximately between 10 cm to 70 cm.

[0060] As used here the phrase "wearable apparatus" is used interchangeably with the phrase "wearable device."

[0061] Systems, apparatus and methods to mitigate the stimulus for the progression of eye growth are disclosed. The systems described utilise sensors on, associate with and/or in close proximity with a wearable apparatus to monitor parameters of the environment around the user of the system, such as the amount of light and proximity of objects to the user's eyes, and user behaviour, such as time spent indoors or outdoors.

[0062] The system comprises a wearable apparatus and, in some embodiments, a portable computing device which may be connected to the wearable apparatus by, for example, Bluetooth. The data from the sensors is collected and processed to provide feedback to the user related to potential risk of promoting eye growth. The feedback is provided to the user through actuators on the wearable apparatus or through the personal computing device or both.

[0063] In some instances, the sensors and actuators are disposed onto the wearable device. In some other instances, sensors and actuators may be arranged in different locations, for example on additional wearables. The additional wearables may include one or more of the following: smart watch, smart wrist band, smart head band, hat, cap, safety goggles, sunglasses, helmet, clothing, jewelry, tablet and laptop.

[0064] Certain exemplary embodiments provide a device (for example spectacles), for use in a system for slowing progress of a condition of the eye (for example myopia and/or axial growth). The device is arranged to be positioned in proximity of the eye; one or more sensors and one or more actuators are positioned on the device or near the device; the one or more sensors being arranged to collect data related to the condition of the eye and send data for processing; the one or more actuators being arranged to receive actuating signals based on a result of the processing; wherein upon receiving an actuating signal, the one or more actuators, may trigger a variation of a property and/or function of the device. The variation of the property and/or function of the device may be such that it provides positive and/or negative feedback that may lead to change in the behaviour of the smart spectacle user. The variation of the property and/or function of the device may be such it provides an alert to the user and/or third party that may lead to change in the behaviour of the smart spectacle user. The variation of the property and/or function of the device may be such that it provides positive and/or negative feedback that may lead to slowing the progression of the condition of the eye, for example myopia. In embodiments, the condition of the eye may be eye growth or elongation of the eyeball that may cause myopia. The device is typically wearable on head of the user. [0065] The wearable device may be, for example, a spectacle. The one or more sensors and the one or more actuators may be integrated in the wearable device.

[0066] In exemplary embodiments, the one or more actuators comprise one or a combination of a broad spectrum LED array arranged to direct light towards an eye of a user, a liquid jet nozzle arranged to deliver a jet of liquid, a micro-projector arranged to project an image in front of an eye of the user, a vibration or sound alert system arranged to deliver an alert to the user.

[0067] Certain exemplary embodiments provide a system for slowing progress of a condition of the eye; the system comprising: an exemplary wearable apparatus; a data storage and/or collection unit arranged to receive data from the one or more sensors and store the data into a memory; a data processing unit arranged to process data collected by the data storage and/or collection unit; and an actuation unit arranged to generate an actuation signal; wherein the actuation signal is generated based on a comparison performed by the data processing unit between a set of processed data and at least one criterion related to the condition of the eye.

[0068] In some embodiments, the actuation signal is directed to the wearable apparatus and triggers a change in a property of the wearable apparatus. The property may be one or more focal lengths of a lens of the wearable device. The actuation signal may also be directed to the wearable device and triggers an alert on the device.

[0069] In some embodiments, the wearable apparatus comprises an electronic unit that includes one or a combination of the data storage and/or collection unit and the data processing unit. In alternative embodiments, the system comprises a portable computing device remote to the wearable apparatus, such as a smartphone. The portable computing device may comprise one or a combination of the data processing unit and the data actuation unit. The actuation signal may be directed to the portable computing device and trigger an alert on the portable computing device.

[0070] Identify and monitor a user's behaviour potentially related to eye growth and generate recommendations for the user to modify the behaviour. In these embodiments, the data storage and/or collection unit may be arranged to collect data over time and the data processing unit may be arranged to process the collected data into a user behavioural profile. The data processing unit may be arranged to compare the user behavioural profile with at least one criterion related to eye growth and, based on the comparison, generate at least one behavioural recommendation for a user to slow the user's eye growth. The data processing unit may be arranged to retrieve user specific information from a user database and modify at least one criterion related to eye growth to be specific to a user.

[0071] In certain exemplary embodiments, the system may further comprises a user interface module arranged to gather user specific data for storage in the user database; the user interface module may be accessible by the user through a portable computing device connected to the wearable apparatus.

[0072] The user specific data may comprise a plurality of thresholds that may be set and/or modified by the user via the user interface module. The data processing unit may be arranged to calculate one or more of the following: an amount of time the wearable apparatus has been exposed to light in a given intensity range; an amount of time the wearable apparatus has been exposed to light in a given wavelength range; an amount of time the wearable apparatus has been located indoor; an amount of time the wearable apparatus has been located outdoor; an amount of time a user wearing the wearable apparatus has been focusing on near objects; an amount of time a user wearing the wearable apparatus has been focusing on far objects; an amount of time spent by a user wearing the wearable apparatus without moving the eyes; an amount of time spent by the user on physical activity, the body temperature of the user over a period of time, the skin conductivity of the user over a period of time, information of the quality of air experienced by the user over a period of time and an amount of time spent by a user wearing the wearable apparatus without moving the head.

[0073] The actuation unit may be arranged to generate an actuation signal to trigger one or a combination of: activation of an LED array to direct light with a certain spectral composition towards an eye of a user wearing the wearable apparatus or activation of an integrated micro-projector to project an image in front of the wearable apparatus; on a lens of the wearable device to affect the focusing distance of an eye of a user wearing the wearable apparatus; and activation of flicker light.

[0074] Certain exemplary embodiments provide an executable application for a mobile computing device, the application comprising: a wearable apparatus communication module arranged to communicate with an exemplary wearable apparatus; a data processing module arranged to process data received by the wearable apparatus; and a user interface module arranged to provide a user interface for gathering user specific data for storage in the user database and to prompt, to the user, and/or third party behavioural recommendations for slowing progress of a user's eye condition.

[0075] Certain exemplary embodiments provide a method for slowing progress of a condition of the eye, the method comprising the steps of: receiving data from an exemplary wearable apparatus; processing the received data in a data processing unit and comparing at least a set of the processed data with at least one criterion related to eye growth; and generating an actuation signal to the wearable apparatus or a user's personal computing device.

[0076] Advantageous features of certain exemplary embodiments provide the capability of monitoring several user habits to derive a user behavioural profile and compare the profile against patterns that may promote progression of myopia. In certain exemplary embodiments, the system and/or method may be capable of monitoring 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 user habits. In certain exemplary embodiments, the system and/or method may be capable of monitoring at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 user habits. The system disclosed herein may communicate with the user through multiple channels to affect the behaviour of the user. For example, the system may provide audio and/or physical alerts through a wearable device, such as a pair of spectacles, provide recommendations through the user's mobile phone or both.

[0077] Disclosed herein are systems, apparatus and methods to mitigate the stimulus for the progression of eye growth are disclosed. The systems described utilise sensors on, associate with and/or in close proximity with a wearable apparatus to monitor parameters of the environment around the user of the system, such as the amount of light and proximity of objects to the user's eyes, and user behaviour, such as time spent indoor or outdoor.

[0078] The system comprises a wearable apparatus and, in some embodiments, a portable computing device which can be connected to the wearable apparatus by, for example, Bluetooth. The data from the sensors is collected and processed to provide feedback to the user related to potential risk of promoting eye growth. The feedback is provided to the user through actuators on the wearable apparatus or through the personal computing device or both. In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more actuators may be on, associated with, in close proximity, or combinations thereof with the wearable apparatus.

[0079] The wearable device may be for example spectacles. In certain exemplary embodiments, at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 of the sensors and at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 of the actuators are disposed onto the wearable device. In certain exemplary embodiments, at least 3 of the sensors and at least 3 of the actuators are disposed onto the wearable device. In certain exemplary embodiments, at least 3 of the sensors and at least 2 of the actuators are disposed onto the wearable device. In certain exemplary embodiments, at least 2 of the sensors and at least 3 of the actuators are disposed onto the wearable device. In certain exemplary embodiments, at least 4 of the sensors and at least 4 of the actuators are disposed onto the wearable device. In certain exemplary embodiments, at least 4 of the sensors and at least 3 of the actuators are disposed onto the wearable device. In certain exemplary embodiments, at least 3 of the sensors and at least 4 of the actuators are disposed onto the wearable device. In certain exemplary embodiments, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 sensors and 1 actuator are disposed onto the wearable device. In certain exemplary embodiments, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 sensors and 2 actuators are disposed onto the wearable device. In certain exemplary embodiments, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 sensors and 3 actuators are disposed onto the wearable device. In certain exemplary embodiments, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 sensors and 4 actuators are disposed onto the wearable device.

[0080] In some instances, all of the sensors and actuators are disposed onto the wearable device. In some other instances, sensors and actuators may be arranged in different locations, for example on additional wearables. Referring now to Figure 1, there is shown a schematic diagram of a wearable device, in this case spectacles 100. Ophthalmic lenses 112 may be mounted on the spectacles 100.

[0081] Spectacles 100 host a plurality of sensors and actuators. In particular, spectacles 100 host a light sensor 102, a pair of proximity sensors 104, an eye tracker 106, a pair of biopotential sensors 108 and an integrated camera 116. Spectacles 100 also comprise a plurality of actuators including a sound-vibration-illumination unit 109, which may generate a sound and/or vibration alarm for the user and direct a light source with a tunable wavelength towards the user's eye via a micro-projector system 110 that may project an image in front of the user's eye. [0082] Further, in the embodiment of Figure 1, spectacles 100 host a data storage and/or collection unit 114 that gathers data from the sensors, a data transfer unit 118 that may send data out to a receiving source and/or computing device (not shown) and a power source 120, such as a lithium battery.

[0083] Referring now to Figure 2, there is shown a block diagram 200 of a system comprising a wearable apparatus 202 connected to a personal computing device 204, in this instance a smartphone, through communication link 206. The smartphone is connected to a network 214 through its own communication interface 212. The wearable apparatus 202 comprises sensors 208 and actuators 210 which may be hosted on a wearable device, such as spectacles 100 of Figure 1. However, in other configurations one or more sensors may not be hosted on the wearable device; and/or one or more actuators may not be hosted on the wearable device. In the configuration of Figure 2, data collected by the data storage and/or collection unit of the wearable apparatus may be transferred to computing device 204 for processing. In alternative embodiments, the wearable apparatus may be fitted with a data processing unit (not shown in Figure 2). The computation power of an on-board data processing unit may be more limited given the limited space, then a computing device remote from the wearable apparatus.

[0084] Referring now to Figure 3, there is shown an architectural block diagram 300 of a system in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments. In the example of Figure 3, the wearable apparatus 202 comprises a set of sensors 208, a set of actuators 210 and a data storage and/or collection unit 114. The wearable apparatus 202 is connected to a personal computing device through communication link 206.

[0085] Data acquired through sensors 208 is collected by data storage and/or collection unit 114 and sent to data processing unit 304 for processing. Data processing unit 304 processes the data to derive information that may be related to development of eye growth. The processed data is compared against one or more criteria, and based on the result of this comparison a response is generated.

[0086] The system may operate in a number of different modes that may generate different responses. For example, the system may provide a response in real time or, alternatively, the system may log data over a period of time and provide a response at a predetermined time interval. The system's response may be delivered, via actuation unit 308 directly to the wearable device through one or more actuators 210. For example, a vibration alert may be sent to the spectacles 100 described with reference to Figure 1, if the user's eye has not been exposed to sufficient light for a certain amount of time. Alternatively, the actuation unit may trigger an alarm through a user interface 306 provided on the user's smartphone.

[0087] User interface 306 may be provided on the user's smartphone through a software application that is connected to data processing unit 304. Using interface 306, the user is enabled to modify the criteria used by the system to generate alarms and manage development of eye growth in a personalised manner, the criteria used by the system may also be managed externally by either an eye care practitioner or by a certified myopia control center.

[0088] In embodiments, the user profile and the data processed by the data processing unit 304 are updated to a remote cloud based user behavioural database and linked with user information. For example, the user profile may include one or more of the following: personal information, information on genetic predisposition to myopia, progression history responsiveness to particular interventions and age. The data processing algorithm may further include historical information of the sensor data, the behavioral patterns, myopia progression and the responsiveness to certain interventions. This allows access to user data from third parties, for example clinical practitioners, to visualise user data and remotely adjust thresholds related to a plurality of user's behaviour. This allows generating user's alerts based on the user's current eye conditions and progress of eye growth.

