ENVIRONMENT

RELATED PATENT DATA

This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application Serial No.15/393,617, filed December 29, 2016, titled "Systems and Methods for Monitoring Organisms Within an Aquatic Environment", which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No.62/379,473, filed on August 25, 2016, titled "Microtransmitters and Associated Methods Including Use with Eels and Lampreys", the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

STATEMENT AS TO RIGHTS TO INVENTIONS MADE UNDER FEDERALLY-SPONSORED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with Government support under Contract DE-AC0576RL01830 awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The Government has certain rights in the invention. TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to systems and methods for monitoring organisms within an aquatic environment.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

The American eel has been proposed for listing under the

Endangered Species Act (ESA) due to significant population decline. Because of American eels' complex life histories, this ESA listing could potentially impact a significant number of hydropower projects, most likely in the Great Lakes / St Lawrence River basin, New England and the Mid-Atlantic states. In the Columbia River Basin (CRB), Pacific lampreys (Entosphenus tridentatus) are of special concern because their populations have severely declined in the past 40 years. Construction and operation of hydroelectric facilities may negatively impact juvenile lamprey because these declines occurred after the period of major hydroelectric development. Knowledge of eel and lamprey behavior and su rvival are critical for developi ng mitigation strategies for downstream and upstream passage, including design of bypass systems at hydroelectric facilities and for i rrigation diversion structu res. However, other systems used to monitor other species, such as Sal mon , utilize relatively large transmitters which i mpose significant bu rdens upon smaller species, such as eel and lamprey and others.

At least some aspects of the disclosu re provide systems, apparatus and methods for monitoring various aquatic species accordi ng to example embodiments described in detail below.

BR I E F D ESC R I PTION OF TH E D RAWI NGS

Example embodiments of the disclosu re are described below with reference to the followi ng accompanyi ng drawings.

Fig. 1 is an illustrative representation of an aquatic species monitori ng system according to one embodiment.

Fig. 2 is a top view of a transmission device of the monitoring system according to one embodiment.

Fig. 3 is a top view of a transmission device with an internal transducer omitted to show additional details of the device according to one embodiment.

Fig. 4 is a front view of a transmission device with the i nternal transducer omitted according to one embodiment.

Fig. 5 is a bottom view of a transmission device with the internal transducer omitted according to one embodiment.

Fig. 6 is a rig ht side view of a transmission device and internal components thereof according to one embodi ment.

Fig. 7A is an isometric view of a left side of a transmission device and i nternal components thereof accordi ng to one embodiment.

Fig. 7B is an isometric view of a right side of a transmission device and i nternal components thereof accordi ng to one embodi ment.

Fig. 8 is a fu nctional block diagram of circu itry and components of a transmission device accordi ng to one embodiment. Fig.9 is a schematic diagram of circuitry of a transmission device according to one embodiment.

Fig. 10 is a functional block diagram of a management device according to one embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

At least some aspects of the present disclosure are directed to systems, apparatus and methods for monitoring various aquatic species in their environment. Some embodiments described below utilize transmission devices which have a sufficiently small size to enable monitoring of relatively small aquatic species including, for example, anguilliform fishes including American eels, Pacific lampreys, California Delta smelts and Asian carp which have relatively thin and flexible bodies. According to some example embodiments described below, the transmission devices generate and emit acoustic signals from the monitored organisms which propagate through surrounding water and which may be received by appropriate receiving systems to enable monitoring of the organisms as the organisms swim in their natural aquatic environment.

According to some embodiments, the transmission devices are sufficiently small to enable them to be implanted into the organisms to be monitored using injection instead of surgery. Injection of the transmission devices substantially reduces adverse effects of implantation for tagged organisms, reduces the time and cost of implantation and allows study of migration behavior and survival of relatively small aquatic species that have never been studied in the past, leading to critical information for recovery and the development of fish-friendly hydroelectric systems.

Referring to Fig. 1, one example embodiment of an aquatic species monitoring system 10 is shown. The illustrated system 10 includes a plurality of transmission devices 12 and a receiver 14 within a body of water 20. The transmission devices 12 are associated with a plurality of respective aquatic organisms 16 and the organisms having associated devices 12 may be referred to as tagged organisms. For example, the transmission devices 12 may be attached to or embedded within the body of an individual aquatic organism 16. In one specific embodiment described below, the transmission devices 12 may be injected into the bodies of the organism 16.

The transmission devices 12 are configured to generate and emit a plurality of data transmissions 18 externally of the organism 16 into water 20 of the environment. The data transmissions 18 are transmitted through the water 20 to one or more receivers 14 which are configured to receive the data transmissions 18 emitted from transmission devices 12. In some embodiments, the receiver 14 transmits the received signals or data within the received signals to a management system described below with respect to one example embodiment in Fig. 10.

