THIOENO[3,2-B] PYRIDIN-7-AMINE COMPOUNDS FOR

TREATING FAMILIAL DYSAUTONOMIA

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/805,283 filed on February 13, 2019.

STATEMENT OF JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT

The subject matter disclosed was developed and the claimed invention was made by, or on behalf of, one or more parties to a joint research agreement that was in effect on or before the effective filing date of the claimed invention. The claimed invention was made as a result of activities undertaken within the scope of the joint research agreement. The parties of the joint research agreement are PTC Therapeutics, Inc. and The General Hospital Corporation, d/b/a Massachusetts General Hospital.

TECHNICAL FIELD

An aspect of the present description relates to compounds useful for improving pre-mRNA splicing in a cell. In particular, another aspect of the present description relates to substituted thieno[3,2-b]pyridine compounds, forms, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof and methods of use for treating or ameliorating familial dysautonomia.

BACKGROUND

Familial dysautonomia (FD) is a congenital sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN) of the central and peripheral nervous system characterized by widespread sensory and variable autonomic dysfunction. FD affects neuronal development and is associated with progressive neuronal degeneration. Multiple systems are affected resulting in a markedly reduced quality of life and premature death. FD is caused by mutations in the IKBKAP (also referred to as ELP1) gene and in all cases described to date there is at least one allele carrying a T to C mutation at position 6 in intron 20 that results in a unique pattern of tissue- specific exon skipping.

Kinetin derivatives useful for therapeutically targeting pre-mRNA splicing mechanisms and the treatment of FD have been described in International Patent Application No. WO2016/115434, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

All other documents referred to herein are incorporated by reference into the present application as though fully set forth herein. SUMMARY

An aspect of the present description includes compounds comprising, a compound of Formula (I):

or a form thereof, wherein Ri, R ₃ , R ₄ , Rs, and R ₆ are defined herein.

An aspect of the present description includes a method for use of a compound of Formula (I) or a form or composition thereof for treating or ameliorating FD in a subject in need thereof comprising, administering to the subject an effective amount of the compound of Formula (I) or a form or composition thereof.

An aspect of the present description includes a use for a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof for treating or ameliorating FD in a subject in need thereof comprising, administering to the subject an effective amount of the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof.

An aspect of the present description includes a use for a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or ameliorating FD in a subject in need thereof comprising, administering to the subject an effective amount of the medicament.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

An aspect of the present description relates to compounds comprising, a compound of Formula (I):

or a form thereof, wherein:

Ri is phenyl or heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four,

independently selected Ri _a substituents, wherein heteroaryl is a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; Ri _a is cyano, halo, hydroxy, Ci- ₆ alkyl, halo-Ci- ₆ alkyl, or Ci- ₆ alkoxy;

R ₃ is hydrogen, Ci- ₆ alkyl, C _2-6 alkenyl, C _2-6 alkynyl, and Ci- ₆ alkyl-amino,

wherein Ci- ₆ alkyl, C _2-6 alkenyl, and C _2-6 alkynyl is optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _3a substituents, and

wherein each instance of Ci- ₆ alkyl, C _2-6 alkenyl, and C _2-6 alkynyl may optionally

contain a chiral carbon having an (R) or (S) configuration;

R _3a is cyano, halo, hydroxy, oxo, Ci- ₆ alkyl, halo-Ci- ₆ alkyl, Ci- ₆ alkoxy, halo-Ci- 6alkoxy, carboxyl, amino, Ci- ₆ alkoxy-carbonyl, Ci- ₆ alkyl- amino, halo-Ci- ₆ alkyl-amino, (Ci- ₆ alkyl) ₂ -amino, phenyl-amino, heterocyclyl-amino, heteroaryl-amino, phenyl-(Ci- ₆ alkyl)-amino, heterocyclyl-(Ci- ₆ alkyl)-amino, heteroaryl-(Ci- ₆ alkyl)-amino, Ci- ₆ alkyl-thio, Ci- ₆ alkyl-sulfoxyl, and Ci- 6alkyl-sulfonyl,

wherein heterocyclyl is a 3-7 membered monocyclic carbon atom ring structure radical

containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S,

wherein heteroaryl is a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S;

wherein each instance of phenyl, heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one, two, three or four independently selected R _3a’ substituents;

R _3a’ is cyano, halo, hydroxy, Ci- ₆ alkyl, halo-Ci- ₆ alkyl, Ci- ₆ alkoxy, or amino;

R ₄ is hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxy, Ci- ₆ alkyl, halo-Ci- ₆ alkyl, Ci- ₆ alkoxy,

halo-Ci- ₆ alkoxy, amino, Ci- ₆ alkyl-amino, (Ci- ₆ alkyl) ₂ -amino, C _3-i ocycloalkyl, phenyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl,

wherein heterocyclyl is a 3-7 membered monocyclic carbon atom ring structure radical

containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S,

wherein heteroaryl is a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, and wherein each instance of Ci- ₆ alkyl, C _3-i ocycloalkyl, phenyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _4a substituents;

R _4a is cyano, halo, hydroxy, Ci- ₆ alkyl, halo-Ci- ₆ alkyl, or Ci- ₆ alkoxy;

R ₅ is hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxy, Ci- ₆ alkyl, halo-Ci- ₆ alkyl, Ci- ₆ alkoxy,

carbamoyl, C _3-i ocycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, wherein heterocyclyl is a 3-7 membered monocyclic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; and

R ₆ is hydrogen, halo, or Ci- ₆ alkyl;

wherein the form of the compound is selected from the group consisting of a salt, hydrate, solvate, and tautomer form thereof.

One aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein Ri is phenyl or heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four, independently selected Ri _a substituents, wherein heteroaryl is a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein Ri is phenyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four, independently selected Ri _a substituents.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein Ri is phenyl, optionally substituted with one Ri _a substituent.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein Ri is heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four, independently selected Ri _a substituents, wherein heteroaryl is a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein Ri is heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one Ri _a substituent, wherein heteroaryl is a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S.

Another aspect of includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein Ri is heteroaryl selected from furanyl, thiophenyl, 1 /7-pyrazolyl, 1 /7-imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, 1,3-thiazolyl, 1,3-oxazolyl, tetrazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3- thiadiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, benzofuranyl, and quinolinyl, wherein heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four, independently Ri _a substituents.

Another aspect of includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein Ri is heteroaryl selected from furanyl, thiophenyl, 1,3-thiazolyl, and pyridinyl, wherein heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four, independently Ri _a substituents.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein Ri is heteroaryl selected from furan-2-yl, furan-3-yl, thiophen-2-yl, thiophen-3-yl, 1 /7-pyrazol-l -yl, 1 /7-pyrazol-3-yl,

1 /7-pyrazol-4-yl, 1 /7-pyrazol-5-yl, 1 /7-imidazol- 1 -yl, 1 /7-imidazol-4-yl, isoxazol-3-yl, isoxazol-4-yl, isoxazol-5-yl, l,3-thiazol-2-yl, l,3-thiazol-4-yl, l,3-thiazol-5-yl, l,3-oxazol-2- yl, l,3-oxazol-4-yl, l,3-oxazol-5-yl, l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl, l,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl, tetrazol-5-yl, l,2,3-triazol-4-yl, l,2,3-triazol-5-yl, l,2,3-thiadiazol-4-yl, l,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, pyridin-4-yl, pyrimidin-4-yl, pyrazin-2-yl, pyridazin-3-yl, pyridazin-4-yl, benzofuran-2-yl, benzofuran-5-yl, and quinoline-4-yl, wherein, heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four, independently Ri _a substituents.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein Ri is heteroaryl selected from furan-2-yl, thiophen-2-yl, l,3-thiazol-2-yl, and pyridin-4-yl, wherein heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four, independently Ri _a substituents.

One aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein Ri _a is cyano, halo, hydroxy, Ci- ₆ alkyl, halo-Ci- ₆ alkyl, or Ci- ₆ alkoxy.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein Ri _a is halo.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein Ri _a is halo selected from fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein Ri _a is fluoro.

One aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is hydrogen, Ci- ₆ alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, or Ci- ₆ alkyl- amino,

wherein each instance of Ci- ₆ alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, and C2-6alkynyl is optionally

substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3 _a substituents, and

wherein each instance of Ci- ₆ alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, and C2-6alkynyl may optionally contain a chiral carbon having an (R) or (S) configuration.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is hydrogen, Ci- ₆ alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, or C2-6alkynyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four, independently selected R3 _a substituents, wherein Ci- ₆ alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, or C2-6alkynyl may optionally contain a chiral carbon having an (R) or (S) configuration.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is hydrogen.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is Ci- ₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four, independently selected R3 _a substituents, and wherein, Ci- ₆ alkyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (R) or (S) configuration.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is Ci- ₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3 _a substituents.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is Ci- ₆ alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, and hexyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3 _a substituents. Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₃ is Ci-6alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and pentyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _3a substituents.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₃ is Ci-6alkyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _3a substituents, and wherein Ci-6alkyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (R) configuration.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₃ is Ci-6alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, and hexyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _3a substituents, and wherein Ci-6alkyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (R) configuration.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₃ is Ci-6alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and pentyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _3a substituents, and wherein Ci-6alkyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (R) configuration.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₃ is Ci-6alkyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _3a substituents, and wherein Ci-6alkyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (S) configuration.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₃ is Ci-6alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, and hexyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _3a substituents, and wherein Ci-6alkyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (S) configuration.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₃ is Ci-6alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and pentyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _3a substituents, and wherein Ci-6alkyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (S) configuration.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₃ is C _2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four, independently selected R _3a substituents, and wherein, C _2-6 alkenyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (R) or (S)

configuration.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₃ is C _2-6 alkenyl selected from ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, and heptenyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _3a substituents.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₃ is butenyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _3a substituents. Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₃ is C _2-6 alkenyl selected from ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, and heptenyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _3a substituents, and wherein C _2-6 alkenyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (R) configuration.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₃ is butenyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _3a substituents, and wherein C _2-6 alkenyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (R) configuration.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₃ is C _2-6 alkynyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four, independently selected R _3a substituents, and wherein, C _2-6 alkynyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (R) or (S)

configuration.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₃ is C _2-6 alkenyl selected from ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, and heptenyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _3a substituents, and wherein C _2-6 alkenyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (S) configuration.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₃ is butenyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _3a substituents, and wherein C _2-6 alkenyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (S) configuration.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₃ is C _2-6 alkynyl selected from ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, and heptynyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _3a substituents.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₃ is butynyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _3a substituents.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₃ is C _2-6 alkynyl selected from ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, and heptynyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _3a substituents, and wherein C _2-6 alkynyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (R) configuration.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₃ is butynyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _3a substituents, and wherein C _2-6 alkynyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (R) configuration.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₃ is C _2-6 alkynyl selected from ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, and heptynyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _3a substituents, and wherein C _2-6 alkynyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (S) configuration. Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₃ is butynyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _3a substituents, and wherein C _2-6 alkynyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (S) configuration.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₃ is Ci-6alkyl-amino, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four, independently selected R _3a substituents, and wherein, Ci-6alkyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (R) or (S) configuration.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₃ is Ci-6alkyl-amino, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _3a substituents.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₃ is Ci-6alkyl-amino, wherein Ci-6alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec -butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _3a substituents.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₃ is Ci-6alkyl-amino, wherein Ci-6alkyl is propyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _3a substituents.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₃ is Ci-6alkyl-amino, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _3a substituents, and wherein Ci-6alkyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (R) configuration.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₃ is Ci-6alkyl-amino, wherein Ci-6alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec -butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _3a substituents, and wherein Ci-6alkyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (R) configuration.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₃ is Ci-6alkyl-amino, wherein Ci-6alkyl is propyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _3a substituents, and wherein Ci-6alkyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (R) configuration.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₃ is Ci-6alkyl-amino, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _3a substituents, and wherein Ci-6alkyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (S) configuration.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₃ is Ci-6alkyl-amino, wherein Ci-6alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec -butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _3a substituents, and wherein Ci- ₆ alkyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (S) configuration.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is Ci- ₆ alkyl-amino, wherein Ci- ₆ alkyl is propyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3 _a substituents, and wherein Ci- ₆ alkyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (S) configuration.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is C3-iocycloalkyl selected from cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cylcohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three or four independently selected R3 _a substituents.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is cyclopropyl or cyclopentyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three or four independently selected R3 _a substituents.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four, independently selected R3 _a substituents, wherein heterocyclyl is a 3-7 membered monocyclic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, and wherein heterocyclyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (R) or (S) configuration.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is heterocyclyl selected from azetidinyl, oxetanyl, pyrazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, oxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 2H-pyranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, morpholinyl, 1,3-oxazinanyl, and azepanyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3 _a substituents.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is azetidinyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3 _a substituents.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is heterocyclyl selected from azetidin-2-yl, azetidin-3-yl, oxetan-2-yl, oxetan-3-yl, pyrazolidine-l-yl, pyrazolidine-2-yl, pyrazolidine-3-yl, pyrazolidine-4-yl, pyrazolidine-5-yl, tetrahydrofuran-1- yl, tetrahydrofuran-2-yl, oxazolidin-2-yl, oxazolidin-4-yl, oxazolidine-5-yl, thiazolidin-2-yl, thiazolidin-4-yl, thiazolidin-5-yl, isothiazolidin-3-yl, isothiazolidin-4-yl, isothiazolidin-5-yl, pyrrolidin-2-yl, pyrrolidin-3-yl, piperidin-l-yl, piperidin-2-yl, piperidin-3-yl, piperidin-4-yl, piperazin-l-yl, piperazin-2-yl, piperazin-3-yl, 2H-pyran-2-yl, 2H-pyran-3-yl, 2H-pyran-4-yl, 2H-pyran-5-yl, 2H-pyran-6-yl, tetrahydropyran-2-yl, tetrahydropyran-3-yl, tetrahydropyran- 4-yl, morpholin-2-yl, morpholin-3-yl, morpholin-4-yl, l,3-oxazinan-2-yl, l,3-oxazinan-3-yl, l,3-oxazinan-4-yl, azepan-l-yl, azepan-2-yl, azepan-3-yl, and azepan-4-yl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _3a substituents.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₃ is azetidin-3-yl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _3a substituents.

One aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a is cyano, halo, hydroxy, oxo, Ci-6alkyl, halo-Ci-6alkyl, Ci-6alkoxy, halo-Ci-6alkoxy, carboxyl, amino, Ci-6alkoxy-carbonyl, Ci-6alkyl-amino, halo-Ci-6alkyl-amino, (Ci- ₆ alkyl) ₂ -amino, phenyl-amino, heterocyclyl-amino, heteroaryl-amino, phenyl-(Ci-6alkyl)-amino, heterocyclyl-(Ci-6alkyl)-amino, heteroaryl- (Ci-6alkyl)-amino, Ci-6alkyl-thio, Ci-6alkyl-sulfoxyl, or Ci-6alkyl-sulfonyl wherein each instance of C _3-i ocycloalkyl, phenyl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one, two, three or four independently selected R _3a’ substituents.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a is cyano, halo, hydroxy, oxo, Ci-6alkyl, Ci-6alkoxy, halo-Ci-6alkoxy, carboxyl, amino, Ci- 6alkoxy-carbonyl, Ci-6alkyl-amino, halo-Ci-6alkyl-amino, (Ci- ₆ alkyl) ₂ -amino, phenyl-amino, heteroaryl-amino, phenyl-(Ci-6alkyl)-amino, heterocyclyl- (Ci-6alkyl)-amino, heteroaryl-(Ci-6alkyl)-amino, Ci-6alkyl-thio, Ci-6alkyl-sulfoxyl, or Ci-6alkyl-sulfonyl, wherein heterocyclyl is a 3-7 membered monocyclic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1 -3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein heteroaryl is a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1 -3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, and wherein each instance of C _{3- l} ocycloalkyl, phenyl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one, two, three or four independently selected R _3a’ substituents.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a is cyano.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a is halo selected from fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a is fluoro.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a is hydroxy.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a is oxo.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a is Ci-6alkyl selected from Ci-6alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, and hexyl. Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a is Ci-6alkyl selected from methyl and isopropyl.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a is Ci-6alkoxy selected from methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, sec-butoxy, iso-butoxy, tert- butoxy, pentoxy, and hexyloxy.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a methoxy.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a is halo-Ci-6alkoxy wherein Ci-6alkoxy is selected from methoxy, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, sec-butoxy, iso-butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentoxy, and hexyloxy partially or completely substituted with one or more halogen atoms where allowed by available valences.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a is halo-Ci-6alkoxy, wherein Ci-6alkoxy is methoxy substituted with three fluorine atoms.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a is carboxyl.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a is amino.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a is Ci-6alkoxy- carbonyl wherein Ci-6alkoxy is selected from methoxy, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, sec-butoxy, iso-butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentoxy, and hexyloxy.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a is Ci-6alkoxy- carbonyl wherein Ci-6alkoxy is methoxy.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a is Ci-6alkyl-amino, wherein Ci-6alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec -butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a is Ci-6alkyl-amino, wherein Ci-6alkyl is methyl.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a is halo-Ci- 6alkyl-amino, wherein Ci-6alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec- butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl partially or completely substituted with one or more halogen atoms where allowed by available valences.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a is halo-Ci- 6alkyl-amino, wherein Ci-6alkyl is methyl substituted with three fluorine atoms.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a is (Ci- ₆ alkyl) ₂ -amino, wherein Ci-6alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec- butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl. Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 _a is (Ci- 6alkyl)2-amino, wherein Ci- ₆ alkyl is methyl.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 _a is phenyl-amino, wherein phenyl is optionally substituted with one, two, three or four independently selected R3 _a’ substituents.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 _a is phenyl-amino wherein phenyl is optionally substituted with one independently selected R3 _a’ substituents.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 _a is heteroaryl-amino, wherein heteroaryl is a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one, two, three or four independently selected R3 _a’ substituents.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 _a is heteroaryl-amino, wherein heteroaryl is selected from furanyl, thiophenyl, 1 /7-pyrazolyl, 1 /7-imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, 1,3-thiazolyl, 1,3-oxazolyl, tetrazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl,

1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, benzofuranyl, and quinolinyl, wherein heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one, two, three or four independently selected R3 _a’ substituents.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 _a is heteroaryl-amino, wherein heteroaryl is selected 1 /7-pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, and pyrazinyl, wherein each instance is optionally substituted with one, two, three or four independently selected R3 _a’ substituents.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 _a is phenyl- (Ci- ₆ alkyl)-amino, wherein Ci- ₆ alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, and hexyl, wherein phenyl is phenyl is optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3 _a’ substituents.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 _a is phenyl- (Ci- ₆ alkyl)-amino, wherein Ci- ₆ alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, and hexyl, wherein phenyl is phenyl is optionally substituted with one independently selected R3 _a’ substituents.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 _a is phenyl- (Ci- ₆ alkyl)-amino, wherein Ci- ₆ alkyl is methyl.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 _a is Ci- ₆ alkyl-thio, wherein Ci- ₆ alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec -butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl. Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a is Ci-6alkyl-thio, wherein Ci-6alkyl is methyl.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a is Ci-6alkyl-sulfoxyl, wherein Ci-6alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec -butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a is Ci-6alkyl-sulfoxyl, wherein Ci-6alkyl is methyl.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a is Ci-6alkyl-sulfonyl, wherein Ci-6alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec -butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a is Ci-6alkyl-sulfonyl, wherein Ci-6alkyl is methyl.

One aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a’ is cyano, halo, hydroxy, Ci-6alkyl, halo-Ci-6alkyl, Ci-6alkoxy, or amino.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a’ is halo or Ci-6alkyl.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a’ is cyano.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a’ is halo selected from fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a’ is fluoro or chloro.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a’ is Ci-6alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, and hexyl.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a’ is from methyl.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a’ is Ci-6alkoxy selected from methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, sec-butoxy, iso-butoxy, tert- butoxy, pentoxy, and hexyloxy.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a’ is methoxy.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a’ is amino.

One aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₄ is hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxy, Ci-6alkyl, halo-Ci-6alkyl, Ci-6alkoxy, halo-Ci-6alkoxy, amino, Ci-6alkyl-amino, (Ci- ₆ alkyl) ₂ -amino, C _3-i ocycloalkyl, phenyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl, wherein heterocyclyl is a 3 -7 membered monocyclic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1 -3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein heteroaryl is a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1 -3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, and wherein each instance of Ci- ₆ alkyl, C _3-i ocycloalkyl, phenyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _4a substituents.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₄ is hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxy, Ci- ₆ alkyl, halo-Ci- ₆ alkoxy, or C _3-i ocycloalkyl, wherein Ci- ₆ alkyl or C _{3- l} ocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _4a substituents.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₄ is hydrogen.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₄ is cyano.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₄ is halo selected from fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₄ is halo selected from chloro and bromo.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₄ is hydroxy.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₄ is Ci- ₆ alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, and hexyl, wherein Ci- ₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _4a substituents.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₄ is methyl optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _4a substituents.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₄ is halo-Ci- ₆ alkoxy wherein Ci- ₆ alkoxy is selected from methoxy, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, sec-butoxy, iso-butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentoxy, and hexyloxy partially or completely substituted with one or more halogen atoms where allowed by available valences.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R _3a is halo-Ci- ₆ alkoxy, wherein Ci- ₆ alkoxy is methoxy substituted with two fluorine atoms.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₄ is C _3-i ocycloalkyl, wherein C _3-i ocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _4a substituents.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₄ is C _3-i ocycloalkyl selected from cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cylcohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _4a substituents.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₄ is cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R _4a substituents. One aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R4 _a is cyano, halo, hydroxy, Ci- ₆ alkyl, halo-Ci- ₆ alkyl, or Ci- ₆ alkoxy.

One aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R5 is hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxy, Ci- ₆ alkyl, halo-Ci- ₆ alkyl, Ci- ₆ alkoxy, carbamoyl, C3-iocycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, wherein heterocyclyl is a 3-7 membered monocyclic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R5 is hydrogen, cyano, halo, or Ci- ₆ alkyl.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R5 is hydrogen.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R5 is cyano.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R5 is halo selected from fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R5 is chloro.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R5 is Ci- ₆ alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, and hexyl.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R5 is methyl.

One aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₆ is hydrogen, halo, or Ci- ₆ alkyl.

Another aspect includes a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ₆ is hydrogen.

One aspect of the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof includes a compound selected from the group consisting of:

wherein the form of the compound is selected from the group consisting of a salt, hydrate, solvate, and tautomer form thereof.

An aspect the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof (wherein compound number (#') indicates that the salt form was isolated) includes a compound selected from the group consisting of:

wherein the form of the compound is selected from the group consisting of a salt, hydrate, solvate, and tautomer form thereof.

Another aspect of the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is a compound salt selected from the group consisting of:

wherein the form of the compound is selected from the group consisting of a salt, hydrate, solvate, and tautomer.

The present application further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The present application further provides a method of treating familial dysautonomia, a disease of the central and peripheral nervous system associated with one or more pre-mRNA splicing defects in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound provided herein, or a

pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Methods and materials are described herein for use in the present invention; other, suitable methods and materials known in the art can also be used.

The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. All publications, patent applications, patents, sequences, database entries, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control.

CHEMICAL DEFINITIONS The chemical terms used above and throughout the description herein, unless specifically defined otherwise, shall be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to have the following indicated meanings. As used herein, the term“Ci- ₆ alkyl” generally refers to saturated hydrocarbon radicals having from one to eight carbon atoms in a straight or branched chain configuration, including, but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl (also referred to as propyl or propanyl), isopropyl, n-butyl (also referred to as butyl or butanyl), isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl (also referred to as pentyl or pentanyl), n-hexyl (also referred to as hexyl or hexanyl), and the like. In certain aspects, Ci- ₆ alkyl includes, but is not limited to, Ci- ₆ alkyl, Ci- ₄ alkyl and the like. A Ci- ₆ alkyl radical is optionally substituted with substituent species as described herein where allowed by available valences.

As used herein, the term“hetero-Ci- ₆ alkyl” generally refers to saturated hydrocarbon radicals having from one to six carbon atoms in a straight or branched chain configuration, in which one or more heteroatoms, such as an O, S or N atom, are members in the chain, including, but not limited to, but not limited to, hetero-methyl, hetero-ethyl, hetero-propyl, hetero-butyl, hetero-pentyl, hetero-hexyl and the like. In certain aspects, hetero-Ci- ₆ alkyl includes, but is not limited to, hetero-C _2-6 alkyl, hetero-Ci- ₄ alkyl, hetero-C _2-4 alkyl and the like. A hetero-Ci- ₆ alkyl radical is optionally substituted with substituent species as described herein where allowed by available valences.

As used herein, the term“C _2-6 alkenyl” generally refers to partially unsaturated hydrocarbon radicals having from two to eight carbon atoms in a straight or branched chain configuration and one or more carbon-carbon double bonds therein, including, but not limited to, ethenyl (also referred to as vinyl), allyl, propenyl and the like. In certain aspects, C _{2- 6} alkenyl includes, but is not limited to, C _2-6 alkenyl, C _2-4 alkcnyl and the like. A C _2-6 alkenyl radical is optionally substituted with substituent species as described herein where allowed by available valences.

As used herein, the term“C _2-6 alkynyl” generally refers to partially unsaturated hydrocarbon radicals having from two to eight carbon atoms in a straight or branched chain configuration and one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds therein, including, but not limited to, ethynyl (also referred to as acetylenyl), propynyl, butynyl and the like. In certain aspects, C _2-6 alkynyl includes, but is not limited to, C _2-6 alkynyl, C _2-4 alkynyl and the like. A C _{2- 6} alkynyl radical is optionally substituted with substituent species as described herein where allowed by available valences.

As used herein, the term“Ci- ₆ alkoxy” generally refers to saturated hydrocarbon radicals having from one to eight carbon atoms in a straight or branched chain configuration of the formula: -0-Ci- ₆ alkyl, including, but not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, isobutoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, n-pentoxy, n-hexoxy and the like. In certain aspects, Ci- ₆ alkoxy includes, but is not limited to, Ci- ₆ alkoxy, Ci-4alkoxy and the like. A Ci- ₆ alkoxy radical is optionally substituted with substituent species as described herein where allowed by available valences.

As used herein, the term "oxo" refers to a radical of the formula: =0.

As used herein, the term "carboxyl" refers to a radical of the formula: -COOH, - C(0)OH or -COiH.

As used herein, the term "Ci- ₆ alkoxy-carbonyl " refers to a radical of the

formula: -COO- Ci- ₆ alkyl, -C(0)0-Ci- ₆ alkyl or -C0 ₂ -Ci- ₆ alkyl.

As used herein, the term "carbamoyl" refers to a radical of the formula: -C(0)NH ₂ .

As used herein, the term“C3-iocycloalkyl” generally refers to a saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic hydrocarbon radical, including, but not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, 1 /7-indanyl, indenyl, tetrahydro-naphthalenyl and the like. In certain aspects, C3- _l ocycloalkyl includes, but is not limited to, Gvxcycloalkyl, Cs-scycloalkyl, C3-iocycloalkyl and the like. A C3-iocycloalkyl radical is optionally substituted with substituent species as described herein where allowed by available valences.

As used herein, the term“aryl” generally refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical, including, but not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, fluorenyl, azulenyl, phenanthrenyl and the like. An aryl radical is optionally substituted with substituent species as described herein where allowed by available valences.

As used herein, the term“heteroaryl” generally refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical in which one or more carbon atom ring members have been replaced, where allowed by structural stability, with one or more heteroatoms, such as an O, S or N atom, including, but not limited to, furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, 1,3-thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, indolyl, indazolyl, indolizinyl, isoindolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoimidazolyl, 1,3-benzothiazolyl, 1,3-benzoxazolyl, purinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl and the like. A heteroaryl radical is optionally substituted on a carbon or nitrogen atom ring member with substituent species as described herein where allowed by available valences.