[0089] It has been shown that the development of myopia may be affected by user habits. Increased time outdoors is effective in preventing the onset of myopia. See, for example, Sherwin, Justin C. et al., The Association between Time Spent Outdoors and Myopia in Children and Adolescents. Ophthalmology, Volume 119, Issue 10, 2141 - 2151, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Certain exemplary embodiments of the current disclosure aids to objectively assess the amount of time spent in a well-illuminated environment vs. a poorly illuminated thus providing a feedback to the user to change behaviour/visual setting to achieve a more favourable outcome. [0090] One purpose of the light sensor 102 is to record the intensity and/or spectral composition of light experienced by the smart spectacle user. This information may be used by the system to alert the user of light situations that may promote eye growth. For example, when the intensity of light falls below a critical threshold, over a critical time period, then a negative feedback (warning) is issued to the user, suggesting that the visual system is currently experiencing a situation that may be unfavourable for future ocular health. This feedback provides the user with an opportunity to alter the visual situation to a more favourable alternative. The feedback may be set-up to run in both open and closed loop modes. For example, in the latter case, an instantaneous reward and/or encouragement may be provided to the user.

[0091] By analysing the light levels detected against the on-board database, this detector may automatically sense, if the user was experiencing an indoor vs. an outdoor scene. The system may then be programmed to utilize the collected data from light sensor 102 and suggest the user to gaze out of the indoor scene (for example: computer screen) which may be triggered with a critical time lapse.

[0092] One purpose of the integrated camera 116 is to capture the visual scene experienced by the spectacle wearer. This information is then post-processed by data processing unit 304, to generate an actuation feedback signal that alerts the user to avoid situations that may promote eye growth.

[0093] For example, the images captured by the integrated camera may be post- processed using a Fourier decomposition to break the incoming spatial content to its fundamental frequencies. These signatures may be compared against the database of classic signatures to classify the nature of the image, experienced by the user. This feedback provides the user an opportunity to correspondingly alter the visual situation to a more favourable alternative.

[0094] Integrated camera 116 may also facilitate information that may decode the vergence map of the exposed situation. This feedback provides the user an opportunity to correspondingly alter the visual situation to a more favourable alternative. In some embodiments, a plurality of cameras may be established to monitor the blink rate of the individual or the positions of the eye lids. Both parameters may be used to determine if the wearer is in, or approaching, a state of fatigue. For example, if the time ratio of open eye lid over closed eye lid is less than 0.9, than the wearer is likely to be in a state of fatigue and a warning signal may be generated to alarm the wearer or those around the wearer. In certain exemplary embodiments, the threshold for the time ratio of open eye lid over close eye lid state may be between 0.5 to 0.7, 0.7 to 0.9, 0.4 to 0.9, or 0.65 to 0.95. In other exemplary embodiments, the threshold for the time ratio of open eye lid over close eye lid state may be at least 0.5, at least 0.65, at least 0.7, at least 0.8 or at least 0.9. In other exemplary embodiments, a gradual or sudden negative change in the ratio may be used to detect fatigue or impending sleep, which in some embodiments issue a warning alarm to the user to move to a safe environment and if applicable discontinue driving or operating machinery.

[0095] One purpose of the proximity sensor 104 is to record the working distance of the spectacle wearer. This information is then post-processed by the on-board microcomputer, to generate a feedback signal that alerts the user to avoid situations that may promote eye growth.

[0096] For example, the information collected by the proximity sensor 104 is quickly converted into dioptres data processing unit 304. Logging the data from the proximity sensor as a function of time, this system may automatically sense, if the user had been experiencing a near stimulus for a prolonged period. The system may then be programmed to utilize the collected data from the detector and suggest the user to gaze out of the indoor scene (for example computer screen) which could be triggered with a 'critical' time lapse.

[0097] Proximity sensor 104, in conjunction with integrated camera 116, may decode the vergence map of the exposed visual scene. This feedback provides the user an opportunity to correspondingly alter the visual situation to a more favourable alternative.

[0098] The electro-oculographic sensor 108 may record the direction of the electrical dipole of the spectacle wearer. Processing unit 304 may process this information to generate a feedback signal that alerts the user to avoid situations that may promote eye growth. The information collected by the electro-oculographic sensor may offer the state of convergence and/or divergence experienced by the system user. This may be decoded by the sign and magnitude of electrical signal derived from the outer and/or inner canthi of the user. For example, when the biopotential trend measured at both outer canthi have opposite sign but same or similar magnitude, the individual is most likely experiencing a saccade. If both the outer canthi generate similar magnitude signals which trend negative, this would indicate a convergence episode. Prolonged convergence would be a surrogate to indicate excessive near work. The system may be programmed to utilize the collected data from the sensor and to suggest to the user to gaze out of the near stimulus (for example computer screen) - which may be triggered with a 'critical' time lapse. If the outer canthi biopotential trend magnitudes are dissimilar, user is likely to experience a combination of saccade and convergence and/or divergence.

[0099] An electro-myographic sensor to record the working status of lateral rectus muscles of the spectacle wearer may also be used, where for example, the biopotential trend measured at both the lateral recti have opposite sign but same or similar magnitude may indicate that the individual is likely to experience a saccade. If both the lateral recti generate a signal with negative sign may mean a convergence episode.

[00100] Micro projector 110 may be setup to provide a visual feedback from the processed information, collected from sensors 208. For example, micro projector 110 may provide a visual feedback through a heads-up display and could work in either open or closed modes.

[00101] Further, micro projector 110 may be used to display sceneries that may mimic optical infinity. Experiencing optical infinity even for brief periods may alleviate the ocular stress levels, thereby aiding in potential reduction of the rate of myopia progression.

[00102] Referring now to Figure 4, there is shown a portable computing device 400, in this instance a smartphone, displaying an example of user interface through a software application. The interface shows statistics calculated based on data collected through the sensors on the wearable device 402, recommendations for the users 404 based on the user profile, personal information, current treatment and recent behaviour and a threshold- setting interface 406 that users may use to control threshold and set up warnings.

[00103] Referring now to Figure 5, there is shown a flow diagram 500 outlining method steps for slowing down eye growth in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments. At step 502, the data is received from the data storage and/or collection unit of a wearable apparatus, such as the spectacles of Figure 1. At step 504, the received data is processed by the data processing unit and, at least a set of the processed data, is compared with at least one criterion related to eye growth. Finally, at step 506, an actuation signal is generated and directed to the wearable apparatus or the user mobile computing device. [00104] The term "comprising" (and its grammatical variations) as used herein are used in the inclusive sense of "having" or "including" and not in the sense of "consisting only of". Ambient light / intensity sensor

[00105] Referring to Figure 6A, this exemplary embodiment provides a wearable spectacle frame 600A comprising a forward facing ambient light sensor 604A, a microprocessor and/or storage unit 606A, a transceiver 608A and a power source 610A; where in the ambient light detector 604A collects data on the incident illumination levels over time and stores the acquired data on the micro-processor and/or storage unit 606A. In Figure 6A, the ambient light sensor 604A is located above the nose bridge of the spectacle, however, this sensor may be positions in other locations, for example, and it may be positioned facing forward on the rim or eye wire of the spectacle frame, either on the right or the left side of rim/eye-wire. In some instances, it may be positioned outward facing on the temples of the spectacle frame. Ophthalmic lenses 602A may be mounted on the spectacles 600A. The stored data may be transferred to, for example, a computer, smart-phone, tablet, smart- watch, or other suitable post-processing platform via the transceiver 608A for postprocessing of the acquired data. The acquired data may be combined with other data during post-processing, for example time of the day, accelerometer data, or wavelength data in order to determine if a signal should be transmitted to the actuator 612A. The transceiver 608A may be a short range radio data transceiver. The transceiver 608A and/or microprocessor may be configured to provide encryption of the data. The actuator 612A may provide vibratory and/or auditory feedback. In some instances, the actuator 612A may only be used for negative feedback while in some other instances, the actuator 612A may be used for both positive and negative feedback. In some embodiments, the feedback may be on a smart watch, tablet, laptop or a computer. The power source 610A may be a lithium ion battery. Figure 7A shows a flow diagram outlining the method steps to generate an actuator signal, according to certain exemplary embodiments. For example, the usual indoor levels of illumination range from 10 to 400 Lux, while outdoor settings offer illumination levels in the range of 1000 to 100,000 Lux. A threshold value of approximately 500 to 600 Lux may be used to define the threshold ambient level to automatically differentiate between an indoor and outdoor visual setting. In other exemplary embodiments, a value between approximately 500 Lux to 700 Lux, 400 Lux to 800 Lux, 600 Lux to 800 Lux, 400 to 1000 Lux or 300 Lux to 500 Lux may be used to define the threshold ambient level to differentiate between an indoor and outdoor visual setting. This differentiation may be automatic if so desired. In other exemplary embodiments, a value of at least 500, 600, 700 or 800 Lux may be used to define the threshold ambient level to differentiate between an indoor and outdoor visual setting. Continuous, or substantially continuous, monitoring of the illumination levels may provide information over a specific time-period, for example a several hours, day, a week or a month. In other exemplary embodiments, continuous monitoring may be over approximately 2 to 4 days, 3 to 6 days, 4 to 7 days, 1 to 2 weeks, 2 to 4 weeks, 1 month to 3 months, 2 to 6 months. In other exemplary embodiments, continuous monitoring may be for at least 1 hour, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month or 2 months. Cumulated threshold values may be set to drive the negative or positive feedback signal. For example, a cumulated illumination signal over day, week and month may have threshold values of approximately 5,000 Lux hours over a day, approximately 35,000 Lux hours over a week and approximately 150,000 Lux hours over a month, respectively. In other exemplary embodiments, a cumulated illumination signal over 2 to 4 days may have a threshold values between approximately 10,000 Lux hours to 20,000 Lux hours. In the exemplary embodiments, a cumulated illumination signal over 1 to 2 weeks may have a threshold values between approximately 35,000 Lux hours to 70,000 Lux hours. In other exemplary embodiments, a cumulated illumination signal over 1 to 2 months may have a threshold values between approximately 150,000 Lux hours to 300,000 Lux hours. A positive feedback signal may be generated when the acquired cumulative data signal over a day, week, or month is approximately over the defined threshold. A negative feedback signal may be is provided when the acquired cumulative data signal is approximately below the threshold encouraging change of behaviour from the wearer. The defined threshold for a positive feedback, for example, may be at least 3000 Lux hours per day, at least 5000 Lux hours per day, at least 8000 Lux hours per day or at least 10,000 lux hours per day. In some exemplary embodiments, the defined threshold of a positive feedback may be between 3000 to 5000 Lux hours per day, between 4000 to 8000 Lux hours per day or between 7000 tolOOOO Lux hours per day. The defined threshold for a negative feedback, for example, may be below 500 Lux hours per day, below 2000 Lux hours per day, below 3000 Lux hours per day or below 5,000 lux hours per day. In other exemplary embodiments, the defined threshold of a negative may be between 300 to 1000 Lux hours per day, between 600 to 1400 Lux hours per day or between 1000 to 3000 Lux hours per day.

[00106] In some exemplary embodiments, the intensity of the light detected at the ambient light sensor plane may be used to auto-detect if the user is indoor or outdoor. For example, a threshold of 1000 Lux may be used to differentiate between the indoor and outdoor setting. In other exemplary embodiments, a threshold of at least 700, at least 900, at least 1200 or at least 1500 may be used to define the threshold to differentiate between the indoor and outdoor setting. In some exemplary embodiments, the threshold may be between 350 to 750 Lux, between 500 tolOOO Lux or between 750 to 1500 Lux. In certain embodiments, the ambient light sensor may be a photovoltaic cell. Photovoltaic cells generate an electric current proportional to the received light intensity. The generated electric current may be measured and converted into Lux levels and processed as described herein. By generating electricity, the battery life time may be extended. Small photovoltaic cells may be attached to the side or the front of the spectacle frame, or transparent solar cells, such as those disclosed by R.R. Lunt and V. Bulovic. "Transparent, near-infrared organic photovoltaic solar cells for window and energy-scavenging applications" Applied Physics Letters, vol. 98, no. 113305, 2011, DOI :10.1063/1.3567516, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. These cells may be directly coated onto the spectacle lenses. In one or more exemplary embodiments, a short-range radio data transceiver may be one or more of the following: Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, NFC, wireless HART, wireless USB, and other suitable transceivers. In other embodiments, a short-range transceiver may be based on IR LED technology.

Proximity sensor

[00107] A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without physical contact. A proximity sensor emits an electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the field or return signal. In some instances, sound waves may also be used to detect distances from physical objects. For example, an ultrasonic sensor sends out a high-frequency sound pulse and then times how long it takes for the echo of the sound to reflect back. Referring to Figure 6B, this exemplary embodiment provides a wearable spectacle frame 600B comprising a forward facing proximity sensor 604B, a micro-processor 606B, a transceiver 608B and a power source 610B; where in the proximity sensor 604B collects data on the object distance from spectacle plane of reference over time and stores the acquired data on the micro-processor and/or storage unit 606B.