The system 10 may include a plurality of receivers 14 positioned at different locations within the body of water 20. In some implementations, the data transmissions 18 include a unique code or identifier which may be used by a device receiving the transmissions 18 to uniquely identify the particular transmission device 12 (and particular organism 16 associated with the device 12) which emitted the data transmission 18.

Accordingly, the locations of the individual tagged organisms 16 may be generally monitored using unique identification codes in the transmissions 18 which are generated by the transmission devices 12 and the locations of the receivers 14 which receive the transmissions 18 including the unique identification codes. As an organism 16 moves throughout the aquatic environment, different receivers 14 at different locations may receive the data transmissions 18 emitted from the transmission device 12 which is associated with the organism 16 and process data of the transmissions 18 to indicate the location of the specific organism 16 at different moments in time. In one straightforward example, the organism 16 will be known to be in the vicinity of a particular receiver 14 which received the data transmissions 18 from the organism 16. In other examples, plural receivers 14 may receive the transmissions 18 and the data regarding the reception by the plural receivers 14 may be processed to provide location information of the organism 16 within the body of water 20 with increased accuracy.

Referring to Figs.2-7B, one embodiment of a transmission device 12 is shown. Although internal components of the transmission device 12 are visible in the figures, the transmission device 12 includes a body 22 in some embodiments which houses the internal components and circuitry. In more specific example embodiments discussed below, the internal components and circuitry of the transmission device 12 may be encapsulated within an epoxy which forms the body 22.

The transmission device 12 is configured to be injectable into an organism 16 (perhaps of relatively small size) in some embodiments and the body 22 may be configured to facilitate the injection of the transmission device 12 into the organism 16. For example, the body 22 may comprise encapsulating material which encapsulates and protects components and circuitry of the transmission device 14 while having a relatively small profile, diameter, rounded corners, and smooth exterior. Other suitable configurations for housing components and circuitry of the transmission device 14 are possible in other embodiments.

The transmission devices 12 may be associated with organisms

16 in different ways in different embodiments. In one embodiment, transmission device 12 is configured to be injected into the body of a respective organism 16 of relatively small size using an injection needle. The relatively small size of the body 22 enables smaller injection needles to be used for the injection process compared with injection needles used to inject other devices of increased size. In other embodiments, the transmission devices 12 may be injected into the bodies of the organisms 16 by other methods, such as by hand.

In one specific embodiment, the cylindrical body of transmission device 12 has a diameter of about 2.0 mm and a length of about 12.0 mm and volume of about 35.1 mm ³ . In addition, average transmission devices 12 configured as described above weigh approximately 0.087 grams in air. In one embodiment, the weight of encapsulating epoxy is about 11.0 mg, the weight of the populated circuit board is about 27.7 mg, the weight of the battery is about 21.0 mg, and the weight of the transducer 30 is about 27.5 mg. Transmission devices 12 of other configurations may be used in other embodiments.

The size of the transmission devices 12 in the above-mentioned example has been designed for implantation into organisms 16 without the need for sutures to close the incision, in part because the incision is less than about 3 mm long. A small incision without sutures can shorten both surgery and healing time which reduces potential negative effects from surgical implantation. In addition, weight and volume of the transmission devices 12 have also been shown to be important considerations because they are a measure of the burden (i.e., the weight of the device 12 relative to the weight of the organism) that, when coupled with the surgical implantation process (e.g., anesthesia, handling, surgery), can affect retention of the device 12, survival, growth, swimming performance, or ability of the organism 16 to avoid predation. The relatively small size and weight of the transmission devices 12 reduces the burden of the transmission devices 12 imposed on the tagged organisms 16.

Still referring to Figs. 2-7B, transmission device 12 may include a power source 24, an oscillator 26, control circuitry 28, a transducer 30, a plurality of storage capacitors 32, a circuit board 34, a resistor 36, a smoothing capacitor 38, an optical sensor 40, a resistor 42, first and second battery pads 44, 46, and first and second transducer connection pads 48, 50 in the depicted example embodiment. The transducer 30 is omitted in Figs. 3-5 to facilitate understanding of additional details of the interior of the depicted example transmission device 12. In addition, some of the electrical connections between components have been omitted in Figs.2-7B. The dimensions included in Figs 5-6 of the illustrated example embodiment indicate measurements in millimeters.

Power source 24 supplies operational electrical energy to components of transmission device 12 in the illustrated embodiment. In one embodiment, the power source 24 is in the form of a battery configured to power the entire transmission device 12. The terminals of the battery are coupled with positive voltage pad 44 and negative voltage pad 46 upon circuit board 34 via suitable electrical connections (the terminals of the battery and electrical connections to pads 44, 46 are not shown). In one more specific embodiment, the battery is a lithium/carbon fluoride (Li/CFx) micro-battery that is about 1.8 mm in diameter, about 4.2 mm in length, has a nominal capacity of about 1.2 imAh, and a voltage of approximately 2.7 Volts.

