TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates to a thermal management system comprising a fluid cooling circuit comprising a cooling channel in a thermal load arranged to cool to the thermal load. The invention also relates to an electric aircraft comprising a thermal management system.

BACKGROUND ART

All electric equipment generate heat that needs to be taken care of so that the equipment does not overheat and damage the equipment. Over the last decades, more and more transportation has moved away from fossil fuels to electrical propulsion. One of the more recent areas of transportation to move to electrical propulsion is air traffic. Today, work is being done to develop electric aircraft that can carry passengers and cargo and replace current fossil fuel driven aircraft. As in every transportation solution relying on electric power for propulsion, thermal management is important to maintain a good condition on parts of the aircraft that would otherwise be damaged or destroyed by overheating.

US2020/0180771 A1 shows an example of a thermal management system for an electric aircraft. A thermal management system includes a heat source exchanger in thermal communication with an aircraft heat source and a heat sink exchanger in thermal communication with a fan air flow path of an electric propulsion engine. A thermal distribution bus extends from the heat source exchanger to the heat sink exchanger. A control system is operably connected to the thermal management system for selectively thermally coupling the heat sink exchanger with the heat source exchanger.

However, a system according to US2020/0180771 A1 where the fan air flow path of the electric propulsion engine is used to provide cooling to the heat sink exchanger may be less flexible in its design and may therefore not provide enough cooling or may not provide optimal cooling for certain circumstances.

There is thus a need for an improved thermal management system.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of the present disclosure is to provide a thermal management system that seeks to mitigate, alleviate, or eliminate one or more of the above-identified deficiencies in the art and disadvantages singly or in any combination. This object is obtained by a thermal management system comprising a fluid cooling circuit comprising a cooling channel in a thermal load arranged to cool to the thermal load. A cooling pump is arranged to circulate cooling fluid inside the fluid cooling circuit. A heat exchanger is connected between the cooling channel in the thermal load and the cooling pump. The fluid cooling circuit further comprises a heat exchanger by-pass valve connected to the cooling channel in the thermal load and to the cooling pump such that cooling fluid can by-pass the heat exchanger when the by-pass valve is open. The thermal management system further comprises a ram air channel comprising a ram air inlet door, wherein the ram air channel is arranged to provide cooling to the heat exchanger by ram air cooling when the ram air inlet door is open.

An advantage with a thermal management system according to the invention is that it provides an additional source for controlling the temperature of the cooling fluid inside the fluid cooling circuit. By having the possibility to by-pass the heat exchanger using a heat exchanger by-pass valve and having the possibility to increase the cooling by opening a ram air inlet door allowing ram air cooling to the heat exchanger, the thermal management system according to the invention allows for improved control of the thermal management system. The system can also be set-up for a variety of different scenarios and can operate over large ambient temperature ranges.

The thermal management system may further comprise a cabin climate circuit wherein the fluid cooling circuit is arranged to be in thermal connection with the cabin climate circuit. The cabin climate circuit may be arranged to utilize heat from cooling fluid heated from heat exchange with the thermal load to control a cabin temperature. In order to utilise the heat generated by the thermal load and carried by the cooling fluid of the fluid cooling circuit, a cabin climate circuit can be made to be in thermal connection with the fluid cooling circuit. In this way, heated cooling fluid in the fluid cooling circuit can carry heat to the cabin climate circuit, thereby reducing or removing the need for heating of the cabin as is used today.

The cabin climate circuit may be in fluid connection with the fluid cooling circuit, or the cabin climate circuit may be arranged to exchange heat with heated cooling fluid in the fluid cooling circuit. This provides different ways to best transfer the heat from the cooling fluid to the cabin climate circuit and opens up for a flexibility in designs of the fluid cooling circuit and the cabin climate circuit.