[00108] In Figure 6B, the proximity sensor 604B is located above the nose bridge of the spectacle, however, this sensor may be positions in other locations, for example, facing forward on the rim or eye wire of the spectacle frame, either on the right or the left side of rim/eye-wire. Ophthalmic lenses 602B may be mounted on the spectacles 600B. The stored data may be transferred to, for example, a computer, smart-phone, tablet, smart-watch, or other suitable post-processing platform via the transceiver 608B for post-processing of the acquired data. The acquired data may be combined with other data during post-processing, for example time of the day, accelerometer data, or wavelength data in order to determine if a signal should be transmitted to the actuator 612B. The transceiver 608B may be a short range radio data transceiver. The transceiver 608B and/or microprocessor may be configured to provide encryption of the data. The actuator 612B may provide vibratory and/or auditory feedback. In some instances, the actuator 612B may only be used for negative feedback while in some other instances, the actuator 612B may be used for both positive and negative feedback. In some embodiments, the feedback may be on a smart watch, tablet, laptop or a computer. The power source 610B may be a lithium ion battery. Figure 7B shows a flow diagram outlining the method steps to generate an actuator signal, according to certain exemplary embodiments. For example, the usual near working distance of the spectacle user range is from 10 cm to 70 cm, while the intermediate working distance range is from approximately 70 cm to 3 meters and the far distance working range is from 3 meters and above. A threshold value of approximately 25 cm may be used to define the threshold near distance to automatically trigger an alarm that the spectacle user is holding the reading material too close to the eyes. In other exemplary embodiments, a value between 10 to 25 cm, 25 to 35 cm, 30 to 50 cm or 40 to 70 cm may be used to define the threshold working distance. This differentiation may be automatic if so desired. In other exemplary embodiments, a value of at least 15 cm, at least 25 cm or at least 50 cm may be used to define the threshold near working distance. In certain exemplary embodiments, dioptric notation of the near demand may be used. For example, a value between 10D to 4D, 4D to 3D, 3D to 2D, 2.5D to 1.5D may be used as the defined threshold working dioptric demand. Continuous, or substantially continuous, monitoring of the near working distance may provide information over a specific time-period, for example a several hours, day, a week or a month. In other exemplary embodiments, continuous monitoring may be over approximately 2 to 4 days, 3 to 6 days, 4 to 7 days, 1 to 2 weeks, 2 to 4 weeks, 1 month to 3 months, 2 to 6 months. In other exemplary embodiments, continuous monitoring may be for at least 1 hour, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month or 2 months. Cumulated threshold values may be set to drive the negative or positive feedback signal. For example, a cumulated near working dioptric demand and/or signal over day, week and month may have threshold values of approximately 16 Diopter hours over a day, approximately 112 Diopter hours over a week and approximately 480 Diopter-hours over a month, respectively. The cumulative near working dioptric demand and/or signal for day may be calculated, for example, as viewing a 4D target for 4 hours. In other exemplary embodiments, a cumulated near working dioptric signal over 2 to 4 days may have a threshold values between approximately 32 Diopter-hours to 64 Diopter-hours. In the exemplary embodiments, a cumulated near working dioptric signal over 1 to 2 weeks may have a threshold values between approximately 112 Diopter-hours to 224 Diopter-hours. In other exemplary embodiments, a cumulated near working dioptric signal over 1 to 2 months may have a threshold values between approximately 480 Diopter- hours to 960 Diopter-hours. A positive feedback signal may be generated when the acquired cumulative data signal over a day, week, or month is approximately below the defined threshold. A negative feedback signal may be is provided when the acquired cumulative data signal is above the threshold encouraging change of behaviour from the wearer. The defined threshold for a negative feedback, for example, may be at least 16 Diopter-hours per day, at least 20 Diopter-hours per day, or at least 30 Diopter-hours per day. In some exemplary embodiments, the defined threshold of a negative feedback may be between 8 to 16 Diopter- hours per day, 12 to 24 Diopter-hours per day, 18 to30 Diopter-hours per day or 24 to 36 Diopter-hours per day. The defined threshold for a positive feedback, for example, may be below 2 Diopter-hours per day, 4 Diopter-hours per day, 6 Diopter-hours per day, or 8 Diopter-hours per day. In other exemplary embodiments, the defined threshold for a positive feedback may be between 0 to 2 Diopter-hours per day, 1 to 3 Diopter-hours per day, 2 to 4 Diopter-hours per day or 3 to 6 Diopter-hours per day. [00109] In other exemplary embodiments, the time spent viewing far distances may also be used to generate a feedback signal to the user. For example, if the accumulated time spent viewing far objects (approximately 3 meters or more) from the user is less than approximately 1 hour per day then a negative feedback to user may be triggered to alter behaviour of the user. In other exemplary embodiments, a value between 1 to 2 hours, 1.5 to 3 hours, 2 to 4 hours or 3 to 6 hours per day may be used to define the threshold value. In other exemplary embodiments, the definition of far objects may be approximately > 2 meters, approximately >4 meters, approximately > 5 meters or approximately > 6 meters. In other exemplary embodiments, the definition of far objects may range between 2-3 meters, 2-4 meters, 3-5 meters or 3-10 meters. In one or more embodiments, a short-range radio data transceiver may be one or more of the following: Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, NFC, wireless HART, wireless USB, and other suitable transceivers. In other embodiments, a short-range transceiver may be based on IR LED technology.

Multi-spectral detector / spectral power distribution sensor

[00110] Referring to Figure 8, this exemplary embodiment provides a spectacle frame 800 comprising a forward facing multi-spectral sensor 804, a micro-processor 806, a transceiver 808 and a power source 810; wherein the multi-spectral sensor 804 is configured to collect intensity data of the incident light levels as a function wavelength and time; and store the acquired data on the micro-processor/storage unit 806. The multi-spectral sensor may be placed in other locations, for example, it may be positioned facing forward on the rim or eye wire of the spectacle frame, either on the right or the left side of rim/eye-wire. In some instances, it may be positioned outward facing on the temples of the spectacle frame. The multispectral sensor 804 in Figure 8 has 7 dedicated micro-sensors to detect light over 7 specific wavelength bands. For example, band 1 for wavelengths approximately 300-400nm, band 2 for wavelengths approximately 400-500 nm, band 3 for wavelengths approximately 500-600 nm, band 4 for wavelengths approximately 600-700nm, band 5 for wavelengths approximately 700-800nm and band 6 for wavelengths approximately 800-900nm and band 7 for wavelengths approximately 900-lOOOnm. In other embodiments fewer or more bands may be used for detection of specific wavelength bands, for example sensors to only detect UV, sensors to detect visible range, sensors to detect only IR, sensors to detect UV and visible spectrum, sensors to detect visible spectrum and IR and in some instances sensors to only detect UV and IR spectrums. The stored data may be transferred to a computer, smart-phone, tablet, smart-watch, or similar processor via the radio data transceiver 808 for postprocessing of the acquired data to among other things facilitate a signal for the actuator 812 disclosed herein. The actuator 812 may provide vibratory and/or auditory feedback. In some instances, the actuator 812 may only be used for negative feedback while in some other instances, the actuator 812 may be used for both positive and negative feedback. In some embodiments, the feedback may be on a smart watch, tablet, laptop or a computer. The power source 810 may be a lithium ion battery. Ophthalmic lenses 802 may be mounted on the spectacles 800. The transceiver and/or microprocessor may be configured to provide encryption of the data.

[00111] Spectral power distribution (SPD) of various natural and artificial light sources are shown in Figures 9 to 11 such as those disclosed by Leandro, Ricardo. (2013). Study of energy efficiency of lighting systems on highways in collaboration with BRISA. 10.13140/RG.2.2.35288.90885, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Sun light contains the wavelengths of the visible range (approximately 400 to 780 nm, i.e. full spectrum). It is also dynamic meaning that the intensity and the mix of the wavelength changes with time of the day. As shown in Figure 9, day light from the sun cycles from bright blue content (peak approximately between 400-450 nm) during the day to soft red content in the evenings (peak approximately between 650-750 nm). The bright blue-rich light signals us to be awake and alert, while the soft red-rich light tells our bodies it's time to relax and prepare for sleep. It is believed that the blue-rich signals send a stop signal to the growing eye while the red-rich signals trigger eye growth.

[00112] The peak intensity of the natural sun light outdoors during the day is in the blue region of the spectrum, approximately 420 to 460 nm. The peak intensity of the natural sunlight outdoors shifts to approximately 650 to 700 nm in the evenings. Artificial lighting may constitute various kind of light sources, for example tungsten incandescent, halogen, metal halide, warm fluorescent, cool fluorescent, low-pressure sodium vapour, high-pressure sodium vapour, mercury florescent warm LED or cool LED sources. The peak intensities and spectral power distribution of the artificial light may be different from each other and are often dependent on the source. For example, incandescent source (Figure 9) mimics the evening sunlight conditions with a red shift in the spectral power distribution with a peak forming approximately around 700 to 760 nm. A halogen light source utilizes a fused quart envelope to allow higher temperatures, it has a continuous spectra but centered towards approximately 600 nm (Figure 10). Fluorescent lamps consist mainly of individual emissions of the noble gas mixtures producing narrow bands of wavelengths; and depending on the source of the coating material, the background of the spectral distribution adds other wavelengths to contribute towards the total output of the source (Figure 9). Warm Fluorescent has narrow bands of wavelengths at approximately 450 nm, 500 nm, 550 nm, 600 nm and 620 nm. The relative peak intensities are in the greenish-red range between 550 and 620 nm. Cool fluorescent (Figure 9) has a few narrow bands in the blue region, approximately at 400 and 450 nm, in addition to the narrow bands seen in the warm fluorescent light sources. Overall, the output of a fluorescent sources is shifted more towards the red end of the visible spectrum due to greater number of bands in longer wavelength region, except for the cool fluorescent sources, for example the mercury fluorescent light source (Figure 11). Unlike the fluorescent sources, the LED sources produce a continuous spectral power distribution curve (Figure 10). Again, the warm LED have the peak in the greenish-red region, approximately 550 to 600 nm, while the cool LED produces a peak intensity towards the blue region approximately 430 to 460 nm. Low-pressure sodium and high-pressure sodium have distinctly different spectral power distributions, the former with narrow band of wavelength approximately between 580 and 595 nm, while the high pressure sodium has a spread in its spectral power distribution with multiple peaks in the red region approximately 550 nm, 600 nm and 650 nm.