The pads 44, 46 are coupled to a power filter 25 which contains one or more storage capacitors 32 (e.g., 10 uF tantalum capacitors) for bulk storage of electrical energy from the power source 24. Storage capacitors 32 help limit the peak current drawn from the power source 24 so the peak current does not exceed a limit which might damage the power source 24. In one embodiment, the power filter 25 additionally includes resistor 36 (e.g., 1 kOhm resistor) in series with the power source 24 to further reduce the peak current drawn from the power source 24. In one embodiment, smoothing capacitor 38 (e.g., 0.1 uF ceramic capacitor) is placed in parallel with the one or more storage capacitors 32 for high-frequency power supply bypass.

The outputs of the power filter 25 are coupled to the control circuitry 28 which uses the stored energy to generate electrical signals (also referred to as driving signals) which are used to drive the transducer 30 to create the data transmissions 18. Transducer 30 is configured to receive the electrical signals from the control circuitry 28 and to convert the received signals into the data transmissions 18 which are transmitted externally of the body 22 of the organism 16 into the water 20. In one embodiment, transducer 30 is implemented as a piezoelectric transducer (PZT) which vibrates according to the received driving signals. The vibrations create the data transmissions 18 in the form of acoustic signals which propagate through the water 20 to receiver 14 in one example embodiment.

In one embodiment, control circuitry 28 is arranged to process data, control data access and storage, issue commands, generate binary strings for inclusion with the data transmissions, control the generation of the data transmissions, and control other desired operations. For example, control circuitry 28 may be configured to control operations of transmission device 12 including monitoring of the environment about the device 12, such as the temperature of the environment. In addition, control circuitry 28 uses electrical energy from power source 24 to generate the electrical signals which are applied as driving signals to the transducer 30 to drive transducer 30 as mentioned above. Furthermore, control circuitry 28 may be configured to automatically adjust the output voltage of the power source 24 to retain a full power level as the power source 24 discharges as a function of time in some embodiments.

Control circuitry 28 may comprise circuitry configured to implement desired programming provided by appropriate non-transitory computer-readable storage media (e.g., internal storage of control circuitry 28, for example when the control circuitry 28 is implemented using a microcontroller) in at least one embodiment. For example, the control circuitry 28 may be implemented as one or more processor(s) and/or other structure configured to execute executable instructions including, for example, software and/or firmware instructions. Other example embodiments of control circuitry 28 include hardware logic, PGA, FPGA, ASIC, hardware state machines, and/or other structures alone or in combination with one or more processor(s). These examples of control circuitry 28 are for illustration and other configurations are possible.

In one more specific embodiment, the control circuitry 28 is implemented as an EFM8SB10F8G-A-CSP16 "Sleepy Bee" microcontroller in a chip scale package available from Silicon Laboratories, Inc. The microcontroller is shown in one example embodiment in Fig.9 as reference numeral 29.

In this example implementation, the control circuitry 28 includes circuitry configured to execute firmware as well as storage circuity, an internal temperature sensor, and one or more internal oscillators. The storage circuitry can store the firmware to control operations of the transmission device 12 as well as codes included within the data transmissions 18. The temperature sensor is configured to monitor the temperature of the environment about the transmission device 12 which is associated with the organism 16. In addition, data collected from the temperature sensor may be stored and included in the data transmissions 18. Device 12 may also include additional on-board sensors which are configured to monitor additional aspects of the environment of the transmission device 12 (e.g., pressure) and the additional environmental data may also be communicated in the data transmissions 18. Finally, the one or more internal oscillators may be used to regulate the timing aspects of the operations of the transmission device 12, such as the modulation frequency of the data transmissions 18, the time between data transmissions 18, or the waiting time prior to the first data transmission 18.

Control circuitry 28 generates the electrical signals which are applied as driving signals to the transducer 30 to create the data transmissions 18. The driving signals are applied to the transducer 30 at defined intervals for periodic generation of the data transmissions 18 in one implementation. The electrical energy of the driving signals may be stored in part on storage capacitors 32. The format of the transmitted information within data transmissions 18 is configurable, which allows each transmission device 12 to have various and different user-defined encoding configurations suitable for various applications. For example, the number and length of the codes included in the data transmissions 18 are configurable.

In one embodiment, the driving signals encode a binary string using binary phase shift keying (BPSK). In one more specific embodiment, the modulation frequency used for the BPSK is nominally 416.7 kHz. In another more specific embodiment, the binary string may contain a 7-bit Barker code, a unique 16-bit tag identification code, and an 8-bit cyclic redundancy check (CRC), for a total length of 31 bits in a respective data transmission 18. Other encoding, modulation frequencies, or communication formats may be used in other embodiments: for example, 64 bits may be transmitted in other data transmissions 18 and include additional data. The data transmissions 18 may each include additional data from internal sensors of the transmission device 12, such as a temperature reading from the internal temperature sensor of the "Sleepy Bee" microcontroller.

