CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Application No.15/089893, filed on April 4, 2016, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

[0002] Earth formations, or simply formations, may be used for various purposes such as hydrocarbon production, geothermal production, and carbon dioxide sequestration. In order to make optimal use of a formation, it is typically characterized using a downhole tool that is conveyed through a borehole penetrating the formation.

[0003] One type of downhole tool is a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tool that performs NMR measurements on the formation to determine various properties such as porosity for example. In one application referred to as logging-while-drilling, the NMR tool is coupled to a drill string. The NMR tool performs NMR measurements while the drill string is rotating causing a drill bit also coupled to the drill string to drill the borehole. The drill process, however, may cause the drill string to move laterally in the borehole thus continuously varying the distance from the NMR tool to the formation being characterized. Lateral motion of the NMR tool may also occur due to rotation of the tool without drilling. Unfortunately, the continuously varying distance may induce motion artifacts in the obtained NMR data resulting in a decrease in the accuracy of the data.

BRIEF SUMMARY

[0004] Disclosed is a method for processing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurement data. The method includes: receiving, with a processor, NMR measurement data obtained from an NMR tool, the NMR measurement data having an echo train affected by a motion artifact, wherein the motion artifact is related to a magnetic field magnitude that varies in a volume of interest due to a motion of the NMR tool; and reducing, with the processor, an effect on the NMR measurement data of the motion artifact by using a correcting inversion method that models the motion artifact to provide a corrected transverse relaxation time constant (T2) distribution, the correcting inversion method having a multiplicative term having a term that includes at least one local maximum and an optional decay term.

[0005] Also disclosed is a method for performing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements on an earth formation. The method includes: conveying an NMR tool through a borehole penetrating the earth formation; receiving, with a processor, NMR measurement data obtained from the NMR tool, the NMR measurement data having an echo train affected by a motion artifact, wherein the motion artifact is related to a magnetic field magnitude that varies in a volume of interest due to a motion of the NMR tool; and reducing, with the processor, an effect on the NMR measurement data of the motion artifact by using a correcting inversion method that models the motion artifact to provide a corrected transverse relaxation time constant (T2) distribution, the correcting inversion method having a multiplicative term having a term that includes at least one local maximum and an optional decay term.

[0006] Further disclosed is a system for processing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurement data. The system includes a memory having computer executable instructions and a processor configured to execute the computer executable instructions. The computer executable instructions include: receiving NMR measurement data obtained from an NMR tool, the NMR measurement data having an echo train affected by a motion artifact, wherein the motion artifact is related to a magnetic field magnitude that varies in a volume of interest due to a motion of the NMR tool; and reducing an effect on the NMR measurement data of the motion artifact by using a correcting inversion method that models the motion artifact to provide a corrected transverse relaxation time constant (T2) distribution, the correcting inversion method having a multiplicative term having a term that includes at least one local maximum and an optional decay term.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0007] The following descriptions should not be considered limiting in any way. With reference to the accompanying drawings, like elements are numbered alike:

[0008] FIG. 1 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary embodiment of a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tool disposed in a borehole penetrating the earth;

[0009] FIG. 2 depicts aspects of idealized NMR echo trains and idealized trainlets for illustration of an NMR motion artifact; [0010] FIGS. 3A-3C, collectively referred to as FIG. 3, depict aspects an NMR echo train and trainlet used to demonstrate prior art joint inversion in the presence of a motion artifact;

[0011] FIG. 4 depicts aspects of the T ₂ distribution resulting from the prior art joint inversion;

[0012] FIGS. 5A-5C, collectively referred to as FIG. 5, depict aspects of an NMR echo train and trainlet used to demonstrate joint inversion with motion correction;

[0013] FIG. 6 depicts aspects of the T ₂ distribution resulting from the joint inversion with motion correction;

[0014] FIG. 7 depicts aspects of an NMR long echo train and trainlet with a short wait time of 60 ms used to demonstrate prior art joint inversion;

[0015] FIG. 8 depicts aspects of the T ₂ distribution resulting from the prior art joint inversion of the NMR long echo train with long wait time and trainlet with the short wait time of 60 ms;

[0016] FIG. 9 depicts aspects of an NMR long echo train with long wait time and trainlet with a short wait time of 60 ms used to demonstrate joint inversion with motion correction;

[0017] FIG. 10 depicts aspects of the T ₂ distribution resulting from the joint inversion with motion correction of the NMR long echo train with long wait time and trainlet with the short wait time of 60 ms;

[0018] FIG. 11 depicts aspects of an NMR long echo train with long wait time and two trainlet types with different wait times (one second and 60 ms) used to demonstrate joint inversion with motion correction;

[0019] FIG. 12 depicts aspects of the T ₂ distribution resulting from the joint inversion with motion correction of the NMR long echo train with long wait time and two trainlet types with different wait times (one second and 60 ms);

[0020] FIG. 13 presets tabled results of numerical examples;

[0021] FIG. 14 is a flow chart for a method for estimating a property of an earth formation using NMR measurement data;

[0022] FIG. 15 depicts aspects of an echo train with a late non-exponential artifact;

[0023] FIG. 16 depicts aspects of an inversion result showing a late T2 peak;

[0024] FIG. 17 depicts aspects of an inversion result with motion correction using a prior art algorithm; [0025] FIG. 18 illustrates examples of simulated motion artifacts with varying amplitudes;

[0026] FIG. 19 illustrates an example of a cosine function with exponential decay;

[0027] FIG. 20 illustrates an example of exponential decay only with cosine amplitude set to zero;

[0028] FIG. 21 illustrates a cosine function with exponential decay and period variation;

[0029] FIG. 22 depicts aspects of an echo train with a motion artifact fitted and corrected using an enhanced formula disclosed herein;

[0030] FIG. 23 depicts aspects of a corrected T2 distribution without an erroneous late T2 peak;

[0031] FIG. 24 depicts aspects of another example of using the enhanced formula to fit and correct a non-exponential echo train; and

[0032] FIG. 25 is a flow chart for another method for estimating a property of an earth formation using NMR measurement data.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0033] A detailed description of one or more embodiments of the disclosed apparatus and method presented herein by way of exemplification and not limitation with reference to the figures.