The fluid cooling circuit may comprise a flushing inlet fitting and a flushing outlet fitting arranged to connect flushing equipment for flushing the fluid cooling circuit. With regular intervals, the cooling fluid in the cooling fluid circuit needs to be replaced. In order to make replacing the cooling fluid during maintenance easy and time efficient, the fluid cooling circuit may comprise a flushing inlet fitting and a flushing outlet fitting arranged to connect a flushing equipment for flushing the fluid cooling circuit.

The fluid cooling circuit may comprise a cooling inlet fitting and a cooling outlet fitting arranged to connect a cooling arrangement for circulating cooling fluid in the fluid cooling circuit. Under certain circumstances, it is necessary to be able to provide the fluid cooling circuit with means for circulation cooling fluid in the fluid cooling circuit. This is for instance done when heat is generated by the thermal load when there is no power to drive the fluid cooling circuit’s cooling pump. This can be the case when a vehicle comprising a thermal management system is charging.

The thermal load may be an electric motor and at least one motor controller. A thermal management system according to the invention arranged to provide cooling to an electric motor and one or more motor controllers provides for a versatile system for many kinds of applications.

A cooling channel of the electric motor and a cooling channel of at least one motor controller may be connected in series or may be connected in parallel in the fluid cooling circuit. Depending on the construction of the electric motor, it may be beneficial to connect the cooling channels of the electric motor and at least one motor controller in series or in parallel in the fluid cooling circuit. This provides design versatility and the possibility to adapt flow rates and temperatures of the cooling fluid through the electric motor and motor control ler(s).

Opening and closing the ram air inlet door and opening and closing of the heat exchanger bypass valve may be controlled independently or jointly to control a temperature of the cooling fluid. In order to provide a versatile control of the temperature of the cooling fluid, the opening and closing of the heat exchanger by-pass valve and the ram air inlet door may be made independently of each other to better control the temperature of the cooling fluid. For certain applications, the opening and closing of the heat exchanger by-pass valve and the ram air inlet door may be linked such that they open and close together according to pre-set algorithms. This provides an alternative control of the temperature of the cooling fluid.

The ram air inlet door and heat exchanger by-pass valve may be controlled independently or jointly to prevent freezing of the cooling fluid. In one example of temperature control of the cooling fluid, the thermal management system is arranged to prevent freezing of the cooling fluid. Similar to what is described above, the control of the heat exchanger by-pass valve and the ram air inlet door can be controlled independently or linked according to pre-set algorithms.

To prevent freezing of the cooling fluid, the ram air inlet door may reduce the amount of air that enters through the ram door, by closing the ram door partly or completely, and the heat exchanger by-pass valve may at least partially open the by-pass valve to allow heated return fluid to recirculate in the cooling loop when the temperature of the cooling fluid is measured to be within five degrees Celsius from its freezing temperature.

The fluid cooling circuit may be arranged to circulate a cooling fluid being one or more of

Water,

Ethylene glycol,

Silicate ester,

Polyalphaolefin (PAO).

Depending on the heat needed to be carried by the cooling fluid for specific applications, a variety of cooling fluids are conceivable. The list is not to be seen as exhaustive as other cooling fluids may also fulfil the requirements for one or more application.

The invention also relates to an electric aircraft comprising a thermal management system according to the above. An electric aircraft can greatly benefit from a thermal management system according to the invention.

The cabin climate circuit may be an aircraft cabin climate circuit. In this way, an electric aircraft can benefit from the heat generated by the thermal load of the thermal management system such that the aircraft cabin needs less or no heating of its own.

The thermal load may comprise an electric battery arranged in the fuselage of the electric aircraft or in a separate compartment attached to the underside of the fuselage). One example of a thermal load in an electric aircraft benefitting from a thermal management system according to the invention is the electric battery, which generates a large amount of heat during use.

The thermal load may comprise an electric motor and at least one motor controller arranged in a nacelle of the electric aircraft. Another example of a thermal load in an electric aircraft benefitting from a thermal management system according to the invention is the electric motor with one or more associated motor controller, which generates a large amount of heat during use.