In one embodiment, the control circuitry 28 is configured to control the transmission of the data transmissions 18 at different moments in time which are defined according to a selected one of a plurality of different pulse rate intervals (PRI). In one embodiment, the specific desired interval is selected during the configuration of the transmission device 14 and can be configured from 1 to 256 seconds in steps of 1/256 of a second. The use of a longer pulse rate interval decreases the rate electrical energy is used from the power source 24 and extends the operational life of the device 12 compared with use of shorter intervals.

In another embodiment, the control circuitry 28 can alternate between different binary strings in successive data transmissions 18. Alternating between two binary strings increases the number of possible unique binary identifications (IDs) while maintaining backward compatibility with existing receiver equipment. For example, if each code contains a 16-bit tag ID code, two codes provide a total of 65,536 times 65,536, or over 4 billion unique IDs. Additionally, the transmission devices 14 may transmit the same binary string in each of data transmissions 18 in other implementations so as to be backward compatible with existing monitoring systems.

In one embodiment, external oscillator 26 provides a known timing reference for the control circuitry 28. In one more specific embodiment, the oscillator 26 generates a 256 Hz signal which is used to calibrate an internal oscillator of control circuitry 28 as discussed further with respect to example embodiments below.

In one embodiment, transducer 30 is a piezoelectric transducer (PZT) which is a made from PZT-5H (or "Type VI") material, such as lead zirconate titanate. In one more specific embodiment, the transducer 30 is a ceramic tube that emits acoustic signals responsive to electrical signals received from control circuitry 28. In addition, transducer 30 is oriented with its length direction parallel to the length of the transmitter body 22 and has an outer diameter of about 1.8 mm, an inner diameter of about 1.4 mm and a length of about 3.4 mm in the described example embodiment.

Transducer 30 operates in the length mode to generate the data transmissions 18 in some of the disclosed embodiments. For example, in one implementation where the receiver 14 is tuned to a specific frequency, the length of the transducer 30 is chosen such that the transducer 30 can resonate at the same frequency (e.g., 416.7 kHz) along its length direction. Other transducers 30 may be used in other embodiments.

In the described example embodiment, transducer 30 defines an internal volume (e.g., the interior volume defined by the ceramic tube) which may be occupied by internal components and/or circuitry of transmission device 12, for example, to reduce the volume and size of the transmission device 12. In the illustrated example, a portion of the circuit board 34 and a plurality of components thereon (e.g., three storage capacitors 32) are provided within the internal volume defined by transducer 30.

Referring to Figs.7 A and 7B, electrical connections 49, 51 in the form of silver epoxy are used to electrically connect pad 48 with the outside of the transducer 30 and pad 50 with the interior of the transducer 30, respectively, in the illustrated embodiment. The silver epoxy at these two locations also serves to structurally affix the transducer 30 to the circuit board 34. Electrical connections 49, 51 apply the electrical signals to the transducer 30 which generates the data transmissions 18 in response thereto. The connections 49, 51 are made to the inner and outer walls of the transducer 30 in the presently described embodiment and transducer 30 is exited or driven in the wall thickness direction by the received electrical signals. Electrical connections including the pads 48, 50, electrical traces of the circuit board 34, and silver epoxy electrical connections 49, 51 are used to directly electrically connect the control circuitry 28 (e.g., pins of control circuitry 28 implemented as a microcontroller 29) with the transducer 30 in some of the disclosed embodiments. Optical sensor 40 provides an optical link for receiving configuration commands from an external source which configure the transmission device 12 in one embodiment. In the described example embodiment, optical sensor 40 is implemented as a blue light emitting diode (LED). Although a typical function of a blue LED is to convert electrical signals into blue light, some blue LEDs are also capable of converting violet or ultraviolet light into electrical signals. Shining violet or ultraviolet light onto a blue LED generally produces a voltage of about 2.0 V.

In one embodiment, a configuration device (not shown), such as an external programming pen which is connected to a personal computer, may be used to transmit the configuration commands to optical sensor 40 to configure the device 12. In a specific example embodiment, the external programming pen may include an ultraviolet LED which is turned on and off at coded intervals in proximity to optical sensor 40 of device 12. The generated ultraviolet light is received by optical sensor 40 which provides corresponding electrical signals to control circuitry 28 to configure device 12. Control circuitry 28 decodes the received electrical signals and configures parameters of the device 12, such as one or more unique code of the transmission device 28, transmit interval of data transmissions 18, and the operating mode to be entered following configuration, such as the hibernation mode for a specified period of time. The ultraviolet light generally propagates through the transparent encapsulating epoxy of the body 22 with negligible attenuation. In this embodiment, it is desired that the voltage of the power source 24 does not exceed 3.0 V or so; otherwise, the "Sleepy Bee" microcontroller may fail to recognize the 2.0 V signal from the blue LED as a "logic 1" state.