[0034] Disclosed are method and apparatus for processing measurements performed by a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tool that may be subject to motion in a borehole. Alternatively or in combination with tool motion, the NMR tool may have a non-axially symmetric magnetic field such that when the tool is rotated, the magnetic field magnitude varies at a fixed location in the formation. The motion may cause the NMR measurements to inaccurately quantify properties of the formation. The inaccuracy induced into the NMR measurements due to the motion (or non-axially symmetric magnetic field motion) is called a motion artifact. The processing techniques disclosed herein identify a motion artifact and remove it from the NMR measurement data to provide corrected NMR measurement data that more accurately quantify properties of the formation.

[0035] Next apparatus for implementing the teachings herein is discussed. FIG. 1 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary embodiment of an NMR tool 10 disposed in a borehole 2 penetrating the earth 3, which includes an earth formation 4. The NMR tool 10 is configured to perform NMR measurements on the formation 4. The NMR measurements include generating NMR signal echoes from atomic nuclei, such as hydrogen nuclei, of the formation. Long echo trains can be recorded. The decays of the echo trains are caused by the so-called T ₂ relaxation, also known as transverse or spin-spin relaxation. The NMR measurements yield transverse relaxation times T ₂ , which are exponential decay time constants that correspond to a characteristic or property of the formation 4 material.

Transverse relaxation relates to the loss of phase coherence of the protons in the formation 4 material while precessing about a static magnetic field during an NMR measurement. There is not one single value of T ₂ for formation fluids but a wide distribution of values lying anywhere between fractions of a millisecond and several seconds for example. The quantitative distribution of T ₂ values is the principal output of the NMR tool 10. A sequence of T2 distribution plotted versus depth in the borehole may be referred to as an NMR T2 distribution log. The NMR tool 10 may also output longitudinal relaxation time constants (Ti) associated with polarizing the nuclei in the formation.

[0036] The T ₂ (also referred to as T2) decay may be approximated by a sum of exponential functions (multi-exponential approximation) resulting in a T2 distribution. The process of obtaining this T2 distribution is commonly called T2 inversion, echo fit or mapping. From the T2 distribution, total porosity, partial porosities, pore size and fluid type in the formation may be determined - properties that are of particular interest. The long T2 components are usually called Free Fluid (FF) components or Bulk Volume Moveable (BVM); the medium T2 components are usually called Bound Water (BW) components or Bulk Volume Irreducible (BVI); and the short T2 components are usually called Clay Bound Water (CBW) components.

[0037] The basic NMR method for obtaining the T2 echo decay is a long wait time (TWion _g , polarization time) to get close to (or achieve full) equilibrium polarization, followed by a train of several hundred to several thousand NMR echoes generated, for example, by a pulse echo sequence such as the well-known Carr Purcell Meiboom Gill (CPMG) pulse echo sequence. The equilibrium polarization is useful to get the total porosity from the start amplitude of the echo train. In addition to the long echo train with long TW, echo trains with short TWs _h or _t (called trainlets or bursts) are used for a more accurate determination of the short T2 components in the T2 distribution. Usually, but not necessarily, the trainlets are shorter (i.e., they have a smaller number of echoes) than the long echo train with long TWi _ong - [0038] In one or more embodiments, a number of NMR echo trains (with long TW) are acquired and averaged. Preferably TW being long enough to polarize all NMR

components fully. A number of NMR trainlets (with short TW) are acquired and averaged. Usually the trainlets have a small number of echoes only (to save time, memory and power) and use a short TW (in the prior art: to save time and consequently increase signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the measurement; in the present disclosure to reduce motion artifacts). The trainlet TW should be long enough to polarize fully the T2 components that are later, after inversion, extracted from the trainlet T2 distribution. The number of averaged trainlets is greater than the number of averaged echo trains with long TW in order to get a better determination of the short T2 components. These acquired data may be processed (i.e., inverted) according to an inversion method such as one of those discussed below.

[0039] Components in the NMR tool 10 includes a static magnetic field source 13 that magnetizes formation materials and an antenna 14 that transmits precisely timed bursts of radio-frequency energy that provides an oscillating magnetic field. In a time period between these pulses, the antenna receives a decaying echo signal from those hydrogen protons that are in resonance with the static magnetic field produced by the static magnetic field source at the transmitted RF frequency. NMR measurements are performed in a toroidal volume surrounding the NMR tool 10 referred to as a volume of interest 9. Because a linear relationship exists between the proton resonance frequency and the strength of the static magnetic field, the frequency of transmitted radio-frequency energy can be tuned to match the static magnetic field in the volume of interest. It can be appreciated that the NMR tool 10 may include a variety of components and configurations as known in the art of NMR. In that NMR tools are known in the art, specific details of components and configurations of these tools are not discussed in further detail.

[0040] The NMR tool 10 is conveyed through the borehole 2 by a carrier 5, which can be a drill tubular such as a drill string 6. A drill bit 7 is disposed at the distal end of the drill string 6. A drill rig 8 is configured to conduct drilling operations such as rotating the drill string 6 and thus the drill bit 7 in order to drill the borehole 2. In addition, the drill rig 8 is configured to pump drilling mud (i.e., drill fluid) through the drill string 6 in order to lubricate the drill bit 7 and flush cuttings from the borehole 2. Downhole electronics 1 1 are configured to operate the NMR tool 10, process measurement data obtained downhole, and/or act as an interface with telemetry to communicate data or commands between downhole components and a computer processing system 12 disposed at the surface of the earth 3. Non-limiting embodiments of the telemetry include pulsed-mud and wired drill pipe for real time communications. System operation and data processing operations may be performed by the downhole electronics 11, the computer processing system 12, or a combination thereof. In an alternative embodiment, the carrier 5 may be an armored wireline, which may also provide communications with the surface processing system 12. A vibration sensor 14 is configured to sense vibration of the drill string 6 and to provide a vibration signal to the computer processing system 12. A rotational speed sensor 15 is configured to sense rotational speed, and thus rotational speed variations of the drill string 6, and to provide a rotational speed signal to the computer processing system 12. A geo-steering system 16 is configured to geo-steer the drill string 6 in accordance with a selected geometry or trajectory. A drill rig controller 17 is configured to control operations of the drill rig 8 such as, for example, controlling the geo-steering system 16 using information derived from the NMR tool 10.