In certain aspects, the nomenclature for a heteroaryl radical may differ, such as in non-limiting examples where furanyl may also be referred to as furyl, thiophenyl may also be referred to as thienyl , pyridinyl may also be referred to as pyridyl, benzothiophenyl may also be referred to as benzothienyl and 1,3-benzoxazolyl may also be referred to as

1 ,3-benzooxazolyl.

In certain other aspects, the term for a heteroaryl radical may also include other regioisomers, such as in non-limiting examples where the term pyrrolyl may also include 2 //-pyrrolyl, 3 //-pyrrolyl and the like, the term pyrazolyl may also include 1 //-pyrazolyl and the like, the term imidazolyl may also include 1 //-imidazolyl and the like, the term triazolyl may also include l/ -l,2,3-triazolyl and the like, the term oxadiazolyl may also include 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl and the like, the term tetrazolyl may also include l/Z-tetrazolyl, 2/ -tetrazolyl and the like, the term indolyl may also include 1 //-indolyl and the like, the term indazolyl may also include l/Z-indazolyl, 2/ -indazolyl and the like, the term benzoimidazolyl may also include l/Z-benzoimidazolyl and the term purinyl may also include 9/ -purinyl and the like.

As used herein, the term“heterocyclyl” generally refers to a saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic carbon atom ring structure radical in which one or more carbon atom ring members have been replaced, where allowed by structural stability, with a heteroatom, such as an O, S or N atom, including, but not limited to, oxiranyl, oxetanyl, azetidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, isoxazolinyl, isoxazolidinyl, isothiazolinyl, isothiazolidinyl, oxazolinyl, oxazolidinyl, thiazolinyl, thiazolidinyl, triazolinyl, triazolidinyl, oxadiazolinyl, oxadiazolidinyl, thiadiazolinyl, thiadiazolidinyl, tetrazolinyl, tetrazolidinyl, pyranyl, dihydro-2/ -pyranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, thiopyranyl, 1,3-dioxanyl, 1,3-oxazinanyl, 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, 1,4-diazepanyl, 1,3-benzodioxolyl, 1,4-benzodioxanyl and the like. A heterocyclyl radical is optionally substituted on a carbon or nitrogen atom ring member with substituent species as described herein where allowed by available valences.

As used herein, the term“Ci- ₆ alkyl-amino” refers to a radical of the

formula: -NH-Ci- ₆ alkyl.

As used herein, the term“halo-Ci- ₆ alkyl-amino” refers to a radical of the

formula: -NH-Ci- ₆ alkyl, wherein Ci- ₆ alkyl is partially or completely substituted with one or more halogen atoms where allowed by available valences.

As used herein, the term“(Ci-6alkyl)2-amino” refers to a radical of the

formula: -N(Ci-6alkyl)2. As used herein, the term“Ci- ₆ alkyl-carboxyl-amino” refers to a radical of the formula: -NH-C(O)-.

As used herein, the term“aryl-amino” refers to a radical of the formula: -NH-aryl.

As used herein, the term“heterocyclyl-amino” refers to a radical of the

formula: -NH-heterocyclyl.

As used herein, the term“hetero aryl- amino” refers to a radical of the

formula: -NH-heteroaryl.

As used herein, the term“aryl- (Ci- ₆ alkyl)- amino” refers to a radical of the

formula: -N(Ci- ₆ alkyl)-aryl.

As used herein, the term“heterocyclyl-(Ci- ₆ alkyl)-amino” refers to a radical of the formula: -N(Ci- ₆ alkyl)-heterocyclyl.

As used herein, the term“hetero aryl- (Ci- ₆ alkyl)- amino” refers to a radical of the formula: -N(Ci- ₆ alkyl)-heteroaryl.

As used herein, the term“Ci- ₆ alkyl-thio” refers to a radical of the formula: -S-Ci-

₆ alkyl.

As used herein, the term "Ci- ₆ alkyl-sulfoxyl" refers to a radical of the

formula: -S(0)-Ci- ₆ alkyl.

As used herein, the term "Ci- ₆ alkyl-sulfonyl" refers to a radical of the

formula: -S0 ₂ -Ci- ₆ alkyl.

As used herein, the term“halo” or“halogen” generally refers to a halogen atom radical, including fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo.

As used herein, the term“halo-Ci- ₆ alkoxy” refers to a radical of the

formula: -0-Ci- ₆ alkyl-halo, wherein Ci- ₆ alkyl is partially or completely substituted with one or more halogen atoms where allowed by available valences.

As used herein, the term“halo-Ci- ₆ alkyl” refers to a radical of the

formula: -Ci- ₆ alkyl-halo, wherein Ci- ₆ alkyl is partially or completely substituted with one or more halogen atoms where allowed by available valences.

As used herein, the term“hydroxy” refers to a radical of the formula: -OH.

As used herein, the term“hydroxy-Ci- ₆ alkyl” refers to a radical of the

formula: -Ci- ₆ alkyl-OH, wherein Ci- ₆ alkyl is partially or completely substituted with one or more hydroxy radicals where allowed by available valences.

As used herein, the term“substituent” means positional variables on the atoms of a core molecule that are substituted at a designated atom position, replacing one or more hydrogens on the designated atom, provided that the designated atom’s normal valency is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a stable compound. Combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds. A person of ordinary skill in the art should note that any carbon as well as heteroatom with valences that appear to be unsatisfied as described or shown herein is assumed to have a sufficient number of hydrogen atom(s) to satisfy the valences described or shown. In certain instances, one or more substituents having a double bond (e.g.,“oxo” or “=0”) as the point of attachment may be described, shown or listed herein within a substituent group, wherein the structure may only show a single bond as the point of attachment to the core structure of Formula (I). A person of ordinary skill in the art would understand that, while only a single bond is shown, a double bond is intended for those substituents.

As used herein, the term“and the like,” with reference to the definitions of chemical terms provided herein, means that variations in chemical structures that could be expected by one skilled in the art include, without limitation, isomers (including chain, branching or positional structural isomers), hydration of ring systems (including saturation or partial unsaturation of monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic ring structures) and all other variations where allowed by available valences which result in a stable compound.

For the purposes of this description, where one or more substituent variables for a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof encompass functionalities incorporated into a compound of Formula (I), each functionality appearing at any location within the disclosed compound may be independently selected, and as appropriate, independently and/or optionally substituted.

As used herein, the terms“independently selected,” or“each selected” refer to functional variables in a substituent list that may occur more than once on the structure of Formula (I), the pattern of substitution at each occurrence is independent of the pattern at any other occurrence. Further, the use of a generic substituent variable on any formula or structure for a compound described herein is understood to include the replacement of the generic substituent with species substituents that are included within the particular genus, e.g., aryl may be replaced with phenyl or naphthalenyl and the like, and that the resulting compound is to be included within the scope of the compounds described herein.

As used herein, the terms“each instance of’ or“in each instance, when present,” when used preceding a phrase such as“...C _3-i ocycloalkyl, C _3-i ocycloalkyl-Ci- ₄ alkyl, aryl, aryl-Ci- ₄ alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-Ci- ₄ alkyl, heterocyclyl and heterocyclyl-Ci- ₄ alkyl,” are intended to refer to the C3-iocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl ring systems when each are present either alone or as a substituent.

As used herein, the term“optionally substituted” means optional substitution with the specified substituent variables, groups, radicals or moieties.

COMPOUND FORMS

As used herein, the term“form” means a compound of Formula (I) having a form selected from the group consisting of a free acid, free base, salt, hydrate, solvate, racemate, enantiomer, diastereomer, stereoisomer, and tautomer form thereof.

In certain aspects described herein, the form of the compound of Formula (I) is a free acid, free base or salt thereof.

In certain aspects described herein, the form of the compound of Formula (I) is a salt thereof.

In certain aspects described herein, the form of the compound of Formula (I) is a stereoisomer, racemate, enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.

In certain aspects described herein, the form of the compound of Formula (I) is a tautomer thereof.

In certain aspects described herein, the form of the compound of Formula (I) is a pharmaceutically acceptable form.

In certain aspects described herein, the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is isolated for use.

As used herein, the term“isolated” means the physical state of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof after being isolated and/or purified from a synthetic process ( e.g ., from a reaction mixture) or natural source or combination thereof according to an isolation or purification process or processes described herein or which are well known to the skilled artisan (e.g., chromatography, recrystallization and the like) in sufficient purity to be characterized by standard analytical techniques described herein or well known to the skilled artisan.

As used herein, the term“protected” means that a functional group in a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is in a form modified to preclude undesired side reactions at the protected site when the compound is subjected to a reaction. Suitable protecting groups will be recognized by those with ordinary skill in the art as well as by reference to standard textbooks such as, for example, T.W. Greene et al, Protective Groups in organic Synthesis (1991), Wiley, New York. Such functional groups include hydroxy, phenol, amino and carboxylic acid. Suitable protecting groups for hydroxy or phenol include trialkylsilyl or diarylalkylsilyl (e.g., t-butyldimethylsilyl, t-butyldiphenylsilyl or trimethylsilyl),

tetrahydropyranyl, benzyl, substituted benzyl, methyl, methoxymethanol, and the like.

Suitable protecting groups for amino, amidino and guanidino include t-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, and the like. Suitable protecting groups for carboxylic acid include alkyl, aryl or arylalkyl esters. In certain instances, the protecting group may also be a polymer resin, such as a Wang resin or a 2-chlorotrityl-chloride resin. Protecting groups may be added or removed in accordance with standard techniques, which are well-known to those skilled in the art and as described herein. It will also be appreciated by those skilled in the art, although such protected derivatives of compounds described herein may not possess pharmacological activity as such, they may be administered to a subject and thereafter metabolized in the body to form compounds described herein which are pharmacologically active. Such derivatives may therefore be described as "prodrugs". All prodrugs of compounds described herein are included within the scope of the use described herein.

As used herein, the term“prodrug” means a form of an instant compound (e.g., a drug precursor) that is transformed in vivo to yield an active compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof. The transformation may occur by various mechanisms (e.g., by metabolic and/or non-metabolic chemical processes), such as, for example, by hydrolysis and/or metabolism in blood, liver and/or other organs and tissues. A discussion of the use of prodrugs is provided by T. Higuchi and W. Stella,“Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems,” Vol. 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series, and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, ed. Edward B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987.

In one example, when a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof contains a carboxylic acid functional group, a prodrug can comprise an ester formed by the replacement of the hydrogen atom of the acid group with a functional group such as alkyl and the like. In another example, when a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof contains a hydroxyl functional group, a prodrug form can be prepared by replacing the hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl with another functional group such as alkyl, alkylcarbonyl or a phosphonate ester and the like. In another example, when a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof contains an amine functional group, a prodrug form can be prepared by replacing one or more amine hydrogen atoms with a functional group such as alkyl or substituted carbonyl.

Pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs of compounds of Formula (I) or a form thereof include those compounds substituted with one or more of the following groups: carboxylic acid esters, sulfonate esters, amino acid esters, phosphonate esters and mono-, di- or triphosphate esters or alkyl substituents, where appropriate. As described herein, it is understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art that one or more of such substituents may be used to provide a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof as a prodrug.

One or more compounds described herein may exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like, and the description herein is intended to embrace both solvated and unsolvated forms.

As used herein, the term“solvate” means a physical association of a compound described herein with one or more solvent molecules. This physical association involves varying degrees of ionic and covalent bonding, including hydrogen bonding. In certain instances, the solvate will be capable of isolation, for example when one or more solvent molecules are incorporated in the crystal lattice of the crystalline solid. As used herein, “solvate” encompasses both solution-phase and isolatable solvates. Non-limiting examples of suitable solvates include ethanolates, methanolates, and the like.

As used herein, the term“hydrate” means a solvate wherein the solvent molecule is water.

The compounds of Formula (I) can form salts, which are intended to be included within the scope of this description. Reference to a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof herein is understood to include reference to salt forms thereof, unless otherwise indicated. The term "salt(s)", as employed herein, denotes acidic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic acids, as well as basic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic bases. In addition, when a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof contains both a basic moiety, such as, without limitation an amine moiety, and an acidic moiety, such as, but not limited to a carboxylic acid, zwitterions ("inner salts") may be formed and are included within the term "salt(s)" as used herein.

The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s)", as used herein, means those salts of compounds described herein that are safe and effective ( i.e ., non-toxic, physiologically acceptable) for use in mammals and that possess biological activity, although other salts are also useful. Salts of the compounds of the Formula (I) may be formed, for example, by reacting a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof with an amount of acid or base, such as an equivalent amount, in a medium such as one in which the salt precipitates or in an aqueous medium followed by lyophilization.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include one or more salts of acidic or basic groups present in compounds described herein. Particular aspects of acid addition salts include, and are not limited to, acetate, ascorbate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, bitartrate, borate, bromide, butyrate, chloride, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, gentisinate, gluconate, glucaronate, glutamate, iodide, isonicotinate, lactate, maleate, methanesulfonate, naphthalenesulfonate, nitrate, oxalate, pamoate, pantothenate, phosphate, propionate, saccharate, salicylate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, toluenesulfonate (also known as tosylate), trifluoroacetate salts and the like. Certain particular aspects of acid addition salts include chloride or dichloride.

Additionally, acids which are generally considered suitable for the formation of pharmaceutically useful salts from basic pharmaceutical compounds are discussed, for example, by P. Stahl et al, Camille G. (eds.) Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts. Properties, Selection and Use. (2002) Zurich: Wiley- VCH; S. Berge et al, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (1977) 66(1) 1-19; P. Gould, International J. of Pharmaceutics (1986) 33, 201-217; Anderson et al, The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry (1996), Academic Press, New York; and in The Orange Book (Food & Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. on their website). These disclosures are incorporated herein by reference thereto.

Suitable basic salts include, but are not limited to, aluminum, ammonium, calcium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and zinc salts.

All such acid salts and base salts are intended to be included within the scope of pharmaceutically acceptable salts as described herein. In addition, all such acid and base salts are considered equivalent to the free forms of the corresponding compounds for purposes of this description.

Compounds of Formula (I) and forms thereof, may further exist in a tautomeric form. All such tautomeric forms are contemplated and intended to be included within the scope of the compounds of Formula (I) or a form thereof as described herein.

The compounds of Formula (I) or a form thereof may contain asymmetric or chiral centers, and, therefore, exist in different stereoisomeric forms. The present description is intended to include all stereoisomeric forms of the compounds of Formula (I) as well as mixtures thereof, including racemic mixtures.

The compounds described herein may include one or more chiral centers, and as such may exist as racemic mixtures ( R/S ) or as substantially pure enantiomers and diastereomers. The compounds may also exist as substantially pure ( R ) or (S) enantiomers (when one chiral center is present). In one particular aspect, the compounds described herein are (S) isomers and may exist as enantiomerically pure compositions substantially comprising only the (S) isomer. In another particular aspect, the compounds described herein are ( R ) isomers and may exist as enantiomerically pure compositions substantially comprising only the (R) isomer. As one of skill in the art will recognize, when more than one chiral center is present, the compounds described herein may also exist as a (R, R), ( R,S ), (S,R) or (5,5) isomer, as defined by IUPAC Nomenclature Recommendations.

As used herein, the term“chiral” refers to a carbon atom bonded to four nonidentical substituents. Stereochemical definitions and conventions used herein generally follow S. P. Parker, Ed., McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Chemical Terms (1984) McGraw-Hill Book

Company, New York; and Eliel, E. and Wilen, S., "Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds", John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1994. In describing an optically active compound, the prefixes D and L, or R and 5, are used to denote the absolute configuration of the molecule about its chiral center(s). The substituents attached to the chiral center under consideration are ranked in accordance with the Sequence Rule of Cahn, Ingold and Prelog. (Cahn et al. Angew. Chem. Inter. Edit. 1966, 5, 385; errata 511).

As used herein, the term“substantially pure” refers to compounds consisting substantially of a single isomer in an amount greater than or equal to 90%, in an amount greater than or equal to 92%, in an amount greater than or equal to 95%, in an amount greater than or equal to 98%, in an amount greater than or equal to 99%, or in an amount equal to 100% of the single isomer.

In one aspect of the description, a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is a substantially pure (5) enantiomer form present in an amount greater than or equal to 90%, in an amount greater than or equal to 92%, in an amount greater than or equal to 95%, in an amount greater than or equal to 98%, in an amount greater than or equal to 99%, or in an amount equal to 100%.

In one aspect of the description, a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is a substantially pure ( R ) enantiomer form present in an amount greater than or equal to 90%, in an amount greater than or equal to 92%, in an amount greater than or equal to 95%, in an amount greater than or equal to 98%, in an amount greater than or equal to 99%, or in an amount equal to 100%.

As used herein, a“racemate” is any mixture of isometric forms that are not “enantiomeric ally pure”, including mixtures such as, without limitation, in a ratio of about 50/50, about 60/40, about 70/30, or about 80/20.

In addition, the present description embraces all geometric and positional isomers.

For example, if a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof incorporates a double bond or a fused ring, both the cis- and trans-forms, as well as mixtures, are embraced within the scope of the description. Diastereomeric mixtures can be separated into their individual diastereomers on the basis of their physical chemical differences by methods well known to those skilled in the art, such as, for example, by chromatography and/or fractional crystallization. Enantiomers can be separated by use of chiral HPLC column or other chromatographic methods known to those skilled in the art. Enantiomers can also be separated by converting the enantiomeric mixture into a diastereomeric mixture by reaction with an appropriate optically active compound ( e.g ., chiral auxiliary such as a chiral alcohol or Mosher’s acid chloride), separating the diastereomers and converting (e.g., hydrolyzing) the individual diastereomers to the corresponding pure enantiomers. Also, some of the compounds of Formula (I) may be atropisomers (e.g., substituted biaryls) and are considered as part of this description.

All stereoisomers (for example, geometric isomers, optical isomers and the like) of the present compounds (including those of the salts, solvates, esters and prodmgs of the compounds as well as the salts, solvates and esters of the prodmgs), such as those which may exist due to asymmetric carbons on various substituents, including enantiomeric forms (which may exist even in the absence of asymmetric carbons), rotameric forms, atropisomers, and diastereomeric forms, are contemplated within the scope of this description, as are positional isomers (such as, for example, 4-pyridyl and 3-pyridyl). Individual stereoisomers of the compounds described herein may, for example, be substantially free of other isomers, or may be present in a racemic mixture, as described supra.

The use of the terms "salt", "solvate",“ester”, "prodrug" and the like, is intended to equally apply to the salt, solvate, ester and prodrug of enantiomers, stereoisomers, rotamers, tautomers, positional isomers, racemates or isotopologues of the instant compounds.

The term "isotopologue" refers to isotopically-enriched compounds described herein which are identical to those recited herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds described herein include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, fluorine and chlorine, such as ¾, ³ H, ¹³ C, ¹⁴ C, ¹⁵ N, ¹⁸ 0, ¹⁷ 0, ³¹ P, ³² P, ³⁵ S, ¹⁸ F, ³⁵ C1 and ³⁶ C1, respectively, each of which are also within the scope of this description.

Certain isotopically-enriched compounds described herein (e.g., those labeled with ³ H and ¹⁴ C) are useful in compound and/or substrate tissue distribution assays. Tritiated (i.e.,

³ H) and carbon- 14 (i.e., ¹⁴ C) isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability. Further, substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium (i.e., ¾) may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability (e.g., increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements) and hence may be preferred in some circumstances.

COMPOUND USES

Provided herein are methods of treating a disease in a subject in need thereof. As used herein, the term“subject,” refers to any animal, including mammals. For example, mice, rats, other rodents, rabbits, dogs, cats, swine, cattle, sheep, horses, primates, and humans. In some aspects, the subject is a human. In some aspects, the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound provided herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I)), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In a particular aspect, the disease is familial dysautonomia, a disease of the central and peripheral nervous system associated with one or more pre-mRNA splicing defects.

The present application further provides a method of treating familial dysautonomia in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound provided herein (i.e., a compound of Formula (I)).

In some aspects of the methods provided herein, the compound is selected from the group of compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some aspects, the method of improving pre-mRNA splicing of the IKBKAP gene comprises contacting the gene (e.g., in a cell or subject expressing the gene) with a compound provided herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I)).

As used herein, the phrase“therapeutically effective amount” refers to the amount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or medicinal response that is being sought in a tissue, system, animal, individual or human by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician. In some aspects, the dosage of the compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, administered to a subject or individual is about 1 mg to about 2 g, about 1 mg to about 1000 mg, about 1 mg to about 500 mg, about 1 mg to about 100 mg, about 1 mg to 50 mg, or about 50 mg to about 500 mg.

As used herein, the term“treating” or“treatment” refers to one or more of (1) preventing the disease; for example, preventing a disease, condition or disorder in an individual who may be predisposed to the disease, condition or disorder but does not yet experience or display the pathology or symptomatology of the disease; (2) inhibiting the disease; for example, inhibiting a disease, condition or disorder in an individual who is experiencing or displaying the pathology or symptomatology of the disease, condition or disorder (i.e., arresting further development of the pathology and/or symptomatology); and

(3) ameliorating the disease; for example, ameliorating a disease, condition or disorder in an individual who is experiencing or displaying the pathology or symptomatology of the disease, condition or disorder (i.e., reversing the pathology and/or symptomatology) such as decreasing the severity of disease or reducing or alleviating one or more symptoms of the disease.

Also provided herein are methods for increasing IKBKAP (also referred to as ELP1) protein expression in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising administering an effective amount of a compound provide herein, (i.e., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof), to the patient. For example, such methods include increasing IKBKAP protein expression in serum samples from the patient. Further provided herein are methods for increasing the mean percentage of IKBKAP protein expression in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising administering an effective amount of a compound provided herein (i.e., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the patient.

Also provided herein are methods for increasing IKBKAP protein expression in a cell (e.g., ex vivo or in vivo), the method comprising contacting the cell with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound provided herein, (i.e., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof). In some aspects the method is an in vitro method.

In some aspects, the method is an in vivo method. In some aspects, the amount IKBKAP protein expression is increased in a cell selected from the group consisting of a lung cell, a muscle cell, a liver cell, a heart cell, a brain cell, a kidney cell, and a nerve cell (e.g., a sciatic nerve cell or a trigeminal nerve cell), or any combination thereof. In some aspects thereof, the amount of IKBKAP protein expression is increased in plasma.

Also provided herein are methods for increasing IKBKAP protein level in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising administering an effective amount of a compound provide herein, (i.e., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof), to the patient. For example, such methods include increasing IKBKAP protein level in serum samples from the patient. Further provided herein are methods for increasing the mean percentage of IKBKAP protein level in a patient in need thereof, the method

comprising administering an effective amount of a compound provided herein (i.e., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the patient.

Also provided herein are methods for increasing IKBKAP protein level in a cell (e.g., ex vivo or in vivo), the method comprising contacting the cell with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound provided herein, (i.e., a compound of Formula (I), or a

pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof). In some aspects, the method is an in vitro method. In some aspects, the method is an in vivo method. In some aspects, the amount IKBKAP protein level is increased in a cell selected from the group consisting of a lung cell, a muscle cell, a liver cell, a heart cell, a brain cell, a kidney cell, and a nerve cell (e.g., a sciatic nerve cell or a trigeminal nerve cell), or any combination thereof. In some aspects thereof, the amount of IKBKAP protein level is increased in plasma.

Also provided herein are methods for increasing full-length IKBKAP mRNA in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising administering an effective amount of a compound provided herein, (i.e., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof), to the patient. For example, such methods include increasing full- length IKBKAP mRNA concentration in serum samples from the patient. Further provided herein are methods for increasing the mean percentage exon inclusion (i.e. the percentage of correctly spliced or full-length IKBKAP mRNA) in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising administering an effective amount of a compound provided herein (i.e., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the patient.

In some aspects, full-length IKBKAP mRNA can be measured in the serum, for example, in blood samples obtained from the patient prior to administration of a compound as provided herein and in blood samples obtained from the patient following administration of a compound as provided herein. In some aspects, the blood samples obtained from the patient following administration are obtained after one day, two days, three days, four days, five days, six days, seven days, eight days, nine days, ten days, fourteen days, twenty-one days, twenty-eight days, and/or thirty days of administration of the compound as provided herein. See, for example, F.B. Axelrod et al., Pediatr Res (2011) 70(5): 480-483; and R.S. Shetty et al., Human Molecular Genetics (2011) 20(21): 4093-4101, both of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Further provided herein is a method of increasing full-length IKBKAP mRNA in a cell, the method comprising contacting the cell with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound provided herein (i.e., a compound of Formula (I)). The amount of full-length IKBKAP mRNA in the treated cell is increased relative to a cell in a subject in the absence of a compound provided herein. The method of increasing the amount of full-length IKBKAP mRNA in a cell may be performed by contacting the cell with a compound provided herein (i.e., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof), in vitro, thereby increasing the amount full-length IKBKAP mRNA of a cell in vitro. Uses of such an in vitro method of increasing the amount of full-length IKBKAP mRNA include, but are not limited to, use in a screening assay (for example, wherein a compound provided herein is used as a positive control or standard compared to a compound or compounds of unknown activity or potency in increasing the amount full-length IKBKAP mRNA).

In some aspects, the amount of full-length IKBKAP mRNA is increased in a cell selected from the group consisting of a lung cell, a muscle cell, a liver cell, a heart cell, a brain cell, a kidney cell, and a nerve cell (e.g., a sciatic nerve cell or a trigeminal nerve cell), or any combination thereof. In some aspects thereof, the amount of full-length IKBKAP mRNA is increased in plasma.

The method of increasing full-length IKBKAP mRNA in a cell may be performed, for example, by contacting a cell, (e.g., a lung cell, a muscle cell, a liver cell, a heart cell, a brain cell, a kidney cell, or a nerve cell), with a compound provided herein (i.e. a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof), in vivo, thereby increasing the amount of full-length IKBKAP mRNA in a subject in vivo. The contacting is achieved by causing a compound provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof, to be present in a subject in an amount effective to achieve an increase in the amount of full- length IKBKAP mRNA. This may be achieved, for example, by administering an effective amount of a compound provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof, to a subject. Uses of such an in vivo method of increasing the amount of full-length IKBKAP mRNA include, but are not limited to, use in methods of treating a disease or condition, wherein an increase in the amount of full-length IKBKAP mRNA is beneficial.

In some aspects thereof, the amount of full-length IKBKAP mRNA is increased in a cell selected from the group consisting of a lung cell, a muscle cell, a liver cell, a heart cell, a brain cell, a kidney cell, and a nerve cell (e.g., a sciatic nerve cell or a trigeminal nerve cell), or any combination thereof, for example in a patient suffering from a disease or disorder provided herein (e.g., familial dysautonomia). The method is preferably performed by administering an effective amount of a compound provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof, to a subject who is suffering from familial dysautonomia.

In some aspects, one or more of the compounds provided herein may be administered to a subject in need thereof in combination with at least one additional pharmaceutical agent. In some embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is a compound provided herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I)).

Additional examples of suitable additional pharmaceutical agents for use in combination with the compounds of the present application for treatment of the diseases provided herein include, but are not limited to, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, steroids, immunosuppressants, or other agents such as therapeutic antibodies. In some aspects, the compounds provided herein may be administered to a subject in need thereof in combination with at least one additional pharmaceutical agent for the treatment of familial dysautonomia. In some embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is

pho sphatidylserine .

When employed as a therapeutic agent, the compounds provided herein can be administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition; thus, the methods described herein can include administering a pharmaceutical composition. These compositions can be prepared as described herein or elsewhere, and can be administered by a variety of routes, depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to be treated. Administration may be pulmonary (e.g., by inhalation or insufflation of powders or aerosols, including by nebulizer; intratracheal or intranasal), oral, or parenteral. Parenteral administration may include, but is not limited to intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular injection or infusion; or intracranial, (e.g., intrathecal, intraocular, or intraventricular) administration. Parenteral administration can be in the form of a single bolus dose, or may be, for example, by a continuous perfusion pump.

Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable. In some aspects, the compounds provided herein are suitable for oral and parenteral administration. In some aspects, the compounds provided herein are suitable for oral administration. In some aspects, the compounds provided herein are suitable for parenteral administration. In some aspects, the compounds provided herein are suitable for intravenous administration. In some aspects, the compounds provided herein are suitable for transdermal administration (e.g., administration using a patch or microneedle).

Pharmaceutical compositions for topical administration may include transdermal patches (e.g., normal or electrostimulated), ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable.

Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions which contain, as the active ingredient, a compound provided herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I)), or a

pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (excipients). In making the compositions provided herein, the active ingredient is typically mixed with an excipient, diluted by an excipient or enclosed within such a carrier in the form of, for example, a capsule, sachet, paper, or other container. When the excipient serves as a diluent, it can be a solid, semi- solid, or liquid material, which acts as a vehicle, carrier or medium for the active ingredient. Thus, the compositions can be in the form of tablets, pills, powders, lozenges, sachets, cachets, elixirs, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, aerosols (as a solid or in a liquid medium), ointments, soft and hard gelatin capsules, suppositories, sterile injectable solutions, and sterile packaged powders.

Some examples of suitable excipients include, without limitation, lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum acacia, calcium phosphate, alginates, tragacanth, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, water, syrup, and methyl cellulose. The formulations can additionally include, without limitation, lubricating agents such as talc, magnesium stearate, and mineral oil; wetting agents;

emulsifying and suspending agents; preserving agents such as methyl-and propylhydroxy- benzoates; sweetening agents; flavoring agents, or combinations thereof.

The active compound can be effective over a wide dosage range and is generally administered in a pharmaceutically effective amount. It will be understood, that the amount of compound to be administered and the schedule of administration will usually be determined by a physician, according to the relevant circumstances, including the condition to be treated, the chosen route of administration, the actual compound administered, the age, weight, and response of the individual subject, the severity of the subject’s symptoms, and the like.

Also provided herein are kits including a compound provided herein, more particularly to a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, a kit can include one or more delivery systems, e.g., for a compound provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and directions for use of the kit (e.g., instructions for treating a subject). In some embodiments, a kit can include a compound provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one or more additional agents as provided herein.

In some aspects, the kit can include one or more compounds or additional

pharmaceutical agents as provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a label that indicates that the contents are to be administered to a subject resistant to a standard of care agent or adjuvant used for the treatment of familial dysautonomia. In some aspects, the additional pharmaceutical agent is phosphatidylserine. In another aspect, the kit can include a compound provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a label that indicates that the contents are to be administered to a subject with cells expressing abnormal IKBKAP pre-mRNA splicing. In another aspect, the kit can include one or more compounds or additional pharmaceutical agents as provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a label that indicates that the contents are to be administered to a subject having a disease of the central nervous system or peripheral nervous system resulting from abnormal pre-mRNA splicing.

In another aspect, the kit can include one or more compounds or additional pharmaceutical agents as provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a label that indicates that the contents are to be administered to a subject having familial dysautonomia. In some aspects, a kit can include one or more compounds as provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a label that indicates that the contents are to be administered with one or more additional pharmaceutical agents as provided herein.

In another aspect, the concentration-biological effect relationship observed with regard to a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof indicate a target plasma concentration ranging from approximately 0.001 pg*hr/mL to approximately 50 pg*hr/mL, from

approximately 0.01 pg*hr/mL to approximately 20 pg*hr/mL, from approximately 0.05 pg*hr/mL to approximately 10 pg*hr/mL, or from approximately 0.1 pg*hr/mL to

approximately 5 pg*hr/mL. To achieve such plasma concentrations, the compounds described herein may be administered at doses that vary, such as, for example, without limitation, from 1.0 ng to 10,000 mg.

In one aspect, the dose administered to achieve an effective target plasma

concentration may be administered based upon subject or patient specific factors, wherein the doses administered on a weight basis may be in the range of from about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 3500 mg/kg/day, or about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 3000 mg/kg/day, or about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 2500 mg/kg/day, or about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 2000 mg/kg/day, or about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 1500 mg/kg/day, or about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 1000 mg/kg/day, or about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 500 mg/kg/day, or about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 250 mg/kg/day, or about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 200 mg/kg/day, or about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 150 mg/kg/day, or about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 100 mg/kg/day, or about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 75 mg/kg/day, or about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 50 mg/kg/day, or about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 25 mg/kg/day, or about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 10 mg/kg/day, or about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 5 mg/kg/day, or about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 1 mg/kg/day, or about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 0.5 mg/kg/day, or about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 0.1 mg/kg/day, or from about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 3500 mg/kg/day, or about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 3000 mg/kg/day, or about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 2500 mg/kg/day, or about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 2000 mg/kg/day, or about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 1500 mg/kg/day, or about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 1000 mg/kg/day, or about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 500 mg/kg/day, or about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 250 mg/kg/day, or about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 200 mg/kg/day, or about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 150 mg/kg/day, or about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 100 mg/kg/day, or about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 75 mg/kg/day, or about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 50 mg/kg/day, or about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 25 mg/kg/day, or about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 10 mg/kg/day, or about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 5 mg/kg/day, or about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 1 mg/kg/day, or about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 0.5 mg/kg/day, or about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 0.1 mg/kg/day, or from about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 3500 mg/kg/day, or about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 3000 mg/kg/day, or about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 2500 mg/kg/day, or about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 2000 mg/kg/day, or about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 1500 mg/kg/day, or about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 1000 mg/kg/day, or about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 500 mg/kg/day, or about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 250 mg/kg/day, or about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 200 mg/kg/day, or about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 150 mg/kg/day, or about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 100 mg/kg/day, or about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 75 mg/kg/day, or about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 50 mg/kg/day, or about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 25 mg/kg/day, or about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 10 mg/kg/day, or about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 5 mg/kg/day, or about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 1 mg/kg/day, or about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 0.5 mg/kg/day.

Effective amounts for a given subject may be determined by routine experimentation that is within the skill and judgment of a clinician or a practitioner skilled in the art in light of factors related to the subject. Dosage and administration may be adjusted to provide sufficient levels of the active agent(s) or to maintain the desired effect. Factors which may be taken into account include genetic screening, severity of the disease state, status of disease progression, general health of the subject, ethnicity, age, weight, gender, diet, time of day and frequency of administration, drug combination(s), reaction sensitivities, experience with other therapies, and tolerance/response to therapy.

The dose administered to achieve an effective target plasma concentration may be orally administered once (once in approximately a 24 hour period; i.e.,“q.d.”), twice (once in approximately a 12 hour period; i.e.,“b.i.d.” or“q.l2h”), thrice (once in approximately an 8 hour period; i.e.,“t.i.d.” or“q.8h”), or four times (once in approximately a 6 hour period; i.e., “q.d.s.”,“q.i.d.” or“q.6h”) daily.

In certain aspects, the dose administered to achieve an effective target plasma concentration may also be administered in a single, divided, or continuous dose for a patient or subject having a weight in a range of between about 40 to about 200 kg (which dose may be adjusted for patients or subjects above or below this range, particularly children under 40 kg). The typical adult subject is expected to have a median weight in a range of about 70 kg. Long-acting pharmaceutical compositions may be administered every 2, 3 or 4 days, once every week, or once every two weeks depending on half-life and clearance rate of the particular formulation.

The compounds and compositions described herein may be administered to the subject via any drug delivery route known in the art. Nonlimiting examples include oral, ocular, rectal, buccal, topical, nasal, sublingual, transdermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraveneous (bolus and infusion), intracerebral, and pulmonary routes of administration.

In another aspect, the dose administered may be adjusted based upon a dosage form described herein formulated for delivery at about 0.02, 0.025, 0.03, 0.05, 0.06, 0.075, 0.08, 0.09, 0.10, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30, 0.50, 0.60, 0.75, 0.80, 0.90, 1.0, 1.10, 1.20, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.0, 3.0, 5.0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000 or 4000 mg/day.

For any compound, the effective amount can be estimated initially either in cell culture assays or in relevant animal models, such as a mouse, guinea pig, chimpanzee, marmoset or tamarin animal model. Relevant animal models may also be used to determine the appropriate concentration range and route of administration. Such information can then be used to determine useful doses and routes for administration in humans. Therapeutic efficacy and toxicity may be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population) and LD50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population). The dose ratio between therapeutic and toxic effects is therapeutic index, and can be expressed as the ratio,

LD50/ED50. In certain aspects, the effective amount is such that a large therapeutic index is achieved. In further particular aspects, the dosage is within a range of circulating

concentrations that include an ED50 with little or no toxicity. The dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed, sensitivity of the patient, and the route of administration.

Another aspect included within the scope of the present description are the use of in vivo metabolic products of the compounds described herein. Such products may result, for example, from the oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, amidation, esterification and the like of the administered compound, primarily due to enzymatic processes. Accordingly, the description includes the use of compounds produced by a process comprising contacting a compound described herein with a mammalian tissue or a mammal for a period of time sufficient to yield a metabolic product thereof. Such products typically are identified by preparing a radio-labeled isotopologue (e.g., ¹⁴ C or ³ H) of a compound described herein, administering the radio-labeled compound in a detectable dose (e.g., greater than about 0.5 mg/kg) to a mammal such as a rat, mouse, guinea pig, dog, monkey or human, allowing sufficient time for metabolism to occur (typically about 30 seconds to about 30 hours), and identifying the metabolic conversion products from urine, bile, blood or other biological samples. The conversion products are easily isolated since they are“radiolabeled” by virtue of being isotopically-enriched (others are isolated by the use of antibodies capable of binding epitopes surviving in the metabolite). The metabolite structures are determined in conventional fashion, e.g., by MS or NMR analysis. In general, analysis of metabolites may be done in the same way as conventional drug metabolism studies well-known to those skilled in the art. The conversion products, so long as they are not otherwise found in vivo, are useful in diagnostic assays for therapeutic dosing of the compounds described herein even if they possess no biological activity of their own.

PREPARATION OF COMPOUNDS GENERAL SYNTHETIC METHODS

As disclosed herein, general methods for preparing the compounds of Formula (I) or a form thereof as described herein are available via standard, well-known synthetic

methodology. Many of the starting materials are commercially available or, when not available, can be prepared using the routes described below using techniques known to those skilled in the art. The synthetic schemes provided herein comprise multiple reaction steps, each of which is intended to stand on its own and can be carried out with or without any preceding or succeeding step(s). In other words, each of the individual reaction steps of the synthetic schemes provided herein in isolation is contemplated.

Scheme A:

Compounds of Formula (I) may be prepared as described in Scheme A below.

Compound A1 with an optional R4 substituent was treated with an optionally substituted 3-chloro-3-oxopropanoate in the presence of a base (such as triethyl amine and the like) in a suitable solvent (such as DCM and the like) at an appropriate temperature (such as room temperature and the like) to afford compound A2. Compound A2 was cyclized to compound A3 in the presence of a base (such as sodium ethoxide and the like) in a suitable solvent (such as ethanol and the like) at an appropriate temperature (such as refluxing temperature and the like). Hydrolysis of A3 in an aqueous solution of a base (such as NaOH and the like) provided compound A4, which was treated with a chlorination reagent (such as POCI3 and the like) at an appropriate temperature to give compound A5.

Compound A5 was treated with an optionally substituted aryl/heteroarylmethylamine in the presence of a base (such as TEA and the like) using a suitable solvent (such as DMSO and the like) at an appropriate temperature to afford compound A6. Protection of A6 with Bo _¾ 0 in the presence of DMAP as a catalyst afforded A7. Compound A7 can be reacted with an optionally substituted cyclic sulfamidate, prepared from the corresponding amino alcohol, in the presence of a strong base (such as LDA and the like) in a suitable solvent (such as THF and the like) at an appropriate temperature such as -78 °C to give A8.

Deprotection may be accomplished by treatment with an acid (such as HC1 in dioxane or TFA and the like) to afford compound A8.

Scheme B:

Compounds of Formula (I) may be prepared as described in Scheme B below.

Compound B1 is reacted with iodine in the presence of a strong base (such as LDA and the like) in a suitable solvent (such as THF and the like) at an appropriate temperature such as -78 °C to give B2. Compound B2 may be converted to compound B3 by a Negeshi reaction with an optionally substituted and appropriately protected amino-containing alkyl/cycloalkyl zinc reagent in the presence of a catalyst (such as Pd(dppf)Cl2 and the like) in a suitable solvent (such as THF and the like) at an appropriate temperature. Treatment of B3 with an acid (such as HC1 in dioxane or TFA and the like) to afford the compound B4.

Scheme C:

Compounds of Formula (I) may be prepared as described in Scheme C below.

Compound Cl can be converted to the corresponding aldehyde C2 by treatment with a strong base (such as LDA and the like) at an appropriate temperature such as -78 °C followed by DMF in a suitable solvent (such as THF and the like). Compound C2 may be condensed with Ellman’s sulfinamide in the presence of a Lewis acid (such as CuSCE and the like) in a suitable solvent (such as DCE and the like) at an appropriate temperature to give compound C3. Reaction of C3 with a Grignard reagent in a suitable solvent (such as THF and the like) afforded compound C4, which may be further deprotected with an acid (such as HC1 in dioxane or TFA and the like) to give the compound C5.

SPECIFIC SYNTHETIC EXAMPLES

To describe in more detail and assist in understanding, the following non-limiting examples are offered to more fully illustrate the scope of compounds described herein and are not to be construed as specifically limiting the scope thereof. Such variations of the compounds described herein that may be now known or later developed, which would be within the purview of one skilled in the art to ascertain, are considered to fall within the scope of the compounds as described herein and hereinafter claimed. These examples illustrate the preparation of certain compounds. Those of skill in the art will understand that the techniques described in these examples represent techniques, as described by those of ordinary skill in the art, that function well in synthetic practice, and as such constitute preferred modes for the practice thereof. However, it should be appreciated that those of skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific methods that are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the present description.

Other than in the following examples of the embodied compounds, unless indicated to the contrary, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, experimental data, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified by the term“about”. Accordingly, all such numbers represent

approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by a reaction or as a result of variable experimental conditions. Therefore, within an expected range of experimental reproducibility, the term“about” in the context of the resulting data, refers to a range for data provided that may vary according to a standard deviation from the mean. As well, for experimental results provided, the resulting data may be rounded up or down to present data consistently, without loss of significant figures. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should be construed in light of the number of significant digits and rounding techniques used by those of skill in the art.

While the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the present description are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the examples set forth below are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.

COMPOUND EXAMPLES

As used above, and throughout the present description, the following abbreviations, unless otherwise indicated, shall be understood to have the following meanings:

Abbreviation Meaning

D heating (chemistry), deletion (biology), lack of (biology)

AcOH or HO Ac acetic acid

A¾0 acetic anhydride

Ar argon

ACN or CH3CN acetonitrile

atm atmosphere(s)

9-BBN 9-borabicyclo [3.3.1] nonane

Boc tert-butoxy-carbonyl

n-BuLi n-butyl lithium

°C degrees Celsius

CaCl ₂ calcium chloride

Celite ^® or Celite diatomaceous earth

Cs ₂ C0 cesium carbonate

Cul copper (I) iodide

C11SO4 copper (II) sulfate

d/h/hr/hrs/min/s day(d)/hour(h, hr or hrs)/minute(min)/second(s)

DAST diethylaminosulfur trifluoride

DCE 1 ,2-dichlorethane

DCM or CH2CI2 dichloromethane

DEAD diethyl azodicarboxylate

Deoxo-Fluor ^® bis(2-methoxyethyl)aminosulfur trifluoride

Dess-Martin Reagent or 1,1,1 -tris(acetyloxy)- 1 , 1 -dihydro- 1 ,2-benziodoxol-3- Martin’s Reagent (lH)-one Abbreviation Meaning

DIPEA /V,/V-diisopropylethylamine

DMA N, /V-dimcthylanilinc

DMAP 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine or /V,/V-dimethylpyridin-4- amine

DMF dimethylformamide

DMSO dimethylsulfoxide

DPPA diphenylphosphoryl azide

EtOAc ethyl acetate

EtOH ethanol

Et ₂ 0 diethyl ether

eq. equivalent(s)

HC1 hydrochloric acid

H2SO4 sulfuric acid

K2CO3 potassium carbonate

LC/MS, LCMS or liquid chromatographic mass spectroscopy

LC-MS

LDA lithium diisopropylamide

LHMDS lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide

MeOH methanol

MgS0 ₄ magnesium sulfate

MS mass spectroscopy

MsCl methanesulfonyl chloride

NEt triethylamine

NH ₄ CI ammonium chloride

NaBH ₄ sodium borohydride

NaH sodium hydride

NaHCCE sodium bicarbonate

NaI0 ₄ sodium periodate

NaOEt sodium ethoxide

NaOH sodium hydroxide

Na ₂ S0 ₄ sodium sulfate

N ₂ nitrogen

NH ₄ CI ammonium chloride

NMR nuclear magnetic resonance

Pd2(dba)3 tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) Abbreviation Meaning

Pd(dppf)Cl2 or

Pd(dppf)Cl2-CH ₂ Cl2 bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II), complex with dichloromethane

PhMe or PhCH toluene

POCI3 phosphoryl chloride or phosphorous(V) oxychloride psi pounds per square inch pressure

PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene

Rt or rt room temperature

RT retention time

RuCb ruthenium (III) chloride

Selectfluor® 1 -chloromethyl-4-fluoro- 1,4- diazoniabicyclo [2.2.2] octane bis (tetrafluoroborate)

SO2CI2 sulfuryl chloride

TBAF tetrabutylammonium fluoride

TBSC1 tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride

TEA, Et3N or NEt ₃ triethylamine

TFA trifluoroacetic acid

THF tetrahydrofuran

TLC thin layer chromatography

TMS trimethylsilyl

TMSC1 trimethylsilyl chloride

t-Bu tert-butyl

XantPhos 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene

Intermediate 1

ie/ -Butyl (S)-4-(((/eri-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)methyl)-l,2,3-oxathiazo lidine-3-carboxylate

2,2-dioxide

Step 1 : /V-(/zy7-Butoxycarhonyl )-0-(/zy7-hutyldi methyl si lyl )-L-scrinatc

To a solution of methyl (ieri-butoxycarbonyl)-L-serinate (25 g, 114.0 mmol) in DCM (250 mL) was added imidazole (62.1 g, 912 mmol) and TBSC1 (32 g, 205.9 mmol) at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred for 2 h and then poured into a mixture of DCM (300 mL) and water (200 mL). The organic phase was separated, washed with water (2 x 100 mL) and brine (1 x 100 mL), dried over NaiSCL and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to give methyl N- (/zvV-butoxycarbonyl)-0-(tcrt-butyldi methyl si lyl)-L-scrinatc (35.5 g, 93.3% yield) as an oil. LC-MS: m/z: 356.2 [M+Na] ⁺ .

Step 2: fe/t-Butyl (/C-( l -((//vv-butyldimcthylsilyl )oxy)-3-hydiOxypiOpan-2-yl jearbamate To a solution of methyl /V-(ie/ -butoxycarbonyl)-0-(ie/7-butyldimethylsilyl)-L-serinate (35.5 g, 106 mmol) in THF (200 mL) and EtOH (100 mL) was added CaCh (23.6 g, 213 mmol) followed by NaBEL (16.1 g, 426 mmol) at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred for 0.5 h at 0 °C and room temperature for 16 h, then poured into a mixture of EtOAc (200 mL) and water (150 mL). The organic phase was separated and washed with water (2 x 200 mL) and brine (l x 150 mL), dried over anhydrous NaiSCL and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to give //77-butyl (R)-(l-((ie/7-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl)c arbamate (30 g, 92.3% yield) as a white solid. LC-MS: m/z 328.2 [M+Na] ⁺ ; RT=1.93 min.

Step 3: fe/t-Butyl (4S)-4-(((/z77-hutyldimcthylsilyl )oxy)mcthyl )- l ,2,3-oxathia/olidinc-3- carboxylate 2-oxide

To a solution of imidazole (54 g, 785.3 mmol) in DCM (300 mL) at 0 °C was added SOCh (12.9 mL, 176.0 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h and //77-butyl (R)-(l-((tert- butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl)carbamate (30 g, 98.2 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred for another 1 h at 0 °C, then poured into a mixture of EtOAc (500 mL) and water (400 mL). The organic layer was separated and washed with water (2 x 800 mL) and brine (800 mL), then dried over Na ₂ S0 ₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to give //77-butyl (4S)-4-(((/z77-butyldi methyl si lyl)oxy)mcthyl)- 1 ,2, 3-oxathiazolidinc- 3-carboxylate 2-oxide (32.6 g, 94.4% yield) as a white solid. LC-MS: m/z: 374.1 [M+Na] ⁺ ; RT=2.08 min.

Step 4: //77-Butyl (4,S')-4-| |//77-butyl(dimcthyl jsilyl loxymcthyl |-2,2-dioxo-oxathiazolidinc-3- carboxylate

To a solution of /zvy-butyl (4S)-4-(((/z77-butyldimcthylsilyl)oxy)mcthyl)- l ,2,3- oxathiazolidine-3-carboxylate 2-oxide (32.6 g, 92.7 mmol) in water (300 mL) and DCM (300 mL) was added NalCL (31.8 g, 148.0 mmol) and RuCb (1.94 g, 9.3 mmol) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred overnight and then extracted with DCM (3 x 500 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated NaHSCL (aq., 500 mL), dried over anhydrous NaiSCL and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica), eluted with DCM/hexane (50-100%) to give tert- butyl (4S)-4-[ [/£'/7-butyl(dimcthyl)silylJoxy methyl] -2, 2-dioxo-oxathiazolidinc-3-carboxy late (18 g, 52.8% yield) as a white solid. LC-MS: m/z: 390.2 [M+Na] ⁺ ; RT=2.05 min; NMR (400 MHz, CDCb) d ppm 4.53-4.51 (m, 2 H), 4.2 (s, 1 H), 3.76-3.69 (m, 2 H), 1.46 (s, 9 H), 0.81 (s, 9 H), 0.00 (s, 6 H).

Intermediate 2

tert- Butyl ( S )-4-(2-((ie/ -butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)ethyl)- 1 ,2,3 -oxathiazolidine-3-carboxylate

2,2-dioxide

)H OTBS ^DTBS

TBSCI Isopropyl chloroformate

Imidazole NMM

V DCM

Step 1 : A ^/ -(/g/7-Butoxycarbonyl )-0- hutyldi methyl si lyl i-L-homoscrinc

To a solution of (ieri-butoxycarbonyl)-L-homoserine (21 g, 96.0 mmol) and imidazole (52 g, 770 mmol) in DCM (210 mL) was added TBSCI (23 g, 153 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 h. Water (100 mL) was then added, and the organic phase was separated and washed with brine (80 mL), dried over anhydrous NaiSCL and concentrated in vacuo to give /V-(ieri-butoxycarbonyl)-0-(ieri-butyldimethylsilyl)-L-homos erine (31.9 g,

99% yield) as a colorless oil. NMR (400 MHz, CDCh) d ppm 5.85 (d, 1H), 4.22 (m, 1 H), 3.69-3.75 (m, 2 H), 1.93-2.01 (m, 2 H), 1.36 (s, 9H), 0.83 (s, 9 H), 0.00 (s, 6 H).

Step 2: fe/t-Butyl (SH4-((/e/7-butyldimcthylsilyl )oxy)- 1 -hydiOxybutan-2-yl jearhamate

To a solution of /V-(ieri-butoxycarbonyl)-0-(ie/ -butyldimethylsilyl)-L-homoserine (31.9 g, 96 mmol) and /V-methyl morpholine (10.7 g, 105 mmol) in THF (300 mL) at 0 °C was added isopropyl chloroformate (12.8 g, 105 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h and then filtered. The filtrate was cooled to 0 °C, into which was slowly added a solution of NaBH4 (4 g, 105.0 mmol) in water. The mixture was stirred for 2 h at 0 °C, then diluted with water (100 mL). The organic phase was separated and washed with brine (2 x 100 mL), dried over Na ₂ S0 ₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to give //77-butyl (S)-(4-((tert- butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-l-hydroxybutan-2-yl)carbamate (20 g, 57% yield) as a colorless oil. ppm 5.41 (s, 1 H), 3.75-3.79 (m, 1 H), 3.66 (t, 1H), 3.55-3.58 (m, 2 H), 1.69-1.99 (m, 2 H), 1.85-1.66 (m, 2 H), 1.36 (s, 9 H), 0.83 (s, 9 H), 0.00 (s, 6 H). Step 3: //77-Butyl (4S)-4-(2-((/z77-hutyldimcthylsilyl )oxy)cthyl )- l ,2,3-oxathia/olidinc-3- carboxylate 2-oxide

To a solution of imidazole (22 g, 313 mmol) in DCM (200 mL) at 0 °C was added SOCh (13.5 g, 113 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, cooled to 0 °C, and a solution of //77-butyl (S)-(4-((/z77-buty ldi methyl si 1 yl )oxy)- 1 -hydroxybutan-2-yl (carbamate (20 g, 62.7 mmol) in DCM (100 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at room

temperature for 2 h and diluted with water (100 mL). The organic phase was separated and washed with brine (100 mL), dried over Na ₂ S0 ₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to give /zv7-butyl (4S)-4-(2-((/er/-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)ethyl)- 1,2,3 -oxathiazolidine- 3-carboxylate 2-oxide as a colorless oil (23 g, 99% yield). ^X H NMR (400 MHz, CDCL) d ppm 3.83-4.05 (m, 1 H), 3.62-3.69 (m, 2 H), 3.53-3.59 (m, 2 H), 1.60-1.78 (m, 2 H), 1.36 (d,

9 H), 0.81 (d, 9 H), 0.02 (d, 6 H).

Step 4: //77-Butyl 4-(2-((/z77-hutyldimcthylsilyl )oxy)cthyl )- 1 ,2,3-oxathia/olidinc-3-

carboxylate 2,2-dioxide

To a mixture of /zv7-butyl (45)-4-(2-((/z77-butyldimcthylsilyl)oxy)cthyl)- 1 ,2,3- oxathiazolidine-3-carboxylate 2-oxide (23 g, 62.7 mmol) and NalCL (31 g, 144 mmol) in DCM (300 mL) and water (310 mL) was added RuCL (0.83 g, 4 mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for

5 h. The organic phase was separated and washed with 10% NaHSCL (4 x 150 mL) and brine (150 mL), dried over Na ₂ S0 ₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluting with petroleum ether and ethyl acetate (20: 1) to afford /zv7-butyl (.S ^, )-4-(2-((/z77-buty ldi methyl si lyl)oxy)cthyl)- l ,2,3- oxathiazolidine-3-carboxylate 2,2-dioxide as a white solid (5 g, 21% yield). ' H NMR (400 MHz, CDCL) d ppm 4.95 (q, 2 H), 4.30-3.35 (m, 1 H), 3.64-3.77 (m, 2 H), 1.96-2.11 (m, 2 H), 1.52 (s, 9 H), 0.83 (s, 9 H), 0.00 (s, 6 H). Intermediate 3

/ _/ 77-Butyl (7?)-4-(fluoromethyl)-l,2,3-oxathiazolidine-3-carboxylate 2,2-dioxide

Step 1: tert- Butyl 4-(bcnzyloxy methyl )-2-oxo-oxathiazolidinc-3-carboxylatc

To a solution of imidazole (4.5 g, 4.37 mL, 66.1 mmol, 3.80 eq.) in DCM (160 mL) at -78 °C was added thionyl chloride (2.290 g, 1.40 mL, 19.2 mmol, 1.10 eq.) followed by N,N- diisopropylethylamine (4.450 g, 6.00 mL, 34.1 mmol, 1.96 eq.). After 30 min, a solution of ieri-butyl /V-[(lS)-l-(benzyloxymethyl)-2-hydroxy-ethyl]carbamate (4.894 g, 17.39 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in DCM (20 mL) was added over 30 min at -78 °C. The mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred overnight. The reaction was quenched by water (50 mL). The organic layer was separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (2 x 50 mL).