[00113] In some embodiments, the definition of the spectral distribution distinguishing between the indoor and outdoor setting may constitute the peak wavelength of the spectral distribution detected by the multi-spectral sensor. For example, a visual setting may be marked outdoor, if the peak wavelength of the acquired spectral curve using the multi- spectral sensor is approximately between 400 and 450 nm, 400 and 500 nm, 380 and 420 nm or 420 and 480 nm. In some exemplary embodiments, a visual setting may be marked outdoor by detecting if the spectral power distribution is continuous or discontinuous. Further verification may sometimes be needed even if a continuous SPD is detected, as some of the artificial lights also bear a continuous SPD curve. In such instances, the peak intensities may be further assessed to differentiate between natural and artificial lighting. For example, multiple peak intensities vs smooth SPD with only one peak can allow differentiation between artificial and natural lighting. A visual setting may be marked unfavourable for the eye, particularly for progression of myopia, if the peak wavelength of the acquired spectral curve using the multi-spectral sensor is approximately between 500 and 550 nm, 550 and 600 nm, or 550 and 650 nm. Figure 12 shows a flow diagram outlining the methods to generate a positive and/or negative feedback using the multispectral sensor and/or generate an actuator signal which may be mounted on the smart spectacle 812 or may be mounted outside the smart spectacle system but within a proximal distance from the ocular system. For example actuators on another smart device, like on the smart watch, smart illumination system with multi wavelength LED array, laptop, or a tablet. In some embodiments, proximal distance from the ocular system may be between 30 to 50 cm, 50 tolOO cm, 75 to 150 cm, at least 30 cm, at least 50 cm or at least 100 cm. Continuous, or substantially continuous, monitoring of the spectral curves may provide information over a specific time-period, for example an hour, a day, a week or a month. In other exemplary embodiments, continuous, or substantially continuous, monitoring period may be approximately 1 to 3 days, 3 to 5 days, 4 to 7 days, 1 to 2 weeks, 2 to 4 weeks, 1 to 3 months or 2 to 4 months. Cumulated threshold values may be set to drive a negative and/or positive feedback signal. For example, an accumulated illumination signal for a specific wavelength over a day, a week or a month may have threshold values of approximately 5,000 Lux per day, approximately 35,000 Lux per week and approximately 150,000 Lux per month, respectively. In other exemplary embodiments, accumulated intensity signal for specific wavelengths over 1 to 3 days, 3 to 5 days, 4 to 7 days, 1 to 2 weeks, 2 to 4 weeks, 1 to 3 months and 2 to 4 months may have threshold values between 5000 to 15000 Lux hours, 15000 to 25000 Lux hours, 20000 to 35000 Lux hours, 35000 to 70000 Lux hours, 70000 lux hours to 140000 lux hours, 140000 to 420000 Lux hours, 280000 to 560000 lux hours, respectively. A positive feedback signal may be generated when the acquired accumulative illumination signal is peaked approximately between 400 nm and 450 nm and is over the defined threshold. In other exemplary embodiments, the positive feedback signal may be triggered when the accumulated illumination signal peaks approximately between 400 and 500 nm, 380 to 420 nm, at least 400 nm, at least 440 nm or at least 480 nm and the accumulated intensity signal is over the defined threshold. The defined threshold accumulated intensity signal over 1 to 3 days, 3 to 5 days, 4 to 7 days, 1 to 2 weeks, 2 to 4 weeks, 1 to 3 months or 2 to 4 months may have threshold values between 5000 to 15000 Lux hours, 15000 to 25000 Lux hours, 20000 to 35000 Lux hours, 35000 to 70000 Lux hours, 70000 lux hours to 140000 lux hours, 140000 to 420000 Lux hours, 280000 to 560000 lux hours, respectively. A negative feedback signal may be provided when the acquired accumulative illumination data signal is peaked approximately between 550 nm and 650 nm over a day, week, or month and is below the threshold encouraging change of behaviour from the wearer. In other exemplary embodiments, the negative feedback signal may be triggered when the accumulated illumination signal peaks approximately between 500 and 600 nm, 580 to 720nm, over 550 nm, over 600 nm or over 650 nm and the accumulated intensity signal is below the defined threshold. The defined threshold accumulated intensity signal over 1 to 3 days, 3 to 5 days, 4 to 7 days, 1 to 2 weeks, 2 to 4 weeks, 1 to 3 months and 2 to 4 months is below 4000 Lux hours, 14000 Lux hours, 16000 Lux hours, 25000 Lux hours, 50000 lux hours, 100000 Lux hours, 225000 lux hours, respectively. In some embodiments, along with a negative feedback, instructions may be sent to the LED actuator on the spectacle to compensate for the setting by adding smaller wavelengths (for example blue in the region of 420 to 460 nm) in the proximity of the ocular system. In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more LED actuators may be on, associated with, in close proximity, or combinations thereof with the wearable apparatus. In some embodiments, a set of instructions may be sent to LED actuators that are in a proximal distance from the ocular system. For example, the proximal distance from the ocular system may be between 50-100 cm, 100 to 200 cm, at least 50 cm, or at least 100 cm. In some other embodiments, a 'training' mode may be established on the device that may self-learn or taught by algorithms to detect the spectral 'fingerprint' of the most common indoor settings (home, school, office, local shopping centre) vs outdoor settings. Supervised learning may be used that maps an input to an output based on example input-output pairs. It infers a function from labelled training data consisting of a set of training examples. For example, the spectacle user or the supervisor may pre-record certain common visual settings and pre-label these settings binning the visual inputs labelled with indoor and outdoor setting labels. This pre-recorded data set may act as a look up table to automatically label the visual situations into indoor and outdoor settings. For example, the SPD of a test image may be compared to the set of pre-existing image profiles (lookup table) to identify a match. In case of a match, the outdoor/indoor flag associated with the image is recorded on the local storage. In an event of an unsuccessful match with the existing look-up table, the user may get an auditory or vibratory response to qualify if the image falls into indoor/outdoor setting. The new information may then be used to update the look-up registry to facilitate auto-detection of the future test cases. In one or more embodiments, a short-range radio data transceiver may be one or more of the following: Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, NFC, wireless HART, wireless USB, and other suitable transceivers. In other embodiments, a short-range transceiver may be based on IR LED technology.

Motion sensors (accelerometers, gyroscope & magnetic sensors)

[00114] Motion sensors allow detection of three-dimensional motion of an object to a plane or point of reference. Such sensors may include accelerometers, gyroscopes and compasses. An accelerometer measures linear acceleration and may indicate tilt angle by detecting the relative direction of earth's gravitational pull. A gyroscope measures the angular rate of rotational movement about one or more axes. While a magnetic sensor, also called as a compass or a magnetometer, detects a magnetic field and thereby may allow measurement of absolute alignment relative to earth's magnetic field which for example may be used to detect head tilt. Use of one or more motion sensors used in conjunction with a spectacle system may provide information on head orientation and/or tilt, physical activity and/or head acceleration. Referring to Figure 13, this exemplary embodiment provides a wearable spectacle frame comprising a 6-axis motion sensor 1304, which combines a 3-axis gyroscope and a 3-axis accelerometer, a micro-processor/storage unit 1306, a radio data transceiver 1308 and a power source 1310; where in the 6-axis accelerometer collects data on one or more of the following variables: head orientation, physical activity (for example step rate), intensity of the physical activity, head acceleration/deceleration and stores the acquired data on the micro-processor/storage unit 1306. The stored data on 1306 may be transferred to computer, smart-phone, tablet, smart-watch, or similar via the short-range radio data transceiver 1308 for post-processing of the acquired data to facilitate a signal for the actuator 1312 disclosed herein. Ophthalmic lenses 1302 may be mounted on the spectacles 1300. The data transmitted and received by the transceiver 1308 may be encrypted. For example, a forward tilt noted on the 6-axis accelerometer 1304 may suggests near work (reading/writing) and backward or neutral tilt noted on the 6-axis accelerometer may suggest distance viewing. A threshold value of approximately 10 degrees forward tilt may be used to define the threshold to differentiate between reading/writing posture and distance viewing posture. In some embodiments, the threshold value to auto detect distance and near viewing may be between 2 to 6 degrees, 4 to 12 degrees, 10 to 15 degrees, 12 to 30 degrees, at least 5 degrees, at least 10 degrees, at least 15 degrees or at least 25 degrees. Continuous, or substantially continuous, monitoring of the head tilt levels may provide information over a specific time-period, for example a day, a week or a month. In other exemplary embodiments, continuous, or substantially continuous, monitoring of head tilt may be required over 1 to 3 days, 4 to 7 days, 1 to 2 weeks, 2 to 4 weeks or 1 to 3 months. In other exemplary embodiments, the head tilt may need to be monitored over at least 3 hours, at least 24 hours, at least 3 days or at least 1 week. Cumulated threshold values may be set to drive the negative or positive feedback signal. For example, a cumulated signal over day, week and month may have threshold values of approximately 5 hours of reading/writing a day, approximately 35 hours of reading/writing over a week and approximately 150 hours of reading/writing over a month, respectively. In other exemplary embodiments, continuous, or substantially continuous, monitoring of head tilt data may contribute to a cumulated signal over approximately 1 to 3 days, 4 to 7 days, 1 to 2 weeks, 2 to 4 weeks, or 1 to 3 months which may have threshold values of approximately 5 to 15 hours, 20 to 35 hours, 35 to 70 hours, 70 to 140 hours, 140 to 420 hours of reading and writing, respectively. In other exemplary embodiments, continuous, or substantially continuous, monitoring of head tilt data may contribute to an accumulated signal over at least 6 hours, at least 24 hours, at least 3 days, at least 7 days or at least 1 month, which may have threshold values of at least 2 hours, at least 5 hours, at least 15 hours, at least 35 hours or at least 140 hours, respectively. A positive feedback signal may be generated when the acquired cumulative data signal over a day, week, or month is approximately below the defined threshold. A negative feedback signal may be is provided when the acquired cumulative data signal is approximately above the threshold encouraging change of behaviour from the wearer. Figure 14 shows a flow diagram outlining the methods to generate a positive/negative feedback using the 6-axis motion sensor 1304. In some embodiments, along with a negative feedback, an immediate buzzer through either a visual, tactile or auditory actuator. In yet another embodiment, the 6-axis motion sensor collects data on activity (step rate and intensity) which may be used to confirm outdoor/indoor visual setting when used in conjunction with the data from the ambient light sensor. In other exemplary embodiments, the data from the 6-axis motion sensor alone or in combination with other sensors may offer information on one or more of the following: the direction of gaze, period of gaze and pattern of gaze when viewing distance and near setting. This data may be used to study behavioural patterns in various refractive errors. For example, long periods of constant gaze in one direction can be detected and feedback may be provided to the user to avoid constant gaze in one direction/position over substantial period of time. For example, the substantial period of time may be between 10 to 40 minutes, between 30 to 60 minutes, between 1 to 3 hours, between 2 to 4 hours, or between 3 to 6 hours. In other examples, the substantial period of time before providing the feedback to the user may be at least 10 minutes, at least 20 minutes, or at least 60 minutes. In yet another embodiment, the 6-axis motion sensor alone or in conjunction with other sensors described here in, may offer information on head injury and concussion. For example, if the head deceleration/acceleration is above 30 m/s ² units then a prompt alarm may be triggered requesting medical help; the alarm signal may be local to the spectacle or coupled processing device, or a remote party may be contacted when the spectacle is coupled to a phone, such communication may include the user's identification, details of the reason for contact, GPS location, current body temperature, current head orientation and/or level of movement. In other cases, deceleration/acceleration prompting an alarm may be between 10 to 30 m/s ² , between 20 to 40 m/s ² , or 30 to 60 m/s ² . In some other instances deceleration and/or acceleration prompting an alarm may be at least 20 m/s ² , at least 30 m/s ² , at least 40 m/s ² or at least 50 m/s ² . In other exemplary embodiments, a 3-axis motion sensor i.e. 3-axis accelerometer without the use of 3-axis gyroscope may be used instead of 6-axis motion sensor to provide the head-tilt information. In other exemplary embodiments, 3-axis gyroscope may be used over the 3-axis accelerometer. In yet another embodiment, a 3-axis magnetic sensor may be used, while in other instances, the 3-axis gyroscope may be combined a 3-axis magnetic sensor and in some other instances, the 3-axis accelerometer may be combined with a 3-axis magnetic sensor and the measured data from each of the accelerometer and/or gyroscope and/or magnetometer may be processed in combination to facilitate more robust detection of head tilt or motion. In one or more embodiments, a short- range radio data transceiver may be one or more of the following: Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, NFC, wireless HART, wireless USB, and other suitable transceivers. In other embodiments, a short- range transceiver may be based on IR LED technology.

Temperature sensor

[00115] A temperature sensor is a device, typically a thermocouple or thermistor, which provides temperature measurement through an electrical signal. Use of one or more temperature sensors in conjunction with a spectacle system may assist in monitoring of the wellbeing of an individual. The temperature sensors may be configured to collect body temperature through skin. Referring to Figure 15, the exemplary embodiment provides a wearable spectacle frame comprising a pair of temperature sensors 1504 (embedded in the nose pads of the spectacles), a microcomputer 1506, a short-range radio data transceiver 1508 and a power source 1510; where in the temperature sensors 1504 collects data on the body temperature of the individual at certain time-intervals. The temperature may also be located on the spectacle frame in other locations, for example, it may be positioned facing inward on the rim or eye wire of the spectacle frame, either on the right or the left side of rim/eye-wire. In some instances, it may be positioned inward facing on the temples of the spectacle frame. In some other instances, it may be positioned on the nose pads. In some other instances, it may be positioned on the backside of the nose bridge; while in other instances, it may be positioned on the temple tips touching the ear lobes, or positioned on the spectacle arms so as to touch the scalp or the head near the scalp. The chosen time intervals for body temperature measurements may be once every minute, every quarter hour, every half hour, every hour, every day or every week. In other instances, the time interval for body temperature measurements may be at least once in 1 hour, at least once in 3 hours, at least once in 6 hours, at least once in 12 hours or at least once in 24 hours. In other instances, the frequency of temperature measurement may be increased when a circumstance of increased risk to the wearer is detected, such as a fall or unusual body orientation. The temperature readings are stored on the on board microcomputer 1506. The stored data may be transferred to computer, smart-phone, tablet, smart-watch, or similar via an encrypted short-range radio data transceiver 1508 for post-processing of the acquired data to facilitate a signal for the actuator 1512 disclosed herein. Ophthalmic lenses 1502 may be mounted on the spectacles 1500. For example, when the recorded body temperature levels are above 39 °C or above (i.e. fever), a prompt alarm may be triggered through the actuator 1512 requesting medical help. In some other embodiments, the temperature threshold triggering an alarm may be at least 37.5 °C, at least 38 °C, at least 38.5°C or at least 39.5 °C. In some other embodiments, the temperature threshold triggering an alarm on the actuator 1512 may be between 37.8 to 38.2 °C, 38.2 to 38.6 °C, 38.6 to 39 °C, 38.2 to 39.6°C or 39 to 40.4 °C. In one or more embodiments, a short-range radio data transceiver may be one or more of the following: Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, NFC, wireless HART, wireless USB, and other suitable transceivers. In other embodiments, a short-range transceiver may be based on IR LED technology.