[0041] Next, T2 inversions that combine long echo trains and trainlets are discussed. There are several known methods of inversion that may be used to achieve this. See for example variants of Separate Inversion (SI) (also called splicing technique) and Joint Inversion (JI) (also called composite-data processing) in A METHOD FOR INVERTING NMR DATA SETS WITH DIFFERENT SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIOS, K. J. Dunn, D. J. Bergman, G. A. LaTorraca, S. M. Stonard, and M. B. Crowe; SPWLA 39 ^th Annual Logging Symposium, May 26-29, 1998. That paper is called REFl in this disclosure.

[0042] In the joint inversion (JI) technique, the multi- exponential approximation equations for the measured data may be represented as:

where EETi is the i ^th echo amplitude at time ti of the long echo train with a long wait time TW _ET , and ETL _j is the j ^th echo amplitude at time t _j of a trainlet with a short wait time TW _TL . <j) _k 's are the sought-after T2 components of the T2 distribution i.e., the amplitudes of the exponential functions associated with chosen fixed T2 _k (or T2 _k bins - selected intervals into which T2's are categorized) where k runs from 1 to the chosen number of T2 bins. The φ _1ί 's are optimized during the inversion process to achieve the best fit to the measured NMR data. The range of i runs from 1 to the number of echoes of the long echo train, while the range of j runs from 1 to the number of trainlet echoes. Ideally, TW _ET should be long enough (e.g. > 5*Ti), where Ti is the longest Ti component of the formation, to polarize all NMR components fully in which case the term in the equation for EET _t is 1 and can

be omitted. The parameter R requires optimization in the JI routine. It is a measure of the T1/T2 of the formation (and in addition, as will be seen later, can be a motion artifact detector). In other words, R is not calculated directly as T1/T2, but rather is fitted to the echo train data by being optimized by the JI routine. Echo trains and trainlets may have different interecho times TE. The long echo train and averaged trainlets need weighting according to their number of averages, which is equivalent to the squares of their inverted measurement errors (see REFl).

[0043] In separate inversion (SI), the averaged echo trains are inverted (i.e., multiexponential fit) giving an echo train T2 distribution. The averaged trainlets are inverted (separate from the echo trains, hence the name SI) giving a trainlet T2 distribution. The principle for producing the final T2 distribution is by replacing in the echo train T2 distribution the short-T2 components by the short-T2 components of the trainlet T2 distribution. REFl describes the details, including small modifications to improve the accuracy e.g. by the method of Chen and Georgi 1997.

[0044] Next, motion artifacts are discussed. Movement of an NMR tool, during the sampling or receiving of the NMR echoes, might cause motion artifacts in the decay of the long echo train and to a smaller degree in the trainlets. The main motion artifact is a reduction of FF components in the T2 distribution. What is lost from the FF component is then mainly found in an increase of the BW component. Looking alone at the long echo train, it is not possible to decide whether the BW component (or part of it) is really BW or a motion artifact.

[0045] When inverting long echo trains with long wait time combined with the trainlets with short wait time using the prior art inversion methods (such as REFl), the fitted T2 decays either do not fit perfectly to both types of echo trains, or R=T1/T2 is fitted unrealistically high if both echo train types were subjected to the same motion. As disclosed herein, this misfit is used to detect and correct motion artifacts in the NMR data. The disclosed inversion methods can find motion artifacts and remove or at least reduce them resulting in more accurate NMR data and more accurate formation property values derived from the corrected NMR data.

[0046] Next, manifestations of motion artifacts in NMR echo trains are discussed with reference to FIG. 2. Such a motion artifact as illustrated in FIG. 2 can only occur if free fluid (FF) is present in the formation, when some of the fractional porosity of the FF is converted by the motion to a fractional porosity with apparent T2 in the region of BW. FIG. 2 illustrates these ideas. In FIG. 2, the horizontal axis is the time axis[s] and the vertical axis is the NMR amplitude. A measured NMR echo decay might look like trace FFBW_ET (except for the lack of noise). From this echo train alone, it cannot be decided whether the fast decay at the beginning of that echo train is due to bound water (BW) content of 20% and the remainder a free fluid (FF) content of 80% or whether the BW is not real and in fact a motion artifact. In the latter case, the real FF would be 100% (trace FF_ET). It can be seen that the appearance of the trainlets allows motion artifacts to be distinguished from true bound water. Observe the two trainlet traces in the bottom left of the diagram for which the wait time (i.e. polarization time) is short so that the FF component is polarized to a small degree only. Trace FFBW_TL shows how the trainlet would look if the NMR sample was composed of 80% free fluid (FF) and 20% BW. The FF content is nearly fully suppressed by the short TW while the BW content is preserved with only a little attenuation. Trace FFmot TL shows how the trainlet would look if the NMR sample was composed of 100% FF and the fast decay at the beginning of trace FFBW_ET was a motion artifact. In this case, the trainlet trace would be, as shown, a scaled-down version of the early times of trace FFBW_ET.

Hence, by comparing the shape of the trainlet to the shape of the corresponding beginning portion of the long echo train, it can be determined if that portion is due to BW or a motion artifact. In one or more embodiments, BW and a motion artifact may be present at the same time. In such a case it may be challenging to identify by eye a motion artifact. Instead an algorithm may be used as described further down in this description.

[0047] Fortunately, it does not matter much whether the motion that was present during the long-TW echo train is or is not present during the trainlets. This is because the trainlets anyway show very little motion artifacts as the motion artifacts considered here can only be generated in the presence of FF NMR signals; yet FF NMR signals are very much suppressed in the trainlets with their short TW. [0048] This concept is applicable if the motion artifact in the long-TW echo train looks similar to a fast decaying bound water component. This is generally the case if the artifact is caused by eccentric rotation of an axisymmetric NMR tool or by centric rotation when its magnetic field is not perfectly axi- symmetric. If the motion starts later in the echo train (such as by a sudden shock), the motion artifact is less of a problem because it is less likely to be mistaken for a wrong BW component.