The thermal load may comprise a combustion turbine connected to a generator.

In order to extend the range of the electric aircraft, a combustion turbine connected to a generator may be a thermal load suitable for the thermal management system. The generator driven by the combustion turbine may provide additional electric power to one or more of the batteries of the electric aircraft or provide electric power to one or more of the electric motors. In this way, the amount of electric power available can be increased, leading to that the electric aircraft can stay airborne for longer The flushing inlet fitting may be arranged in the nacelle and the flushing outlet fitting may be arranged in the nacelle. This arrangement provides easy access for maintenance crew to flush the fluid cooling circuit and simplifies handling of the flushed cooling fluid to prevent it from spilling.

The cooling inlet fitting may be arranged in the nacelle and the cooling outlet fitting may be arranged in the nacelle and may be arranged to provide cooling fluid to the fluid cooling circuit while the electric aircraft is on the ground. This arrangement provides easy access for maintenance crew, simplifying cooling while the aircraft is on the ground.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing will be apparent from the following more particular description of the example embodiments, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the example embodiments.

Figure 1 schematically shows an overview of a first example embodiment of a thermal management system according to the invention,

Figure 2 schematically shows an overview of a second example embodiment of a thermal management system according to the invention,

Figures 3a and 3b schematically show an overview of a third example embodiment of a thermal management system according to the invention,

Figure 4 schematically shows an overview of a fourth example embodiment of a thermal management system according to the invention,

Figure 5 schematically shows an overview of a fifth example embodiment of a thermal management system according to the invention,

Figure 6 schematically shows an overview of a sixth example embodiment of a thermal management system according to the invention,

Figure 7 schematically shows an overview of an electric aircraft comprising a thermal management system according to the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Aspects of the present disclosure will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. The apparatus disclosed herein can, however, be realized in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the aspects set forth herein. Like numbers in the drawings refer to like elements throughout.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular aspects of the disclosure only and is not intended to limit the invention. As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

The thermal management system according to the disclosure aims at solving the problem of providing a good way to control the temperature of a cooling fluid inside a fluid cooling circuit. To solve this problem, the thermal management system of the disclosure comprises a cooling pump arranged to circulate cooling fluid inside the fluid cooling circuit. A heat exchanger is connected between the cooling channel in the thermal load and the cooling pump. The fluid cooling circuit further comprises a heat exchanger by-pass valve connected to the cooling channel in the thermal load and to the cooling pump such that cooling fluid can by-pass the heat exchanger when the by-pass valve is open.

Figure 1 schematically shows an overview of a first example embodiment of a thermal management system 1 according to the invention. The thermal management system 1 comprises a fluid cooling circuit 2 comprising a cooling channel 3 in a thermal load 4. In figure 1 , the thermal load 4 is generalised to show the layout of the fluid cooling circuit 2. The various parts making up the fluid cooling circuit 2 are known in the art and are not described in detail.