In but one embodiment, oscillator 26 is implemented as a SiT1534AI-J4-DCC-00.256S oscillator available from SiTime, storage capacitors 32 are individually implemented using a TLCK106M004QTA capacitor available from AVX Corporation, resistor 36 is implemented using a ERJ-1GEJ102C resistor available from Panasonic Electronics Corporation, capacitor 38 is implemented using a C0603X5R1A104K030BC capacitor available from TDK Corporation, optical sensor 40 is implemented using a KPG-0603PBC-TT-5MAV LED available from Kingbright Electronics Co., Ltd., and resistor 42 is implemented using a ERJ-1 GEF1004C resistor available from Panasonic Electronics Corporation. The values and design of the components in the depicted embodiment of Figs.2-7B were selected to optimize the physical size, peak current, and voltage drop of the circuit, although many other options are viable. In but one example, resistor 36 may be omitted in other implementations.

Operational firmware may be loaded onto internal storage circuitry of the control circuitry 28 during the manufacturing process to dictate the overall operation of the transmission device 12. In one embodiment, the control circuitry 28 controls operations of device 12 in a plurality of operating modes including a waiting mode, a hibernating mode, a run mode, a calibration mode and a configuration mode.

In the waiting mode, the control circuitry 28 remains in an ultralow-power state until a configuration command is received via the optical sensor 40. In configuration mode, the control circuitry 28 reads externally generated coded commands from optical sensor 40. Following configuration of the device 12, one of the commands may control the device 12 to enter a hibernating mode whereby the control circuitry 28 remains in a low-power state for a fixed duration of time prior to transitioning to run mode. Alternatively, one of the commands may control the device 12 to enter run mode directly. In run mode, the control circuitry 28 transmits data transmissions 18 including unique identifiers and codes at periodic intervals according to a desired pulse rate interval which may be different in different applications. The hibernation time, pulse rate interval, and other parameters may be configured via additional configuration commands received on optical sensor 40.

The calibration mode may be entered after a defined number of data transmissions 18 have been emitted by the device 12. In one calibration example, external oscillator 26 provides a known timing reference to the control circuitry 28 which calibrates the frequency of its internal timers against the timing reference received from the external oscillator 26. More specifically, external oscillator 26 generates a 256 Hz sig nal which is used to calibrate at least one of the internal oscillators of the "Sleepy Bee" microcontroller.

I n one embodi ment, the external oscillator 26 is periodically enabled (i.e. , powered on) to generate the known ti ming reference to calibrate at least one of the internal oscillators of microcontroller 29 to 1 6.667 M Hz. Du ring ru n mode, the microcontroller 29 may then switch its clock sou rce to that of the internal oscillator and then generate waveforms at a nominal frequency of 41 6.7 kHz, which equals 1 6.667 MHz divided by 40. The microcontroller 29 may only tu rn external oscillator 26 on when needed in some embodiments, which saves considerable power compared with operating the external oscillator 26 continuously in other implementations. A calibration may be performed after several hu nd red transmissions so that the modulation frequency used to generate the data transmissions 1 8 does not d rive outside the 41 6.7 kHz +/-0.5% specification in the presently described embodiment.

The microcontroller 29 may also use the ti mi ng reference from external oscillator 26 to measu re the actual operating frequency of at least one internal oscillator. I n the example embodiment, the at least one i nternal oscillator has a nominal operating frequency of 1 6.4 kHz but may vary by 20% or more. The microcontroller 29 may then use the measu rement to generate a stable pulse rate interval. The microcontroller 29 may also use the measu rement to remain i n hibernati ng mode for a specified amou nt of time prior to the fi rst data transmission 1 8.

I n one embodiment described below, an encapsulati ng material, such as an epoxy, is used to encapsulate the components and circu itry of transmission device 1 2 and to defi ne the body 22 of the device 1 2.

Additional details regardi ng one example manufactu ri ng process of transmission device 1 2 are described below.

I nitially, the discrete components, the power sou rce, integrated ci rcuits and transducer are electrically cou pled with respective electrical conductors of the circuit board 34 via any suitable electrical connection. The circuit board 34 may be part of a circuit array panel which includes a plurality of additional circuit boards. In some embodiments, internal components and/or circuitry of the device 12 may be received within an internal volume which is defined by the transducer 30 as discussed above. The two ends of the transducer 30 are sealed using a mixture of an epoxy-glass bubble mixture to prevent the epoxy used in subsequent encapsulation steps from entering the internal volume defined by transducer 30. Examples of the epoxy and glass bubbles are the EPO-TEK 301 and 3M Glass Bubbles A16/500, respectively. An exemplary mixing ratio (epoxy to glass bubbles) is 5:1 by weight. Thereafter, a Parylene-C layer with a thickness of about 25 urn is applied to the assembly.