[0049] Next, joint inversion with motion artifact correction (JIMC) is discussed. The two fit-able equations (1) presented above are modified with an additional multiplicative term, fitting the motion effect. A possible term is 1 - Amot 1 Tmot with Amot and Tmot being the severeness (amplitude) and characteristic transient time of the motion artifact, respectively. The complete set of fitable equations for the T2 inversion is now:

where R = T1/T2 requires optimization in the joint inversion routine and the long echo train and averaged trainlets need weighting according to their number of averages which is equivalent to the squares of their inverted measurement errors (see REF1). In the first equation it is assumed that the wait time TW _ET is long enough to polarize the NMR nuclei fully. If this was not the case, then an appropriate recovery term needs adding as in equations (1). The new parameters are Amot and Tmot. The unknowns are: </> _k , R = T1/T2, Amot and

Tmot. It is useful to constrain these fitable parameters to real values > 0. This may be done, for example, by substituting the squares of the square roots of these parameters in the equations before the fitting or by some other means. In one or more embodiments, R is constrained to be greater than one and Amot is constrained to be between zero and one.

[0050] In the above fitting equations (2), it is assumed that the same motion is present during the long-TW echo train and the short-TW trainlet. In reality, this is not necessarily the case but should be of minor consequence because the trainlets show very little FF signal and therefore in the trainlets not much FF can be converted to BW by the motion. [0051] Next, joint inversion with motion correction using a long echo train and two trainlet types is discussed. The system of equations (2) can be extended for one echo train with full polarization and two trainlets with different wait times TW _TLI and TW _TL2 - The complete set of fitable equations for the T2 inversion then becomes:

It can be appreciated that this system of equations can be extended to any number of echo trains and trainlets. Trainlets with medium wait time TW (i.e., greater than short TW and less than long TW), or with two different TWs, are in particular useful for a realistic

determination of the fitting parameter R, noting that a realistic determination of R is the precondition for obtaining a realistic fitting of the motion artifact.

[0052] It should be noted that the different echo trains of equations (2) and (3) do not need to have the same interecho time TE. These equations can be used with echo trains with different numbers of echoes NE and different interecho times TE.

[0053] Next, examples of applying the joint inversion with motion artifact correction are presented. These examples are based on simulated NMR echo decays with simulated motion artifacts. For this section, the parameters are: FF are T2 components greater than 100 ms, BW are T2 components between 3.3 millisecond (ms) and 100 ms, and CBW are T2 components less than 3.3 ms.

[0054] A free fluid (FF) example is presented with one relaxation component of T2 = 1 sec. and R = T1/T2 = 1.5. The long echo train is fully polarized while the trainlets use a wait time of 60 ms and are weighted 96 times with 96 times lower noise. The prior art joint inversion (JI) is compared to the invented joint inversion with motion correction (JIMC).

[0055] FIG. 3 depicts aspects of an NMR echo train and trainlet used to demonstrate prior art joint inversion in the presence of a motion artifact. FIG. 3 A illustrates a noisy simulated echo decay of 1000 echoes (ET) together with a trainlet (bottom left corner). The horizontal axis is the time axis with time in seconds. The vertical axis is the echo amplitude axis, normalized to 100% for the start of an echo train without artifact and noise and with full polarization. The dotted trace indicates an artifact-free mono-exponential decay with a characteristic decay time of 1 second - the expected noise free and motion artifact free echo decay. The deviation between noisy trace and the dotted trace is due to noise and motion artifact. The prior art joint inversion obtains the fits in the long echo train (trace FET) and in the trainlet (trace FTL). FIG. 3B shows FIG. 3A, but with the time axis magnified (i.e., zoomed in) to show the times 0 sec to 0.05 sec only. FIG. 3C is also a magnified view of FIG. 3 A, but showing details of the trainlet TL with its fit FTL. It is seen in FIG. 3B that the fit (FET) of the inversion is systematically too low at the start of ET (which results in too low total porosity). Similarly, in FIG. 3C the fit FTL shows a systematic deviation (i.e., misfit) from the trainlet TL (i.e., wrong slope). (A motion corrected fit should find the true motion artifact-free echo decay ETorg.) The T2 distribution obtained by the prior art joint inversion is given in FIG. 4 in which the horizontal time bin axis is in seconds. The distribution of O _k in FIG. 4 provides a determination of certain properties:

Total porosity: 95.1% (true 100%);

FF: 88.0% (true 100%);

BW: 7.1% (true 0 %);

CBW: 0.0% (true 0%); and

R = T1/T2: 3.2 (true 1.5).

Both, the R fitted unrealistically high, and the misfits in FIG. 3B and 3C are indications of an incompatibility of the trainlets TL with the echo train ET with regards to data processing that does not comprise motion artifacts. While a misfit (systematic deviation from the data to be fitted) is either obvious or can be determined by an appropriate algorithm, an R fitted too high can be identified by comparing with a likely R for a particular formation type. (A JI with motion correction, i.e. JIMC, should find an R nearer to the true R.) A likely or reference R for a formation type may be determined by testing of an MR tool in different formation types or by analysis so that the fitted R can be compared to the likely R. Hence, by knowing if the fitted R for a type of formation being drilled differs from the likely R by more than a threshold value, then an indication can be provided that the fitted R is incompatible with the NMR data.

[0056] FIG. 5 is similar to FIG. 3 and illustrates a noisy long echo train trace (ET) and a fit to this trace (FET) using JIMC. FIGS. 5B and 5C are magnified versions of FIG. 5 A (in the same way that FIGS. 3B and 3C were magnified versions of FIG. 3A). The FET trace reproduces the total porosity at the start of the long echo train correctly (FIG. 5B) and the fit of the trainlet, FIG. 5C, is better than that of FIG. 3C. The resulting T2 distribution using JIMC is illustrated in FIG. 6. If the multi-exponential decay, generated from the above mentioned T2 distribution in FIG. 6, is plotted, the trace (ETcor) just below the dotted trace (ETorg) in FIGS. 5 A and 5B is obtained. This is the motion corrected fit, which is not far from the artifact-free dotted trace, ETorg. The differences to the true T2 components are very small. The motion artifact is almost completely removed. The FF component with its two peaks in the T2 distribution may look irregular. This is because the JIMC of the equations (2) does not yet include a proper regularization. In one or more embodiments, such regularization would be used. The distribution of O _k in FIG. 6 provides a determination of certain properties:

Total porosity: 99.9% (true 100%);

FF: 99.7% (true 100%);

BW: 0.2% (true 0%);

CBW: 0.0% (true 0%);

R = T1/T2: 1.9 (true 1.5);

Amot: 0.13; and

Tmot: 0.033 s.