The cooling channel 3 in the thermal load 4 provides cooling fluid to cool to the thermal load 4 such that the thermal management system 1 prevents the internal temperature of the thermal load 4 to exceed its maximum acceptable value. The thermal management system 1 further comprises a cooling pump 5 arranged to circulate cooling fluid inside the fluid cooling circuit 2. A heat exchanger 6 arranged to reduce the temperature of the cooling fluid is connected between the cooling channel 3 in the thermal load 4 and the cooling pump 5. The fluid cooling circuit 2 further comprises a heat exchanger by-pass valve 7 connected to the cooling channel 3 in the thermal load 4 and to the cooling pump 5 such that cooling fluid can by-pass the heat exchanger 6 when the heat exchanger by-pass valve 7 is open. The heat exchanger 6 can be bypassed in case the cooling fluid temperature upstream the heat exchanger 6 is below a predetermined temperature. The thermal management system 1 further comprises a ram air channel 8 comprising a ram air inlet door 9, wherein the ram air channel 8 is arranged to direct ram air entering through the ram air inlet door 9 to provide cooling to the heat exchanger 6 by ram air cooling when the ram air inlet door 9 is open. The thermal management system 1 further comprises a first temperature sensor 10 arranged to measure the temperature of the cooling fluid after it leaves the heat exchanger 6 and before it enters (or upstream) the cooling channel 3 of the thermal load 4. A second temperature sensor 11 is arranged to measure the temperature of the cooling fluid after it leaves (or downstream) the cooling channel 3 of the thermal load 4 and before it enters the cooling pump 5. The thermal management system 1 further comprises a pressure and temperature sensor 12 arranged to measure the pressure and temperature of the cooling fluid after leaving the cooling pump 5 and before (or upstream) the cooling fluid enters the heat exchanger 6 or bypasses the heat exchanger 6 to enter directly into the cooling channel 3 of the thermal load 4. The pressure and temperature sensor 12 also monitors the status/health of the cooling pump 5. The heat exchanger by-pass valve 7 is connected such that the first temperature sensor 10 also measures the temperature of the bypassed cooling fluid. The cooling channels 3 in the thermal load 4 are in one example connected to the rest of the fluid cooling circuit 2 with cooling ports comprising any suitable fitting.

The various sensors 10, 11 , 12 are connected to a controller such as a motor controller. The controller provides the thermal management system 1 with sensor data in order for the thermal management system 1 to control the temperature of the cooling liquid to a set temperature or temperature interval.

The controller controls the opening and closing of the ram air inlet door 9 and the heat exchanger by-pass valve 7 to control the temperature of the cooling fluid. The ram air inlet door 9 and heat exchanger by-pass valve 7 can be controlled independently or jointly. With controlled jointly is meant that opening and closing of one of the ram air inlet door 9 and the heat exchanger bypass valve 7, is determined by the opening and closing of the other. Alternatively, each of the ram air inlet door 9 and heat exchanger by-pass valve 7 can open and close completely independent of each other. The ram air inlet door 9 and by-pass valves are operated using suitable actuators electrically connected to the controller that provides power and open and close control signals to the actuators.

The opening and closing of the ram air inlet door 9 and the heat exchanger by-pass valve 7 can be controlled continuously or stepwise.

In one use example of the thermal management system 1 , the ram air inlet door 9 and heat exchanger by-pass valve 7 are controlled independently or jointly to prevent freezing of the cooling fluid. In order to prevent freezing of the cooling fluid, the ram air inlet door 9 reduces the amount of air that enters through the ram door and passing the heat exchanger 6, by closing the ram air inlet door 9 partly or completely and heat exchanger by-pass valve 7 at least partially opens to allow heated return cooling fluid to recirculate in the cooling fluid circuit when the temperature of the cooling fluid is measured to be within five degrees Celsius from its freezing temperature.

The high-level requirements of the thermal management system 1 is to provide automatic control of the cooling fluid flow and temperature of the thermal load 4. The control, monitoring, indication and fault isolation logics of the thermal management system 1 is implemented within the controller. The controller may be provided with one or more auxiliary controllers, where the controller and auxiliary controller(s) have the capability of control, monitor, provide indication and fault isolation of the components of the thermal management system 1 . Control logic will define which controller that is an “in-control” controller and which controller that is a “stand-by” controller for the thermal management system 1 . The thermal management system 1 further controls the cooling fluid flow and temperature of the thermal management system 1 by control of at least the cooling pump 5, power to the various components of the thermal management system 1 and to the thermal load 4. If an auxiliary cooling pump is used, the thermal management system 1 controls the activation of the cooling pumps and the selection between which cooling pump is the active pump or the stand-by pump.