Skin conductivity sensor

[00116] The skin conductance response uses the phenomenon that the skin becomes a better conductor of electricity in presence of either an external or an internal stimulus. The skin conductance correlates with the sweat gland and skin pore size and/or activity of the individual. A skin conductivity sensor used in conjunction with a spectacle system may assist in monitoring the wellbeing of an individual. A skin conductivity sensor may be configured to assess the level of fatigue and exhaustion. The typical range of skin conductance in humans is from approximately 2 micro Siemens to 20 micro Siemens. Due to a large inter-personal variation in the skin conductance, to assess if an individual is relaxed or stressed, tired or exhausted, the device may need to use the individual's baseline skin conductance as a reference, or the device may asses the rate of change of skin conductivity. Referring to Figure 17, the exemplary embodiment, provides a wearable spectacle frame comprising a conductivity meter or skin conductivity sensor 1704, a microcomputer and a storage device 1706, a short-range radio data transceiver 1708 and a power source 1710; wherein the conductivity meter or skin conductivity sensor 1704 gathers data on the skin conductance of the individual's skin. The data transmitted and received by the transceiver 1708 may be encrypted. The skin conductivity sensor may also be located in other positions, for example, it may be positioned facing inward on the rim or eye wire of the spectacle frame, either on the right or the left side of rim/eye-wire. In some instances, it may be positioned inward facing on the temples of the spectacle frame. In some other instances, it may be positioned on the nose pads. In some other instances, it may be positioned on the backside of the nose bridge; while in other instances, it may be positioned on the temple tips touching the ear lobes, or positioned on the spectacle arms so as to touch the scalp or the head near the scalp. The readings on the electric resistance of the skin are stored on the microcomputer 1706 and compared to the baseline reading of the skin conductance. Ophthalmic lenses 1702 may be mounted on the spectacles 1700. The baseline reading may be the first measurement, average of the first 10 measurements, an average of the first 20 measurements or an average of user selected number of measurements. In some cases, the baseline reading may be a special reading that is recorded when the sensor is used for the first time or when it is used first time after resetting the spectacle system. In other cases, the baseline may be a short term historical average or median reading thereby facilitating the device to assess short term relative changes in skin conductivity. The rate of skin conductivity measurements may be every second, every 5 seconds, every 10 seconds, every 30 seconds, every minute, every 5 minutes, every 10 minutes, every 30 minutes, or every hour. The stored data may be transferred to computer, smart-phone, tablet, smart -watch, or similar via an encrypted short- range radio data transceiver 1708 for post-processing of the acquired data to facilitate a signal for the actuator 1712 disclosed herein. For example, the skin conductivity levels from one of the following: 15% greater than baseline value, 25% greater than baseline value, or 35% greater than baseline value may define fatigue or exhaustion. In other exemplary embodiments, skin conductivity levels of at least 10% greater than baseline, at least 20% greater than the baseline, at least 30% greater than baseline may be used as a cutoff to define the threshold values for detecting heat exhaustion or fatigue. In some other exemplary embodiments, the skin conductivity may also be designated as a wear indicator. In one or more embodiments, a short-range radio data transceiver may be one or more of the following: Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, NFC, wireless HART, wireless USB, and other suitable transceivers. In other embodiments, a short-range transceiver may be based on IR LED technology.

An Eye and eyelid position tracker

[00117] Eye tracking is the process of measuring either the point of gaze or the motion of an eye relative to the head or dynamically monitoring the state of the ocular system. An eye tracker, which basically constitutes one or more light sources and a camera, is a device for measuring eye positions and eye movements. The same camera may be used to determine the open or closed status of the eyelids, and measure the palpebral fissure size (distance between the eyelids). In some embodiments, different cameras may be deployed for different tasks. The current disclosure presents an eye and lid tracking system that, through the addition of palpebral fissure size measurements, allows detection of a situation where the individual's spectacle lens is potentially under corrected and may need a need for new pair of spectacle lenses. Eye gaze direction may be measured by detecting the position of the pupil center relative to the position of one or more reflections of the inbuilt light sources on the cornea. Referring to Figure 19, the exemplary embodiment provides a wearable spectacle frame comprising an inward facing camera/ set of cameras 1904, a microcomputer and a storage device 1906, a short-range radio data transceiver 1908 and a power source 1910; where in the inward facing camera 1904 records data on the pupil size and position, light source reflection position(s), eyelid positions, palpebral fissure size and eyelid movements at a given time-interval. The eye and lid tracker may also be located in other positions, for example, it may be positioned facing inward on the rim or eye wire of the spectacle frame, either on the right or the left side of rim/eye-wire. In some instances, it may be positioned inward facing on the temples of the spectacle frame. Ophthalmic lenses 1902 may be mounted on the spectacles 1900. The chosen time intervals for recording the eyelid position, palpebral fissure size and eyelid movements may be once many measurements each second, once every second, every 5 seconds, every 10 seconds, every 30 seconds, every minute, every 5 minutes, every 10 minutes, every 30 minutes, or every hour. . In other instances, the time interval for palpebral fissure measurements may be at least once in 1 hour, at least once in 1 day, at least once in 1 week, at least once in 1 month or at least once in 3 months. The readings from the inward facing camera 1904 are stored on the microcomputer/storage device 1906. The stored data may be transferred to computer, smart-phone, tablet, smart-watch, or similar via an encrypted short-range radio data transceiver 1908 for post-processing of the acquired data to facilitate a signal for the actuator 1912 disclosed herein. For example, the palpebral fissure readings (distance between the upper and lower eyelids) of 3 mm or less may be categorized as squinting, and repeated squinting over the last 10 eyelid measurements, or an increase in the occurrence of squinting, may be used as an indicator of change in prescription. In other examples, the definition of squinting may be a palpebral fissure of 2 mm or less, 2.5 mm or less, or 3.5 mm or less. In other examples the definition of squinting may be a palpebral fissure reading of at least 1.5 mm, at least 2 mm or at least 2.5 mm. In other examples, repeated squinting over last 5 measurements, or a 2 times increase in the occurrence of squinting, may be sufficient to trigger for a prescription change, while in some other instances at least 3 times increase, at least 4 times increase, at least 5 times increase or 10 times increase in the occurrence of squinting may be need to trigger the prescription change actuator. The specificity of this method may be increased if squinting is detected more frequently when the wearer is looking into the distance compared to looking at near. In another embodiment, the pupil diameter and its response to a bright LED may be used for concussion testing. In another example, blink rate may be recorded and used to generate an alert to the user. In another exemplary embodiment a wearable spectacle frame is configured with an eye tracker, a microcomputer/storage device, a short-range radio data transceiver and a power source; wherein the eye tracker may be used to collect data on the gaze direction of the user. The readings from the eye tracker may be stored on the microcomputer. The stored data may be transferred to computer, smart-phone, tablet, smart-watch, or similar via an encrypted short-range radio data transceiver for post-processing of the acquired data to facilitate a signal for the actuator disclosed herein. For example, the prolonged duration of convergence is an indicator of prolonger near work or reading and prolonged accommodative effort. In one or more embodiments, a short-range radio data transceiver may be one or more of the following: Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, NFC, wireless HART, wireless USB, and other suitable transceivers. In other embodiments, a short-range transceiver may be based on IR LED technology.

Micro-switches for spectacle wear and monitoring compliance

[00118] A miniature snap-action switch, also known as a micro switch, is an electric switch that is actuated by little physical force, through the use of a tipping-point mechanism. These micro-switches exhibit hysteresis, meaning that a small reversal of the actuator is insufficient to reverse the contacts. This characteristic feature helps to achieve a clean and reliable interruption to the switched circuit. A micro switch used in conjunction with a spectacle system may assist in monitoring the wear schedule an individual. In other exemplary embodiments, micro electro-mechanical, micro electro-optical, micro capacitive, or micro electro-magnetic switches may also be used to serve the role of a micro switch. An exemplary variations of a micro switches may be configured within the hinge of the spectacles to record state of the spectacles: is it in unfold or fold position. Monitoring the fold vs unfold position of the spectacles over time may allow us to monitor compliance to a particular treatment regime. Referring to Figure 21, the exemplary embodiment provides a wearable spectacle frame comprising a pair of micro-switches 2104, a microcomputer and a storage device 2106, a short-range radio data transceiver 2108 and a power source 2100; where in the pair of micro switches 2104 records data on the position/state of the spectacles: fold vs unfold position/state at a given time-interval. Ophthalmic lenses 2102 may be mounted on the spectacles 2100. The micro-switch or pair of micro-switches may be locations in other positions, for example, it may be positioned on the temples of the spectacle frame. In some other instances, it may be positioned on the nose pads. In some other instances, it may be positioned on the backside of the nose bridge; while in other instances, it may be positioned on the temple tips touching the ear lobes. The chosen time intervals for monitoring the position and/or state of the spectacle may be once every hour, once every day or once every week or once every month. In other examples, the time interval for recording the position and/or state of the spectacle may be at least once in 1 hour, at least once in 1 day, at least once in 1 week, or at least once in 1 month. In another example, the monitoring is continuous and the switch status is only processed when it's state changes. The readings from the micro- switches 2104 are stored on the microcomputer/storage device 2106. The stored data may be transferred to computer, smart-phone, tablet, smart-watch, or similar via an encrypted short-range radio data transceiver 2108 for post-processing of the acquired data to facilitate a signal for the actuator 2112 disclosed herein. For example, the prolonged duration of spectacle lenses in folded state would indicate non-compliance of the prescribed regime by the eye care practitioner. For example, an individual is prescribed to wear a certain type of spectacle lenses for 6 hours a day for at least 5 days in a week. The recording the compliance data may be done by fitting the prescribed lenses into a spectacle system enabled with micro- switches, wherein the micro-switch readings (spectacles state: unfold vs fold) may be used to track compliance with a specific treatment regime. In other exemplary embodiments, a proximity photo-detector or a capacitive proximity detector may be used to detect the state of the spectacle frame (folded vs unfolded). In yet other examples, the micro switch may be of electro-optical photo interrupter type, magnetic or hall-effect magnetic type. In one or more embodiments, a short-range radio data transceiver may be one or more of the following: Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, NFC, wireless HART, wireless USB, and other suitable transceivers. In other embodiments, a short-range transceiver may be based on IR LED technology. 'Depth' or 'range-imaging' sensors for dioptric mapping of a visual scene

[00119] Depth sensing or range imaging is a generic name for a collection of techniques that are used to produce two-dimensional images showing the distance to points in a scene from a specific point of reference. Some of depth sensing or range imaging techniques may include Time-of-flight, structured light, light triangulation and interferometry techniques. Time-of-Flight (ToF) is a distance mapping and 3D imaging technology. A ToF camera is a range imaging system that resolves distance based on the known speed of light, measuring the time- of-flight of a reflected light signal between the camera and the subject for each point of the image. A depth sensor, for example ToF, used in conjunction with a spectacle system may assist in monitoring the dioptric map (inverse distance) of the visual setting experienced by the wearer. Referring to Figure 22, the exemplary embodiment provides a wearable spectacle frame comprising a depth sensor, for example ToF sensor 2204, a microcomputer and storage device 2206, a short-range radio data transceiver 2208 and a power source 2210; where in the time of flight sensor records data on the distances to the objects within the visual field, offering a dioptric map of the visual environment. The depth sensor, for example ToF, may be located in other positions, for example, it may be positioned facing outwards on the rim or eye wire of the spectacle frame, either on the right or the left side of rim/eye-wire. In some instances, it may be positioned outward facing on the temples of the spectacle frame. The dioptric map readings from the time of flight sensor 2204 may be stored on the microcomputer/storage device 2206. Ophthalmic lenses 2202 may be mounted on the spectacles 2200. The stored data may be transferred to computer, smart-phone, tablet, smart-watch, or similar via an encrypted short-range radio data transceiver 2208 for postprocessing of the acquired data to facilitate a signal for the actuator 2212 disclosed herein. Figure 23 shows a sample dioptric map output using a depth sensor, for example ToF, such as those disclosed by Flitcroft Dl. The complex interactions of retinal, optical and environmental factors in myopia etiology. Progress in retinal and eye research. 2012 Nov 1; 31(6):622-60, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. For example, an alert to the user may be triggered if the accommodative demand obtained from the analysis of the dioptric map obtained by the depth sensor, for example ToF, over a given time period, is one of the following : >10D over last 5 measurements, >5D over last 10 measurements, >3D over last 5 measurements. In other embodiments, an alert may be triggered when the accommodative demand obtained from the analysis of the dioptric map is at least 5D over the last 5 measurements, at least 3D over the last 10 measurements or at least ID over the last 25 measurements. The set of 5, 10 or 25 measurements may be consecutive, random or sampled at a specific time periods. The chosen time period for dioptric map measurements may be once every second, every 5 seconds, every 10 seconds, every 30 seconds, every minute, every 5 minutes, every 10 minutes, every 30 minutes, or every hour. In other examples, the time interval for dioptric map measurements may be continuous, or may be triggered when a change in gaze or head position is detected. In other embodiments, the time interval for dioptric map measurements may be continuous, or may be triggered at least once in 1 hour, at least once in 3 hours, at least once in 6 hours, at least once in 12 hours or at least once in 24 hours. For example, the generated dioptric field map may suggest the user to avoid situations where large parts of the visual fields demand increasing levels of accommodation. One other way of measuring the 3D shape of an object or a visual scene is by using a structured-light 3D scanner, which uses projected light patterns and a camera system. Projecting a narrow band of light onto a three-dimensionally shaped surface produces a line of illumination that appears distorted from other perspectives than that of the projector, and may be used for geometric reconstruction of the surface shape (light section). In other embodiments, a structured light sensor (Figure 22) may be used in conjunction with a spectacle system may assist in monitoring the dioptric map of the visual setting experienced by the wearer. In one or more embodiments, a short-range radio data transceiver may be one or more of the following: Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, NFC, wireless HART, wireless USB, and other suitable transceivers. In other embodiments, a short-range transceiver may be based on IR LED technology.