The estimates of these properties using JFMC are more accurate than the estimates using prior art JI in the above paragraph.

[0057] Another example using both JI and JIMC is presented with respect to characterizing shaly sand. This is a simulated example with three relaxation components: 60% FF with T2 = 1 s, 30% BW with T2 = 15 ms, 10% CBW with T2 = 1.5 ms and R = T1/T2 = 1.5 for all components. The long echo train is fully polarized while the trainlets use a wait time of 60 ms and are weighted 96 times with 96 times lower noise. The example further compares the output of JIMC using one or two trainlets. The figures used in this example are equivalent to the figures used in the free fluid example. FIGS. 7 and 8 relate to using the prior art JI with a long echo train and one trainlet with wait time TW = 60 ms. The distribution of O _k in FIG. 8 provides a determination of certain properties:

Total porosity: 102.0% (true 100%);

FF: 51.6% (true 60%);

BW: 40.6% (true 30%); CBW: 9.9% (true 10%); and

R = T1/T2: 2.7 (true 1.5).

[0058] FIGS. 9 and 10 relate to using JIMC with a long echo train and one trainlet with wait time TW = 60 ms. The distribution of O _k in FIG. 10 provides a determination of certain properties:

Total porosity: 102.0% (true 100%);

FF: 51.8% (true 60%);

BW: 40.2% (true 30%);

CBW: 9.9% (true 10%);

R = T1/T2: 2.6 (true 1.5);

Amot: 0.000004; and

Tmot: 0.131 s.

It is noted that in this example the accuracy using JIMC is comparable to the accuracy using the prior art JI (Amot is fitted to almost zero). However, a good fit is found with an excessive R = 2.6. Because of the good fit, it is clear that not enough information for motion correction is contained in the long echo train and the trainlet for this example.

[0059] Because in the previous example there was not enough information in the long echo train and the trainlet, a second trainlet is added with a wait time TW = 1 sec that is different to that of the first trainlet (TW = 60 ms). FIGS. 1 1 and 12 relate to using JIMC with a long echo train, one trainlet with wait time TW = 60 ms, and one trainlet with wait time TW = 1 s. The distribution of O _k in FIG. 12 provides a determination of certain properties:

Total porosity: 101.0% (true 100%);

FF: 60.4% (true 60%);

BW: 29.7% (true 30%);

CBW: 10.9% (true 10%);

R = T1/T2: 1.4 (true 1.5);

Amot: 0.16; and

Tmot: 0.041 s.

In this example with two trainlets, the JFMC finds the correct R and the motion artifact and correctly removes the artifact. Further, looking at FIG. 11, it is seen that all fits derived from the T2 distribution of FIG. 12 and plotted in FIG. 11 (FET, FTL1, FTL2) are excellent. The FET trace in FIG. 11 is the result of the fitted equations (3) and fits the echo train with its artifacts. The ETcor trace in FIG. 11 is the corrected echo train, using the fitted T2 distribution and R in the first equation (EET) of equations (3) while leaving off the motion term, The corrected echo train reproduces faithfully the original echo

train without motion artifact or noise.

[0060] FIG. 13 presents tabled results of the above-presented examples. The last line shows that JIMC with two trainlets obtains approximately the correct T2 components, even in the more difficult case of Shaly Sand with the following properties: Total porosity = 100%; CBW (0 to 3.3 ms) = 10 %; BW (3.3. to 100 ms) = 30%; and FF (0.1 to 4 sec) = 60%.

[0061] Embodiments of motion artifact correction, described in the foregoing description, are variants of the disclosed Joint Inversion with Motion artifact Correction (JIMC), which are modifications of the prior art Joint Inversion (JI). It is to be understood, though, that other embodiments, like variants of Separate Inversion with Motion artifact Correction (SIMC), which are modifications of the prior art Separate Inversion (SI), are well within the scope of this patent application.

[0062] Aspects of the process of correcting for a motion artifact when SI is used for inversion of T2 data (SIMC) are now discussed. In SIMC, the averaged echo trains are inverted giving an echo train T2 distribution. (It is assumed that there is a motion artifact in the echo train, which caused a too high amplitude of the short-T2 components and a too low amplitude of the long-T2 components.) Now a combined T2 distribution is produced by replacing in the echo train T2 distribution the short T2 components by the short T2 components of the trainlet T2 distribution (so far identical to SI). This combining reduces the motion artifact in the replaced short-T2 components but the long-T2 components have still too low amplitude and therefore the total porosity is too low, too. To reduce now the motion artifact in the long-T2 components of the distribution, the short-T2 components of the trainlet are summed and this sum subtracted from the summed short-T2 components of the echo train, resulting in a difference. Then, this difference is distributed across the long T2 components of the combined T2 distribution. This results in getting a final T2 distribution with motion-artifact-reduced short and long T2 components and more correct total porosity. The result may be improved by using the method of Chen and Georgi 1997 as described in

REF1.

[0063] In the prior art SI the TW of the trainlets is often set quite short, just to polarize the CBW but not the BW. As very often the motion effects manifest themselves in the BW region, the SIMC, as described above, may not be efficient in reducing motion artifacts. Rather, needed in addition to the CBW trainlets with a TW just long enough to polarize CBW, are also BW trainlets with a TW long enough to polarize the BW components. The CBW trainlets are then used as in prior art SI while the BW trainlets are used for the motion artifact correction. The sequence of processing will then be: produce a combined T2 distribution by replacing in the echo train T2 distribution the CBW-T2 components by the CBW-T2 components of the CBW-trainlet T2 distribution and the BW-T2 components by the BW components of the BW-trainlet T2 distribution. If a motion artifact was present in the replaced BW-T2 components of the echo train, then this motion artifact is now reduced in the combined T2 distribution but the long T2 components have still too low amplitude and therefore the total porosity is too low, too. To reduce now the motion artifact in the long-T2 components of the distribution: the BW-T2 components of the BW trainlet are summed and this sum subtracted from the summed BW-T2 components of the echo train, resulting in a difference. Then this difference is distributed across the long T2 components of the combined T2 distribution. This results in getting a final T2 distribution with motion-artifact-reduced short and long T2 components and more correct total porosity. The result may again be improved by using the method of Chen and Georgi 1997 as described in REF1. It can be appreciated that some motion artifacts may not affect the BW T2 components but may affect the CBW T2 components or both. T2 components affected by motion artifacts in the CBW region may be corrected using techniques similar to the above described techniques for correcting motion artifacts in the BW region.