The thermal management system 1 is arranged to provide information to an avionics system including cockpit indication such as system status, crew alerting system (CAS) status/advisory/caution/warning messages and maintenance messages,

Figure 2 schematically shows an overview of a second example embodiment of a thermal management system 1a according to the invention. In figure 2, the fluid cooling circuit 2 differs from the one in figure 1 in that the thermal load 4 is an electric motor 13 with one associated motor controller 14 connected in series with the electric motor 13. The complete thermal load 4 is indicated by the dashed box around the two components. It is of course possible to have more than one motor controller 14 connected in series with the electric motor 13.

The thermal management system 1a controls the cooling fluid temperature based on information provided by at least the following sensors:

- An internal temperature sensor in each electric motor 13

- An internal temperature sensor in each motor controller 14 The first temperature sensor 10 upstream the thermal load 4

The second temperature sensor 11 downstream the thermal load 4 The pressure and temperature sensor 12 upstream the heat exchanger 6

The electric motor 13 converts high voltage power input from an electric power source into rotational power. The electric motor 13 is of a self-containing design in case of rotor failure and has a full-redundant dual-winding design. Powered by one or more independent motor controllers 14 and converts high voltage DC from battery to high voltage AC to motor. The electric motor 13 comprises means for monitoring the motor information (e.g., rotation direction, position, temperature, etc.).

Figure 3a schematically shows an overview of a third example embodiment of a thermal management system 1b according to the invention. In figure 3a, the fluid cooling circuit 2 differs from the one in figure 2 in that the thermal load 4 is an electric motor 13 with two associated motor controllers 14 connected in parallel with the electric motor 13. More than two associated motor controllers 14 can be connected in parallel with the electric motor 13. The thermal load is indicated by the dashed box around the three components. The fluid cooling circuit 2 is in this example embodiment provided with flow balancing means 15 arranged before the motor controllers 14 such that the flow of cooling fluid entering the fluid channels of the motor controllers 14 can be balanced to provide equal cooling to both motor controllers 14.

Alternatively, as shown in figure 3b the motor controllers 14 can be connected in parallel with each other and the motor controllers 14 in turn is connected in series with the electric motor 13. A further alternative shown in figure 3b is that the thermal management system 1b may comprises an additional thermal load 30 in the form of a combustion turbine connected to a generator. A cooling channel 3 for the combustion turbine and generator is schematically shown in the figure.

Figure 4 schematically shows an overview of a fourth example embodiment of a thermal management system 41 according to the invention. In figure 4, the thermal management system 41 differs from the one in figure 1 in that the thermal management system 41 further comprises a cabin climate circuit 16 comprising a cabin thermally connected to the cabin climate circuit 16. The fluid cooling circuit 2 is arranged to be in thermal connection with the cabin climate circuit 16, in order for the cabin climate circuit 16 to be able to utilize heat from the cooling fluid heated from heat exchange with the thermal load 4. The heat from the thermal load 4 can thus be used to control a cabin temperature. In the example embodiment of figure 4, the cabin climate circuit 16 is in fluid connection with the fluid cooling circuit 2 meaning that cooling fluid is shared between the fluid cooling circuit 2 and the cabin climate cooling circuit.

Figure 5 schematically shows an overview of a fifth example embodiment of a thermal management system 51 according to the invention. In figure 5, the thermal management system 51 differs from the one in figure 4 in that cabin climate circuit 16 comprises a cabin climate heat exchanger 17 arranged to exchange heat with heated cooling fluid in the fluid cooling circuit 2. It is also possible for the cabin climate heat exchanger 17 to be part of the fluid cooling circuit 2 instead. Figure 6 schematically shows an overview of a sixth example embodiment of a thermal management system 61 according to the invention. In figure 6, the fluid cooling circuit 2 of figure 1 is supplemented with a flushing inlet fitting 18 and a flushing outlet fitting 19 arranged to connect flushing equipment for flushing the fluid cooling circuit 2. In figure 6, a cooling inlet fitting 20 and a cooling outlet fitting 21 arranged to connect a cooling arrangement for circulating cooling fluid in the fluid cooling circuit 2 are also shown. For completeness, fluid circuit draining provisions 22 are also shown where the cooling liquid can be drained form.