Air quality sensors for detection of hazardous chemicals and smoke

[00120] Air pollution sensors are devices that detect and monitor the presence of air pollution in the surrounding area. Miniature air quality sensors may facilitate detection of dangerous gases within the office and/or home such as ammonia, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, benzene, smoke and other harmful chemical substances. . An air quality sensor used in conjunction with a spectacle system may assist in monitoring the air pollution of around the area in vicinity of the spectacle wearer. Referring to Figure 25, the exemplary embodiment provides a wearable spectacle frame comprising an air quality sensor or detector 2504, a microcomputer and a storage device 2506, a short-range radio data transceiver 2508 and a power source 2510; where in the air quality sensory 2504 gathers data on one or more of the following: quality of the air in the vicinity of the user, composition of the air within the vicinity of the user, detect smoke in the vicinity of the user, presence of hazardous gases within the vicinity of the user. An air quality sensor or detector may also be positioned in other locations, for example, it may be positioned facing outward on the rim or eye wire of the spectacle frame, either on the right or the left side of rim/eye-wire. In some instances, it may be positioned outward facing on the temples of the spectacle frame. In some other instances, it may be positioned on the front side of the nose bridge; while in other instances, it may be positioned facing outwards on the temples. The readings from the air quality sensor 2504 are stored on the microcomputer/storage device 2506. The stored data may be transferred to computer, smart-phone, tablet, smart-watch, or similar via an encrypted short-range radio data transceiver 2508 for post-processing of the acquired data to facilitate a signal for the actuator 2512 disclosed herein. Ophthalmic lenses 2502 may be mounted on the spectacles 2500. Figure 26 shows a flow diagram outlining the methods to generate a positive/negative feedback using the air quality sensor 2504. For example, the carbon monoxide gas concentration detected by the air quality sensor is above 50 parts per million (ppm) then an alarm may be initiated on the actuator 2512. Additional warning indicator to, for example, stay indoors may be displayed on the integrated smart watch, tablet or a computer. In other exemplary embodiments, the threshold level of carbon monoxide detected in the vicinity may be at least 30 ppm, at least 40 ppm, at least 50 ppm, at least 60 ppm, or at least 100 pm. In other exemplary embodiments the threshold carbon monoxide level needed to trigger the alarm may be between 10 to 30 ppm, 30 to 60 ppm or 50 to 100 ppm. In certain exemplary embodiments, the alarm may be triggered when other the cut-off concentration of hazardous substances like carbon dioxide, ammonia, benzene, smoke, nitrogen oxide, or similar are over 10% of the threshold safety level as specified by a health and safety executive. In other exemplary embodiments, the cut-off concentration may be at least 5%, at least 15%, at least 20% over the safety level specified by a health and safety executive. The health and safety executive may be set ISO standards or equivalents. In certain embodiments, the readings from the air quality detector may also be used to as an indicators that the user has been smoking or has been in close proximity to smoking. This may be useful for monitoring children and/or teenagers. Particle detectors for particles less than 2.5 μιη in size (PM2.5) may be employed to detect harmful levels of these air pollutants. A warning through one of the actuators may be triggered if concentration levels of more than 15 μg per cubic meter of air are detected. In one or more embodiments, a short-range radio data transceiver may be one or more of the following: Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, NFC, wireless HART, wireless USB, and other suitable transceivers. In other embodiments, a short-range transceiver may be based on IR LED technology.

Liquid jet nozzle for drug delivery

[00121] A high velocity liquid jet may be generated from a pressurized liquid using a liquid jet nozzle system. To facilitate this, the liquid flow is taken from the reservoir holding a liquid of choice and is supplied to the liquid jet mixing nozzles via a motive pump. Negative pressure is generated at the nozzle outlet and the ambient liquid is sucked in. The suction flow is accelerated by impulse exchange and results in a spray of exiting jet stream. Other liquid jet and/or droplet delivery systems may be used in conjunction with the spectacle systems disclosed herein. For example, liquid jet and/or droplet delivery systems which generate propulsive force using thermal or piezoelectric means, for example those used ink jet printing devices. One or of these liquid jet and/or droplet delivery systems may serve the purpose of spraying onto a surface of choice in a transverse, diagonal or oblique direction to the direction of the jet stream. Referring to Figure 27, the exemplary embodiment provides a wearable spectacle frame comprising a liquid jet nozzle system 2704, a microcomputer and a storage device 2706, a short-range radio data transceiver 2708 and a power source 2710; where in the liquid nozzle system 2704 facilitates a streamline application of a drug of choice to the ocular surface. The liquid nozzle system may be located in other positions, for example, it may be positioned facing inward on the rim or eye wire of the spectacle frame, either on the right or the left side of rim/eye-wire. In some instances, it may be positioned inward facing on the temples of the spectacle frame. The liquid jet nozzle 2704 is controlled by the microcomputer/storage device 2706. The exchanged data on the dosage may be transferred to computer, smart-phone, tablet, smart -watch, or similar via an encrypted short-range radio data transceiver 2708 for post-processing of the acquired data to facilitate a signal for the actuator 2712 disclosed herein. Ophthalmic lenses 2702 may be mounted on the spectacles 2700. Figure 28 shows a flow diagram outlining the methods to generate a positive/negative feedback using the air quality sensor 2704. In certain exemplary embodiments, one or more sensors may be implemented to offer a more efficient method of applying pharmaceutical eye drops (for example, atropine) for reducing the rate of myopic progression. Atropine at various concentrations (1%, 0.5%, 0.1% and 0.01%) has been proven to be efficacious against controlling the rate of myopia progression. The current method of adhering to the prescribed application regime (for example one drop or equivalent of Atropine) is rudimentary. Such a method of application leads to large diurnal variations, resulting in the times of the day where there could be potential overdosing or under dosing. Exemplary embodiments provide a more consistent application that would increase the efficacy and/or reduce side effects. Another advantage of exemplary embodiments is less dosing variation with respect to the actual prescription, i.e. there might be some days or times of the day where environmental or behavioural conditions are particularly are particularly unfavorable in terms of myopia stimulus and progression. Whereas on other days or times of the day, the eye experiences less eye growth stimulation. Having sensors mounted on the spectacle frame that can monitor these conditions and behaviours in during a day form the basis for adjusting the application of Atropine by combining the sensory input with an automated applicator. The applicator would also be mounted into the spectacle frame and using ink jet technology to inject tiny droplets of the pharmaceutical agent into the anterior ocular surface. As these droplets may be in the pico liter range, high concentration Atropine may be used to reduce the required stored volume within the spectacle frame. The droplet may be applied in regular intervals throughout the day, maintaining a uniform level of action. The doses may be adjusted based on sensory input and corresponding algorithm to determine best compromise between efficacy and side effects. Left and right eye may be treated independently, allowing for the prevention of anisometropia. The blink detector would ensure that the applicator is only activated when the eyelids are open. In one or more embodiments, a short-range radio data transceiver may be one or more of the following: Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, NFC, wireless HART, wireless USB, and other suitable transceivers. In other embodiments, a short-range transceiver may be based on IR LED technology.

Bio-potential sensor or electro-oculographic sensor for eye movement and gaze

[00122] Biopotential sensors allow measurement of biopotential signals emanating from a specific portion of an individual's body. For example, an electro-oculographic sensor may detect the direction of eye gaze by detecting the magnitude and direction of electrical potentials created by the electrical dipole of the eye. The electrical dipole of an eye is positive towards the anterior and negative toward the posterior and this potential results in, for example the outer canthus of the left eye trending positive when the eye gazes to the left. Such a system of sensors for measuring a biopotential signal produced by a body at a location adjacent to the body includes a probe that may be positioned adjacent to, or in contact with, the body. This probe may include a conductive electrode to receive the biopotential signal. The system may also include an amplifier that is incorporated into the probe which is electrically connected to the electrode. The amplifier compares the electric potential of the electrode to a second potential (ground or reference potential) and generates a signal that may be indicative of a biopotential. Referring to Figure 28, the exemplary embodiment provides a wearable spectacle frame comprising a biopotential sensor or an electro- oculographic sensor 2804, a microcomputer and a storage device 2806, a short-range radio data transceiver 2808 and a power source 2810; where in the biopotential sensors 2804 gathers data on biopotential created by the dipole potential of the eye or eyes of the user. The biopotential sensor may be located in other positions, for example, it may be positioned facing inward in the following positons: in contact with or adjacent to the outer and/or inner canthus of the eye, on the front end of the temple, middle of the temple or end of the temple touching the skin of the wearer. The readings from the biopotential sensors 2804 may be stored on the microcomputer/storage device 2806. The stored data may be transferred to computer, smart-phone, tablet, smart-watch, or similar via an encrypted short-range radio data transceiver 2808 for post-processing of the acquired data to facilitate a signal for the actuator 2812 disclosed herein. Ophthalmic lenses 2802 may be mounted on the spectacles 2800. The biopotential measured through the sensors 2804 may indicate the alignment of the eyes. For example, when the gaze moves to the left, this saccade may cause the biopotential at the left outer canthus to trend positive, while the biopotential at the right outer canthus may trend negative. In another example, when the eyes are converging, the biopotentials measured at the left and right outer canthi, measured by biopotential sensors 2804 may both trend negative. On the other hand, when the eyes are diverging (changing from near to far focus), the biopotential measured at the outer canthi may both trend positive. In other exemplary embodiments, pattern of saccades and/or convergence and/or divergence detected by the biopotential sensors may be used to determined how long the individual has been reading or doing near work. A threshold time period may be set to trigger an alarm on the actuator 2812. For example, the threshold time period may be between 10 to 40 minutes, between 30 to 60 minutes, between 1 to 3 hours, between 2 to 4 hours, or between 3 to 6 hours. In other examples, the threshold time period before providing the feedback to the user may be at least 10 minutes, at least 20 minutes, or at least 60 minutes. In other exemplary embodiments, an electromyographic sensor may be used as a biopotential sensor. An electromyographic sensor when placed adjacent to a muscle may detect the activity of the muscle. For example, the electromyographic sensor may allow gathering data on the biopotentials of the lateral recti muscles of the user. The biopotential of the lateral recti measured through the electromyographic sensors may indicate the alignment of the eyes. For example, to facilitate convergence of the eyes, both the medial recti and the lateral recti are in action creating an action potential in the biopotential sensors. On the other hand, when the eyes are looking straight ahead, the lateral recti are in relaxed state creating no action signal on the biopotential sensor. In other exemplary embodiments, duration of the action potential signal may be used to determined how long the individual has been reading or doing near work. In one or more embodiments, a short-range radio data transceiver may be one or more of the following: Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, NFC, wireless HART, wireless USB, and other suitable transceivers. In other embodiments, a short-range transceiver may be based on IR LED technology.

[00123] Certain exemplary embodiments are directed to combinations of one or more sensors and one or more actuators for use in conjunction with the systems and/or wearable devices disclosed herein. These one or more sensors and/or one or more actuators combinations may be located on, associated with, in close proximity or combinations thereof with the wearable device. For example, in some instances, at least one of the one or more sensors and/or at least one the one or more actuators may be located on other wearables. For example, one or more of the following: smart watch, smart wrist band, smart head band, hat, cap, safety goggles, sunglasses, helmet, clothing, jewelry, tablet and laptop.

[00124] In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more sensors may be one or more of the following: an ambient light sensor, a proximity sensor, a multi-spectral sensor, a motion sensor, a temperature sensor, a skin conductivity sensor, an eye tracking sensor, a micro-switch, a depth sensor, for example time-of-flight sensor, an air quality sensor and a biopotential sensor located on the wearable device. In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more sensors may be one or more of the following: an ambient light sensor, a proximity sensor, a multi-spectral sensor, a motion sensor, a temperature sensor, a skin conductivity sensor, an eye tracking sensor, a micro-switch, a time-of-flight sensor, an air quality sensor and a biopotential sensor located on, associated with, and/or in close proximity with the wearable device. In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more actuators that may be used with this combination of sensors includes one or more of the following: a broad spectrum light emitting diode (LED) array arranged to direct light towards an eye of a user, a liquid jet nozzle arranged to direct a jet of fluid towards an eye of a user; a micro-projector arranged to project an image in front of an eye of the user, a vibration system and a sound alert system.

[00125] In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more sensors may be an ambient light sensor and motion sensor located on the wearable device. In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more sensors may be an ambient light sensor and motion sensor located on, associated with, and/or in close proximity with the wearable device. In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more actuators that may be used with this combination of sensors includes one or more of the following: a broad spectrum light emitting diode (LED) array arranged to direct light towards an eye of a user, a liquid jet nozzle arranged to direct a jet of fluid towards an eye of a user, a micro-projector arranged to project an image in front of an eye of the user, a vibration system and a sound alert system.