[0064] FIG. 14 is a flow chart for a method 140 for processing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurement data. Block 141 calls for receiving, with a processor, NMR measurement data obtained from an NMR tool, the NMR measurement data being affected by a motion artifact and comprising a first echo train obtained with a long polarization time TW _ff and a second echo train obtained with a short polarization time TWjx that is shorter than TW _ff . Block 142 calls for at least one of (i) reducing, with a processor, an effect on the NMR measurement data of the motion artifact using the first echo train and the second echo train and (ii) identifying, with a processor, the motion artifact using the first echo train and the second echo train, wherein the motion artifact is related to a magnetic field magnitude that varies in a volume of interest due to a motion of the NMR tool. The motion may be due to at least one of radial movement, axial vibration, and rotation with non-axial symmetry of magnetic fields of the NMR tool. The NMR tool may be conveyed through a borehole penetrating an earth formation by a carrier such as a drill tubular. [0065] Regarding the reducing in the method 140, reducing may include using a correcting inversion method that models the motion artifact to provide a corrected transverse relaxation time constant (T2) distribution. The correcting inversion may include using the following multiplicative term:

where Amot represents an amplitude of the motion artifact, Tmot represents a transient time constant of the motion artifact, and t represents time. The reducing may include using the equations (2) when the second echo train is a single echo train and equations (3) when the second echo train includes two echo trains.

[0066] Regarding the identifying in the method 140, identifying may include determining if multi-exponential approximations of T2 distributions of the first echo train and the second echo train obtained using a non-correcting inversion method that does not model the motion artifact provide an indication of incompatibility between the long echo train and the short echo train. The indication of incompatibility may be determined by a user who reviews the multi-exponential approximations and inputs into the identifying processor that there is an indication of incompatibility. In one example, the indication of incompatibility may exist when R is unreasonably high based on the details of the earth formation of interest. Equations (1) may be used for the multi-exponential approximations. Identifying may also include executing an algorithm that provides the indication of incompatibility. In one example of the algorithm, the algorithm may include equations (1). A motion artifact is indicated if either the joint fit of the two equations (1) is bad or the fitted R is excessively high. In another example of the algorithm, the algorithm may include equations (5).

For equations (5) when acquiring the EET, the polarization time is chosen to be long enough to substantially polarize FF and when acquiring the ETL _j the polarization time is chosen to be long enough to substantially polarize BW but not FF. A motion artifact is then detected when the sum of those ^¾ that depend on BW is substantially greater than (e.g., greater by more than 10%) the sum of those Τ^ that depend on BW. The φΕ^ and Τ^ that depend on BW are a subset of all the φΕ^ and φΤ^

[0067] The method 140 may also include providing a corrected T2 distribution by reducing the effect of the motion artifact and then estimating a property of the earth formation using the corrected T2 distribution.

[0068] Motion artifact detection as well as motion artifact correction may be performed either downhole or uphole preferably in real time, or uphole when post processing the NMR data.

[0069] It is noted that under some circumstances the use of term (4) above as a multiplicative term for the correcting inversion may not correct motion artifacts in the latter part of an NMR echo train. The ETi i curve in FIG. 3 A shows a simulated NMR echo train influenced by regular motion. At 0.2 and 0.4 seconds some non- exponential artifacts (local maxima) are visible. The fitted curve with motion correction (FET) follows the average of the ETi _; i curve but does not follow these artifacts. In some instances, these late artifacts may be averaged out by the fitted curve and will only have negligible influence on the inversion result (i.e., T2 distribution). However, data acquired in the field demonstrates that this "averaging out" may not always occur and a late artifact can substantially change the resulting T2 distribution. Accordingly, an enhanced formula is disclosed herein to correct the late artifacts.

[0070] FIG. 15 depicts aspects of an echo train 150 with a single late non-exponential artifact (plateau) 151 circled at the end of the echo train. In this case, the artifact 151 extends to the end of the echo train. In other cases, it may not. In most cases, later artifacts 151 are expected to occur in the latter half of the echo train.

[0071] The inversion procedure tries to fit exponential curves to this non-exponential data of the artifact. As a result, a late T2 peak encircled in FIG. 15 shows up in the T2 distribution because only components with long decay time can mathematically "explain" the T2 curve not going down at the end. Thus, the quality of the multi-exponential fit for the T2 inversion is low, making the inversion result questionable.

[0072] FIG. 17 depicts aspects of an inversion that results after applying correction term (4) as a multiplicative term in the corrective inversion process. After applying the correction term (4), it is noted that the late T2 peak (encircled) is still present. The correction term (4) is a multiplicative exponential decay correcting an artifact at the beginning of the echo train and, therefore, fails to correctly fit the non-exponential late artifact illustrated in FIG. 17.

[0073] Using NMR simulator software, the shape of an echo train was analyzed to determine an influence on it by regular eccentric motion. This echo train signal shape is approximated by a cosine function with additional exponential decay as follows: f(t) = l - A _∞s + A _ms exp 1 (6)

Equation (6) has four parameters - A _cos : cosine amplitude; T _cos : cosine period time; A _exp : exponential decay amplitude; and T _exp : exponential decay time constant. The exponential part accounts for the dephasing, which occurs with motion in general. The cosine term accounts for the periodic motion due to tool rotation.

[0074] FIG. 19 illustrates an example of an echo signal curve with parameters A _cos = 0.1, Jcos = 200ms, A _exp = 0.3, and T _exp = 57ms. When the cosine amplitude A _cos is set to zero as shown in FIG. 20, the curve shape is the same as when the corrective term (4) is used for correction.

[0075] Actual NMR data might show an additional distortion because the tool motion may not be truly regular and the echo trains, which get inverted, are rolling averages of a certain last number of acquisitions. The enhanced motion correction curve shape is therefore generated by calculating many base functions with different periods and averaging them. This way the cosine maxima become broader and start to cancel each other out. The following equation takes into account averaging a select number of period times for equation (6):

Equation (7) uses the following parameters - A _cos : cosine amplitude; T _cos : cosine period time(s); A _exp : exponential decay amplitude; and T _ex : exponential decay time constant.