The combined organic layers were washed with water (50 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried over sodium sulfate then concentrated to give / _/77 -butyl (4R)-4-(benzyloxymethyl)-2-oxo- oxathiazolidine-3-carboxylate (5.9 g, 18.0 mmol, 1.04 eq.) as an oil which was used without purification.

Step 2: //77-Butyl (4R)-4-(benzyloxymethyl)-2,2-dioxo-oxathiazolidine-3-carboxy late

To a solution of //77-butyl (4R)-4-(benzyloxymethyl)-2-oxo-oxathiazolidine-3-carboxylate (5.9 g, 18.0 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in CH3CN (160 mL) and water (100 mL) at 0 °C was added NalCL (6.0 g, 28.0 mmol, 1.55 eq.) followed by RuCb (16 mg, 0.077 mmol, 0.0043 eq.). The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 45 min, and then diluted with water (50 mL). The mixture was extracted with diethyl ether (2 x 80 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with water (50 mL) followed by brine (100 mL) and dried over sodium sulfate. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by flash column

chromatography (120 g, 0-100% DCM/hexanes) to afford //77-butyl (AR)-A- (benzyloxymethyl)-2,2-dioxo-oxathiazolidine-3-carboxylate (5.228 g, 85% yield) as a colorless oil which solidified upon standing at room temperature after trituration with hexanes. Step 3: tert- Butyl LMP AQ-1 -(bcnzyloxymcthyl )-2-fluoiO-cthyl lcarbamatc

To a solution of / _/77 -butyl (4R)-4-(benzyloxymethyl)-2,2-dioxo-oxathiazolidine-3- carboxylate (5.228 g, 15.22 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in THF (70 mL) was added TBAF (1 M) in THF (18.0 mL, 18.0 mmol, 1.18 eq.) at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h, and then room temperature overnight. The reaction was quenched with aqueous citric acid (IN, -20 mL). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2 x 80 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with water followed by brine (-50 mL). The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by flash column chromatography (0-30% EtOAc in hexanes with 10% DCM) to afford //77-butyl /V-[(lR)-l-(benzyloxymethyl)-2-fluoro- ethyl] carbamate (3.250 g, 75% yield) as a colorless oil.

Step 4: //77-Butyl /V -(fluoromcthyl )-2-hydroxy-cthyl lcarbamatc

To a solution of / _/77 -butyl /V-[(lR)-l-(benzyloxymethyl)-2-fluoro-ethyl]carbamate (2.505 g, 8.84 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in EtOAc (30 mL) was added 10% palladium on carbon (Degussa type) 128 mg (-5% mass) at room temperature. The flask was evacuated and back-filled by a hydrogen balloon (1 atm) in three cycles. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h, then filtered and evaporated. The filtrate was concentrated to afford / _/77 -butyl /V-[(1R)-1- (fluoromethyl)-2-hydroxy-ethyl]carbamate (1.725 g, quantitative).

Step 5: / _/77 -Butyl (4R)-4-(fluoromethyl)-2-oxo-oxathiazolidine-3-carboxylate

To a solution of imidazole (3.0 g, 2.91 mL, 44.07 mmol, 3.73 eq.) in DCM (110 mL) at -78 °C was added thionyl chloride (1.00 mL, 13.73 mmol, 1.16 eq.) followed by

/V,/V-diisopropylethylamine (3.90 mL, 22.2 mmol, 1.87 eq.). The reaction was stirred at -78 °C for 30 min, and a solution of / _/77 -butyl /V-[(lR)-l-(fluoromethyl)-2-hydroxy- ethyl] carbamate (2.285 g, 11.83 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in DCM (15 mL) was added over 30 min at -78 °C. The mixture was warmed to room temperature and was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction was quenched with water (50 mL). The organic layer was separated and washed with water (50 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated to give / _/77 -butyl (4R)-4-(fluoromethyl)-2-oxo-oxathiazolidine-3-carboxylate (2.830 g) as an oil which was carried over to the next step without further purification.

Step 6: / _/77 -Butyl (4R)-4-(fluoromethyl)-2,2-dioxo-oxathiazolidine-3-carboxylat e

To a solution of / _/77 -butyl (4R)-4-(fluoromethyl)-2-oxo-oxathiazolidine-3-carboxylate (2.830 g, 11.8 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in a mixed solvent of CELCN (100 mL) and water (60 mL) was added NalCL (3.940 g, 18.4 mmol, 1.55 eq.) followed by RuCb (20 mg, 0.096 mmol, 0.0081 eq.) at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 45 min, then diluted with water (50 mL) and extracted by diethyl ether (2 x 80 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with water (50 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (120 g, 0-100% DCM/hexanes) to afford / _{<? /} 7-butyl (4R)-4-(fluoromethyl)-2,2-dioxo-oxathiazolidine-3-carboxylat e (2384 mg, 78.9% yield). ' H NMR (400 MHz, CDCh) d ppm 4.47-4.74 (m, 5 H), 1.56 (s, 9 H).

Intermediate 4

3 -Bromo-5 ,7-dichlorothieno [3 ,2-/?] pyridine

Step 1: Methyl 3-amino-4-bromothiophene-2-carboxylate

To a solution of methyl 3-aminothiophene-2-carboxylate (40.0 g, 255.0 mmol) in AcOH (1000 mL) was added Bn (80.2 g, 510.0 mmol) at 25 °C. The mixture was stirred at 65 °C for 12 h, then cooled to room temperature. Then the mixture was poured into water (2000 mL), and the suspension was filtered. The filter cake was collected and dried in vacuo, then purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with 10% EtOAc in petroleum ether to give methyl 3-amino-4-bromothiophene-2-carboxylate as a yellow solid (30.0 g, 50.0% yield). 7.29 (s, 1 H), 5.64 (m, 2 H), 3.84 (s, 3 H).

Step 2: Methyl 4-bromo-3-(3-ethoxy-3-oxopropanamido)thiophene-2-carboxylate

To a solution of methyl 3-amino-4-bromothiophene-2-carboxylate (30.0 g, 128 mmol) in DCM (500 mL) were added triethylamine (16.8 g, 166 mmol) and ethyl 3-chloro-3- oxopropanoate (25.0 g, 166 mmol) at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 3 h. The mixture was quenched with ice water (1.5 L) and extracted with DCM (3 x 500 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over NaiSCL and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to give methyl 4-bromo-3-(3-ethoxy-3-oxopropanamido)thiophene-2-carboxylate as a brown solid (40.0 g, 90.0% yield), which was used in the next step without further purification. LC- MS: m/z 350.0 [M+H] ⁺ ; RT=1.59 min. Step 3: Ethyl 3-bromo-5,7-dioxo-4,5,6,7-tetraliydrothienor3,2-blpyridine-6 -carboxylate

To a solution of methyl 4-bromo-3-(3-ethoxy-3-oxopropanamido)thiophene-2-carboxylate (35.0 g, 100 mmol) in ethanol (500 mL) was added sodium ethanolate (10.0 g, 166 mmol) at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at 100 °C for 12 h, then cooled to room temperature. The mixture was filtered. The filter cake was washed with ethyl acetate (100 mL) and dried in vacuo to give ethyl 3-bromo-5,7-dioxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-b]pyridine-6- carboxylate as a brown solid (33.0 g, 95.0% yield), which was used in the next step without further purification. LC-MS: m/z 317.6 [M+H] ⁺ ; RT=1.53 min.

Step 4: 3-Bromothienor3,2-blpyridine-5,7(4H,6H)-dione

To a solution of ethyl 3-bromo-5,7-dioxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-b]pyridine-6- carboxylate (30.0 g, 94.6 mmol) in water (1000 mL) was added sodium hydroxide (7.60 g, 189 mmol) at

0 °C. The mixture was stirred at 110 °C for 12 h, then cooled to room temperature. The pH was adjusted to pH=6 by HC1 (10 N), and the mixture was filtered. The filter cake was collected and dried in vacuo to give 3-bromothieno[3,2-b]pyridine-5,7(4H,6H)-dione as a brown solid (20.0 g, 86.0 % yield), which was used in the next step without further purification. LC-MS: m/z 245.9 [M+H] ⁺ ; RT=1.35 min.

Step 5: 3 -Bromo-5,7-dichlorothienor3,2-bl pyridine

To POCL (60 mL) was added 3-bromothieno[3,2-b]pyridine-5,7(4H,6H)-dione (20.0 g, 81.6 mmol). The mixture was stirred and refluxed for 12 h, then cooled to room temperature, quenched with ice water (1.5 L) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 500 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over NaiSCL and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to give a residue. The residue was purified by silica column chromatography using petroleum ether and ethyl acetate (5:1) to give 3-bromo-5,7-dichlorothieno[3,2-b]pyridine as a white solid (20.0 g, 87.0 % yield). NMR 400 MHz (DMSO -d ₆ ) d ppm 8.58 (s, 1H), 7.99 (s, 1H).

Intermediate 5

3 ,5 ,7-Trichloro-thieno [3 ,2-h]pyridine

Step 1: Methyl 3-acetamidothiophene-2-carboxylate

To AciO (300 mL) at room temperature was added methyl 3-aminothiophene-2-carboxylate (80 g, 508.9 mmol), and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction was quenched with MeOH (800 mL), and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The solvent was removed in vacuo, and the residue was neutralized to pH=9~10 with aqueous saturated NaHCCL solution. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 400 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over NaiSCL and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to give methyl 3-acetamidothiophene-2-carboxylate (96 g, 94.7 % yield) as an off-white solid. LC-MS: m/z 200.1 [M+H] ⁺ ; RT=1.63 min.

Step 2: Methyl 3-acetamido-4,5-dichlorothiophene-2-carboxylate

To a solution of methyl 3-acetamidothiophene-2-carboxylate (96 g, 482.6 mmol) in CHCL (500 mL), SO2CI2 (96 mL, 1206.1 mmol) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at 75

°C overnight, cooled to room temperature and concentrated in vacuo to give a solid, which was triturated with diethyl ether to give methyl 3-acetamido-4,5-dichlorothiophene-2- carboxylate (103.6 g, 80.2 % yield) as an off-white solid. ' H NMR 400 MHz (CDCI ₃ ) d ppm 8.24 (s, 1H), 3.87-3.90 (m, 3H), 2.23 (s, 3H). Step 3: Methyl 3-acetamido-4-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylate

To a solution of methyl 3-acetamido-4,5-dichlorothiophene-2-carboxylate (103.5 g, 386.0 mmol) in H2O and HOAc (3:1 (v/v), 800 mL) was added Zn powder (100.9 g, 1544.2 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 100 °C overnight. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was filtered. The filtrate was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 1000 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous NaiSCL and evaporated in vacuo to give methyl 3-acetamido-4-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylate (72.2 g, 80.1 % yield) as an off-white solid. NMR 400 MHz (CDCI3) d ppm 7.36 (s, 1H), 7.26 (s, 1H), 3.87-3.88 (m, 3H), 2.23 (s, 3H).

Step 4: Methyl 3-amino-4-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylate

A mixture of methyl 3-acetamido-4-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylate (70.0 g, 299.5 mmol) in MeOH and cone. HC1 (1: 1 (v/v), 300 mL) was stirred at 110 °C overnight, then cooled to room temperature and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting solid was dissolved in water (200 mL) and neutralized with aqueous NaHCCL. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 300 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous NaiSCL and

concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography using petroleum ether/ethyl acetate (8:1) as eluent to give methyl 3-amino-4-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylate (47.1 g, 82.2 % yield) as an off-white solid. LC-MS: m/z: 192.0 [M+H] ⁺ ; RT=1.70 min.

Step 5: Methyl 4-chloro-3-(3-ethoxy-3-oxopropanamido)thiophene-2-carboxylat e

To a solution of methyl 3-amino-4-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylate (45.0 g, 234.8 mmol) in DCM (300 mL) at 0 °C was added Et3N (47.5 g, 469.7 mmol) followed by ethyl 3-chloro-3- oxopropanoate (53. lg, 352.3 mmol) dropwise. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and then washed with water (2 x 300 mL). The organic layer was dried over Na ₂ S0 ₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel column

chromatography using petroleum ether/ethyl acetate (1:1) as eluent to give methyl 4-chloro- 3-(3-ethoxy-3-oxopropanamido)thiophene-2-carboxylate (41.8 g, 58.3 % yield) as an off- white solid. LC-MS: m/z 306.0 [M+H] ⁺ ; RT=1.55 min; NMR 400 MHz (CDCL) d ppm 10.12 (s, 1H), 8.01 (s, 1H), 4.11-4.13 (m, 2H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.48 (s, 2H), 1.19-1.22 (m, 3H). Step 6: Ethyl 3-chloro-5,7-dioxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahvdrothienor3,2-blpyridine-6 -carboxylate

To a solution of methyl 4-chloro-3-(3-ethoxy-3-oxopropanamido)thiophene-2-carboxylat e (40.0 g, 130.8 mmol) in EtOH (300 mL) was added NaOEt (9.0 g, 130.8 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 85 °C overnight, then cooled to room temperature. The product was obtained by filtration to give ethyl 3-chloro-5,7-dioxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-b]pyridine-6 - carboxylate (34.3 g, 95.8 % yield) as an off-white solid. LC-MS: m/z 274.0 [M+H] ⁺ ; RT=1.56 min; NMR 400 MHz (CDCh) d ppm 7.55 (s, 1H), 4.07-4.09 (m, 2H), 3.44-3.46 (m, 1H), 1.18-1.21 (m, 3H), 1.06-1.08 (m, 1H).

Step 7: 3-Ethyl chloiOthicno|3.2- 5.7(4H.6H )-dionc

Ethyl 3-chloro-5,7-dioxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-b]pyridine-6 -carboxylate (34.3 g,

125.2 mmol) was added to a solution of NaOH (10.0 g, 250.4 mmol) in H2O (200 mL). The mixture was stirred at 105 °C overnight, then cooled to room temperature. The pH was adjusted to -6-7 with cone. HC1. The filter cake was collected by filtration and dried in vacuo to give 3-chlorothieno[3,2-b]pyridine-5,7(4H,6H)-dione (22.3 g, 88.3% yield) as an off-white solid. LC-MS: m/z 202.0 [M+H] ⁺ ; RT=1.34 min.

Step 8: 3,5,7-Trichlorothienor3,2-blnyridine

3-Chlorothieno[3,2-b]pyridine-5,7(4H,6H)-dione (22.0 g, 109.1 mmol) and N,N- dimethylaniline (6.6 g, 0.5 eq, 54.5 mmol) were added to POCI3 (150 mL). The mixture was stirred at 110 °C overnight, then cooled to room temperature. The excess POCI3 was removed in vacuo, and the solid was poured into ice water (100 mL). A white solid was obtained by filtration, dried in vacuo and further purified by silica column chromatography using petroleum ether and ethyl acetate (5:1) to give 3,5,7-trichlorothieno[3,2-b]pyridine (18.7 g, 72.1 % yield) as an off-white solid. LC-MS: m/z 237.9, 239.9, 241.9 [M+H] ⁺ ; RT=2.01 min; ppm 8.49 (s, 1H), 7.99 (s, 1H).

Intermediate 6

//77-Butyl (5-chloro-2-iodo-3-methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)(furan-2- ylmethyl)carbamate

To a solution of / /77-butyl (5-chloro-3-methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)(furan-2- ylmethyl)carbamate (410 mg, 1.08 mmol, 1.0 eq.), prepared according to the procedure in Example 2, in THE (3 mL) was added LDA (2.0M in THE, 0.60 mL, 1.1 eq.) at -78 °C. After stirring for 15 min, a solution of iodine (288 mg, 1.14 mmol, 1.05 eq.) in THE (2 mL) was added dropwise and stirring was continued for 1 h. The reaction was quenched by addition of EtOAc and NH4CI (sat. aq.) and warmed to room temperature. The organic layers were washed with sodium thiosulfate solution, water and brine, dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel eluting with 0-15% EtOAc in hexane to provide / _{<? /} 7-butyl (5-chloro-2-iodo-3-methylthieno[3,2- b]pyridin-7-yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate (436 mg, 80 % yield). MS m/z 505.5, 507.5 [M+H] ⁺ . Example 1 (Compound 2)

5-Chloro- V-[(furan-2-yl)methyl]-3-methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-amine

A mixture of 5,7-dichloro-3-methyl-thieno[3,2-b]pyridine (201 mg, 0.922 mmol, 1.00 eq.) and 2-furylmethanamine (895 mg, 0.81 mL, 9.22 mmol, 10.0 eq.) in DMSO (0.8 mL) was stirred at 100 °C for 24 h. The mixture was cooled, diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with water and brine, dried and evaporated. The residue was purified over silica gel with ethyl acetate and hexanes to give 5-chloro- V-(2-furylmethyl)-3-methyl-thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7- amine (230 mg, 90% yield). MS m/z 279.1, 281.1 [M+H] ⁺ , NMR (400 MHz, CDCh) d ppm 7.44 (d, 7= 1.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.26 (d, 7= 1.1 Hz, 1 H), 6.58 (s, 1 H), 6.39 (dd, 7= 3.2, 1.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.35 (d, 7= 3.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.70 (br s, 1 H), 4.54 (d, 7= 5.3 Hz, 2 H), 2.49 (d, 7= 1.1

Hz, 3 H).

The compounds below were prepared according to the procedure of Example 1 by substituting the appropriate starting materials, reagents and reaction conditions.

Example 2 (Compound 28)

2- [(2S)-2- Aminopropyl] -5-chloro-3 -methyl- V- [(thiophen-2-yl)methyl] thieno [3 ,2-b]pyridin-7 - amine dihydrochloride

Step 1: fe/t-Butyl /V-(5-chloro-3-methyl-thienor3,2-blpyridin-7-yl)- V-(2- thienylmethvDcarbamate

To a solution of 5-chloro-3-methyl- V-(2-thienylmethyl)thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-amine (3.90 g, 13.0 mmol, 1.0 eq.), prepared according to the procedure in Example 1, in CH2CI2 (53 mL) was added di-/ _{<? /} 7-butyl dicarbonate (5.8 g, 26.0 mmol, 2.0 eq.) followed by

4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (1.6 g, 13.0 mmol, 1.0 eq.). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with water and brine. The organic layer was dried over Na ₂ S0 ₄ , filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography with ethyl acetate in hexanes (5 to 35% gradient) to give ie/t-butyl /V-(5-chloro-3-methyl-thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)- V-(2- thienylmethyl)carbamate (4.77 g, 91% yield). MS m/z 395.1 [M+H] ⁺ ; ' H NMR (400 MHz, CDCb) d ppm 7.41 (s, 1 H), 7.24 (dd, 7= 1.00 Hz, 1 H), 7.06 (s, 1 H), 6.89 (dd, 7= 1.00 Hz, 1 H), 6.81 (d, 7= 1.00 Hz, 1 H), 5.07 (s, 2 H), 2.51 (d, 7= 1.07 Hz, 3 H), 1.47 (s, 9 H).

Step 2: //77-Butyl /V-|2-|(2S)-2-(/e/y-hutoxycarhonylamino)propyl |-5-chloro-3-mcthyl- thienor3,2-blpyridin-7-yll- V-(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate

To a solution of ie/7-butyl /V-(5-chloro-3-methyl-thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)- V-(2- thienylmethyl)carbamate (4.77 g, 12.1 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in THF (24 mL) at -78 °C was added lithium diisopropylamide (2.0 M) in THF/heptane/ethylbenzene (7.2 mL, 14.5 mmol, 1.2 eq.). After 15 min, a solution of tert- butyl (4S)-4-methyl-2,2-dioxo-oxathiazolidine-3- carboxylate (3.44 g, 14.5 mmol, 1.2 eq.) in THF (24 mL) was added to the reaction solution, and the mixture was stirred at -78 °C for 20 min. The reaction was quenched with 1.0 M citric acid, then was stirred for 30 min. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with water and brine. The combined organic layers were dried over Na ₂ S0 ₄ , filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography with ethyl acetate in CH ₂ CI ₂ (0 to 25% gradient) to give / _{<? /'/} -butyl N-[2-[(2S)-2-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)propyl]-5-chloro-3-methyl-thieno[3,2-b]p yridin-7-yl]- V-(2- thienylmethyl)carbamate (4.10 g, 61% yield). MS m/z 553.0, 555.0 [M+H] ⁺ , 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI ₃ ) d ppm 7.22 (d, 7=5.33 Hz, 1 H), 6.99 (s,

1 H), 6.86 (dd, 7=5.04, 3.51 Hz, 1 H), 6.78 (d, 7=2.90 Hz, 1 H), 5.02 (dd, 7= 1.00 Hz, 2 H), 4.46 (br s, 1 H), 4.01 (br s, 1 H), 3.07 - 3.16 (m, 1 H), 2.93 - 3.07 (m, 1 H), 2.41 (s, 3 H), 1.45 (s,

18 H), 1.14 (d, 7=6.71 Hz, 3 H).

Step 3 : 2- G( 2S)-2- Aminopropyll -5-chloro-3 -methyl-/V-(2-thienylmethyl)thieno G 3 ,2-bl pyridin- 7-amine

General Boc-deprotection procedure: A mixture of tert- butyl N-[2-[(2S)-2-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)propyl]-5-chloro-3-methyl-thieno[3,2-b]p yridin-7-yl]- V-(2- thienylmethyl)carbamate (4.10 g, 7.4 mmol, 1.0 eq.) and HC1 (4 M) in dioxane (35 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The mixture was diluted with diethyl ether (2x) and filtered. The filter cake was washed with ether, collected and dried to give 2-[(25)-2- aminopropyl]-5-chloro-3-methyl- V-(2-thienylmethyl)thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-amine dihydrochloride (2.5 g, 96% yield). MS m/z 352.1, 354.1 [M+H] ⁺ , 'H NMR (methanol-7^) d ppm 7.38 (dd, 7= 5.19, 1.07 Hz, 1 H), 7.18 (d, 7= 2.75 Hz, 1 H), 7.10 (s, 1 H), 7.01 (dd, 7= 5.04, 3.51 Hz, 1 H), 4.97 (s, 2 H), 3.60 - 3.72 (m, 1 H), 3.37 - 3.44 (m, 1 H), 3.24 - 3.30 (m, 1

H), 2.47 (s, 3 H), 1.39 (d, 7= 6.56 Hz, 3 H).

The compounds below were prepared according to the procedure of Example 2 by substituting the appropriate starting materials, reagents and reaction conditions.

Example 3 (Compound 17)

(2R)-2-Amino-3-(5-chloro-7-{ [(furan-2-yl)methyl]amino}thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)propan- l-ol dihydrochloride

Step 1: fe/t-Butyl A ^/ -|2-|(2A ^> )-2-(/er/-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-hydiOxy-piOpyl l-5-chloro- thicno|3.2-b|pyridin-7-yl I -/V-(2-furyl methyl )carhamatc

To a solution of ie/ -butyl /V-[2-[(2R)-2-(ie/ -butoxycarbonylamino)-3-[ieri- butyltdi methyl )silyl]oxy-propyl]-5-chloiO-thicno[ 3, 2-b]pyridin-7-yl]-A ^/ -(2- furylmethyl)carbamate (41 mg, 0.063 mmol, 1.0 eq.), prepared according to the procedure in Example 2, in THF (0.5 mL) at 0 °C was added TBAF (1.0 M in THF) (0.25 mL, 0.25 mmol, 4.0 eq.). After 1 h at room temperature, the mixture was diluted with ether, washed with water and brine, dried and evaporated. The residue was purified over silica gel with ethyl acetate and hexanes (5 to 65% gradient) to give / _{<? /'/} -butyl N-[2-[(2R)-2-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)-3-hydroxy-propyl]-5-chloro-thieno[3,2-b ]pyridin-7-yl]- V-(2- furylmethyl)carbamate (33 mg, 98% yield). MS m/z 538.3, 540.1 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 2: (2R)-2-Amino-3-[5-chloro-7-(2-furylmethylamino)thieno[3,2-b] pyridin-2-yl]propan- l-ol

A mixture of ie t-butyl /V-[2-[(2R)-2-(ie -butoxycarbonylamino)-3-hydroxy-propyl]-5- chloro-thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl]- V-(2-furylmethyl)carbamate (33 mg, 0.061 mmol, 1.0 eq.), anisole (0.1 mL) and HC1 (4 M in dioxane) (1.0 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 30 min, then 3 drops of MeOH was added, and the mixture was stirred for another 30 min. The mixture was diluted with ether and filtered. The solid was collected and dried to give ( 2R)-2 - amino-3-[5-chloro-7-(2-furylmethylamino)thieno[3,2-b]pyridin -2-yl]propan-l-ol dihydrochloride (21 mg, 83% yield). MS m/z 338.3, 340.2 [M+H] ⁺ . 'H NMR (methanol-^) d ppm 7.52 (d, 7= 1.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.42 (s, 1 H), 7.16 (s, 1 H), 6.49 (s, 1 H), 6.41 - 6.45 (m, 1 H), 4.77 (s, 2 H), 3.79 - 3.86 (m, 1 H), 3.64 - 3.71 (m, 2 H), 3.44 - 3.50 (m, 1 H), 3.36 - 3.42 (m, 1 H).

The compounds below were prepared according to the procedure of Example 3 by substituting the appropriate starting materials, reagents and reaction conditions.

Example 4 (Compound 42)

5-Chloro-A/-[(furan-2-yl)methyl]-3-methyl-2-[(2S)-2-(methyla mino)propyl]thieno[3,2- b]pyridin-7-amine hydrochloride

Step 1: fe/t-Butyl (SH2-(2-((/e/7-butoxycarbonyl Kmcthyl )amino)piOpyl )-5-chloro-3- methylthienor3,2-blpyridin-7-yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate

To a solution of ie/ -butyl (S)-(2-(2-((/er/-butoxycarbonyl)amino)propyl)-5-chloro-3- methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate (120 mg, 0.22 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in THF (1 mL) was added LHMDS (1.0M in THF, 0.27 mL, 1.1 eq.) at -50 °C. After 30 min, Mel (42 mg, 1.2 eq.) in THF (1 mL) was added. The mixture was gradually warmed up to room temperature over 1 h, stirred at room temperature for 1 h, cooled to -50 °C, then quenched with a few drops of citric acid. After warming to room temperature, the reaction was diluted with water and EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with water, brine and dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. The resiude was purified by flash column

chromatography on silica gel eluting with 0-10% EtOAc in DCM, followed by purification by preparative HPLC eluting with 20-100% ACN in water (with 0.1% formic acid) to provide ieri-butyl (S)-(2-(2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino)propyl)-5-chlo ro-3- methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate (35 mg, 28 % yield) as a white solid. MS m/z 550.2, 552.2 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 2: fS)-5-Chloro-A-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-3-methyl-2-(2-(methylamino )propyl)thienor3,2- blpyridin-7-amine

ieri-Butyl (S)-(2-(2-((/eri-butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino)propyl)-5-chlo ro-3- methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate (35 mg, 0.064 mmol) was stirred in a solution of HC1 (4 M in dioxane, 1 mL) at room temperature for 1 h. The mixture concentrated in vacuo. The solid was triturated with diethyl ether and filtered to afford (S)-5- chloro- V-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-3-methyl-2-(2-(methylamino)propyl)thien o[3,2-b]pyridin-7- amine dihydrochloride (12 mg, 49% yield). MS m/z 350.1, 352.1 [M+H] ⁺ ; ' H NMR

(methanol-^) d ppm 7.49 (t, /= 1.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.90 (s, 1 H), 6.41 (d, /= 1.3 Hz, 2 H), 4.66 (s, 2 H), 3.57 - 3.60 (m, 1 H), 3.44 - 3.47 (m, 1 H), 3.18 - 3.23 (m, 1 H), 2.80 (s, 3 H), 2.43 (s, 3 H), 1.35 (d, J= 6.6 Hz, 3 H).