In the example embodiment, an external power supply may be used to power the microcontroller 29 of the assembly while power source 24 is electrically coupled with pads 44, 46 of circuit board 34. This procedure ensures that microcontroller 29 powers up properly. The external power supply is coupled to the microcontroller 29 via external diode 31. An external resistor 33 (e.g., a 1 kOhm resistor) prevents the occurrence of spurious reset conditions. Thereafter, the external power supply is removed and the transmitter assembly is cut from the circuit array panel.

Thereafter, the transmitter assembly is placed in a plastic mold and encapsulated using an appropriate encapsulating material such as a resin to form the body 22. Resins suitable for use include thermosetting epoxies such as, e.g., EPO-TEK 301 or 3M Scotchcast Electrical Resin 5 in illustrative examples, which form the body 22 of the transmission device. The transmission device including the encapsulated components is removed from the mold, and the body 22 of the transmission device is polished to obtain a smooth finish appropriate for association with an organism, for example by injection. A final -25 urn layer of Parylene-C may be applied to the transmitter device 12 as a waterproof and biocompatible layer. Referring to Fig . 8, a fu nctional block diag ram of circuitry and circuit components of transmission device 1 2 is shown according to one embodiment. Power sou rce 24 provides operational electrical energy to control circuitry 28 via power filter 25. Control circuitry 28 implements operations of the device 1 2, including accessing monitored data, such as temperatu re, and generating periodic data transmissions 1 8. Oscillator 26 provides a ti ming reference which may be selectively enabled du ri ng calibration operations to calibrate control circuitry 28. Optical sensor 40 provides an i nterface for receivi ng com mands which configu re operations of the device 1 2. Control circuitry 28 generates and outputs electrical signals to transducer 30 which vibrates to generate the data transmissions 1 8 which are emitted from the transmission device 1 2 and organism 1 6.

Referring to Fig. 9, a circuit diagram of circuitry and electrical components is shown according to one embodiment of transmission device 1 2. Connections of various input/output pi ns of microcontroller 29 are depicted with respect to power filter 25, oscillator 26, optical sensor 40, and transducer 30. I n the depicted example embodiment, pi ns A1 , A2 of microcontroller 29 are coupled in parallel with pad 50 and pins A3, A4 of microcontroller 29 are coupled i n parallel with pad 48, and pads 48, 50 are also electrically connected to transducer 30. Accordi ngly, some pi ns of the microcontroller 29 are coupled with the transducer 30 at a first location adjacent to a first end of the transducer 20 and a plu rality of second pi ns of the microcontroller 29 are coupled with the transducer 30 at a second location adjacent to a second end of the transducer 30.

There are a nu mber of design details which enable the transmission device 1 2 to be i mplemented withi n body 22 of reduced volu me and size compared with other transmitter arrangements or i mplementations. Fu rthermore, some desig n details provide reduced power consu mption compared with some other transmitter configu rations which enables power sou rces of reduced sizes and capacities to be used which in tu rn reduces the overall volu me and size of the transmission device 1 2. According to some emobidments, transducer 30 resonates at the 416.7-kHz frequency used in other designs but in a much smaller transmitter body 22 (e.g., the diameter does not exceed 2.0 mm in some of the disclosed embodiments). Examples which use transmitters of larger sizes include injectable salmon transmitter systems which may be used in a Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System (JSATS) and are described in a co-pending US patent application entitled "Injectable Acoustic Transmission Devices and Process for Making and Using Same", naming Z. Daniel Deng, Mitchell J. Myjak, Thomas J. Carlson, Jie Xiao, Huidong Li, Samuel S. Cartmell, Jun Lu, Honghao Chen, M. Bradford Eppard and Mark E. Gross as inventors, having serial number 14/014,035, and which was filed on August 29, 2013; and a co-pending US continuation-in-part patent application entitled "Acoustic Transmission Devices and Process for Making and Using Same", naming Z. Daniel Deng, Mitchell J. Myjak, Thomas J. Carlson, Jie Xiao, Huidong Li, Samuel S. Cartmell, Jun Lu, Honghao Chen, M. Bradford Eppard and Mark E. Gross as inventors, having serial number 14/914,974, which was filed on February 26, 2016, and the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.

At least some of the transmission devices 12 described herein may be utilized with receivers of other systems, such as the receivers of the injectable salmon transmitter systems disclosed in the above- mentioned patent applications. The smaller size of the transmission devices 12 disclosed herein reduces the burden upon the tagged organisms 16, and needles of reduced size may be used to inject the transmission devices 12 disclosed herein (compared with those used to inject devices of larger sizes) resulting in implanting operations which are less invasive to the organisms 16.