[0076] The cosine period times can be defined by a minimum and maximum period or an average period with a variation parameter. One variation would be using frequency instead of period. Alternatively, the exponential decay term can be replaced by any other decaying curve shape. [0077] To reduce the amount of parameters to be fitted, simplified versions of equation (7) can be used. For example, certain parameters may be set to zero or a fixed value. Alternatively or in addition, parameters may be set into a fixed relationship. A possible fixed relationship is T _exp = T _cos I 3.5.

[0078] Using the enhanced formula of equation (6), the plateau in the above example data shown in FIG. 15 gets fitted correctly. The corrected fit curve using equation (6) is illustrated in FIG. 22 and does not include the later motion artifact. As illustrated in FIG. 23, the late T2 peak is gone. Another example of a corrected fit curve to correct a later motion artifact is illustrated in FIG. 24.

[0079] In general, an echo train with a short wait time (e.g., a few tenths of a millisecond) may not show these late motion artifacts. Consequently, some late motion artifacts may be corrected using the enhanced formulas of equations (6) and (7) using only an echo train with long polarization time (e.g., 6-20 seconds). In a second step, the short polarization time echo train might be taken into account such as in a separate inversion.

[0080] It can be appreciated that the enhanced formulas of equations (6) and (7) may be more broadly described as an equation having a decay term and a periodic term as follows. f(t) = (periodic term) + (decay term)

Optionally, these enhanced formulas may include a variation of the period of the periodic term as follows.

f(t) = (periodic term having a variable period) + (decay term)

[0081] When in the process of identifying optimum parameters for the shape of the late motion artifact, some environmental parameters might be taken into account. For example, amplitude(s) may be correlated to vibration severity with the presence of washouts. Average period may be correlated to drilling rotational speed (RPM) with the presence of washouts. Period variation may be correlated to drilling rotational speed variations such as those caused by stick-slip. Hence in one or more embodiments, the vibration sensor 14 and/or the rotational speed sensor 15 may provide a signal to the computer processing system 12, which may be configured to adjust the period of the periodic term in the enhanced formulas to coincide with a period of vibration detected by the vibration sensor or a period of rotational speed variation as detected by the rotational speed sensor.

[0082] As discussed above, a joint inversion of several echo trains acquired with different polarization times may be employed and is expected to improve the results. [0083] FIG. 25 is a flow chart for a method 250 for processing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurement data. Block 251 calls for receiving, with a processor, NMR measurement data obtained from an NMR tool, the NMR measurement data having an echo train affected by a motion artifact, wherein the motion artifact is related to a magnetic field magnitude that varies in a volume of interest due to a motion of the NMR tool. In one or more embodiments, the NMR tool may be conveyed through a borehole penetrating an earth formation by a drill string. In one or more embodiments, the echo train includes a single echo train having a long polarization time that is greater than or equal to one second. That is, in one or more embodiments one second is a threshold for distinguishing between short and long wait times. In one or more embodiments, the echo train comprises a first echo train obtained with a long polarization time TW _ET and a second echo train obtained with a short polarization time TW _TL that is shorter than TW^. Block 252 calls for reducing, with the processor, an effect on the NMR measurement data of the motion artifact by using a correcting inversion method that models the motion artifact to provide a corrected transverse relaxation time constant (T2) distribution, the correcting inversion method includes a multiplicative term having (i) a term having at least one local maximum and (ii) an optional decay term. The phrase "a term having at least one local maximum" is intended to be inclusive of a periodic function such as a cosine function or a portion of a periodic function such as one period or less.

[0084] The method 250 may also include receiving a vibration signal from a vibration sensor and adjusting the period time to correspond to a period time of the vibration, the vibration sensor being configured to sense vibration of a drill string. The method 250 may also include receiving a rotational speed signal from a rotational speed sensor and adjusting the period time to correspond to a period time of a rotational speed variation, the rotational speed sensor being configured to sense rotational speed of a drill string.

[0085] The method 250 may also include conveying the NMR tool through a borehole penetrating an earth formation and performing NMR measurements on the earth formation. The method 250 may also include performing an action on the formation using action-related apparatus and a property of the earth formation derived from the NMR measurements. In one or more embodiments, the property is porosity. The porosity may be plotted as a function of location to provide a porosity map. In one or more embodiments, the action is drilling a borehole with a geometry or trajectory that is selected using the porosity map in order to maximize production of hydrocarbons. In this case, the action-related apparatus can be a drill rig.

[0086] Set forth below are some embodiments of the foregoing disclosure:

[0087] Embodiment 1 : A method for processing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurement data, the method comprising: receiving, with a processor, NMR measurement data obtained from an NMR tool, the NMR measurement data comprising an echo train affected by a motion artifact, wherein the motion artifact is related to a magnetic field magnitude that varies in a volume of interest due to a motion of the NMR tool; and reducing, with the processor, an effect on the NMR measurement data of the motion artifact by using a correcting inversion method that models the motion artifact to provide a corrected transverse relaxation time constant (T2) distribution, the correcting inversion method comprising a multiplicative term comprising a term having at least one local maximum and an optional decay term.

[0088] Embodiment 2: The method according to claim 1, wherein the motion artifact is a late motion artifact.

[0089] Embodiment 3 : The method according to claim 2, wherein the late motion artifact appears in a latter half of the echo train.

[0090] Embodiment 4: The method according to claim 1, wherein the decay term comprises:

where t is time, A _exp is an exponential decay amplitude, and T _exp is an exponential decay time constant.

[0091] Embodiment 5 : The method according to claim 1, wherein the periodic term comprises:

where t is time, A _cos is cosine amplitude, and T _cos is cosine period time.

[0092] Embodiment 6: The method according to claim 1, wherein the multiplicative rm comprises: where t is time, A _cos is cosine amplitude, T _cos is cosine period time, A _exp is an exponential decay amplitude, and T _exp is an exponential decay time constant.

[0093] Embodiment 7: The method according to claim 1, further comprising averaging the multiplicative term over different period times to provide an averaged multiplicative term.

[0094] Embodiment 8: The method according to claim 7, wherein the averaged multi licative term comprises:

[0095] Embodiment 9: The method according to claim 1, wherein the echo train comprises a single echo train having a long polarization time that is greater than or equal to one second.