[00126] In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more sensors may be an ambient light sensor, motion sensor and proximity sensor located on the wearable device. In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more sensors may be ambient light sensor, motion sensor and proximity sensor located on, associated with, and/or in close proximity with the wearable device. In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more actuators that may be used with this combination of sensors includes one or more of the following: a broad spectrum light emitting diode (LED) array arranged to direct light towards an eye of a user, a liquid jet nozzle arranged to direct a jet of fluid towards an eye of a user, a micro-projector arranged to project an image in front of an eye of the user, a vibration system and a sound alert system. [00127] In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more sensors may be a multi- spectral sensor and a motion sensor located on the wearable device. In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more sensors may be a multi-spectral sensor and a motion sensor located on, associated with, and/or in close proximity with the wearable device. In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more actuators that may be used with this combination of sensors includes one or more of the following: a broad spectrum light emitting diode (LED) array arranged to direct light towards an eye of a user, a liquid jet nozzle arranged to direct a jet of fluid towards an eye of a user, a micro-projector arranged to project an image in front of an eye of the user, a vibration system and a sound alert system.

[00128] In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more sensors may be a multi- spectral sensor, a proximity sensory and a motion sensor located on the wearable device. In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more sensors may be a multi-spectral sensor, a proximity sensory and a motion sensor located on, associated with, and/or in close proximity with the wearable device. In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more actuators that may be used with this combination of sensors includes one or more of the following: a broad spectrum light emitting diode (LED) array arranged to direct light towards an eye of a user, a liquid jet nozzle arranged to direct a jet of fluid towards an eye of a user, a micro-projector arranged to project an image in front of an eye of the user, a vibration system and a sound alert system.

[00129] In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more sensors may be a multi- spectral sensor and an eye tracker located on the wearable device. In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more sensors may be a multi-spectral sensor and an eye tracker located on, associated with, and/or in close proximity with the wearable device. In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more actuators that may be used with this combination of sensors includes one or more of the following: a broad spectrum light emitting diode (LED) array arranged to direct light towards an eye of a user, a liquid jet nozzle arranged to direct a jet of fluid towards an eye of a user, a micro-projector arranged to project an image in front of an eye of the user, a vibration system and a sound alert system.

[00130] In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more sensors may be a multi- spectral sensor and a biopotential sensor located on the wearable device. In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more sensors may be a multi-spectral sensor and a biopotential sensor located on, associated with, and/or in close proximity with the wearable device. In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more actuators that may be used with this combination of sensors includes one or more of the following: a broad spectrum light emitting diode (LED) array arranged to direct light towards an eye of a user, a liquid jet nozzle arranged to direct a jet of fluid towards an eye of a user, a micro-projector arranged to project an image in front of an eye of the user, a vibration system and a sound alert system.

[00131] In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more sensors may be a multi- spectral sensor, an eye tracker and a biopotential sensor located on the wearable device. In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more sensors may be a multi-spectral sensor, an eye tracker and a biopotential sensor located on, associated with, and/or in close proximity with the wearable device. In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more actuators that may be used with this combination of sensors includes one or more of the following: a broad spectrum light emitting diode (LED) array arranged to direct light towards an eye of a user, a liquid jet nozzle arranged to direct a jet of fluid towards an eye of a user, a micro-projector arranged to project an image in front of an eye of the user, a vibration system and a sound alert system.

[00132] In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more sensors may be a multi- spectral sensor, an eye tracker and a time of flight sensor located on the wearable device. In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more sensors may be a multi-spectral sensor, an eye tracker and a time of flight sensor located on, associated with, and/or in close proximity with the wearable device. In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more actuators that may be used with this combination of sensors includes one or more of the following: a broad spectrum light emitting diode (LED) array arranged to direct light towards an eye of a user, a liquid jet nozzle arranged to direct a jet of fluid towards an eye of a user, a micro-projector arranged to project an image in front of an eye of the user, a vibration system and a sound alert system.

[00133] In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more sensors may be a temperature sensor, a skin conductivity sensor and an air quality sensor located on the wearable device. In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more sensors may be a temperature sensor, a skin conductivity sensor and an air quality sensor located on, associated with, and/or in close proximity with the wearable device. In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more actuators that may be used with this combination of sensors includes one or more of the following: a broad spectrum light emitting diode (LED) array arranged to direct light towards an eye of a user, a liquid jet nozzle arranged to direct a jet of fluid towards an eye of a user, a micro-projector arranged to project an image in front of an eye of the user, a vibration system and a sound alert system.

[00134] In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more sensors may be a liquid jet nozzle and a multi-spectral sensor located on the wearable device. In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more sensors may be a liquid jet nozzle and a multi-spectral sensor located on, associated with, and/or in close proximity with the wearable device. In certain exemplary embodiments, the one or more actuators that may be used with this combination of sensors includes one or more of the following: a broad spectrum light emitting diode (LED) array arranged to direct light towards an eye of a user, a liquid jet nozzle arranged to direct a jet of fluid towards an eye of a user, a micro-projector arranged to project an image in front of an eye of the user, a vibration system and a sound alert system.

[00135] Further advantages of the claimed subject matter will become apparent from the following examples describing certain embodiments of the claimed subject matter. Example Set A:

Al A wearable apparatus comprising: one or more sensors and one or more actuators; the one or more sensors being arranged to collect data related to at least one condition of an eye and send data for processing; the one or more actuators being arranged to receive actuating signals based at least in part on a result of the processing; wherein, the wearable apparatus is arranged to be positioned in proximity of the eye and is used to slow the progress of at least one condition of the eye and upon receiving an actuating signal, the one or more actuators either trigger a variation of a property of the wearable apparatus or instruct the one or more actuators to not trigger the variation of the property of the wearable apparatus. A2 The apparatus of example Al wherein the variation of the property of the wearable apparatus is to slow one or more of the following: progression of myopia and axial eye growth. A3 The apparatus of example Al or example A2, wherein the wearable apparatus is a spectacle.

A4 The apparatus of one or more of examples Al to A3, wherein the one or more sensors and the one or more actuators are integrated in the wearable apparatus. A5 The apparatus of one or more of examples Al to A4, wherein the one or more sensors comprise one or more of the following: an ambient light detector arranged to measure the intensity of light incoming towards the wearable apparatus, a multi-spectral sensor arranged to measure a spectral composition of light incoming towards the wearable apparatus, a proximity detector arranged to estimate a distance between the wearable apparatus and an object of fixation of a user's eye, a temperature sensor arranged to collect body a user's body temperature, a skin conductivity sensor to monitor the wellbeing of a user, a micro switch sensor to monitor the wearing of the apparatus, a time of flight sensor to monitor the dioptric map of the visual setting experienced by the user wearer, an air quality sensor to monitor the air quality around the user, and a biopotential sensor arranged to detect the user's eye movements.

A6 The apparatus of one or more of examples Al to A5, wherein the one or more actuators comprise one or more of the following: a broad spectrum LED array arranged to direct light towards an eye of a user, a liquid jet nozzle arranged to direct a jet of fluid towards an eye of a user, a micro-projector arranged to project an image in front of an eye of the user, an alert system arranged to deliver an alert to the end user, a third party or combinations thereof.

A7 A system for slowing progress of a condition of the eye; the system comprising: a wearable apparatus in accordance with one or more of examples Al to A6; a data collection unit arranged to receive data from the one or more sensors and store the data into a memory; a data processing unit arranged to process data collected by the data collection unit; and an actuation unit arranged to generate an actuation signal; wherein the actuation signal is generated based at least in part on a comparison performed by the data processing unit between a set of processed data and at least one criterion related to the condition of the user's eye.

A8 The system of example A7, wherein the actuation signal is directed to the wearable apparatus and triggers a change in a property of the wearable apparatus.

A9 The system of example A8, wherein the property of the wearable apparatus is one or a combination of a focal length or spectral transmission of a lens of the wearable apparatus. A10 The system of example A8 or example A9, wherein the actuation signal is directed to the wearable apparatus and triggers an alert on the wearable apparatus. All The system of one or more of examples A7 to A10, wherein the wearable apparatus comprises an electronic unit that includes one or a combination of the data collection unit and the data processing unit.

A12 The system of one or more of examples A7 to All, wherein the system comprises a portable computing device remote to the wearable apparatus.

A13 The system of example A12 wherein the portable computing device comprises one or a combination of the data processing unit and the data actuation unit.

A14 The system of example A12 or example A13, wherein the actuation signal is directed to the portable computing device and triggers an alert on the portable computing device. A15 The system of one or more of examples A7 to A14, wherein the data collection unit is arranged to collect data over a period of time and the data processing unit is arranged to process the collected data into a user behavioural profile.

A16 The system of example A15, wherein the data processing unit is arranged to compare the user behavioural profile with at least one criterion related to eye growth and, based on the comparison, generate at least one behavioural recommendation for a user to slow the user's eye growth.

A17 The system of example A15 or example A16, wherein the data processing unit is arranged to retrieve user specific information from a user database and modify the at least one criterion related to eye growth to be specific to a user.

A18 The system of example A17, wherein the system further comprises a user interface module arranged to gather user specific data for storage in the user database; the user interface module being accessible by the user through a portable computing device connected to the wearable apparatus.

A19 The system of example A18, wherein the user specific data comprises a plurality of thresholds that may be set or modified by the user via the user interface module.

A20 The system of one or more of examples A7 to A19, wherein the data processing unit is arranged to calculate at least one or more of the following: an amount of time the wearable apparatus has been exposed to light in a given intensity range, an amount of time the wearable apparatus has been exposed to light in a given wavelength range, an amount of time the wearable apparatus has been located indoor, an amount of time the wearable apparatus has been located outdoor; an amount of time the user wearing the wearable apparatus has been focusing on near objects, an amount of time the user wearing the wearable apparatus has been focusing on far objects, an amount of time spent by the user wearing the wearable apparatus, the user's body temperature over a period of time, the user's wellbeing over a period of time, and the air quality the user is exposed to over a period of time moving the eyes.

A21 The system of one or more of examples A7 to A20, wherein the actuation unit arranged to generate an actuation signal to trigger one or more of the following: activation of an LED array to direct light with a predetermined spectral composition towards the eye of the user wearing the wearable apparatus or activation of an integrated micro-projector to project an image in front of the wearable apparatus; on a lens of the wearable apparatus to affect the focusing distance of the eye of the user wearing the wearable apparatus; and activation of flicker light.

A22 An executable application for a mobile computing device, the application comprising: a wearable apparatus communication module arranged to communicate with a wearable apparatus in accordance with examples Al to A5; a data processing module arranged to process data received by the wearable apparatus; and a user interface module arranged to provide a user interface for gathering user specific data for storage in the user database and to prompt, to the user, behavioural recommendations for slowing progress of a user's eye condition.

A23 A method for slowing progress of a condition of the eye, the method comprising the steps of: receiving data from a wearable apparatus in accordance with any one of examples Al to A6; processing the received data in a data processing unit and comparing at least a set of the processed data with at least one criterion related to eye growth; and generating an actuation signal for the wearable apparatus or a computing device.

Example Set B:

Bl A head wearable apparatus for slowing growth of an individual's eye comprising; one or more sensors configured to sense and transmit sensor signal data relating to one or more parameters that are useful in assessing a condition of the individual's eye; a processing unit configured to either (1) process the sensor signal data received from the one or more sensors and generate an instructing signal based at least in part on the sensor signal data received or (2) to transmit the sensor signals received to a remote processing unit that is capable of processing the sensor signal data received and generate the instructing signal based at least in part on the sensor signals received; and one or more actuators configured to receive the instructing signal from the processing unit, the remote processing unit or a combination thereof; wherein the instructing signal transmitted to the one or more actuators either alerts the individual to modify the one or more parameters or modifies the one or more parameters in order to alter the condition of the individual's eye.

B2 The head wearable apparatus of example Bl, wherein the apparatus is a spectacle frame.

B3 The head wearable apparatus of examples Bl or B2, wherein the one or more parameters are one or more of the following: an environmental parameter and a visual parameter.

B4 The head wearable apparatus of one or more of examples Bl to B3, wherein the one or more sensors comprise one or more of the following: an ambient light sensor, a multispectral light sensor, a proximity sensor, a skin conductivity sensor, an electromyographic sensor, a camera, a gyroscope, an air quality sensor, a time of flight sensor, a temperature sensor and an accelerometer.

B5 The head wearable apparatus of one or more examples Bl to B4, wherein the one or more actuators comprise one or more of the following: a liquid jet nozzle, a broad-spectrum light emitting diode, a micro-projector, a vibration system and a sound alert system.

B6 The head wearable apparatus of one or more of examples Bl to B5, wherein the one or more sensors comprises at least 2, 3, 4, or 5 sensors.

B7 The head wearable apparatus of one or more of examples Bl to B6, wherein the one or more actuators comprises at least 2, 3, 4, or 5 actuators.

B8 The head wearable apparatus of one or more of examples Bl to B7, wherein the modification of the one or more parameters alters the condition of the individual's eye and reduces the progression of myopia, axial eye growth or combinations thereof.