For example, circuitry and components of the transmission device, such as one or more discrete components, a portion or an entirety of a circuit board, and one or more semiconductor devices, may be received within an internal volume defined by transducer 30 which decreases the volume and size of the body 22 needed to accommodate the circuitry and components compared with arrangements which do not include components or circuitry within the interior of the transducer 30.

Some transmitters of JSATS systems use cylindrical transducers which operate in a hoop resonance mode to generate acoustic transmissions. However, in some of the embodiments disclosed herein, the length resonance mode of a cylindrical transducer is used to achieve the same 416.7-kHz resonance frequency for use in JSATS systems in a cylindrical transmitter body that has a much smaller diameter. The transducer 30 resonates along the length direction of the tube during operation in the length resonance mode. For example, body 22 of an example embodiment of transmission devices 12 described herein has a diameter of 2.00 mm while the cylindrical transducers of some JSATS transmitters have a significantly larger diameter of 2.54 mm.

The resonance frequency of the length mode of a cylindrical transducer 30 is determined by the tube's length (L) and the ceramic material's length-mode frequency constant (A//) and is not dependent upon the diameter of the tube. The length-mode resonance frequency is defined by fi _eng th = - ^|n some embodiments disclosed herein, ceramic transducers are used where Ni of the ceramic is about 1400 and the length was selected to be 3.4 mm to achieve the 416.7 kHz resonance frequency. Accordingly, the length of the transducer 30 was selected corresponding to the desired frequencies of the data transmissions 18 to be emitted in some embodiments.

For example, when the transducer 30 is excited by an AC electrical driving signal, all vibration modes of the transducer 30 in the form of a tube (e.g., length mode, hoop mode, thickness mode, etc.) are active simultaneously. Depending on the frequency of the input AC signal, whichever dimension satisfying the corresponding resonance frequency equation (such as the equation for fiength) would result in a resonance and the vibrations in that direction would have a much greater amplitude than the vibrations along other directions whose dimensional values do not satisfy their own resonance equations. In one embodiment, only the length of the transducer 30 in the form of tube satisfies the resonance condition while the diameters (outer diameter and inner diameter) and wall thickness do not. As a result, the transducer 30 resonates only in the length direction while also vibrating in the hoop-mode but at a much lower amplitude in the presently described example embodiment. Other configurations of transducers 30 and/or driving signals of other frequencies may be used in other embodiments.

Furthermore, example embodiments of the transmission device 12 described above use an external 256-Hz oscillator during calibration to tune at least one internal oscillator of the microcontroller 29 to 16.667 MHz, which the microcontroller 29 then converts into the desired 416.7- kHz frequency for data transmissions 18. In one embodiment, the oscillator 26 is only powered on during operation in the calibration mode which permits a smaller power source 24 to be utilized which significantly reduces the size of the circuit board 34.

In addition, the optical sensor 40 for receiving commands from an external source is implemented using a blue LED in some of the embodiments described above. Compared to other interface alternatives, the blue LED is extremely small and does not consume quiescent current that would otherwise drain the power source 24, enabling use of power sources of reduced capacity and size. In one embodiment, the blue LED has a 0201 surface mount package and a 1.0 ΜΩ resistor 42 may be placed in parallel with the optical sensor 40 to help the voltage return to "logic 0" state when the programming ultraviolet LED is turned off.

Further, in one embodiment, electrical signals to drive the transducer 30 are directly outputted by the microcontroller 29 and received at the transducer 30 via respective electrical connections with no intervening circuit components, such as transistors or analog switches, between the microcontroller 29 and the transducer 30. More specifically, the microcontroller 29 pulls energy from the power source 24 via power filter 25 and applies a 416.7-kHz voltage waveform directly on the transducer 30 to induce a natural resonance on the transducer 30 near that frequency. Compared to the driving method of the transmitters discussed in the patent applications incorporated by reference above, the use of the microcontroller 29 to directly drive the transducer 30 removes the need for additional circuit components including two analog switches to generate the driving waveform, and therefore allows for a smaller transmitter design.

In some embodiments, microcontroller 29 is able to take over the function of the analog switches because it has high current driving capability on its input/output pins (e.g., 100 imA maximum current rating). In addition, in embodiments disclosed herein, two input/output (I/O) pins of the microcontroller are coupled in parallel to each of the interior and exterior of the transducer 30 for even higher current capacity.

Referring to example embodiments of Figs. 7A-7B and 9 discussed above, pins A1, A2 of microcontroller 29 are coupled in parallel with pad 50 which is coupled with the interior surface of transducer 30 and pins A3, A4 of microcontroller 29 are coupled in parallel with pad 48 which is coupled with the exterior surface of transducer 30. A series inductor utilized in the salmon transmitters of the above-mentioned patent applications may also be omitted which allows for a smaller design at the expense of source level.