Depending on design, the thermal management system may be equipped with both or only one of the two fitting types. The flushing inlet fitting 18, flushing outlet fitting 19, cooling inlet fitting 20 and cooling outlet fitting 21 preferably comprise a quick coupling known in the art.

It is to be understood that the fluid cooling circuit 2 and cabin climate circuit 16 of the example embodiments comprise other suitable components such as a secondary cooling pump and other redundancy measures, draining provisions, overpressure protection, filters, accumulators, check valves etc. For simplicity, these are not shown in the figures.

The cooling fluid of the fluid cooling circuit 2 in the example embodiments is one or more of: Water, Ethylene glycol, Silicate ester, Polyalphaolefin (PAO).

Figure 7 schematically shows an overview of an electric aircraft 23 comprising a thermal management system as described above. The electric aircraft 23 in this non-limiting example comprises a fuselage 24 to which two wings 25 and a tail 26 is attached. Underneath the wings 25, four nacelles with propellers 27 are mounted, two on each wing 25. An electric motor 13 and at least one motor controller 14 is arranged in each nacelle 27. To power the electric motors 13, electric batteries 28 are arranged in the lower part of the fuselage 24, or alternatively in a separate compartment attached to the underside of the fuselage 24. Each battery 28 is connected to one electric motor 13 via a battery power distribution unit connected to an inverter. The placements of the batteries 13 in figure 7 is merely illustrative and is not intended to be limiting.

The power distribution unit is connected to the one or more motor controllers 14 that is connected to an electric motor 13 and thereby controls the provision of electric power to the electric motor 13. The batteries may also be arranged in both the wings 25 and in the fuselage 24 of the electric aircraft 23. This is illustrated by a battery 28 in the fuselage of the aircraft in dashed lines. The electric motor 13 drives a propeller with hydro-mechanical or electrical pitch actuation. The propeller is capable of reversing thrust and feathering. In one example, the propellers on each wing 25 are counter-rotating.

In the electric aircraft 23, the thermal load 4 can besides the batteries, comprise the electric motor 13 and the at least one motor controller 14 arranged in the nacelles 27 of the electric aircraft 23. The thermal load 4 may also comprise a combustion turbine connected to a generator arranged to generate energy to support the batteries when providing power to one or more of the electric motors 13. The combustion turbine is arranged to rotate the generator, which in turn provides additional electric power to the electric motors 13. The combustion turbine is connected to a fuel tank and can be run on any suitable fuel. The generator is electrically connected to the battery power distribution unit of each of the four electric motors 13 and is thereby not mechanically connected to the propellers. The battery power distribution units can be arranged to provide power directly from the generator to one or more electric motors 13 or be arranged to provide power to charge one or more batteries. The turbine-generator arrangement may extend the range of the electric aircraft 23 if needed.

The thermal load 4 may additionally comprise one or more of an avionics system thermal load, a cockpit thermal load or a hydraulic system thermal load.

The disclosure relates to a thermal management system comprising a fluid cooling circuit comprising a cooling channel in a thermal load arranged to cool to the thermal load, a cooling pump arranged to circulate cooling fluid inside the fluid cooling circuit, and a heat exchanger connected between the cooling channel in the thermal load and the cooling pump. The fluid cooling circuit further comprises a heat exchanger by-pass valve connected to the cooling channel in the thermal load and to the cooling pump such that cooling fluid can by-pass the heat exchanger when the by-pass valve is open. The thermal management system further comprises a ram air channel comprising a ram air inlet door, wherein the ram air channel is arranged to provide cooling to the heat exchanger by ram air cooling when the ram air inlet door is open. The thermal load is an electric motor with at least two associated motor controllers connected in parallel with the electric motor.