Example 5 (Compound 104)

2-[(2R)-2-Amino-3-(methylsulfanyl)propyl]-5-chloro- V-[(furan-2-yl)methyl]-3- methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-amine dihydrochloride

Step 1: Butoxycarbonylamino)-3-|7-l /e/7-butoxycarbonyl(2-

furylmethyl)aminol-5-chloro-3-methyl-thienor3,2-blpyridin -2-yllpropyll methanesulfonate To a solution of ie/ -butyl /V-[2-[(2R)-2-(ie/ -butoxycarbonylamino)-3-hydroxy-propyl]-5- chloro-3-methyl-thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl]- V-(2-furylmethyl)carbamate (217.0 mg, 0.393 mmol, 1.0 eq.), prepared according to the procedure in Example 3, in DCM (2.5 mL) was added a solution of methanesulfonyl chloride (592 mg, 0.40 mL, 5.17 mmol, 13.1 eq.) in DCM (9.60 mL) followed by /V,/V-diisopropylethylamine (75.5 mg, 0.10 mL, 0.57 mmol,

1.46 eq.) at 0 °C. The reaction was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h, then quenched by sodium bicarbonate (~5 mL) and extracted with DCM (5 x 10 mL) using a phase separator. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure to afford [(2R)-2-(/eri-butoxycarbonylamino)- 3 - [7- [ier/-butoxycarbonyl(2-furylmethyl)amino] -5-chloro-3 -methyl-thieno [3 ,2-b]pyridin-2- yl]propyl] methanesulfonate (262.2 mg, 0.42 mmol, 1.06 eq.) as a light yellow foam which was carried over to the next step without further purification. MS m/z 630.4, 632.3 [M+H] ⁺ . Step 2: /e/V-Butyl /V-|2-|(2/f )-2-(/er/-hutox ycarhonylami no )-3 -methyl sul fan yl-propyl 1-5- chloro-3-methyl-thienor3,2-blpyridin-7-yll- V-(2-furylmethyl)carbamate

To a solution of [(2R)-2-(ieri-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-[7-[/eri-butoxycarbonyl (2- furylmethyl)amino]-5-chloro-3-methyl-thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2- yl]propyl] methanesulfonate (262.2 mg, 0.42 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in DMF (2.5 mL) was added sodium methanethiolate (45.0 mg, 0.58 mmol, 1.39 eq.) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, then quenched with water (2 mL). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2x30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water followed by brine (30 mL) and dried over sodium sulfate. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (12 g, 0-20% EtOAc in hexanes with 10% DCM) to afford /<? //-butyl /V-[2-[(2/i)-2-(tcrt-butoxycarbonylamino)-3- mcthyl sul fany 1-propyl J-5-chloiO-3-mcthyl-thicno[ 3, 2-bJpyndin-7-ylJ-A ^/ -(2- furylmethyl)carbamate (202.3 mg, 84% yield) as a light yellow foam. MS m/z 582.3, 584.3 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 3: fR)-2-(2-Amino-3-(methylthio)propyl)-5-chloro- V-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-3- methylthienor3,2-blpyridin-7-amine

Removal of the Boc group following the general procedure described in Step 3 for Example 2 provided (R)-2-(2-amino-3-(methylthio)propyl)-5-chloro- V-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-3- methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-amine dihydrochloride MS m/z 382.3, 384.3 [M+H] ⁺ ; 'H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-ifc) d ppm 8.31 - 8.48 (m, 3 H), 7.68 (br s, 1 H), 7.59 (d, 7=0.92 Hz, 1 H), 6.60 (s, 1 H), 6.40 (dd, 7=3.05, 1.83 Hz, 1 H), 6.35 (d, 7=3.05 Hz, 1 H), 4.51 (s, 2 H), 3.46 - 3.54 (m, 1 H), 3.36 (dd, 7= 14.84, 6.15 Hz, 1 H), 3.29 (dd, 7= 14.92, 7.57 Hz, 1 H), 2.83 (dd, 7= 14.21, 6.37 Hz, 1 H), 2.76 (dd, 7= 14.14, 5.93 Hz, 1 H), 2.28 (s, 3 H), 2.11 (s, 3 H).

The compounds below were prepared according to the procedure of Example 5 by substituting the appropriate starting materials, reagents and reaction conditions.

Example 6 (Compound 111)

(35)-3-A mi no-4-(5-ch loro-7- 1 [(furan-2-yl) methyl] ami no } -3-methyl thieno[3,2-hJpyridin-2- yl)butanenitrile dihydrochloride

Step 1: fe/t-Butyl A ^/ -|2-|(25)-2-(/e/7-hutoxycarhonylamino)-3-cvano-piOpyl |-5-chloro-3- mcthyl-thicno|3.2- -/V-(2-furyl methyl jearhamate

To a solution of [(2R)-2-(ie/7-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-[7-[ie/7-butoxycarbonyl (2- furylmethyl)amino]-5-chloro-3-methyl-thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2- yl]propyl] methanesulfonate (216 mg, 0.34 mmol, 1.0 eq.), prepared according to the procedure in Example 5, in DMF (2.5 mL) was added sodium cyanide (30 mg, 0.58 mmol, 1.7 eq.) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at 60 °C for 3 h. The reaction was quenched with water (2.0 mL) and then extracted with EtOAc (2x40 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with water followed by brine (30 mL) then dried over sodium sulfate. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flash column chromatography (12 g, 0-20% EtOAc in hexanes with 10% DCM) to afford / _{<? /} 7-butyl N-\2-[(2S)-2-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)-3-cyano-propyl]-5-chloro-3-methyl-thien o[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl]- V-(2- furylmethyl)carbamate (134.2 mg, 70% yield) as an off-white foam. MS m/z 561.3, 563.3 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 2: fSK3-Amino-4-(5-chloiO-7-((furan-2-ylmcthyl )amino)-3-mcthylthicno|3.2-b|pyridin- 2-yl)butanenitrile

Removal of the Boc group following the general procedure described in Step 3 for Example 2 provided (S)-3-amino-4-(5-chloro-7-((furan-2-ylmethyl)amino)-3-methyl thieno[3,2- b]pyridin-2-yl)butanenitrile hydrochloride. MS m/z 361.3, 363.3 [M+H] ⁺ , 359.2, 361.2 [M- H]-; NMR 500 MHz (DMSO-ifc) d ppm 8.61 (br s, 3 H), 7.66 (br s, 1 H), 7.59 (s, 1 H), 6.60 (s, 1 H), 6.40 (br s, 1 H), 6.35 (br s, 1 H), 4.51 (br s, 2 H), 3.33 - 3.45 (m, 2 H), 3.24 (br dd, 7= 14.95, 8.24 Hz, 1 H), 2.91 - 3.06 (m, 2 H), 2.28 (s, 3 H). The compounds below were prepared according to the procedure of Example 6 by substituting the appropriate starting materials, reagents and reaction conditions.

Example 7 (Compound 64 and Compound 65)

2-[(2R)-2-Amino-3-(trifluoromethoxy)propyl]-3-bromo-5-chloro - V-[(l,3-thiazol-2- yl)methyl]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-amine formate

and

(2/i)-3-( 3- Bromo-5-ch loro-7- { [(1 ,3-thiazol-2-yl ) methyl] ami no } thicno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)-2-

[(trifluoromethyl)amino]propan- 1 -ol formate

Step 1: tert- Butyl A ^/ - butoxycarbonylamino)-3-

(trifluoromcthoxylpropyl |-5-chloro-thicno|3.2-h|pyridin-7-yl |-/V-(thiazol-2- yl methyl )carbamatc and tert- butyl /VT(lR)-lTr3-bromo-7-r/g/t-butoxycarbonyl(thiazol-2- ylmcthyl )amino|-5-chloro-thicno|3.2- 2-yl Imcthyl I-2-hydiOxy-cthyl I-/V-

(trill uoromcthyl lcarbamatc

To a mixture of / _{<? /} 7-butyl /V-[3-bromo-2-[(2R)-2-(ie 7-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-hydroxy- propyl]-5-chloro-thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl]- V-(thiazol-2-ylmethyl)carbamate (64 mg, 0.10 mmol, 1.0 eq.), prepared according to the procedure in Example 3, silver

trifluoromethanesulfonate (78 mg, 0.30 mmol, 3.0 eq.), Selectfluor ^® (56 mg, 0.15 mmol, 1.5 eq.), potassium fluoride (23 mg, 0.40 mmol, 4.0 eq.) and 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol (11 mg, 0.050 mmol, 0.50 eq.) was added a solution of 2-fluoropyridine (30 mg, 0.027 mL, 0.30 mmol, 3.0 eq.) and (trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane (43 mg, 0.046 mL, 0.30 mmol, 3.0 eq.) in EtOAc (0.5 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was diluted with DCM and purified over silica gel with ethyl acetate in dichloromethane (0 to 25 to 75% gradient) to give, as the less polar fraction, ie -butyl /V-[3-bromo-2-[(2R)-2-(ie T- butoxycarbonylamino)-3-(trifluoromethoxy)propyl]-5-chloro-th ieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl]- V- (thiazol-2-ylmethyl)carbamate (3.5 mg, 4.9% yield), ^X H NMR (CDCb) d ppm 7.52 - 7.77 (m, 1 H), 7.40 - 7.25 (m, 2 H), 5.08 (br s, 2 H), 4.68 - 4.82 (m, 1 H), 4.11 - 4.23 (m, 1 H), 3.98 (dd, J= 17.3, 3.6 Hz, 2 H), 3.23 (d, J= 6.3 Hz, 2 H), 1.29 - 1.42 (m, 18 H), and ieri-butyl N- [(lR)-l-[[3-bromo-7-[ie 7-butoxycarbonyl(thiazol-2-ylmethyl)amino]-5-chloro-thieno[3 ,2- bJpyridin-2-ylJmcthylJ-2-hydroxy-cthylJ-A ^/ -(trin uoromcthyl (carbamate (35 mg, 49% yield), NMR (chloroform-d) d ppm 7.77 (br s, 1 H), 7.44 (br s, 1 H), 7.35 (s, 1 H), 5.22 (d, /= 6.6 Hz, 2 H), 4.86 (br s, 1 H), 4.26 (br s., 1 H), 4.02 - 4.12 (m, 2 H), 3.32 (d, /= 6.0 Hz, 2 H),

1.36 - 1.49 (m, 18 H).

Step 2: 2-r(2R)-2-Amino-3-(trifluoromethoxy)propyll-3-bromo-5-chloro - V-(thiazol-2- ylmethvDthieno G 3 ,2-bl pyridin-7-amine

Removal of the Boc group following the general procedure described in Step 3 for Example 2, / _{<? /} 7-butyl /V-[3-bromo-2-[(2R)-2-(ie 7-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-(trifluoromethoxy)propyl]- 5-chloro-thieno[ 3, 2-bJpyridin-7-ylJ-A ^/ -(thiazol-2-y Imcthyl (carbamate (3.5 mg) was treated with HC1 in dioxane, then purified by HPLC to give 2-[(2R)-2-amino-3- (trifluoromethoxy)propyl]-3-bromo-5-chloro- V-(thiazol-2-ylmethyl)thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7- amine, formic acid salt, MS m/z 501.2, 503.1, 505.1 [M+H] ⁺ ; ' H NMR (methanol-^) d ppm 8.39 (s, 1 H), 7.74 - 7.82 (m, 1 H), 7.51 - 7.58 (m, 1 H), 6.57 (s, 1 H), 4.90 (s, 2 H), 4.04 - 4.22 (m, 2 H), 3.62 - 3.79 (m, 1 H), 3.33 - 3.41 (m, 1 H), 3.19 - 3.27 (m, 1 H). (2RY3- G 3 - B IΌ m o - 5 - c h 1 o ro - 7 - (t h i a zo 1 - 2 - y 1 m c t h y 1 a m i n o ) t h i c n o G 3 ,2-bl p yridin-2- yll -2- (trifluoromethylamino)propan- l-ol formate

Deprotection of tert- butyl /V-[(lR)-l-[[3-bromo-7-[ie/t-butoxycarbonyl(thiazol-2- ylmethyl)amino]-5-chloro-thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl]methyl]-2 -hydroxy-ethyl]- V- (trifluoromethyl)carbamate provided (2R)-3-[3-bromo-5-chloro-7-(thiazol-2- ylmethylamino)thieno[3 ,2-b]pyridin-2-yl] -2-(trifluoromethylamino)propan- 1 -ol, formic acid salt, MS m/z 501.2, 503.1, 505.1 [M+H] ⁺ ; NMR (methanol-^) d ppm 8.37 (s, 1 H), 7.80 (d, /= 3.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.56 (d, /= 3.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.59 (s, 1 H), 4.92 (s, 2 H), 4.26 (br s, 1 H),

4.14 - 4.22 (m, 1 H), 3.80 - 3.94 (m, 1 H), 3.35 - 3.47 (m, 2 H).

Example 8 (Compound 113)

2- [{2R)-2- Amino-3 -(methanesulfonyl)propyl] -3 ,5-dichloro- V- [(furan-2-yl)methyl] thieno [3 ,2- b] pyridin-7 - amine dihydrochloride

Step 1: fe/t-Butyl /V-|2-|(2/f )-2-(/e/V-hutox ycarhonylami no )-3 -methyl sulfonyl -propyl 1-3.5- dichloro-thienor3,2-blpyridin-7-yll- V-(2-furylmethyl)carbamate

To a solution of /rvv-butyl /V-[2-[(2R)-2-(ie/t-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-methylsulfanyl- propyl]-3,5-dichloro-thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl]- V-(2-furylmethyl)carbamate ( 256.0 mg, 0.42 mmol, 1.0 eq.), prepared according to the procedure in Example 5, in DCM (3.0 mL) was added 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (189.4 mg, 0.82 mmol, 1.9 eq.) at 0 °C. The reaction was stirred at

0 °C for 1 h then quenched with sodium bicarbonate (3.0 mL). The mixture was extracted by DCM (5x10 mL) using a phase separator. The combined organic phases were dried over sodium sulfate then concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (24 g, 0-40% EtOAc in hexanes with 10% DCM) to afford tert- butyl N-[2-[(2R)-2-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)-3 -methyl sul I ^' ony 1-propyl] -3, 5-dichloro-thicno[ 3, 2-b]pyndin-7-yl]-A ^/ - (2-furylmethyl)carbamate (232.8 mg, 86% yield) as an off-white foam. MS m/z 634.3

[M+H] ⁺ , 656.4 [M+Na] ⁺ . Step 2: fR)-2-(2-Amino-3-(methylsulfonyl)propyl)-3,5-dichloro- V-(furan-2- ylmcthyl Hhicno G 3 ,2-bl pyridin-7-amine

Removal of the Boc group following the general procedure described in Step 3 for Example 2 provided (R)-2-(2-amino-3-(methylsulfonyl)propyl)-3,5-dichloro- V-(furan-2- ylmethyl)thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-amine dihydrochloride MS m/z 434.3, 436.3 [M+H] ⁺ , 432.2 ppm 8.47 (br s, 3 H), 7.98 (br t, 7=5.49 Hz, 1 H), 7.60 (s, 1 H), 6.71 (s, 1 H), 6.37 - 6.43 (m, 2 H), 4.54 (br d, 7=5.19 Hz, 2 H), 3.95 - 4.06 (m,

1 H), 3.45 - 3.66 (m, 4 H), 3.17 (s, 3 H).

The compounds below were prepared according to the procedure of Example 8 by substituting the appropriate starting materials, reagents and reaction conditions.

Example 9 (Compound 47)

2- [(2S)-2- Amino-4-fluorobutyl] -3 ,5-dichloro- V- [( 1 ,3 -thiazol-2-yl)methyl] thieno [3 ,2- b] pyridin-7 - amine dihydrochloride

Step 1: //77-Butyl A ^/ -|2-|(25)-2-(/g/7-butoxycarbonylamino)-4-fluoiO-butyl |-3.5-dichloro- thicno|3.2-b|pyridin-7-yl I -A ^/ -(thiazol-2-yl methyl )carbamatc

To a mixture of //77-butyl iV-[2-[(2S)-2-(ieri-butoxycarbonylamino)-4-hydroxy-butyl]-3, 5- dichloro-thicno[ 3, 2-b]pyndin-7-yl]-A ^/ -(thiazol-2-yl methyl (carbamate (35 mg, 0.058 mmol, 1.0 eq.), prepared according to the procedure in Example 3, and pyridine-2- sulfonyl fluoride (11 mg, 0.064 mmol, 1.1 eq.) in toluene (0.2 mL) was added 7 -methyl- 1,5,7- triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (18 mg, 0.017 mL, 0.12 mmol, 2.0 eq.). The mixture was stirred at room temperature over 3 d, then diluted with DCM and purified over silica gel with ethyl acetate in hexanes (5 to 50% gradient) to give //77-butyl N-[2-[(2S)-2-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)-4-fluoro-butyl]-3,5-dichloro-thieno[3,2 -b]pyridin-7-yl]- V-(thiazol-2- ylmethyl)carbamate (30 mg, 85% yield). MS tn/z. 627.2, 629.1 [M+Na] ⁺ .

Step 2: (3S)-3-Amino-4-|3.5-dichloro-7-(thiazol-2-ylmcthylamino)thic no|3.2-h|pyridin-2- yllbutan-l-ol

The general Boc-deprotection procedure described in Step 3 for Example 2 using HC1 in dioxane was followed to give (3S)-3-amino-4-[3,5-dichloro-7-(thiazol-2- ylmethylamino)thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl]butan-l-ol dihydrochloride (14 mg, 99% yield). MS m/z 405.1, 407.2, 409.1 [M+H] ⁺ ; (methanol-^) d: 8.08 (d, 7= 3.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.91 (d, 7= 3.5 Hz, 1 H), 6.99 (s, 1 H), 5.23 (s, 2 H), 4.61 - 4.81 (m, 2 H), 3.85 - 3.95 (m, 1 H), 3.51 (qd, 7= 14.9, 7.2 Hz, 2 H),

2.12 - 2.26 (m, 2 H).

The compounds below were prepared according to the procedure of Example 9 by substituting the appropriate starting materials, reagents and reaction conditions.

Example 10 (Compound 107)

2-[(2S)-2- Amino-4, 4-difluorobutyl]-3-bromo-5-chloro- V-[(thiophen-2-yl)methyl]thieno[3, 2- b]pyridin-7-amine hydrochloride

Step 1 : (3 S)-3 - Amino-4- G 3 -bromo-5-chloro-7-(2-thienylmethylamino)thieno G 3 ,2-bl pyridin-2- vHbutan-l-ol

To a solution of tert- butyl A/-[3-bromo-2-[(2S)-2-(/eri-butoxycarbonylamino)-4-[/eri- butyl(dimethyl)silyl] oxy-butyl] -5-chloro-thieno [3 ,2-b]pyridin-7-yl] -N-{ 2- thienylmethyl)carbamate (300 mg, 0.4 mmol), prepared according to the procedure in Example 2, in CH2CI2 (3 mL) was added trifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL, 7 mmol). After stirring at room temperature for 4 h, the reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was used in the subsequent step without further purification. MS m/z 446.8, 448.2, 450.2 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 2 l3-Bromo-5-chloiO-7-(2-thicnylmcthylamino)thicno|3.2- 2-

yllmethyll-3-hydroxy-propyll-2-nitro-benzenesulfonamide

To a solution (3S)-3-amino-4-[3-bromo-5-chloro-7-(2-thienylmethylamino)thi eno[3,2- b]pyridin-2-yl]butan-l-ol (100 mg, 0.2 mmol) in CH2CI2 (1 mL) at room temperature was added 2-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride (50 mg, 0.2 mmol, 1.0 eq) followed by N,N- diisopropylethylamine (0.12 mL, 0.69 mmol, 3.5 eq). After stirring at room temperature for 1 h, the mixture was diluted with water (5 mL) and extracted with CH2CI2 (3 x 10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with 1M HC1 (10 mL) followed by saturated NaHCCL (10 mL), then dried over Na ₂ S0 ₄ , filtered, and concentrated. The precipitate was triturated with diethyl ether and filtered to afford A-[(lS)-l-[[3-bromo-5-chloro-7-(2- thienylmethylamino)thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl]methyl]-3-hydro xy-propyl]-2-nitro- benzenesulfonamide (119 mg, 84% yield) as a light yellow solid. MS m/z 631.2, 633.2, 635.2 NMR (DMSO -d ₆ ) d ppm 8.08 (br d, /= 8.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.84 (br t, /= 5.8 Hz, 1 H),

7.65 (t, /= 7.9 Hz, 2 H), 7.30-7.47 (m, 3 H), 7.10-7.20 (m, 1 H), 7.03 (t, /= 4.1 Hz, 1H), 6.59 (s, 1H), 4.71 (br d, /= 5.8 Hz, 2H), 4.41 (t, /= 4.9 Hz, 1H), 3.78-3.97 (m, 1H), 3.44-3.54 (m, 1H), 3.15 (br dd, /= 14.3, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 2.99 (dd, /= 14.5, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 1.63-1.81 (m, 2H). Step 3: /V l3-Bromo-5-chloiO-7-(2-thicnylmcthylamino)thicno|3.2-h|pyrid in-2-

yllmethyll-3-oxo-propyll-2-nitro-benzenesulfonamide

To a suspension of A-[(lS)-l-[[3-bromo-5-chloro-7-(2-thienylmethylamino)thieno[ 3,2- b]pyridin-2-yl]methyl]-3-hydroxy-propyl]-2-nitro-benzenesulf onamide (50 mg, 0.08 mmol) in CH2CI2 (2 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane, 1, 1,1 -tris(acetyloxy)- 1,1 -dihydro- 1,2- benziodoxol-3-(17 )-one, (40 mg, 0.09 mmol, 1.1 eq.). After stirring at room temperature for 4 h, the mixture was concentrated to afford A-[(lS)-l-[[3-bromo-5-chloro-7-(2- thienylmethylamino)thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl]methyl]-3-oxo-p ropyl]-2-nitro- benzenesulfonamide which was used without further purification. MS m/z 629.2, 631.2, 633.2 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 4: (S)-N-( l-(3-Bromo-5-chloro-7-((thiophen-2-ylmethyl)amino)thienor3,2 -blpyridin-2- yl)-4,4-difluorobutan-2-yl)-2-nitrobenzenesulfonamide

To a solution of A-[(lS)-l-[[3-bromo-5-chloro-7-(2-thienylmethylamino)thieno[ 3,2- b]pyridin-2-yl]methyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-2-nitro-benzenesulfonam ide from step 3 in CH2CI2 (1 mL) was added diethylamino sulfur trifluoride (0.25 g, 1 M) at room temperature. After stirring for 30 min, the reaction was quenched with saturated NaHCCL (5 mL) and extracted with CH2CI2 (10 mL). The organic layer was dried over Na ₂ S0 ₄ , filtered, and concentrated to afford (S)-A-(l-(3-bromo-5-chloro-7-((thiophen-2-ylmethyl)amino)thi eno[3,2-b]pyridin-2- yl)-4,4-difluorobutan-2-yl)-2-nitrobenzenesulfonamide which was used without further purification. MS m/z 651.1, 653.3 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 5: 2-r -2-Amino-4,4-difluoro-butyll-3-bromo-5-chloro- V-(2- thienylmeth yl) thieno G 3 ,2-bl p yridin-7 - amine

To a solution of A-[(lS)-l-[[3-bromo-5-chloro-7-(2-thienylmethylamino)thieno[ 3,2- b]pyridin-2-yl]methyl]-3,3-difluoro-propyl]-2-nitro-benzenes ulfonamide in DMF (1 mL, 12.9 mmol) was added thiophenol (0.02 mL, 0.2 mmol) and K2CO3 (40 mg, 0.29 mmol). After stirring at room temperature for 18 h, the mixture was diluted with MeOH (lmL), filtered, and purified by preparative HPLC. The collected fractions were concentrated and then treated with 1M HCl/Et ₂ 0 (1 mL) to afford 2 - [ ( 25 ) - 2 - a in i n o - 4 , 4 - d i IΊ u o o - h u t y 1 J - 3 - h o in o - 5 - c h 1 o ro - A-(2-thienyhnethyl)thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-amine dihydrochloride (4.0 mg, 9.4% yield) as a white solid. MS m/z 466.1, 468.0, 470.1 [M+H] ⁺ ; NMR (methanol-^) d ppm 7.33 (d, J= 5.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.11 (d, J= 3.1 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (t, /= 4.3 Hz, 1H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 6.04-6.37 (m, 1 H), 4.71-4.83 (m, 2 H), 3.98 (quin, /= 6.8 Hz, 1 H), 3.36-3.51 (m, 2 H), 2.25-2.45 (m, 2 H).

Example 11 (Compound 45)

2- [(2R)-2- Amino-3 -methoxypropyl] -5-chloro-A- [(furan-2-yl)methyl] -3 -methylthieno [3 ,2- b] pyridin-7 - amine dihydrochloride

Step 1 : fe/t-Butyl A ^/ -| 2-| (2/s ^> )-2-(/e/7-butoxycarbonylamino )-3-mcthoxy-piOpyl |-5-chlon -3- methyl-thienor3,2-blpyridin-7-yll-/V-(2-furylmethyl)carbamat e

To a solution of tert- butyl /V-[2-[(2R)-2-(ie/ -butoxycarbonylamino)-3-hydroxy-propyl]-5- chloro-3-methyl-thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl]- V-(2-furylmethyl)carbamate (126.6 mg, 0.23 mmol, 1.0 eq.), prepared according to the procedure in Example 3, in DMF (0.5 mL) and THF (2.0 mL) was added sodium hydride (60 mass%) in mineral oil (15 mg, 0.38 mmol, 1.6 eq.) at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred for 5 min at 0 °C, then iodomethane (2.0 M) in /<? /7-butyl methyl ether (112 mg, 0.120 mL, 0.24 mmol, 1.0 eq.) was added. The reaction was warmed to room temperature, then stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction was quenched with water (~5 mL), then extracted with EtOAc (2 x 40 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with water followed by brine (-30 mL). The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by flash column chromatography (12 g, 0-30% EtOAc in hexanes with 10% DCM) to afford tert- butyl N-\2-[(2R)-2-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)-3-methoxy-propyl]-5-chloro-3-methyl-thi eno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl]- V- (2-furylmethyl)carbamate (88.0 mg, 0.155 mmol, 0.68 eq.) as an off-white solid. MS m/z 566.3 [M+H] ⁺ , 588.2, 590.3 [M+Na] ⁺ . Step 2: fR)-2-(2-Amino-3-methoxypropyl)-5-chloro- V-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-3- methylthieno G 3 ,2-bl pyridin-7-amine

Removal of the Boc group following the general procedure described in Step 3 for Example 2 using HC1 in dioxane gave (R)-2-(2-amino-3-methoxypropyl)-5-chloro- V-(furan-2-ylmethyl)- 3-methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-amine hydrochloride. MS m/z 366.3, 368.2 [M+H] ⁺ ; ' H NMR 500 MHz (DMSO-ifc) d ppm 8.33 (br s, 3 H), 7.65 (br s, 1 H), 7.56 - 7.62 (m, 1 H),

6.60 (s, 1 H), 6.39 - 6.42 (m, 1 H), 6.36 (d, 7=3.05 Hz, 1 H), 4.51 (br s, 2 H), 3.44 - 3.53 (m,

2 H), 3.34 - 3.43 (m, 1 H), 3.31 (s, 3 H), 3.24 (dd, 7= 14.55, 5.29 Hz, 1 H), 3.18 (dd, 7= 14.49, 9.25 Hz, 1 H), 2.25 (s, 3 H).

The compounds below were prepared according to the procedure of Example 11 by substituting the appropriate starting materials, reagents and reaction conditions.