Example transmission devices 12 configured as described herein have an average source level of 147 dB (Reference: 1 uPa at 1 meter), which would allow for a detection range up to 100 meters in a realistic river environment and can generate data transmissions 18 for about 6.4 days at a pulse rate interval of 1 second, or about 30 days at a pulse rate interval of 5 seconds.

The use of the "Sleepy Bee" microcontroller 29 according to some embodiments is beneficial since it contains an on-board linear regulator that reduces the supply voltage to a fixed value, which is nominally 1.8 V in one embodiment. The internal timers inside the microcontroller 29 thus remain more stable against fluctuations in supply voltage. This feature allows the microcontroller 29 to use the internal timers, rather than a relatively large external oscillator, as the reference clock during transmission.

Referring to Fig. 10, one embodiment of a management device 70 is shown. Management device 70 is configured to receive information regarding the monitoring of one or more aquatic organisms 16 from one or more receiver 14. In illustrative examples described above, data within the data transmissions 18 which are emitted from the transmission devices 12 and received by the receiver 14 is communicated to the management device 70 to permit monitoring of locations of tagged organisms 16 and storage of the data for later use. Personnel using the monitoring system 10 may monitor the data received by the management device 70 and operations of the management device 70 and monitoring system 10. In the illustrated example embodiment, management device includes processing circuitry 72, storage circuitry 74, a user interface 76, and a communications interface 78. Other embodiments of management device 70 are possible including more, less and/or alternative components.

In one embodiment, processing circuitry 72 is arranged to process received data, control data access and storage, control interactions with a user, issue commands, and control other desired operations. Processing circuitry 72 may comprise circuitry (e.g., microprocessor) configured to implement desired programming such as ordered instructions of a program stored upon appropriate computer- readable storage media in at least one embodiment.

Storage circuitry 74 is configured to store programming such as executable code or instructions (e.g., software and/or firmware), data received from transmission devices 12, databases, and other digital information and may include computer-readable storage media, such as memory, a disk drive, etc.

User interface 76 is configured to interact with a user including conveying data to a user (e.g., displaying visual images regarding results of the monitoring of organisms 16 for observation by the user) as well as receiving inputs from the user. User interface 76 is configured as graphical user interface (GUI) in one embodiment and may be configured differently in other embodiments.

Communications interface 78 is arranged to receive the wireless data transmissions 18 propagating through the aqueous environment from transmission devices 12 and provide data contained with the received transmissions regarding the monitoring of the organisms to processing circuitry 72.

In some embodiments, the data transmissions 18 when received from the transmission devices 12 may be decoded by the processing circuitry 72 to extract data which identifies and tracks the host organisms 16 in up to three dimensions in real-time or as a function of time and may include timestamps which identify the moment in times when the respective data was captured or communicated. This extracted data may be stored in a database of storage circuitry 74 for subsequent usage.

As mentioned above, surgical procedures may be used to associate the transmission devices 12 with the organisms 16. Example details of a process to inject the transmission devices 12 into eels are described below although other methods may be used in other embodiments.

Prior to surgery, the organisms (juvenile American eels) may be anesthetized in 240 mg/L of tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) buffered with equal parts of sodium bicarbonate, and time to stage four sedation was ~3.5 min. Fish were tagged by placing them ventral side up in a groove cut into a closed-cell foam pad saturated with 150 uL/L Fish Protector® available from Kordon LLC, Hayward, CA. A 2-3 mm incision was made ~25 mm posterior to the base of the pectoral fin on the left lateral side (i.e., approximately 1/3 of the total length of the eel) with a sterile 3.0 mm microsurgical scalpel (15° blade; Beaver Visitec, Waltham, MA). The transmission devices were then inserted posteriorly into the body cavity by hand. The tagging procedure took less than 60 sec per eel, after which the eels were placed into recovery buckets with fresh aerated river water at 16°C, then transferred to segregated holding troughs (300 L) with the same environmental conditions as the holding tanks. Juvenile American eels implanted with dummy transmission devices were shown to have similar swimming performances as those that were not tagged.

In compliance with the statute, the invention has been described in language more or less specific as to structural and methodical features. It is to be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the specific features shown and described, since the means herein disclosed comprise preferred forms of putting the invention into effect. The invention is, therefore, claimed in any of its forms or modifications within the proper scope of the appended aspects appropriately interpreted in accordance with the doctrine of equivalents.

Further, aspects herein have been presented for guidance in construction and/or operation of illustrative embodiments of the disclosure. Applicant(s) hereof consider these described illustrative embodiments to also include, disclose and describe further inventive aspects in addition to those explicitly disclosed. For example, the additional inventive aspects may include less, more and/or alternative features than those described in the illustrative embodiments. In more specific examples, Applicants consider the disclosure to include, disclose and describe methods which include less, more and/or alternative steps than those methods explicitly disclosed as well as apparatus which includes less, more and/or alternative structure than the explicitly disclosed structure.