B9 The head wearable apparatus of one or more of examples Bl to B7, wherein the modification of the one or more parameters alters the condition of the individual's eye and increasing the probability of reducing the progression of myopia, axial eye growth or combinations thereof. BIO A method for slowing progress of a condition of the eye, the method comprising the steps of: receiving sensor signal data from the head wearable apparatus in accordance with one or more of examples Bl to B9; processing the received sensor signal data in the processing unit, the remote processing unit or a combinations thereof to produce a processed data set based at least in part on the received sensor signal data and comparing at least a portion of the processed data set with at least one criterion related to eye growth; generating at least one instruction signal that is transmitted to the one or more actuators of the wearable apparatus; and based on the at least one instruction signal the one or more actuators either trigger a variation of a property of the wearable apparatus or do not trigger the variation of the property of the wearable apparatus.

Example Set C:

CI A wearable apparatus comprising: one or more sensors and one or more actuators; the one or more sensors being arranged to collect data related to at least one condition of a user and send data for processing; the one or more actuators being arranged to receive actuating signals based at least in part on a result of the processing; wherein, the wearable apparatus is arranged to be positioned in proximity to the head of the user and upon receiving an actuating signal, the one or more actuators either trigger a variation of a property of the wearable apparatus or instruct the one or more actuators to not trigger the variation of the property of the wearable apparatus.

C2 The apparatus of example CI wherein the variation of the property of the wearable apparatus is to monitor one or more of the following: a user's body temperature, a user's wellbeing and the air quality around the user.

C3 The apparatus of example CI or example C2, wherein the wearable apparatus is one or more of the following: a spectacle, a smart watch, a smart wrist band, a smart head band, a hat, a cap, a pair of safety goggles, a pair of sunglasses, a helmet, a piece of clothing, a piece of jewellery, a tablet and a laptop.

C4 The apparatus of one or more of examples CI to C3, wherein the one or more sensors and the one or more actuators are integrated in the wearable apparatus.

C5 The apparatus of one or more of examples CI to C4, wherein the one or more sensors comprise one or more of the following: an ambient light detector arranged to measure the intensity of light incoming towards the wearable apparatus, a multi-spectral sensor arranged to measure a spectral composition of light incoming towards the wearable apparatus, a proximity detector arranged to estimate a distance between the wearable apparatus and an object of fixation of a user's eye, a temperature sensor arranged to collect body a user's body temperature, a skin conductivity sensor to monitor the wellbeing of a user, a micro switch sensor to monitor the wearing of the apparatus, a time of flight sensor to monitor the dioptric map of the visual setting experienced by the user wearer, an air quality sensor to monitor the air quality around the user, and a biopotential sensor arranged to detect the user's eye movements.

C6 The apparatus of one or more of examples CI to C5, wherein the one or more actuators comprise one or more of the following: a broad spectrum LED array arranged to direct light towards an eye of a user, a liquid jet nozzle arranged to direct a jet of fluid towards an eye of a user, a micro-projector arranged to project an image in front of an eye of the user, an alert system arranged to deliver an alert to the end user, a third party or combinations thereof.

C7 A system comprising: a wearable apparatus in accordance with one or more of examples CI to C6; a data collection unit arranged to receive data from the one or more sensors and store the data into a memory; a data processing unit arranged to process data collected by the data collection unit; and an actuation unit arranged to generate an actuation signal; wherein the actuation signal is generated based at least in part on a comparison performed by the data processing unit between a set of processed data and at least one criterion related to the condition of the user.

C8 The system of example C7, wherein the actuation signal is directed to the wearable apparatus and triggers a change in a property of the wearable apparatus.

C9 The system of one or more of examples C7 or C8, wherein at least one of the one or more sensors and at least one of the one or more actuators are integrated both into a first wearable apparatus and a second wearable apparatus.

CIO The system of one or more of examples C7 to C9, wherein the actuation signal is directed to the wearable apparatus and triggers an alert on the wearable apparatus.

Cll The system of one or more of examples C7 to CIO, wherein the wearable apparatus comprises an electronic unit that includes one or a combination of the data collection unit and the data processing unit. C12 The system of one or more of examples C7 to Cll wherein the system comprises a portable computing device remote to the wearable apparatus.

C13 The system of example C12 wherein the portable computing device comprises one or a combination of the data processing unit and the data actuation unit.

C14 The system of example C12 or example C13, wherein the actuation signal is directed to the portable computing device, and triggers an alert on the portable computing device. C15 The system of one or more of examples C7 to C14, wherein the data collection unit is arranged to collect data over a period of time and the data processing unit is arranged to process the collected data into a user behavioural profile.

C16 The system of example C15, wherein the data processing unit is arranged to compare the user behavioural profile with at least one criterion related to the user and, based on the comparison, generate at least one behavioural recommendation for a user.

C17 The system of example C15 or example C16 wherein the data processing unit is arranged to retrieve user specific information from a user database and modify the at least one criterion related to the user.

C18 The system of example C17, wherein the system further comprises a user interface module arranged to gather user specific data for storage in the user database; the user interface module being accessible by the user through a portable computing device connected to the wearable apparatus.

C19 The system of example C18 wherein the user specific data comprises a plurality of thresholds that may be set or modified by the user via the user interface module.

C20 The system of one or more of examples C7 to C19, wherein the data processing unit is arranged to calculate at least one or more of the following: an amount of time the wearable apparatus has been exposed to light in a given intensity range, an amount of time the wearable apparatus has been exposed to light in a given wavelength range, an amount of time the wearable apparatus has been located indoor, an amount of time the wearable apparatus has been located outdoor; an amount of time the user wearing the wearable apparatus has been focusing on near objects, an amount of time the user wearing the wearable apparatus has been focusing on far objects, an amount of time spent by the user wearing the wearable apparatus, the user's body temperature over a period of time, the user's wellbeing over a period of time, and the air quality the user is exposed to over a period of time moving the eyes.

C21 The system of one or more of examples C7 to C19, wherein the data processing unit is arranged to calculate at least one or more of the following: an amount of time spent by the user wearing the wearable apparatus, the user's body temperature over a period of time, the user's wellbeing over a period of time, and the air quality the user is exposed to over a period of time moving the eyes.

C22 An executable application for a mobile computing device, the application comprising: a wearable apparatus communication module arranged to communicate with a wearable apparatus in accordance with examples CI to C6; a data processing module arranged to process data received by the wearable apparatus; and a user interface module arranged to provide a user interface for gathering user specific data for storage in the user database and to prompt, to the user, behavioural recommendations.

C23 A method for modification of the behaviour of the user, the method comprising the steps of: receiving data from a wearable apparatus in accordance with any one of examples CI to C6; processing the received data in a data processing unit and comparing at least a set of the processed data with at least one criterion related to the user; and generating an actuation signal for the wearable apparatus or a computing device.

C24 The head wearable apparatus of example CI, wherein the apparatus is a spectacle frame.

Example Set D:

Dl A head wearable device comprising: a center frame support; a first side arm extending from a first end of the center frame support; a second side arm extending from a second end of the center frame support; a nose bridge attached or integrated into the center frame support; at least one lens attached to the center frame support; at least one sensor attached or integrated into the center frame support, the first side arm or the second side arm configured to collect data related to at least one environmental condition; at least one processor unit attached or integrated into the center frame support, the first side arm or the second side arm and is configured to receive collected data from the at least one sensor and either process the collected data, transmit the collected data to a remote computer or combinations thereof; and at least one actuator attached or integrated into the center frame support, the first side arm or the second side are and is configured to receive actuating instructions from the at least one processor unit and act on those actuation instructions to perform or not perform an actuating function; wherein the head wearable device is configured to monitor the at least one parameter and provide input as to whether or not the at least one parameter should be modified based at least in part on the results of processing of the collected data.

D2 A wearable apparatus comprising: one or more sensors and one or more actuators; the one or more sensors being arranged to collect data related to at least one condition of a user and send data for processing; the one or more actuators being arranged to receive actuating signals based at least in part on a result of the processing; wherein, the wearable apparatus is arranged to be positioned in proximity to the head of the user and upon receiving an actuating signal, the one or more actuators either trigger a variation of a property of the wearable apparatus or instruct the one or more actuators to not trigger the variation of the property of the wearable apparatus.

D3 The head wearable device of example Dl, wherein the device is a spectacle frame. D4 The head wearable device of examples Dl or D2, wherein the one or more parameters are one or more of the following: an environmental parameter and a visual parameter. D5 The head wearable device of one or more of examples Dl to D3, wherein the one or more sensors comprise one or more of the following: an ambient light sensor, a multispectral light sensor, a proximity sensor, a skin conductivity sensor, an electromyographic sensor, a camera, a gyroscope, an air quality sensor, a time of flight sensor, a temperature sensor and an accelerometer.

D6 The head wearable device of one or more examples Dl to D4, wherein the one or more actuators comprise one or more of the following: a liquid jet nozzle, a broad-spectrum light emitting diode, a micro-projector, a vibration system and a sound alert system.

D7 The head wearable device of one or more of examples Dl to D5, wherein the one or more sensors comprises at least 2, 3, 4, or 5 sensors.

D8 The head wearable device of one or more of examples Dl to D6, wherein the one or more actuators comprises at least 2, 3, 4, or 5 actuators.

D9 The head wearable device of one or more of examples Dl to D7, wherein the modification of the one or more parameters alters the condition of the individual's eye and reduces the progression of myopia, axial eye growth or combinations thereof.

D10 The head wearable device of one or more of examples Dl to D7, wherein the modification of the one or more parameters alters the condition of the individual's eye and increasing the probability of reducing the progression of myopia, axial eye growth or combinations thereof.

Dll A method for slowing progress of a condition of the eye, the method comprising the steps of: receiving sensor signal data from the head wearable apparatus in accordance with one or more of examples Dl to D9; processing the received sensor signal data in the processing unit, the remote processing unit or a combinations thereof to produce a processed data set based at least in part on the received sensor signal data and comparing at least a portion of the processed data set with at least one criterion related to eye growth; generating at least one instruction signal that is transmitted to the one or more actuators of the wearable apparatus; and based on the at least one instruction signal the one or more actuators either trigger a variation of a property of the wearable apparatus or do not trigger the variation of the property of the wearable apparatus.

Example Set E:

El A method for monitoring and providing input as to modification of at least one parameter in order to slow alert a condition of the user's eye comprising: (a) wearing a head- wearable device comprising: a center frame support; a first side arm extending from a first end of the center frame support; a second side arm extending from a second end of the center frame support; a nose bridge attached or integrated into the center frame support; at least one lens attached to the center frame support; at least one sensor attached or integrated into the center frame support, the first side arm or the second side arm configured to collect data related to at least one environmental condition; at least one processor unit attached or integrated into the center frame support, the first side arm or the second side arm and is configured to receive collected data from the at least one sensor and either process the collected data, transmit the collected data to a remote computer or combinations thereof; at least one actuator attached or integrated into the center frame support, the first side arm or the second side are and is configured to receive actuating instructions from the at least one processor unit and act on those actuation instructions to perform or not perform an actuating function; (b) using the at least one sensor to collect data on the at least one environmental condition; (c) using the at least one processing unit and/or a remote computer to process the collected data in order to monitor the at least one environmental condition; and (d) based at least in part on the results of the processed collected data instructing the at least one actuator to perform or not perform the actuating function in order to provide input to either modify or not modify the at least one environmental condition in order to slow the progress of myopia and/or axial growth of an eye of a user.

E2 The method of example El, the head wearable device is a spectacle frame.

E3 The method of examples IE or 2E, wherein the one or more parameters are one or more of the following: an environmental parameter and a visual parameter.

E4 The method of one or more of examples El to E3, wherein the one or more sensors comprise one or more of the following: an ambient light sensor, a multispectral light sensor, a proximity sensor, a skin conductivity sensor, an electromyographic sensor, a camera, a gyroscope, an air quality sensor, a time of flight sensor, a temperature sensor and an accelerometer.

E5 The method of one or more of examples El to E4, wherein the one or more actuators comprise one or more of the following: a liquid jet nozzle, a broad-spectrum light emitting diode, a micro-projector, a vibration system and a sound alert system.

E6 The method of one or more of examples El to E5, wherein the one or more sensors comprises at least 2, 3, 4, or 5 sensors.

E7 The method of one or more of examples El to E6, wherein the one or more actuators comprises at least 2, 3, 4, or 5 actuators.

E8 The method of one or more of examples El to E7, wherein the modification of the one or more parameters alters the condition of the individual's eye and reduces the progression of myopia, axial eye growth or combinations thereof.

E9 The method of one or more of examples El to E7, wherein the modification of the one or more parameters alters the condition of the individual's eye and increasing the probability of reducing the progression of myopia, axial eye growth or combinations thereof.

[00136] Other combinations of sensors and actuators are contemplated in the present disclosure. Some of the sensors listed above overlap in part in their functionality, i.e. the light level detector and the multispectral sensor may both determine ambient light levels. By combining two or more sensors, additional benefits may be derived. For example, the detected signals may be cross validated and malfunctioning of sensors or suspected deliberate tampering detected.

[00137] It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the invention as shown in the specific embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. Some of the embodiments have been described with reference to myopia, it will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the system described may be utilised for the prevention or management of other forms of conditions of the eye, such as macular degeneration.