Example 12 (Compound 115)

3-(5-Chloro-7-{ [(furan-2-yl)methyl]amino}-3-methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl )-D-alanine dihydrochloride

Step 1: /e/V-Butyl (R)-(2-(2-((/gr/-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-oxopropyl)-3,5- dichlorothienor3,2-blpyridin-7-yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamat e

To ieri-butyl /V-[2-[(2R)-2-(ieri-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-hydroxy-propyl]-3 ,5-dichloro- thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl]- V-(2-furylmethyl)carbamate (614 mg, 1.0 mmol), prepared according to the procedure in Example 3, in CH2CI2 (3 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane, l,l,l-tris(acetyloxy)-l,l-dihydro-l,2-benziodoxol-3-(l//)-on e, (546 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 eq). After stirring at room temperature for 2 h, the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, diluted with diethyl ether (3 mL), and stirred with saturated Na ₂ S ₂ 0 ₃ (1 mL) and saturated NaHCCL (1 mL) for 30 min. The organic layer was separated, dried over MgS0 ₄ , filtered, and concentrated to afford / _{<? /} 7-butyl (R)-(2-(2-((tert- butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-oxopropyl)-3,5-dichlorothieno[3,2-b] pyridin-7-yl)(furan-2- ylmethyl)carbamate (510 mg, 83% yield) as a clear oil. MS m/z 569.9 [M+H] ⁺ ; ' H NMR (DMSO -d ₆ ) d ppm 9.51 (s, 1H), 7.55 (m, 2H), 6.33 (br s, 1H), 6.24 (br s, 1H), 4.90-4.98 (m, 2H), 4.10-4.23 (m, 1H), 3.35-3.41 (m, 1H), 3.13-3.26 (m, 1H), 1.39 (s, 9H), 1.36 (s, 9H).

Step 2: (2/f )-2-(/e/7-Butox ycarhonylami no )-3 -17-1 /e/7-hutoxycarhonyl(2-furyl methyl laminol- 3,5-dichloro-thienor3,2-blpyridin-2-yllpropanoic acid

To a solution of tert- butyl /V-[2-[(2R)-2-(ie 7-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-oxo-propyl]-3,5- dichloro-thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl]- V-(2-furylmethyl)carbamate (510 mg, 0.9 mmol) in tert- butanol (4.0 mL) and water (1.0 mL) was added NatbPC (322 mg, 2.7 mmol, 3 eq.) followed by 2-methyl-2-butene (0.8 mL, 9 mmol, 10 eq) and finally NaClCL (162 mg, 1.8 mmol, 2.0 eq.). After stirring at room temperature for 0.5 h, the mixture was diluted with CH2CI2 (10 mL) and washed with water (10 mL). The organic layer was separated, dried over Na ₂ S0 ₄ , filtered, and concentrated to afford (2R)-2-(ie 7-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-[7-[ie 7- butoxycarbonyl(2-furylmethyl)amino]-3,5-dichloro-thieno[3,2- b]pyridin-2-yl]propanoic acid (498 mg, 95% yield) as a white solid. MS m/z 586.1 [M+H] ⁺ ; Ή NMR (DMSO-<¾ d ppm 12.79-13.13 (m, 1 H), 7.55-7.59 (m, 1 H), 7.51-7.54 (m, 1 H), 7.25-7.33 (m, 1 H), 6.29-6.36 (m, 1 H), 6.20-6.26 (m, 1 H), 4.90-5.01 (m, 2 H), 4.19-4.25 (m, 1 H), 3.50-3.59 (m, 1 H), 3.21-3.29 (m, 1 H), 1.37-1.40 (s, 9 H), 1.33-1.37 (s, 9 H).

Step 3 : (2R)-2- Amino-3 - G 3 ,5-dichloro-7-(2-furylmethylamino)thieno G 3 ,2-bl pyridin-2- yll propanoic acid

A mixture of (2R)-2-(ieri-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-[7-[/eri-butoxycarbonyl( 2- furylmethyl)amino]-3,5-dichloro-thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl]pr opanoic acid (80 mg, 0.14 mmol) in a solution of HC1 (4 M in dioxane) (1 mL, 4 mmol) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The solid was triturated with diethyl ether and filtered to afford (2R)-2-amino-3-[3,5-dichloro-7-(2- furylmethylamino)thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl]propanoic acid dihydrochloride (55 mg, 88% yield). MS m/z 366.1, 368.2 [M+H] ⁺ ; NMR (DMSO -d ₆ ) d ppm 8.64 (br s, 3 H), 7.93-8.06 (m, 1 H), 7.57-7.65 (m, 1 H), 6.68-6.75 (m, 1 H), 6.35-6.46 (m, 2 H), 4.48-4.60 (m, 2 H), 4.11-4.23 (m, 1 H), 3.48-3.57 (m, 2H), COOH peak not observed.

The compound below was prepared according to the procedure of Example 12 by substituting the appropriate starting materials, reagents and reaction conditions.

Example 13 (Compound 72)

2- [(2R)-2- Aminobut-3 -en- 1 -yl] -3 -bromo-5-chloro- V- [( 1 ,3 -thiazol-2-yl)methyl] thieno [3 ,2- b] pyridin-7 - amine dihydrochloride

Step 1: fe/t-Butyl f/ -(3-hromo-2-(2-((/e/7-hutoxycarhonyl )amino)but-3-cn- 1 -yl )-5- chlorothienor3,2-blpyridin-7-yl)(thiazol-2-ylmethyl)carbamat e

To a suspension of methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (260 mg, 0.71 mmol, 2.1 eq.) in THF (3.5 mL) was added KHMDS (1 M) in THF (0.68 mL, 0.68 mmol, 2.0 eq.). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, then cooled to -78 °C. tert- Butyl (R)-(3-bromo-2-(2- ((ier/-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-oxopropyl)-5-chlorothieno[3,2 -b]pyridin-7-yl)(thiazol-2- ylmethyl)carbamate (215 mg, 0.34 mmol, 1.0 eq.), prepared according to the procedure in Example 12, in THF (2.5 mL) was added, and the temperature was warmed to room temperature and stirred overnight. The reaction was quenched with saturated NH4CI, extracted with ethyl acetate, dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. The residue was purified over silica gel with ethyl acetate and hexanes (5 to 35% gradient) to give tert- butyl (7?)-(3-bromo-2-(2-((ieri-butoxycarbonyl)amino)but-3-en-l-yl )-5-chlorothieno[3,2-b]pyridin- 7-yl)(thiazol-2-ylmethyl)carbamate (86 mg, 40% yield). ^X H NMR (CDCI3) d: 7.71 (d, /= 3.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.30 - 7.39 (m, 2 H), 5.87 (s, 1 H), 5.23 (d, /= 17.1 Hz, 1 H), 5.16 - 5.20 (m, 3 H), 4.50 - 4.75 (m, 2 H), 3.20 - 3.40 (m, 2 H), 1.38 - 1.51 (m, 18 H). Step 2: 2- G( 2R)-2- Aminobut-3 -enyll -3 -bromo-5-chloro-/V-(thiazol-2- ylmethvDthieno G3 ,2- blpyridin-7-amine

Removal of the Boc group following the general procedure described in Step 3 for Example 2 using HC1 in dioxane gave 2-[(2R)-2-aminobut-3-enyl]-3-bromo-5-chloro- V-(thiazol-2- ylmethyl)thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-amine dihydrochloride. MS m/z 429.0, 431.1, 433.0 [M+H] ⁺ ;

NMR (methanol-^) d: 7.82-7.89 (m, 1 H), 7.63-7.69 (m, 1 H), 6.66-6.73 (m, 1 H), 5.81- 5.91 (m, 1 H), 5.28-5.37 (m, 2 H), 4.98 (s, 2 H), 4.06-4.17 (m, 1 H), 3.38-3.46 (m, 2 H).

The compound below was prepared according to the procedure of Example 13 by substituting the appropriate starting materials, reagents and reaction conditions.

Example 14 (Compound 123)

2- [(2R)-2- Aminobut-3 -yn- 1 -yl] -3 -methyl-5-chloro- V- [(furan-2-yl)methyl] thieno [3 ,2- b] pyridin-7 - amine

Step 1: fe T-Butyl /V-|2-|(2/f )-2-(/e/V-hutoxycarhonylamino)hut-3-ynyl l-5-chloiO-3-mcthyl- thieno r3,2-blpyridin-7-yll-A/-(2-furylmethyl)carbamate

To a stirred suspension of / _{<? /} 7-butyl /V-[2-[(2R)-2-(ie 7-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-oxo-propyl]- 5-chloro-3-methyl-thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl]- V-(2-furylmethyl)carbamate (202 mg, 0.37 mmol, 1.0 eq.), prepared according to the procedure in Example 12, and potassium carbonate (100 mg, 0.043 mL, 0.72 mmol, 1.97 eq.) in MeOH (5.0 mL) was added dimethyl (l-diazo-2- oxopropyl)phosphonate (10 mass %) in acetonitrile (800 mg, 1.0 mL, 0.42 mmol, 1.1 eq.) at 0 °C. The reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was subjected to aqueous work-up and purification by flash column chromatography (24 g, 0-20% EtO Ac/hexanes) to afford / _{<? /} 7-butyl N-\2-\(2R)- 2-(ie/7-butoxycarbonylamino)but-3-ynyl]-5-chloro-3-methyl-th ieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl]- V-(2- furylmethyl)carbamate (136.5 mg, 68% yield) as an off-white foam. MS m/z 546.2, 548.4 [M+H] ⁺ . Step 2: (/? J-2-(2-Aminohut-3-yn- 1 - yl )-5-chloro-/V-(furan-2-yl methyl )-3 -methyl thicnol 3.2- blpyridin-7-amine

The general deprotection procedure using HC1 in dioxane was followed to give (R)-2-(2- aminobut-3-yn-l-yl)-5-chloro-/V-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-3-methylt hieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-amine hydrochloride MS m/z 346.2, 348.3 [M+H] ⁺ ; Ή NMR (500 MHz, DMSO -d ₆ ) d ppm 8.84 (br d, 7= 4.27 Hz, 3 H), 7.67 (br s, 1 H), 7.55 - 7.63 (m, 1 H), 6.60 (s, 1 H), 6.40 (dd, 7= 3.05, 1.83 Hz, 1 H), 6.36 (d, 7= 2.75 Hz, 1 H), 4.51 (br s, 2 H), 4.23 - 4.36 (m, 1 H), 3.72 (d, 7= 2.25 Hz, 1 H), 3.49 (dd, 7= 14.19, 4.73 Hz, 1 H), 3.32 (dd, 7= 14.19, 10.25 Hz, 1 H), 2.29 (s, 3 H).

The compound below was prepared according to the procedure of Example 14 by substituting the appropriate starting materials, reagents and reaction conditions.

Example 15 (Compound 124)

3-(3, 5-Dich loro-7- 1 [(furan-2-yl) methyl] ami no } thicnoj 3, 2-bJpyridin-2-yl)-A ^/ -(2- fluorophenyl)-D-alaninamide dihydrochloride

Step 1: fe/t-Butyl A ^/ -|2-|(2/s ^> )-2-(/e/7-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-(4-chloiOanilino)-3-o xo- propyl |-3.5-dichloro-thicno|3.2-h|pyridin-7-yl |-/V-(2-furylmcthyl jearbamate

To a solution of (2R)-2-(/eri-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-[7-[/eri-butoxycarbonyl( 2- furylmethyl)amino]-3,5-dichloro-thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl]pr opanoic acid (100 mg, 0.17 mmol), prepared according to the procedure in Example 12, chloro- V,.V,.V',.V'- tetramethylformamidinium hexafluorophosphate (55 mg, 0.2 mmol, 1.1 eq), and 4- chloroaniline (30 mg, 0.2 mmol, 1.1 eq.) in acetonitrile (1 mL) was added 1-methylimidazole (0.03 mL, 0.4 mmol, 2 eq.). After stirring at room temperature for 1 h, the mixture was diluted with water (5 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 10 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over MgSC , filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified on silica gel eluting with 0-30% ethyl acetate in hexanes to afford tert- butyl N -\2-\{2R)-2- (ie/ -butoxycarbonylamino)-3-(4-chloroanilino)-3-oxo-propyl]-3,5- dichloro-thieno[3,2- b]pyridin-7-yl]- V-(2-furylmethyl)carbamate (52 mg, 44% yield) as a clear foam. MS m/z 695.3, 697.3 NMR (CDCh) d ppm 8.51 (br s, 1 H), 7.46 (d, 7= 8.5 Hz, 2 H), 7.26-7.32 (m, 4 H), 7.18 (s, 1 H), 6.27 (br s, 1 H), 6.19 (d, 7= 3.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.79-4.86 (m, 2

H), 4.65-4.72 (m, 1 H), 3.52-3.64 (m, 2H), 1.44 (s, 9 H), 1.41 (s, 9 H).

Step 2: (2/^)-2-Amino-A ^/ -(4-chloiOphcnyl )-3-l3.5-dichloro-7-(2-furylmcthylamino)

blpyridin-2-yllpropanamide

A mixture of / _{<? /7} -butyl /V-[2-[(2R)-2-(ie/ -butoxycarbonylamino)-3-(4-chloroanilino)-3-oxo- propyl] -3, 5-dichloro-thicno[ 3, 2-b]pyndin-7-yl]-A ^/ -(2- fury 1 methyl (carbamate (52 mg, 0.07 mmol) in HC1 (4 M in dioxane) (1 mL, 4 mmol) was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. The mixture was concentrated, and the solid was triturated with diethyl ether and filtered to afford (2R)-2-amino-/V-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-[3,5-dichloro-7-(2-furylm ethylamino)thieno[3,2- b]pyridin-2-yl]propanamide hydrochloride (33 mg, 78% yield) as a beige solid. MS m/z

495.0, 497.0 NMR (DMSO-rfc) d ppm 10.94-11.08 (s, 1 H), 8.70-8.82 (br s, 3 H),

7.90-8.02 (m, 1 H), 7.54-7.66 (m, 3 H), 7.40 (d, 7=8.9 Hz, 2 H), 6.68 (s, 1 H), 6.32-6.44 (m,

2 H), 4.47-4.59 (m, 2 H), 4.22-4.32 (m, 1 H), 3.51-3.67 (m, 2 H).

The compounds below were prepared according to the procedure of Example 15 by substituting the appropriate starting materials, reagents and reaction conditions.

Example 16 (Compound 51)

2- [(2S)-2- Aminopropyl] -5-chloro-3 -cycloprop yl-N- [(furan-2-yl)methyl] thieno [3 ,2-b]pyridin-

7-amine hydrochloride

Step 1: fe/t-Butyl (SH2-(2-((/e/y-butoxycarbonyl )amino)propyl )-5-chloro-3- cyclopiOpylthicno|3.2-b|pyridin-7-yl )(furan-2-yl methyl )carbamatc

To a solution of ie/ -butyl fS ₎ -(3-bromo-2-(2-((ieri-butoxycarbonyl)amino)propyl)-5- chlorothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate (88 mg, 0.15 mmol, 1.0 eq.), prepared according to the procedure in Example 2, and potassium cyclopropyltrifluoroborate (29 mg, 0.19 mmol, 1.3 eq.) in dioxane (0.8 mL) was added Pd(dppf)Cl2 (12 mg, 0.1000 eq.) and K2CO3 (2M in H2O, 0.22 mL, 3.0 eq.). The sealed tube was heated to 90 °C for 5 h. After cooling, the mixture was diluted with EtOAc and NH4CI (aq.) and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phases were dried and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel eluting with 0-10% EtOAc in DCM to provide a mixture of the desired product and unreacted starting material, which was then further purified on preparative HPLC with 25-100% CH3CN in water with 0.1% TFA to provide tert- butyl (S)-(2-(2-((/eri-butoxycarbonyl)amino)propyl)-5-chloro-3-cyc lopropylthieno[3,2- b]pyridin-7-yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate (53 mg, 64% yield) as a white solid. MS m/z 562.2, 564.2 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 2: (5)-2-(2-Aminopropyl)-5-chloro-3-cvclopropyl-A/-(furan-2-ylm ethyl)thienor3,2- blpyridin-7-amine

/ _{<? /7} -Butyl (S)-(2-(2-((/eri-butoxycarbonyl)amino)propyl)-5-chloro-3-cyc lopropylthieno[3,2- b]pyridin-7-yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate (53 mg, 0.094 mmol) was stirred in a solution of HC1 (4 M in dioxane, 1 mL) at room temperature for 1 h. The organic volatiles were removed. The residue was triturated with diethyl ether and filtered to afford (5)-2-(2- aminopropyl)-5-chloro-3-cyclopropyl- V-(furan-2-ylmethyl)thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-amine (33 mg, 89% yield) as the hydrochloride salt. MS m/z 362.1, 364.2 [M+H] ⁺ ; 'H NMR (methanol- d ₄ ) d ppm 7.49 (t, J= 0.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.04 (s, 1H), 6.42 (dd, /= 3.2, 12.5 Hz, 2 H), 4.71 (s, 2 H), 3.75 - 3.78 (m, 1 H), 3.42 - 3.44 (m, 1 H), 3.38 - 3.40 (m, 1 H), 1.84-1.87 (m, 1 H), 1.39 (d, /= 6.6 Hz, 3 H), 1.19-1.21 (m, 2 H), 0.85-0.86 (m, 2 H). The compounds below were prepared according to the procedure of Example 16 by substituting the appropriate starting materials, reagents and reaction conditions.

Example 17 (Compound 109)

2- [(2S )-2- Aminopropyl] -5-chloro-7 - { [(furan-2-yl)methyl] amino } thieno [3 ,2-b]pyridine-3 - carbonitrile formate

Step 1: fe/t-Butyl (SH I -(5-chloiO-3-cyano-7-((rumn-2-yl methyl )amino)thicno|3.2-h|pyridin- 2-yl)propan-2-yl)carbamate

A mixture of tert- butyl (S)-(3-bromo-2-(2-((/eri-butoxycarbonyl)amino)propyl)-5- chlorothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate (67 mg, 0.11 mmol, 1.0 eq.), prepared according to the procedure in Example 2, and CuCN (22 mg, 2.2 eq.) in DMF (0.6 mL) were degassed with argon. The sealed tube was heated at 150 °C for 8 h. After cooling, 0.1 mL of NH4CI (sat. aq.) and 0.1 mL of NaHCCL (sat. aq.) were added. The mixture was stirred for 15 min, filtered and washed with MeOH (0.5 mL x 3). The combined filtrate was purified by preparative HPLC eluting with 10-100% ACN in water with 0.1% formic acid to provide tert- butyl (S)-(l-(5-chloro-3-cyano-7-((furan-2-ylmethyl)amino)thieno[3 ,2-b]pyridin-

2-yl)propan-2-yl)carbamate (15 mg, 30% yield). MS m/z 447.2, 449.2 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 2: 6S>2-(2- Aminopropyl )-5-chloro-7-((rumn-2-yl methyl )amino) 3-

carbonitrile

tert- Butyl (S)-(l-(5-chloro-3-cyano-7-((furan-2-ylmethyl)amino)thieno[3 ,2-b]pyridin-2- yl)propan-2-yl)carbamate (15 mg, 0.034 mmol) was stirred in a solution of HC1 (4 M in dioxane, 1 mL) at room temperature for 1 h. The organic volatiles were removed. The solid was purified by preparative HPLC eluting with 5-50% ACN in water with 0.1% formic acid to afford (S)-2-(2-aminopropyl)-5-chloro-7-((furan-2-ylmethyl)amino)th ieno[3,2-b]pyridine-

3 -carbonitrile

(5 mg, 36% yield) as a formic acid salt. MS m/z 347.1, 349.1 [M+H] ⁺ ; ^X H NMR (methanol- d.4 )

d ppm 8.44 (s, 1 H), 7.36 (s, 1 H), 6.61 (s, 1 H), 6.27 (d, J= 1.3 Hz, 2 H), 4.45 (s, 2 H), 3.48 - 3.51 (m, 1 H), 3.27 - 3.31 (m, 2 H), 1.21 (d, /= 6.6 Hz, 3 H). Example 18 (Compound 50 and Compound 49)

2- [(2S)-2- Aminopropyl] -7- { [(furan-2-yl)methyl] amino } thieno [3 ,2-b]pyridine-3 ,5- dicarbonitrile hydrochloride

and

2-[(2S)-2- A mi nopropy 1] -3-bromo-7- { [(ruran-2-yl) methyl] amino }thicno[3,2-b] pyridinc-5- carbonitrile hydrochloride

Step 1: tert- Butyl //77-butoxycarbonyl )amino)propyl )-3.5-dicyanothicno|3.2-

blnyridin-7-yl )(furan-2-yl methyl )carhamatc and tert- Butyl (S H3 - b ro m o - 2 - -

hutoxycarhonyl )amino) 7-yl )(furan-2-

yl methyl )carhamatc

To a solution of //77-butyl (S)-(3-bromo-2-(2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)propyl)-5- chlorothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate (90 mg, 0.15 mmol, 1.0 eq), prepared according to the procedure in Example 2, in DMF (1 mL) was added zinc cyanide (11 mg, 0.60 eq.), Pd2(dba)3 (7.1 mg, 0.05 eq.) and XantPhos (8.9 mg, 0.10 eq.). The sealed tube was stirred at 120 °C for 1 h. After cooling, the mixture was diluted with EtOAc and NH4CI (aq.) and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phases were dried and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel eluting with 0-10% EtOAc in DCM to provide a mixture, which was further purified by preparative HPLC with 25-100% ACN in water with 0.1% TFA to provide ie/t-butyl (S)-(2-(2-((/z77- butoxycarbonyl)amino)propyl)-3,5-dicyanothieno[3,2-b]pyridin -7-yl)(furan-2- ylmethyl)carbamate (23 mg, 29 % yield) MS m/z 536.3 [M-H] , and //77-butyl (5)-(3-bromo- 2-(2-((/eri-butoxycarbonyl)amino)propyl)-5-cyanothieno[3,2-b ]pyridin-7-yl)(furan-2- ylmethyl)carbamate (35 mg, 40 % yield). MS m/z 591.2, 593.2 [M+H] ⁺ . Step 2: 2-(2-Aminor>ror>yl )-7-((furan-2-yl methyl )amino)thicno|3.2-b|pyridinc-3.5- dicarbonitrile

Deprotection of //77-butyl (S)-(2-(2-((ie/7-butoxycarbonyl)amino)propyl)-3,5- dicyanothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate using the general Boc- deprotection described in Step 3 of Example 2 gave (S) - 2 - (2 - a m i n o p ro p y 1 ) - 7 - (( fu ran-2- ylmethyl)amino)thieno[3,2-b]pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile (17 mg, 95% yield) as the hydrochloride salt. MS m/z 338.0 [M+H] ⁺ ; ¹ H NMR (methanol-^) d ppm 7.48 (d, J= 0.9 Hz,

1 H), 7.20 (s, 1 H), 6.40-6.42 (m,

2 H), 4.64 (s, 2 H), 3.79 - 3.81 (m, 1 H), 3.55 - 3.59 (m, 1 H), 3.45 - 3.49 (m, 1 H), 1.42 (d, J= 6.6 Hz, 3 H).

(5)-2-(2-Aminopropyl)-3-bromo-7-((furan-2-ylmethyl)amino)thi enor3,2-blpyridine-5- carbonitrile

Deprotection of //77-butyl (S)-(3-bromo-2-(2-((ier -butoxycarbonyl)amino)propyl)-5- cyanothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate using the general Boc- deprotection procedure described in Step 3 of Example 2 gave (5)-2-(2-aminopropyl)-3- bromo-7-((furan-2-ylmethyl)amino)thieno[3,2-b]pyridine-5-car bonitrile (19 mg, 83% yield) as the hydrochloride salt. MS m/z 391.0, 393.0 [M+H] ⁺ ; ¹ H NMR (methanol-//^) d ppm 7.49 (d, J= 0.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.22 (s, 1 H), 6.40-6.42 (m, 2 H), 4.66 (s, 2 H), 3.76 - 3.80 (m, 1 H), 3.41 - 3.45 (m, 1 H), 3.37 - 3.39 (m, 1 H), 1.42 (d, /= 6.6 Hz, 3 H).

The compounds below were prepared according to the procedure of Example 18 by substituting the appropriate starting materials, reagents and reaction conditions.

Example 19 (Compound 60)

2- [(2S)-2- Aminopropyl] -3 -chloro-5-methyl- V- [( 1 ,3 -thiazol-2-yl)methyl] thieno [3 ,2-b]pyridin-

7-amine dihydrochloride

Step 1: fe/t-Butyl /V-(3-chloro-5-methyl-thienor3,2-blpyridin-7-yl)- V-(thiazol-2- ylmethvDcarbamate

A mixture of tert- butyl /V-(3,5-dichlorothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)- V-(thiazol-2- ylmethyl)carbamate (100 mg, 0.240 mmol, 1.0 eq.), prepared according to the procedure in

Example 2, 2,4,6-trimethyl-l,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriborinane (44 mg, 0.049 mL, 0.35 mmol, 1.5 eq.), CS2CO3 (171 mg, 0.524 mmol, 2.2 eq.), and PdCkdppf DCM (14.4 mg, 0.0175 mmol, 0.0727 eq.) in dioxane (1.0 mL) and water (0.1 mL) was stirred at 120 °C for 2 h, then cooled, diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with brine, dried and evaporated. The residue was purified over silica gel with ethyl acetate and dichloromethane (0 to 50% gradient) to give tert- butyl /V-(3-ch loro-5- methyl -thicno[ 3, 2-bJpyridin-7-yl)-/V-(thiazol-2- ylmethyl)carbamate (71 mg, 75% yield). NMR (CDCI3) d: 7.69 (d, J= 2.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.34 (d, J= 2.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.07 - 7.20 (m,

1 H), 5.19 (br s, 2 H), 4.40 - 4.63 (m, 1 H), 4.00 - 4.11 (m, 1 H), 3.22 (br s, 2 H), 2.74 (br s, 3 H), 1.46 (s, 18 H), 1.19 (d, J= 5.8 Hz, 3 H).