[0096] Embodiment 10: The method according to claim 1, wherein the echo train comprises a first echo train obtained with a long polarization time TW^ and a second echo train obtained with a short polarization time TW _JX that is shorter than TW^.

[0097] Embodiment 1 1 : The method according to claim 1, wherein a period time of the periodic term is constant.

[0098] Embodiment 12: The method according to claim 1, wherein a period time of the periodic term varies.

[0099] Embodiment 13 : The method according to claim 12, further comprising receiving a vibration signal from a vibration sensor and adjusting the period time to correspond to a period time of the vibration, the vibration sensor being configured to sense vibration of a drill string.

[0100] Embodiment 14: The method according to claim 12, further comprising receiving a rotational speed signal from a rotational speed sensor and adjusting the period time to correspond to a period time of a rotational speed variation, the rotational speed sensor being configured to sense rotational speed of a drill string.

[0101] Embodiment 15: The method according to claim 1, wherein the NMR measurement data comprises NMR measurements on an earth formation and the method further comprises performing an action on an earth formation using action-related apparatus and the NMR measurement data having the reduced effect. [0102] Embodiment 16: The method according to claim 1, wherein the term having a local maximum is a periodic function.

[0103] Embodiment 17: A method for performing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements on an earth formation, the method comprising: conveying an NMR tool through a borehole penetrating the earth formation; receiving, with a processor, NMR measurement data obtained from the NMR tool, the NMR measurement data comprising an echo train affected by a motion artifact, wherein the motion artifact is related to a magnetic field magnitude that varies in a volume of interest due to a motion of the NMR tool; and reducing, with the processor, an effect on the NMR measurement data of the motion artifact by using a correcting inversion method that models the motion artifact to provide a corrected transverse relaxation time constant (T2) distribution, the correcting inversion method comprising a multiplicative term comprising a term having at least one local maximum and an optional decay term.

[0104] Embodiment 18: The method according to claim 17, wherein the NMR tool is coupled to a drill string.

[0105] Embodiment 19: A system for processing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurement data, the system comprising: a memory having computer executable instructions; and a processor configured to execute the computer executable instructions, the computer executable instructions comprising: receiving NMR measurement data obtained from an NMR tool, the NMR measurement data comprising an echo train affected by a motion artifact, wherein the motion artifact is related to a magnetic field magnitude that varies in a volume of interest due to a motion of the NMR tool; and reducing an effect on the NMR measurement data of the motion artifact by using a correcting inversion method that models the motion artifact to provide a corrected transverse relaxation time constant (T2) distribution, the correcting inversion method comprising a multiplicative term comprising a term having at least one local maximum and an optional decay term.

[0106] Embodiment 20: The system according to claim 19, wherein the NMR tool is disposed on a drill string and the NMR measurement data comprises NMR measurements on an earth formation, the system further comprising action-related apparatus configured to perform an action on the earth formation using the NMR data with the reduced effect.

[0107] Embodiment 21 : The system according to claim 19, further comprising a vibration sensor configured to sense vibration of the drill string, wherein the computer executable instructions further comprise adjusting the period time to correspond to a period time of the vibration.

[0108] Embodiment 22: The system according to claim 19, further comprising a rotational speed sensor configured to sense rotational speed of the drill string, wherein the computer executable instructions further comprise adjusting the period time to correspond to a period time of a rotational speed variation of the drill string.

[0109] In support of the teachings herein, various analysis components may be used, including a digital and/or an analog system. For example, the downhole electronics 11, the computer processing system 12, or the MR tool 10 may include digital and/or analog systems. The system may have components such as a processor, storage media, memory, input, output, communications link (wired, wireless, pulsed mud, optical or other), user interfaces, software programs, signal processors (digital or analog) and other such

components (such as resistors, capacitors, inductors and others) to provide for operation and analyses of the apparatus and methods disclosed herein in any of several manners well- appreciated in the art. It is considered that these teachings may be, but need not be, implemented in conjunction with a set of computer executable instructions stored on a non- transitory computer readable medium, including memory (ROMs, RAMs), optical (CD- ROMs), or magnetic (disks, hard drives), or any other type that when executed causes a computer to implement the method of the present invention. These instructions may provide for equipment operation, control, data collection and analysis and other functions deemed relevant by a system designer, owner, user or other such personnel, in addition to the functions described in this disclosure.

[0110] Further, various other components may be included and called upon for providing for aspects of the teachings herein. For example, a power supply (e.g., at least one of a generator, a remote supply and a battery), cooling component, heating component, magnet, electromagnet, sensor, electrode, transmitter, receiver, transceiver, antenna, controller, optical unit, electrical unit or electromechanical unit may be included in support of the various aspects discussed herein or in support of other functions beyond this disclosure.

[0111] The term "carrier" as used herein means any device, device component, combination of devices, media and/or member that may be used to convey, house, support or otherwise facilitate the use of another device, device component, combination of devices, media and/or member. Other exemplary non-limiting carriers include drill strings of the coiled tube type, of the jointed pipe type and any combination or portion thereof. Other carrier examples include casing pipes, wirelines, wireline sondes, slickline sondes, drop shots, bottom-hole-assemblies, drill string inserts, modules, internal housings and substrate portions thereof.

[0112] The flow diagrams depicted herein are just examples. There may be many variations to these diagrams or the steps (or operations) described therein without departing from the spirit of the invention. For instance, the steps may be performed in a differing order, or steps may be added, deleted or modified. All of these variations are considered a part of the claimed invention.

[0113] Elements of the embodiments have been introduced with either the articles "a" or "an." The articles are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms "including" and "having" are intended to be inclusive such that there may be additional elements other than the elements listed. The conjunction "or" when used with a list of at least two terms is intended to mean any term or combination of terms. The terms "first," "second" and the like do not denote a particular order, but are used to distinguish different elements.

[0114] While one or more embodiments have been shown and described,

modifications and substitutions may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the present invention has been described by way of illustrations and not limitation.

[0115] It will be recognized that the various components or technologies may provide certain necessary or beneficial functionality or features. Accordingly, these functions and features as may be needed in support of the appended claims and variations thereof, are recognized as being inherently included as a part of the teachings herein and a part of the invention disclosed.

[0116] While the invention has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it will be understood that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications will be appreciated to adapt a particular instrument, situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.