According to some embodiments, the fluid cooling circuit comprises flow balancing means arranged before the motor controllers such that the flow of cooling fluid entering the fluid channels of the motor controllers can be balanced to provide equal cooling to both motor controllers. The flow balancing means may comprise one or more flow control valves.

According to some embodiments, a cooling channel of the electric motor and a cooling channel of the at least two motor controllers are connected in series, or are connected in parallel, in the fluid cooling circuit. According to some embodiments, the fluid cooling circuit comprising a cooling channel in a further thermal load, wherein the further thermal load comprises a combustion turbine connected to a generator.

According to some embodiments, the fluid cooling circuit comprises a flushing inlet fitting and a flushing outlet fitting arranged to connect flushing equipment for flushing the fluid cooling circuit.

According to some embodiments, the fluid cooling circuit comprises a cooling inlet fitting and a cooling outlet fitting arranged to connect a cooling arrangement for circulating cooling fluid in the fluid cooling circuit.

According to some embodiments, opening and closing the ram air inlet door and opening and closing of the heat exchanger by-pass valve are controlled independently or jointly to control a temperature of the cooling fluid.

According to some embodiments, the ram air inlet door and heat exchanger by-pass valve are controlled independently or jointly to prevent freezing of the cooling fluid. In order to prevent freezing of the cooling fluid, the ram air inlet door may reduce the amount of air that enters through the ram door and passing the heat exchanger, by closing the ram air inlet door partly or completely and heat exchanger by-pass valve at least partially opens to allow heated return cooling fluid to recirculate in the cooling fluid circuit when the temperature of the cooling fluid is measured to be within five degrees Celsius from its freezing temperature.

According to some embodiments, the fluid cooling circuit is arranged to circulate a cooling fluid being one or more of water, ethylene glycol, silicate ester, and polyalphaolefin (PAO).

The disclosure also relates to an electric aircraft comprising a thermal management system according to any of the features described above.

According to some embodiments, the thermal load comprises an electric battery arranged in the fuselage of the electric aircraft, or in a separate compartment attached to the underside of the fuselage.

According to some embodiments, the electric motor and the at least two motor controllers are arranged in a nacelle of the electric aircraft.

According to some embodiments, the flushing inlet fitting is arranged in the nacelle and the flushing outlet fitting is arranged in the nacelle.

According to some embodiments, the cooling inlet fitting is arranged in the nacelle and the cooling outlet fitting is arranged in the nacelle, and the cooling inlet fitting and the cooling outlet fitting are arranged to provide cooling fluid to the fluid cooling circuit while the electric aircraft is on the ground. Reference signs mentioned in the claims should not be seen as limiting the extent of the matter protected by the claims, and their sole function is to make claims easier to understand.

As will be realised, the invention is capable of modification in various obvious respects, all without departing from the scope of the appended claims. Accordingly, the drawings and the description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not restrictive.

References:

1. 1a, 1b. Thermal management system

2. Fluid cooling circuit

3. Cooling channel

4. Thermal load

5. Cooling pump

6. Heat exchanger

7. Heat exchanger by-pass valve

8. Ram air channel

9. Ram air inlet door

10. First temperature sensor

11. Second temperature sensor

12. Pressure and temperature sensor

13. Electric motor

14. Motor controller

15. Flow balancing means

16. Cabin climate circuit

17. Cabin climate heat exchanger

18. Flushing inlet fitting

19. Flushing outlet fitting

20. Cooling inlet fitting

21. Cooling outlet fitting

22. Fluid circuit draining provisions

23. Electric aircraft

24. Fuselage

25. Wings

26. Tail

27. Nacelles

28. Batteries

41. Thermal management system with cabin climate circuit

51. Thermal management system with cabin climate heat exchanger

61. Thermal management system with flushing fittings