Step 2: 2-|(2S)-2-Aminopropyl |-3-chloiO-5-mcthyl-/V-(ihiazol-2-ylmcthyl )thicno|3.2- blpyridin-7-amine

Deprotection of tert- butyl /V-(3-chloro-5-methyl-thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)- V-(thiazol-2- ylmethyl)carbamate using the general Boc-deprotection procedure with HC1 in dioxane gave 2-[(25)-2-aminopropylJ-3-ch loro-5- mcthyl-A ^/ -(thiazol-2-ylmcthyl)thicno[ 3, 2-hJpyridin-7- amine dihydrochloride (52 mg, 96% yield). MS m/z 353.1, 355.1 [M+H] ⁺ . 'H NMR

(methanol-i¾) d: 7.88 - 7.95 (m, 1 H), 7.71 - 7.78 (m, 1 H), 6.97 - 7.05 (m, 1 H), 5.21 (s, 2 H), 3.73 - 3.85 (m,

1 H), 3.46 - 3.54 (m, 1 H), 3.37 - 3.44 (m, 1 H), 2.73 (s, 3 H), 1.43 (d, /= 6.6 Hz, 3 H).

Example 20 (Compound 21)

2- [( 1 S)- 1 - Aminoethyl] -5-chloro- V- [(furan-2-yl)methyl] -3 -methylthieno [3 ,2-b]pyridin-7 - amine hydrochloride

Step 1: fe/t-Butyl (5-chloro-2-formyl-3-methylthienor3,2-blpyridin-7-yl)(furan- 2- ylmethvDcarbamate

To a solution of tert- butyl /V-(5-chloro-3-methyl-thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)- V-(2- furylmethyl)carbamate (90 mg, 0.24 mmol, 1.0 eq.), prepared according to the procedure in Example 2, in THF (1 mL) at -78 °C was added LDA (2.0 M in THF, 0.14 mL, 1.2 eq.). After 30 min, DMF (0.11 mL, 1.4 mmol, 5.8 eq.) was added dropwise. The temperature was warmed to -50 °C, and the reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous NH4CI, then diluted with EtOAc. The mixture was washed with water followed by brine, and the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel eluting with 0-25% EtOAc in hexane to provide / _{<? /7} -butyl (5- chloro-2-formyl-3-methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)(furan-2-y lmethyl)carbamate (83 mg, 86 % yield) as a white solid. Ή NMR (acetone- _< ¾ d ppm 10.5 (s, 1 H), 7.55 (s, 1 H), 7.45 (s, 1 H), 6.29-6.33 (m, 2 H), 5.03 (s, 2H), 2.84 (s, 3 H), 1.43 (s, 9 H). Step 2: tert- Butyl butylsuirinyl )imino)mcthyl )-5-ch loro-3 -methyl thicnol 3.2-

b|pyridin-7-yl )(furan-2-yl methyl )carhamatc

A mixture of /7-butyl (5-chloro-2-formyl-3-methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)(furan- 2- ylmethyl)carbamate (151 mg, 0.37 mmol, 1.0 eq.), R-(+)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfmamide (54 mg, 0.45 mmol, 1.2 eq.) and CuSC (91 mg, 0.56 mmol, 1.5 eq.) in DCE (0.4 mL) was stirred at 55 °C for 18 h. After cooling, the mixture was purified by flash column

chromatography on silica gel eluting with 0-50% EtOAc in hexane to provide ie/7-butyl

(A,E)-(2-((( _/i v7-butylsuirinyl)imino)mcthyl)-5-chloro-3-mcthylthicno [3 _, 2-b]pyridin-7- yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate (140 mg, 74 % yield). MS tn/z. 510.4, 512.4 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 3: //77-Butyl (2-((5)-l-(( -tert-butylsulfinyl)amino)ethyl)-5-chloro-3-

methylthienor3,2-blpyridin-7-yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbama te and //77-Butyl (2-((R)-l-(((R)- /e/y-hutylsulfinyl )amino)cthyl )-5-chloro-3-mcthylthicno|3.2-h|pyridin-7-yl )(furan-2- ylmethvDcarbamate

To a solution of /rvy-butyl ( ?,£ ^’ )-(2-(((/eri-butylsulfinyl)imino)methyl)-5-chloro-3- methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate (140 mg, 0.27 mmol, 0.74 eq.) in THF (2.3 mL) was added MeMgBr (3.0 M in Et ₂ 0, 0.31 mL, 2.5 eq.) at -78 °C. The mixture was warmed to 0 °C over 1 h, then quenched with a saturated solution of NH4CI and EtOAc. The mixture was washed with water followed by brine, and the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel eluting with 0-100% EtOAc in hexanes to provide ie/ -butyl (2- ((S)-l-((( ?)-/er/-butylsulfinyl)amino)ethyl)-5-chloro-3-methylthieno[3 ,2-b]pyridin-7- yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate (88 mg, 45 % yield, the major diastereomer), MS m/z 526.5, 528.5 [M+H] ⁺ ; NMR (acetone-^) d ppm 7.44 (d, /= 0.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.25 (s, 1 H), 6.30-6.32 (m, 1 H), 6.25-6.27 (m, 1 H), 5.07-5.10 (m, 1 H), 4.95-4.97 (m, 3 H), 2.41 (t, 3 H), 1.60 (d,

/= 6.6 Hz, 3 H), 1.41 (s, 9 H), 1.20 (s, 9 H), and ieri-butyl {2-{(R)A-{{(R)-tert- butylsulfmyl)amino)ethyl)-5-chloro-3-methylthieno[3,2-b]pyri din-7-yl)(furan-2- ylmethyl)carbamate (26 mg, 13 % yield, the minor diastereomer), MS m/z 526.5, 528.5 NMR (acetone-^) d ppm 7.43 (s, 1 H), 7.26 (s, 1 H), 6.29-6.31 (m, 1 H), 6.23- 6.25 (m, 1 H), 5.10-5.11 (m, 1 H), 4.97 (d, /= 4.9 Hz, 2H), 4.69 (br s, 1 H), 2.43 (t, 3 H),

1.60 (d, J= 6.6 Hz, 3 H), 1.41 (s, 9 H), 1.20 (s, 9 H).

Step 4: 2-( 1 -Aminocthyl )-5-chloiO-/V-(furan-2-yl methyl )-3 -methyl thicnol 3 ,2-b I pyridin-7- amine

A solution of (2-((S)-l-(((R)-/er/-butylsulfinyl)amino)ethyl)-5-chloro-3-m ethylthieno[3,2- b]pyridin-7-yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate (20 mg, 0.038 mmol) in HC1 (4 M in dioxane, 1 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The organic volatiles were removed, and the residue was triturated with diethyl ether and filtered to afford (S)-2-( 1 -aminocthyl)-5-chloro- A-(furan-2-yhnethyl)-3-methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-amine (12 mg, 74% yield) as the dihydrochloride salt. MS m/z 322.1, 324.1 [M+H] ⁺ ; Ή NMR (DMSO -d ₆ ) d ppm 8.67 (br s, 3 H), 7.80 (br s, 1 H), 7.60 (d, /= 0.9 Hz, 1 H), 6.63 (s, 1 H), 6.40-6.41 (m, 1 H), 6.35-6.37 (m, 1 H), 4.96-4.99 (m, 1 H), 4.53 (br s, 2 H), 2.36 (s, 3 H), 1.64 (d, /= 6.8 Hz, 3 H).

Example 21 (Compound 26)

5-Chloro- V-[(furan-2-yl)methyl]-3-methyl-2-[(lS)-l-(methylamino)ethyl ]thieno[3,2- b]pyridin-7-amine hydrochloride

Step 1: fe/t-Butyl (2-((5)-l-(((R)-/gr/-butylsulfinyl)(methyl)amino)ethyl)-5-ch loro-3- methylthienor3,2-blpyridin-7-yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate

To a solution of ie/ -butyl (2-((S)-l-(((R)-/er/-butylsulfinyl)amino)ethyl)-5-chloro-3- methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate (88 mg, 0.17 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in DMF (0.3 mL) was added NaH (60% in oil, 8.7 mg, 1.3 eq.) at 0 °C. After 10 min, a solution of iodomethane (31.0 mg, 1.3 eq.) in DMF (0.3 mL) was added. After 30 min, the reaction was quenched with citric acid (1.0 M) and diluted with EtOAc. The organic phases were washed with water and brine, dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel eluting with 0-70% EtOAc in hexane to provide ie/ -butyl (2-((S)-l-(((R)-/er/-butylsulfinyl)(methyl)amino)ethyl)-5-ch loro-3- methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate (79 mg, 87 % yield). MS m/z 540.6, 542.6, [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 2: 2-P -Aminocthyl )-5-chloiO-/V-(furan-2-yl methyl )-3-mcthylthicno|3.2- 7-

amine

A solution of ie/ -butyl (2-((S)-l-(((R)-ieri-butylsulfinyl)(methyl)amino)ethyl)-5-ch loro-3- methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate (79 mg, 0.15 mmol) in HC1 (4 M in dioxane, 1 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The organic volatiles were removed. The residue was triturated with diethyl ether and filtered to afford (S)-2-(l- aminoethyl)-5-chloro-/V-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-3-methylthieno[3, 2-b]pyridin-7-amine (41 mg, 72% yield) as the hydrochloride salt. MS m/z 336.3, 338.1 [M+H] ⁺ ; Ή NMR (DMSO -d ₆ ) d ppm 9.38 (br s, 1 H), 9.07 (br s, 1 H), 7.79 (t, J= 6.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.60 (s, 1 H), 6.66 (s, 1 H), 6.37-6.42 (m, 2 H), 4.93-4.98 (m, 1 H), 4.53 (d, J= 5.8 Hz, 2 H), 2.60 (br s, 3 H), 2.38 (s, 3 H), 1.64 (d, 7= 6.8 Hz, 3 H).

The compound below was prepared according to the procedure of Example 21 by substituting the appropriate starting materials, reagents and reaction conditions.

Example 22 (Compound 22 and Compound 3)

2- [( 1 ?)- 1 - Aminoethyl] -5-chloro-/V- [(furan-2-yl)methyl] -3 -methylthieno [3 ,2-b]pyridin-7- amine hydrochloride

and

1 -(5-Chloro-7 - { [(furan-2-yl)methyl] amino } -3 -methylthieno [3 ,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)ethan- 1 -ol

Step 1: fe/t-Butyl (5-chloro-2-(l-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylthienor3,2-blpyridin-7- yl)(furan-2- ylmethvDcarbamate and tert- Butyl (2-((7?)-l-(((7?)- Butylsulfinyl)amino)ethyl)-5-chloro-

3 -methylthieno G 3 ,2-bl pyridin-7 -yl) ( furan-2- arb amate

A mixture of / _{<? /} 7-butyl /V-(5-chloro-2-formyl-3-methyl-thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)- V-(2- furylmethyl)carbamate (160 mg, 0.39 mmol, 1.0 eq.), prepared according to the procedure in Example 20, S-(+)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (54 mg, 0.45 mmol, 1.2 eq.) and CuSC (96 mg, 0.59 mmol, 1.5 eq.) in DCE (0.4 mL) was stirred at 55 °C for 18 h. The mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite, washing the solids with DCE. The filtrate was concentrated. To a solution of the residue in THF (2 mL) was added MeMgBr (3.0 M in Et ₂ 0, 0.52 mL, 4.0 eq.) at -78 °C. The mixture was gradually warmed to 0 °C over a 1 h, then quenched with a saturated solution of NH4CI and EtOAc. The mixture was washed with water followed by brine, and the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel eluting with 0-60% EtOAc in hexane to provide / _{<? /} 7-butyl (5-chloro-2-(l-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7- yl)(furan- 2-ylmethyl)carbamate (44 mg, 27%), MS 111/7. 423.2, 425.2 [M+H] ⁺ , then with 100% EtOAc to provide ie/t-butyl (2-((R)-l-(((R)-/er/-butylsulfinyl)amino)ethyl)-5-chloro-3- methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate (40 mg, 27%, the major diastereomer), MS m/z 526.5, 528.5 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 2: l-(5-Chloro-7-((furan-2-ylmethyl)amino)-3-methylthienor3,2-b lpyridin-2-yl)ethan-l- ql

(2-((R)-l-(((R)-/er/-Butylsulfinyl)amino)ethyl)-5-chloro-3-m ethylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7- yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate (20 mg, 0.038 mmol) was stirred in a solution of HC1 (4 M in dioxane, 1 mL) at room temperature for 1 h and then the organic volatiles were removed. The residue was triturated with diethyl ether and filtered to afford (R)-2-(l-aminoethyl)-5-chloro- /V-(furan-2-y 1 methyl )-3-mcthylthicno[ 3, 2-bJpyridin-7-aminc (12 mg, 74% yield) as the hydrochloride salt. MS m/z 322.1, 324.1 [M+H] ⁺ ; Ή NMR (DMSO -d ₆ ) d ppm 8.67 (br s, 3 H), 7.80 (br s, 1 H), 7.60 (d, J= 0.9 Hz, 1 H), 6.63 (s, 1 H), 6.40-6.41 (m, 1 H), 6.35-6.37 (m,

1 H), 4.96-4.99 (m, 1 H), 4.53 (br s, 2 H), 2.36 (s, 3 H), 1.64 (d, J= 6.8 Hz, 3 H). /-Butyl (5- chloro-2-(l-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl) (furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate (35 mg,

0.083 mmol) was stirred in a solution of HC1 (4 M in dioxane, 1 mL) at room temperature for 1 h and then the organic volatiles were removed. The residue was triturated with diethyl ether and filtered to afford l-(5-chloro-7-((furan-2-ylmethyl)amino)-3-methylthieno[3,2-b ]pyridin- 2-yl)ethan-l-ol (13 mg, 49% yield) as a white solid. MS m/z 323.1, 325.1 [M+H] ⁺ ; ^X H NMR (acetone-^) d ppm 7.45 (s, 1 H), 6.58 (s, 1 H), 6.32-6.33 (m, 2 H), 5.31 (q, /= 6.4 Hz, 1 H), 4.59 (d, /= 5.3 Hz, 2 H), 3.50 (br s, 1H), 2.25 (s, 3 H), 1.45 (d, /= 6.4 Hz, 3 H).

The compounds below were prepared according to the procedure of Example 22 by substituting the appropriate starting materials, reagents and reaction conditions.

Example 23 (Compound 5 and Compound 25)

(5-Chloro-7-((furan-2-ylmethyl)amino)thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2- yl)methanol and

5-Chloro-A/-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-2-((methylamino)methyl)thieno [3,2-b]pyridin-7-amine hydrochloride

Step 1: tert- Butyl ((7-((//yy-butoxycarbonyl )(furan-2-yl methyl )amino)-5-chlorothicno|3.2- 2-yl )mcthyl Kmcthyl )carbamatc and fe/T-Butyl (2 -(((tert-

butoxycarbonyl )oxy)mcthyl )-5-chlorothicno|3.2- 7-yl )(furan-2-yl methyl )carbamatc

To a solution tert- butyl /V-(5-chloro-2-formyl-3-methyl-thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)- V-(2- furylmethyl)carbamate (40 mg, 0.10 mmol, 1.0 eq.), prepared according to the procedure in Example 20, in DCM was added a solution of methylamine (2.0 M in THF, 0.2 mL, 4 eq.) and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (64 mg, 0.30 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, and then quenched by addition of NaHC03 (sat. aq.). The crude product was extracted with DCM and the combined organic phases were dried and

concentrated. This crude material was mixed with 4-DMAP (5 mg) and di-/ _{<? /} 7-butyl dicarbonate (50 mg) in DCM (1 mL). After stirring at room temperature for 1-2 h, the reaction was concentrated and purified directly by flash column chromatography on silica gel eluting with 0-100% EtOAc in hexane to provide ie/7-butyl ((7-((/er/-butoxycarbonyl)(furan- 2-ylmethyl)amino)-5-chlorothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)( methyl)carbamate. MS m/z 508.1, 510.1, [M+H] ⁺ and //77-butyl (2-(((/zyy-butoxycarbonyl)oxy) methyl )-5- chlorothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate.

Step 2: 5-ChloiO-/V-(furan-2-yl methyl )-2-((mcthylamino)mcthyl )thicno|3.2- 7-

amine and ( 5-chloro-7-(( furan-2- ylmethyl)amino)thieno G 3 ,2-bl pyridin-2- vDmethanol

The intermediate, /zvv-butyl ((7-((/er/-butoxycarbonyl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)amino)-5- chlorothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)(methyl)carbamate, was stirred in a solution of HC1 (4 M in dioxane, 0.5 mL) at room temperature for 1 h and then the organic volatiles were removed. The crude solid was triturated with diethyl ether and filtered to afford 5-chloro-A- (furan-2-ylmethyl)-2-((methylamino)methyl)thieno[3,2-b]pyrid in-7-amine (1.8 mg, 5.8% yield over

3 steps) as a hydrochloride salt. MS m/z 308.1, 310.1 [M+H] ⁺ ; Ή NMR (methanol-i/ ₄ ) d: 7.61 (s, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.06 (s, 1H), 6.42-6.46 (m, 2H), 4.73 (s, 2H), 4.63 (s, 2H), 2.83 (s, 3H). (5-Chloro-7-((furan-2-ylmethyl)amino)thienor3,2-blpyridin-2- vDmethanol

The intermediate, /zvy-butyl (2-(((ie/7-butoxycarbonyl)oxy)methyl)-5-chlorothieno[3,2- b]pyridin-7-yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate, was stirred in a solution of HC1 (4 M in dioxane, 0.5 mL) at room temperature for 1 h and then the organic volatiles were removed. The crude solid was triturated with diethyl ether and filtered to afford (5-chloro-7-((furan-2- ylmethyl)amino)thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)methanol (9 mg, 31% yield over 3 steps). MS m/z 295.0, 297.0 (methanol-^) d: 7.35 (s, 1H), 7.29 (s, 1H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 6.26- 6.27 (m, 2H), 4.49 (s, 2H), 4.29 (br s, 2H). The following compound was prepared according to the reductive amination procedure of Example 23 by substituting the appropriate starting materials, reagents and reaction conditions.

Example 24 (Compound 163)

A ² -[(2S)-2-aminopropyl]-5-chloro-3-methyl- V ⁷ -[(thiophen-2-yl)methyl]thieno[3,2- b]pyridine-2,7-diamine

Step 1: fe/t-Butyl (S)-(2-((2-((tcrt-butoxycarbonyl )amino)niOnyl )amino)-5-chloro-3- methylthienor3,2-blpyridin-7-yl)(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)carbama te

A mixture of tert- butyl (5-chloro-2-iodo-3-methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)(thiophen -2- ylmethyl)carbamate (100 mg, 0.19 mmol, 1.0 eq), prepared according to Intermediate 6, tert- butyl (S)-(l-aminopropan-2-yl)carbamate (50 mg, 0.29 mmol, 1.5 eq), CS2CO3 (200 mg,

0.61 mmol, 3.0 eq), Pd2(dba)3 (9 mg, 0.01 mmol, 0.1 eq), XantPhos (12 mg, 0.02 mmol, 0.2 eq), and toluene (1 mL) was heated at 100 °C under an Argon atmosphere for 3 h. The crude reaction mixture was allowed to cool to rt and diluted with EtOAc (20 mL). The organic phase was washed with H2O (20 mL) followed by brine (20 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSC , filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with 0-30% EtOAc in hexanes to afford tert- butyl (S)-(2-((2-((/er/-butoxycarbonyl)amino)propyl)amino)-5-chlor o-3-methylthieno[3,2- b]pyridin-7-yl)(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)carbamate (80 mg, 74%) as a yellow foam. MS m/z 567.2, 569.2 NMR (DMSO-d ₆ ) d: 7.39-7.43 (m, 1H), 6.71-6.95 (m, 5H), 5.00 (s, 2H), 3.67-3.80 (m, 1H), 3.14-3.23 (m, 1H), 3.03-3.13 (m, 1H), 2.05 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 18H), 1.03-1.10 (d, 7= 6.4 Hz, 3H). Step 2: A/ ² - -2-aminopropyll-5-chloro-3-methyl-A/ ⁷ -r(thiophen-2-yl)methyllthienor3,2- bl pyridine-2,7-diamine

A mixture of /<? /7-butyl (S)-(2-((2-((/er/-butoxycarbonyl)amino)propyl)amino)-5-chlor o-3- methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)carbama te (80 mg, 0.14 mmol) in a solution of HC1 (4 M in dioxane, 1 mL) at room temperature for 1 h. The organic volatiles were removed. The residue was triturated with diethyl ether and filtered to afford (S)-N ² -( 2- aminopropyl)-5-chloro-3-methyl- V ⁷ -(thiophen-2-yhnethyl)thieno[3,2-b]pyridine-2, 7-diamine (52 mg, 62% yield) as the hydrochloride salt. MS m/z 367.2, 369.2 [M+H] ⁺ ; ' H NMR (DMSO -d ₆ ) d: 8.34 (br s, 4H), 8.11 (br s, 1H), 7.39-7.46 (m, 1H), 7.08-7.14 (m, 1H), 6.97- 7.02 (m, 1H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 4.71-4.80 (m, 2H), 3.47-3.55 (m, 1H), 3.41-3.45 (m, 1H), 3.31- 3.36 (m, 1H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 1.29 (d, 7=6.4 Hz, 3H).

The compounds below were prepared according to the procedure of Example 24 by substituting the appropriate starting materials, reagents and reaction conditions.

Example 25 (Compound 131)

Methyl 3-(5-chloro-7-{ [(furan-2-yl)methyl]amino}-3-methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl )-D- alaninate

Step 1: Methyl (R)-3-(7-( butoxycarbonyl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)amino)-5-chloro-3-

mcthylthicno|3.2-b|pyridin-2-yl )-2 butoxycarbonyl )amino)propanoatc

To a solution of (R)-3-(7-((ier/-butoxycarbonyl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)amino)-5-ch loro-3- methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)-2-((/eri-butoxycarbonyl)ami no)propanoic acid (45 mg, 0.08 mmol, 1.0 eq.), prepared according to Example 12 step 2, and K ₂ CO ₃ (35 mg, 0.25 mmol, 3.0 eq.) in DMF (1 mL) was added Mel (25 pL, 0.4 mmol, 5 eq.) and then stirred at 50 °C for 12 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and diluted with H ₂ O (10 mL). The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (2 x 30 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with brine, dried over MgSC , filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with 0-30% EtOAc in hexanes to afford methyl (R)-3-(7-((ieri-butoxycarbonyl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)amino)-5-ch loro-3- methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)-2-((ieri-butoxycarbonyl)ami no)propanoate (28 mg, 60%) as a clear oil. MS m/z 580.2 [M+H] ⁺ ; (methanol-^) d: 7.36-7.48 (m, 1H), 7.12-7.20 (m, 1H), 6.27-6.35 (m, 1H), 6.16-6.26 (m, 1H), 4.88-4.95 (m, 2H), 4.46-4.55 (m, 1H), 4.06-

4.18 (m, 1H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.45-3.57 (m, 1H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 1.44 (s, 9H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 1 NH not observed.

Step 2: Methyl 3-(5-chloro-7-{ r(furan-2-yl)methyllaminol-3-methylthienor3,2-blpyridin-2- yl)-D-alaninate

A mixture of (R)-3-(7-((ie/ -butoxycarbonyl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)amino)-5-chloro-3- methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)-2-((ieri-butoxycarbonyl)ami no)propanoate (28 mg, 0.05 mmol) in a solution of HC1 (4 M in dioxane) (1 mL, 4 mmol) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The solid was triturated with diethyl ether and filtered to afford methyl (R)-2-amino-3-(5-chloro-7-((furan-2- ylmethyl)amino)-3-methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)propanoate dihydrochloride (12 mg, 65% yield). MS m/z 380.1, 382.1 [M+H] ⁺ ; NMR (methanol-^) d: 7.49-7.56 (m, 1H), 7.12-7.18 (m, 1H), 6.45-6.51 (m, 1H), 6.40-6.44 (m, 1H), 4.75 (s, 2H), 4.46-4.53 (m, 1H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.67-3.74 (m, 1H), 3.58-3.66 (m, 1H), 2.46 (s, 3H), 3 NHs not observed.

Example 26 (Compound 127 and Compound 130 and Compound 132)

(2S)-2- Amino- 1-[3, 5-dichloro-7-(2-thienylmethylamino)thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl ]propan-l- ol dihydrochloride

and

2-[(2S)-2-amino-l-fluoro-propyl]-3,5-dichloro- V-(2-thienylmethyl)thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7- amine formate

and

2-[(2S)-2-amino-l,l-difluoro-propyl]-3,5-dichloro- V-(2-thienylmethyl)thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-

7 -amine

Step 1 : N- G2- G( 2S)-2-( /e y-Butoxycarbonylamino)- 1 -hydroxy-propyll -3 ,5-dichloro-thieno

hlpyridin-7-yl |-A ^/ -(2-thicnyl methyl )carhamatc

To a solution of tert- butyl /V-(3,5-dichlorothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)- V-(2-thienylmethyl)- carbamate (110 mg, 0.27 mmol, 2.0 eq.) in THF (1.0 mL) cooled at -78 °C was added LDA (2.0 M, 0.15 mL, 0.30 mmol, 2.2 eq.). After 15 min, a solution of Boc-L-alaninal (25 mg, 0.14 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in THF (0.5 mL) was added dropwise and the temperature warmed to 0 °C over 30 min. The reaction was quenched with saturated NH4CI, then diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with brine, dried and then concentrated. The residue was purified over silica gel with ethyl acetate in hexanes (10 to 50% gradient) to provide //77-butyl /V-[2-[(2S)- 2-(/<? /V-butoxycarbonyl ami no)- 1 -hydroxy-propyl J -3, 5-dichloro-thicno[ 3, 2-b]pyridin-7-ylJ-/V- (2-thienylmethyl)carbamate (28 mg, 35% yield). MS m/z 588.2, 590.2, 592.5 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 2: (2S)-2- Amino- 1-G3, 5-dichloro-7-(2-thienylmethylamino)thienor3,2-blpyridin-2- yllpropan-l-ol dihydrochloride

The general deprotection procedure using HC1 in dioxane was followed to give (25)-2-amino- 1 - [3 ,5-dichloro-7-(2-thienylmethylamino)thieno [3 ,2-b]pyridin-2-yl]propan- 1 -ol

dihydrochloride (20 mg). MS m/z 388.2, 390.2, 392.2 [M+H] ⁺ ; Ή NMR (methanol-^) d:

7.34 (d, 7=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.07-7.20 (m, 1H), 7.00 (t, 7=4.0 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (s, 1H), 5.25 (d, 7=7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.87 (s, 2H), 3.59-3.70 (m, 1H), 1.33 (d, 7=6.7 Hz, 3H), 3 NHs and 1 OH not observed.

Step 3: /e/V-Butyl A ^/ -|2-|(25)-2-(/g/7-hutoxycarhonylamino)- 1 -fluoro-propyl |-3.5-dichloro- thienor3,2-blpyridin-7-yll- V-(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate

To a solution of tert- butyl A/-[2-[(2S)-2-(/er/-butoxycarbonylamino)-l-hydroxy-propyl]-3 ,5- dichloro-thicno[ 3, 2-bJpyridin-7-ylJ-/V-(2-thicnyl methyl (carbamate (30.0 mg, 0.0510 mmol, 1.00 eq.) and DIPEA (26.9 mg, 0.036 mL, 0.20 mmol, 4.00 eq.) in DCM (0.5 mL) at -78 °C was added DAST (1.0 M in DCM, 0.20 mL, 0.20 mmol, 4.00 eq.). The temperature then slowly rose to room temperature and was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction intermediate was observed on LC/MS. The reaction was quenched with saturated sodium bicarbonate, then diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with brine, dried and then evaporated. The residue was purified over silica with ethyl acetate and hexanes (10 to 50% gradient) to give tert- butyl A ^/ -[2-[(25)-2-(/£ /7-butoxycarbonylamino)- 1 -fluoiO-propyl]-3,5-dichloro- thicno[ 3, 2-bJpyridin-7-ylJ-/V-(2-thicnyl methyl (carbamate (17 mg, 56% yield). MS m/z 590.3, 592.2, 594.2 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 4: 2-1 (25 )-2- A mi no- 1 - fluoro-propyl 1-3.5-dichloiO-/V-(2-thicnyl methyl )

blpyridin-7-amine formate

The general deprotection procedure using HC1 in dioxane followed by reverse phase HPLC purification with formic acid used as the mobile phase modifier provided 2-[(2S)-2-amino-l- fluoro-propyl]-3,5-dichloro- V-(2-thienylmethyl)thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-amine formic acid salt (8.0 mg, 64% yield). MS m/z 390.2, 392.2, 394.2 [M+H] ⁺ ; NMR (methanol-7 ₄ ) d: 8.23- 8.56 (br s, 1H), 7.33 (d, 7=4.3 Hz, 1H), 7.06-7.17 (m, 1H), 7.00 (t, 7=4.3 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (s,

1H), 6.34 (d, 7=45.3 Hz, 1H), 4.79 (s, 2H), 3.89-4.07 (m, 1H), 1.39 (d, 7=6.4 Hz, 3H), 3 NHs not observed. Step 5: tert- Butyl /V- -2-(/£77-hutoxycarhonylamino)propanoyl |-3.5-dichloro-

thieno G 3 ,2-bl pyridin-7-yll -/V-(2-thicnyl methyl )carbamatc

A mixture of tert- butyl A/-[2-[(2S)-2-(/er/-butoxycarbonylamino)-l-hydroxy-propyl]-3 ,5- dichloro-thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl]- V-(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate (28 mg, 0.048 mmol, 1.0 eq.) and Dess-Martin periodinane (31 mg, 0.071 mmol, 1.5 eq.) in DCM (0.5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. DCM was removed and the residue was diluted with ether, to which was added 1.0 M NaiSiO, and saturated sodium bicarbonate. The mixture was separated. The organic layer was washed with 2.0 M K2CO3 and brine, dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated to give / _{<? /} 7-butyl /V-[2-[(2S)-2-(ie/7-butoxycarbonylamino)propanoyl]- 3, 5-dichloro-thicno[ 3, 2-bJpyridin-7-ylJ-/V-(2-thicnyl methyl (carbamate (32 mg), which was used in the next step without further purification. MS m/z 586.2, 588.3, 590.3 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 6: /c/r-Butyl AM 2-1 (25)-2-(/c77-butox ycarbonylamino )- 1 , 1 -difluoiO-propyl |-3.5- dichloiO-thicno|3.2-b|pyridin-7-yl |-A ^/ -(2-thicnylmcthyl lcarhamatc

A mixture of ie/7-butyl A-[2-[(2S)-2-(/er/-butoxycarbonylamino)propanoyl]-3,5-dichlo ro- thicno[ 3, 2-bJpyridin-7-ylJ-/V-(2-thicnyl methyl (carbamate (32 mg, 0.055 mmol, 1.1 eq.) and DAST (1.0 M in DCM) (1.0 mL, 1.0 mmol, 21 eq.) was stirred at room temperature overnight. LC/MS showed -13% of desired product. The mixture was transferred to an Eppendorf vial, to which was added Deoxo-Fluor (55 mg, 0.046 mL, 0.24 mmol, 5.0 eq.) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6 h, then quenched with saturated sodium bicarbonate. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate, washed with water and brine, dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. The residue was purified over silica gel with ethyl acetate in hexanes (5 to 50% gradient) to give ie/7-butyl N-[2-[(2S)-2-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)- 1 , 1 -difluoro-propyl] -3 ,5-dichloro-thieno[3 ,2-b]pyridin-7-yl] -IV- ( 2- thienylmethyl)carbamate (3.5 mg, 12% yield). MS m/z 608.2, 610.2, 612.2 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 7 : 2- K 2S)-2- Amino- 1 , 1 -difhioro-prop yll -3 ,5-dichloro- V-(2-thienylmethyl)thieno G 3 ,2- blpyridin-7-amine

The general deprotection procedure using HC1 in dioxane followed by reverse phase HPLC purification with formic acid used as the mobile phase modifier provided 2-[(25)-2-amino- l,l-difhroro-propyl]-3,5-dichloro- V-(2-thienylmethyl)thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-amine (2.3 mg, 98% yield) as the free base. MS m/z 408.3, 410.3, 412.2 [M+H] ⁺ ; ^C H NMR (methanol-^) d: 7.28-7.38 (m, 1H), 7.07-7.17 (m, 1H), 6.95-7.05 (m, 1H), 6.73 (s, 1H), 4.79 (s, 2H), 4.47- 4.58 (br s, 1H), 1.40 (br d, 7=7.0 Hz, 3H), 3 NHs not observed. The compounds below were prepared according to the procedure of Example 26 by substituting the appropriate starting materials, reagents and reaction conditions.

Example 27 (Compound 149)

5-Chloro-3-(difluoromethoxy)- V-(2-thienylmethyl)thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-amine

Step 1: tert- Butyl /V-(5-chloro-3-hvdroxy-thienor3,2-blpyridin-7-yl)- V-(2- thienyl methyl )carbamate

To a mixture of tert- butyl A ^/ -(3-bromo-5-chloro-thicno[3,2-hJpyndin-7-yl)-A ^/ -(2- thienylmethyl)carbamate (460 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq.) and 2-isopropoxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl- 1,3,2-dioxaborolane (220 mg, 0.24 mL, 1.2 mmol, 1.2 eq.) in THF (1.0 mL) and toluene (4.0 mL) cooled at -78°C was added n-BuLi (2.5 M in hexane, 0.48 mL, 1.2 mmol, 1.2 eq.) dropwise. The mixture was stirred at -78°C for 1 h then quenched with saturated ammonium chloride, diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with brine, and then dried and concentrated. To the residue was added Et ₂ 0 (10 mL), followed by hydrogen peroxide (30 mass% in water, 0.41 mL, 4.0 mmol, 4.0 eq.). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h, then diluted with ether, treated with saturated sodium thiosulfate and separated. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated. The residue was purified over silica with ethyl acetate in hexanes (5 to 40% gradient) to give / _{<? /} 7-butyl N- (5-chloiO-3-hydroxy-thicno[ 3, 2-bJpyridin-7-yl)-/V-(2-thicnyl methyl (carbamate (294 mg, 74% yield). MS m/z 397.3, 399.3 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 2: fe/t-Butyl /V-|5-chloiO-3-(difluoromcthoxy)thicno|3.2-h|pyridin-7-yl |-/V-(2- thienylmethvDcarbamate

A mixture of ie/7-butyl /V-(5-chloro-3-hydroxy-thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)- V-(2- thienylmethyl)carbamate (100 mg, 0.252 mmol, LOO eq.), sodium chlorodifluoroacetate (91.1 mg, 0.579 mmol, 2.30 eq.) and CS2CO3 (115 mg, 0.353 mmol, 1.40 eq.) in DMF (240 mg) and water (0.025 mL) was stirred at 100 °C for 16 h, then cooled, diluted with ethyl acetate and then washed with brine, dried and evaporated. The residue was purified over silica gel with ethyl acetate in hexanes (5 to 25% gradient) to give ie/t-butyl /V-[5-chloro-3- (difluoromethoxy)thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl]- V-(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate (29 mg, 26% yield). MS m/z 447.1, 449.1 [M+H] ⁺ . Step 3 : 5 -Chloro-3 -(difluoromethoxy)-/V-(2-thienylmethyl)thieno G 3 ,2-bl pyridin-7-amine The general deprotection procedure using HC1 in dioxane was followed to give 5-chloro-3- (difhioromethoxy)- V-(2-thienylmethyl)thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-amine after purification using C18 EZ-Prep with formic acid as the modifier. MS m/z 347.0, 349.0 [M+H] ⁺ ; ' H NMR (CDCI3) d: 7.31-7.36 (m, 1H), 7.22-7.26 (m, 1H), 7.10-7.15 (m, 1H), 7.03-7.07 (m, 1H), 6.95-6.98 (t, 7=77 Hz, 1H), 6.62 (s, 1H), 4.87-5.01 (m, 1H), 4.75 (br s, 2H).

The compounds below were prepared according to the procedure of Example 27 by substituting the appropriate starting materials, reagents and reaction conditions.

Example 28 (Compound 167)

2-[(2R)-2-Amino-3-methylsulfmyl-propyl]-3,5-dichloro- V-(2-furylmethyl)thieno[3,2- b] pyridin-7 - amine

Step 1: fe/t-Butyl AM 2-1 (2/0-2-(/er/-butoxycarbonylami no )-3-mcthylsuirinyl -propyl 1-3.5- dichloro-thienor3,2-blpyridin-7-yll- V-(2-furylmethyl)carbamate

To a stirred solution of tert- butyl /V-[2-[(2R)-2-(ie/ -butoxycarbonylamino)-3-methylsulfanyl- propyl]-3,5-dichloro-thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl]- V-(2-furylmethyl)carbamate (119.6 mg,

0.19 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in a mixed solvent of THF (2.0 mL) and water (1.0 mL) was added sodium periodate (60 mg, 0.28 mmol, 1.4 eq.) at 0 °C. The reaction was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h and then warmed to room temperature and stirred for 48 h. The reaction was quenched with water then extracted with EtOAc (2 x 30 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate and then concentrated to give the crude product which was purified by flash column chromatography (0-80% EtOAc in DCM) to afford tert- butyl A/-[2-[(2R)-2-(/eri-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-methylsulfinyl-pr opyl]-3,5-dichloro-thieno[3,2- b]pyridin-7-yl]- V-(2-furylmethyl)carbamate (103.3 mg, 84% yield) as a light yellow foam.

MS m/z 640.1, 642.1, [M+Na] ⁺ ; NMR (acetone-ifc) d ppm: 7.46 (br d, 7=4.4 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (s, 1H), 6.44 (br d, 7=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.30-6.32 (m, 1H), 6.27 (t, 7=2.7 Hz, 1H), 4.98 (s, 2H), 4.33-4.46 (m, 1H), 3.49-3.56 (m, 1H), 3.42 (br dd, 7=14.0, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 2.91-3.18 (m, 2H), 2.63 (s, 2H), 2.58 (s, 1H), 1.43 (s, 9H), 1.37 (s, 9H).

Step 2: /e/7-2 2- A mi no-3-mcthylsul liny 1-propyl 1-3.S-dichloiO- V-Q-

furylmethyllthieno G 3 ,2-bl pyridin-7 -amine

To a solution of / _{<? /} 7-butyl /V-[2-[(2R)-2-(ie/t-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-methylsulfinyl- propyl] -3, 5-dichloro-thicno[ 3, 2-b]pyndin-7-yl]-A ^/ -(2- fury 1 methyl (carbamate (103.3 mg,

0.167 mmol, l.Oeq.) in acetonitrile (3.0 mL) and THF (1.0 mL) was added -tolucncsulfonic acid monohydrate (135 mg, 0.672 mmol, 4.0 eq.) and was heated to 60 °C and then stirred for 1 h at 60 °C. LC-MS analysis indicated the complete consumption of starting material. The reaction mixture was quenched with sodium carbonate (aq. 0.3 M, 5mL) then extracted with EtOAc (2x30mL). The combined organic phases were dried over sodium sulfate and then concentrated to give crude product which was dried under high vacuum overnight to afford 2- [(2R)-2-amino-3-methylsulfinyl-propyl]-3,5-dichloro- V-(2-furylmethyl)thieno[3,2-b]pyridin- 7-amine (55.8 mg, 80% yield) as an off-white solid. MS m/z 418.4, 420.4, [M+H] ⁺ ; ^X H NMR (DMSO -d ₆ ) d ppm: 7.83-7.91 (m, 1H), 7.60 (s, 1H), 6.65 (d, 7=4.0 Hz, 1H), 6.37-6.43 (m, 2H), 4.50-4.55 (m, 2H), 3.39-3.57 (m, 1H), 3.31 (s, 3H), 3.19 (td, 7=14.6, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 3.05 (ddd, 7=14.5, 12.4, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 2.72-2.84 (m, 2H), 2 NHs not observed.

Example 29 (Compound 129)

2- [(2S)-2- Aminopropyl] -5-chloro- V- [(5-fluorothiazol-2-yl)methyl] -3 -methyl-thieno [3 ,2- b] pyridin-7 - amine

Step 1: tert- Butyl /V- hutoxycarhonylamino)propyl |-5-chloro-3-mcthyl-

thicno|3.2- 7-yl |-/V-(2-trimcthylsilylcthoxymcthyl )carbamatc

To a two neck round bottom flask was added tert- butyl /V-(5-chloro-3-methyl-thieno[3,2- bJpyridin-7-yl)-/V-(2-tri methyl si lylcthoxymcthyl (carbamate (1.95 g, 4.55 mmol, 1.0 eq.) dissolved in THF (0.25 M) followed by tert- butyl (4S)-4-methyl-2,2-dioxo-oxathiazolidine-3- carboxylate (1.40 g, 5.91 mmol, 1.3 eq.). The mixture was cooled to -78 °C. To the cooled reaction mixture was added lithium diisopropylamide in THF/heptane/ethylbenzene (2.0 M, 2.7 ruL, 5.45 mmol, 1.2 eq.) dropwise and the reaction was stirred to completion as monitored by UPLC. Once the reaction was complete (-1.5 h) the reaction was removed from the bath and was quenched with 1.0M citric acid and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined extracts were washed with water and brine and dried with Na2S04 and

concentrated. The crude mixture was subjected to column chromatography (EtOAc/DCM, 0- 15%) to furnish tert- butyl A/-[2-[(2S)-2-(/er/-butoxycarbonylamino)propyl]-5-chloro-3- mcthyl-thicno[3,2-bJpyridin-7-ylJ-A ^/ -(2-tn methyl si lylcthoxy methyl (carbamate (1.91 g, 72% yield). MS m/z 586.4, 588.4, [M+H] ⁺ ;

NMR (CDCh) d ppm: 7.25 (s, 1H), 5.07 (s, 2H), 4.47 (br d, 7=1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.02 (br s,

1H), 3.13-3.19 (m, 1H), 3.05 (br s, 1H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 1.65 (br s, 1H), 1.44 (s, 18H), 1.17 (d, 7=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.98 (s, 1H), 0.95 (s, 1H), 0.03 (s, 9H), 1 NH not observed.

Step 2: /e/y-Butyl LMP S)-2-|7-(/e/y-butoxycarbonylamino)-5-chloiO-3-mcthyl-thicno| 3.2- blpyridin-2- yll - 1 -methyl-ethyll carbamate

To a reaction tube with tert- butyl A/-[2-[(2S)-2-(/eri-butoxycarbonylamino)propyl]-5-chloro- 3-mcthyl-thicno[ 3, 2-bJpyridin-7-ylJ-A ^/ -(2-tri methyl si lylcthoxy methyl (carbamate (0.41 g,

0.70 mmol, 1.0 eq.) was added THF (7.0 mL) and tetrabutylammonium fluoride (1 mol/L) in THF (7 mL, 7.0 mmol, 10 eq.) under an atmosphere of nitrogen. The reaction was stirred for 12 h at 40 °C. Upon completion, the reaction was cooled to room temperature and diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with water, dried and concentrated. The crude material was subjected to column chromatography (EtOAc/DCM, 0-15%) to furnish tert- butyl /V-[( l S)-2- [7-(/£ /7-butoxycarbonylamino)-5-chloro-3-mcthyl-thicno[3,2-bJpyrid in-2-ylJ- 1 -methyl - ethyl] carbamate (19 mg, 6.0% yield). MS m/z 456.4, 458.4, [M+H] ⁺ , NMR (CDCb) d ppm: 6.61 (s, 1H), 4.47 (br s, 1H), 4.02 (br s, 1H), 3.32-3.32 (m, 1H), 3.09-3.16 (m, 1H), 3.01-3.06 (m, 1H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 1.57 (s, 9H), 1.43 (s, 9H), 1.18 (d, 7=6.7 Hz, 3H). Step 3: tert- Butyl A ^/ -[2-[(25)-2-(/£ /7-butoxycarbonylamino)propyl |-5-ch loro-3 -methyl- thicno[3,2-b|pyridin-7-yl |-/V-[(5-fluoiOthiazol-2-yl )mcthyl lcarbamatc

A solution of tert- butyl /V-[(lS)-2-[7-(ie/ -butoxycarbonylamino)-5-chloro-3-methyl- thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl]-l-methyl-ethyl]carbamate (19 mg, 0.041 mmol, 1.0 eq.) and (5- fluorothiazol-2-yl)methanol (17 mg, 0.125 mmol, 3.0 eq.) in toluene (0.1 M) was sparged with N2 for 30 min. To this mixture was added l,l'-(azodicarbonyl)dipiperidine (33 mg,

0.129 mmol, 3.1 eq.) and the mixture was again sparged with N2 and stirred an additional 10 min. Tri-n-butylphosphine

(28 mg, 0.138 mmol, 3.3 eq.) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 30 °C for about 17 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified by silica gel flash chromatography to provide ie/ -butyl N-[ 2- [(2S)-2-(/er/-butoxycarbonylamino)propyl]-5-chloro-3-methyl- thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl]-A/- [(5-fluorothiazol-2-yl)methyl] carbamate (13 mg, 55% yield). MS m/z 571.3, 573.3 [M+H] ⁺ , Ή NMR (CDCI3)

d ppm: 7.20 (d, 7=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (s, 1H), 4.99 (s, 2H), 4.47 (br d, 7=1.1 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (br s, 1H), 3.12-3.17 (m, 1H), 3.05 (br s, 1H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 1.44 (s, 18H), 1.16 (d, 7=6.7 Hz, 3H). Step 4: 2-G (2S)-2- Aminopropyll -5-chloro-lV- G (5-fluorothiazol-2- vl)methvll -3-mcthyl- thieno G 3 ,2-bl p vridin-7 - amine

To a reaction tube with / _{<? /} 7-butyl /V-[2-[(2S)-2-(ie/7-butoxycarbonylamino)propyl]-5-chloro- 3-methyl-thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl]- V-[(5-fluorothiazol-2-yl)methyl]carbamate (13 mg,

0.022 mmol, 1.0 eq.) was added hydrochloric acid in dioxane (4.0 M, 1.0 mL, 4.0 mmol) and was allowed to stir for 1 h at room temperature. Upon completion, the reaction was diluted with diethyl ether and was filtered to provide 2-[(2S)-2-aminopropyl]-5-chloro- V-[(5- fluorothiazol-2-yl)methyl]-3-methyl-thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-a mine (5.6 mg, 66% yield). MS m/z 371.2, 373.2, [M+H] ⁺ , NMR (methanol-7 ₄ ) d ppm: 7.41 (d, 7=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (s, 1H), 4.92 (s, 2H), 3.63-3.71 (m, 1H), 3.35-3.42 (m, 1H), 3.23-3.29 (m, 1H), 2.45 (s, 3H), 1.38 (d, 7=6.4 Hz, 3H), 3 NHs not observed. Example 30 (Compound 148)

2-(l-Aminopropan-2-yl)-5-chloro-N-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-3-methy lthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7- amine

Step 1 : Ethyl 2-(7-((/i /7-buloxycarbony l )(Turan-2-yl methyl )ami no )-5-ch loro-3 -

A solution of tert- butyl (5-chloro-2-iodo-3-methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)(furan-2- ylmethyl)carbamate (202 mg, 0.40 mmol, 1.0 eq.), prepared according to the procedure in Intermediate 6, and ethyl 2-cyanoacetate (50 mg, 1.1 eq.) in dioxane (1.6 mL) was added into a suspension of KOtBu (116 mg, 2.5 eq.) in dioxane (0.5 mL) under argon, followed by addition of Pd(OAc)2 (4.5 mg, 0.05 eq.) and dppf (23 mg, 0.100 eq.). After bubbling argon for 2 min, the reaction was sealed and was heated to 70 °C for 2 h. After cooling the reaction was quenched with citric acid (1.0 M) and EtOAc, then extracted with EtOAc. The crude material was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel eluting with 0-60% EtOAc in hexanes to provide ethyl 2-(7-((/er/-butoxycarbonyl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)amino)-5- chloro-3-methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)-2-cyanoacetate (145 mg, 74. % yield) as orange oil. MS m/z 490.1, 492.1 [M+H] ⁺ .

To a cold mixture of ethyl 2-(7-((/er/-butoxycarbonyl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)amino)-5-chloro -3- methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)-2-cyanoacetate (145 mg, 0.30 mmol, 1.0 eq.) and K2CO3 (62 mg, 1.5 eq.) in acetone (0.6 mL) was added Mel (127 mg, 3.0 eq.) under argon. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h with UPLC analysis indicating completion of the reaction. After cooling to 0 °C, the reaction was quenched with citric acid (1.0M) and EtOAc. The crude product was applied directly to the next step without further purification. MS m/z 504.1, 506.1 [M+H] ⁺ . Step 3: tert- Butyl (5-chloiO-2-( 1 -cyanocthyl )-3-mcthylthicno|3.2-b|pyridin-7-yl )(furan-2- yl methyl )carhamatc

A mixture of ethyl 2-(7-((ie/ -butoxycarbonyl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)amino)-5-chloro-3- methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)-2-cyanopropanoate (149 mg, 0.30 mmol, 1.0 eq.) and K2CO3 (62 mg, 1.5 eq.) was stirred in MeOH (0.60 mL) at room temperature for 3 h, then quenched with EtOAc and citric acid (1.0 M, aq.). The crude material was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel eluting with 0-50% EtOAc in hexane to provide tert- butyl (5-chloro-2-(l-cyanoethyl)-3-methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl )(furan-2- ylmethyl)carbamate (81 mg, 63 % yield). MS m/z 432.1, 434.2 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 4: Butyl (2-(l-aminopropan-2-yl)-5-chloro-3-methylthienor3,2-blpyridi n-7- yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate

To a cold solution of / _{<? /7} -butyl (5-chloro-2-(l-cyanoethyl)-3-methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7- yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate (81 mg, 0.19 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in THF (2.0 mL) was added LAH (1.0 M in THF, 0.28 mL, 1.5 eq.) dropwise at 0 °C. After stirring 15 min, the mixture was brought to room temperature and continued to stir at room temperature for 3 h. The reaction was quenched with the addition of Na ₂ S0 ₄ .xH ₂ 0 (solid) at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, filtered, and the solids were washed with MeOH. The combined filtrate was concentrated and purified by prep HPLC eluting with 5-100% ACN in water with 0.1% formic acid to provide / _{<? /7} -butyl (2-(l-aminopropan-2-yl)-5-chloro-3- methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate (10 mg, 12% yield). MS m/z 436.2, 438.2 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 5: 2-( l-Aminopropan-2-yl)-5-chloro-N-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-3-methylth ienor3,2- blpyridin-7-amine

General Boc-deprotection procedure: A mixture of /rvv-butyl (2-(l-aminopropan-2-yl)-5- chloro-3-methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)c arbamate (10 mg, 0.022 mmol) was stirred in a solution of HC1 (4 M in dioxane, 1 mL) at room temperature for 1 h and then the organic volatiles were removed. The crude solid was purified on prep HPLC eluting with 5-40% ACN in water with 0.1% formic acid to afford 2-(l-aminopropan-2-yl)-5-chloro-N- (furan-2-ylmethyl)-3-methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-amine as the formic acid salt (5.0 mg, 65% yield). MS m/z 335.8, 338.0 [M+H] ⁺ ; NMR (methanol- ₄ ) d: 8.44 (s, 1 H), 7.46 (t,

J= 1.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.62 (s, 1 H), 6.38 (d, J= 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (s, 2 H), 3.69 - 3.74 (m, 1 H), 3.23 - 3.25 (m, 1 H), 3.18 - 3.20 (m, 1 H), 2.39 (s, 3 H), 1.48 (d, /= 6.6 Hz, 3 H), 3 NHs not observed, formic acid salt. Example 31 (Compound 146)

2-(5-Chloro-7-((furan-2-ylmethyl)amino)-3-methylthieno[3,2-b ]pyridin-2-yl)propan-l-ol

Step 1: tert- Butyl (5-chloiO-3-mcthyl-2-(piOp- 1 -cn-2-yl )thicno| 3.2-b|pyridin-7-yl )(furan-2- yl methyl )carhamatc

A mixture of tert- butyl (5-chloro-2-iodo-3-methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)(furan-2- ylmethyl)carbamate (101 mg, 0.20 mmol, 1.0 eq.), prepared according to the procedure in Intermediate 6, and 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(prop-l-en-2-yl)-l,3,2-dioxaborolane (46.0 mg,

1.3 eq.) and Pd(dppf)Cl2 (8.3 mg, 0.05 eq.) in dioxane (1 mL) and K2CO3 (2M in H2O, 0.30 mL, 3.0 eq.) was stirred at 75 °C for 3 h. The reaction was quenched with EtOAc and water. The crude material was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel eluting with 0- 5% EtOAc in hexanes to provide / _{<? /} 7-butyl (5-chloro-3-methyl-2-(prop-l-en-2-yl)thieno[3,2- b]pyridin-7-yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate (75 mg, 90 % yield) as colorless oil, which was used directly in the next step. MS m/z 419.2, 42E2 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 2: //77-Butyl (5-chloro-2-(l-hvdroxypropan-2-yl)-3-methylthienor3,2-blpyri din-7- yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate

To a cold solution of /rvy-butyl (5-chloro-3-methyl-2-(prop-l-en-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7- yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate (75 mg, TO eq.) in THF (1 mL) was added 9-BBN (0.5 M in THF, 1 mL, 4.0 eq.) dropwise at 0 °C. After stirring at 0 °C for 1 h, the mixture was brought to room temperature, and continued stirring overnight. The mixture was then cooled to 0 °C. EtOH (0.2 mL) was added followed by addition of NaOAc (sat., 0.5 mL) and hydrogen peroxide

(30 wt% in water, 0.2 mL). The mixture was continued to stir at 0 °C for 1 h and at room temperature for 5 h, then quenched with EtOAc and water. The organic phases were washed with water and brine. The crude material was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel eluting with 0-60% EtOAc in hexanes to provide tert- butyl (5-chloro-2-(l- hydroxypropan-2-yl)-3-methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)(furan -2-ylmethyl)carbamate (62 mg, 79 % yield) as a light yellow oil. MS m/z 437.2, 439.2 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 3: 2-(5-ChloiO-7-((furan-2-yl methyl )amino)-3-mcthylthicno|3.2- 2-yl jpropan-

l-ol

A mixture of ieri-butyl (5-chloro-2-(l-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-3-methylthieno[3,2-b]pyri din-7- yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate (16 mg, 0.037 mmol) and HC1 (4 M) in dioxane (1.0 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The mixture was diluted with diethyl ether (2x) and filtered. The filter cake was washed with ether, collected and dried to give 2-(5-chloro-7- ((furan-2-ylmethyl)amino)-3-methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl) propan-l-ol (6 mg, 48% yield) MS m/z 337.1, 339.1 [M+H] ⁺ ; NMR (DMSO-ifc) d: 7.59 (s, 1H), 7.50 (br s, 1 H), 6.52 (s, 1 H), 6.39 (d, J= 1.3 Hz, 1 H), 6.34 (d, J= 1.3 Hz, 1 H), 4.90 (br s, 1 H), 4.49 (s, 2 H), 3.51- 3.55 (m, 2 H), 3.43-3.48 (m, 1 H), 2.24 (s, 3 H), 1.27 (d, J= 6.1 Hz, 3 H).

Example 32 (Compound 150 and Compound 151)

2- [(2R,3S)-3 -aminobutan-2-yl] -5-chloro-A- [(furan-2-yl)methyl] -3 -methylthieno [3 ,2- b] pyridin-7 - amine

and

2-[(2S,3S)-3-aminobutan-2-yl]-5-chloro- V-[(furan-2-yl)methyl]-3-methylthieno[3,2- b] pyridin-7 - amine

Step 1: tert- Butyl (5-chloiO-3-mcthyl-2-( 1 -oxopiOpan-2-yl )thicno|3.2- 7-yl Kfuran-

2-ylmcthyl )carhamatc

To a solution of tert- butyl (5-chloro-2-(l-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-3-methylthieno[3,2-b]pyri din- 7-yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate (141 mg, 0.32 mmol, 1.0 eq.), prepared according to the procedure in Example 31, in DCM (1.0 mL) was added Martin's reagent (171 mg, 1.2 eq.) at 0 °C. The light pink solution was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, and UPLC analysis indicated that the reaction was complete. The mixture was filtered and the solid was washed with DCM. The filtrate was combined, washed with NaHCCE (sat. aq.) and concentrated. The resulting crude product was applied to the next step without purification. MS m/z 433.3,

435.3 [M-H] ⁺ .

Step 2: //yV-Butyl (2-((E ^’ )-l-((( ?)-/gr/-butylsulfinyl)imino)propan-2-yl)-5-chloro-3- methylthienor3,2-blpyridin-7-yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate

A mixture of //77-butyl (5-chloro-3-methyl-2-(l-oxopropan-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]pyridin- 7- yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate (115 mg, 0.26 mmol, 1.0 eq.), R-(+)-2-methylpropane-2- sulfinamide (48 mg, 1.5 eq.) and CuS0 ₄ (215 mg, 5.0 eq.) in DCE (0.5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 18 h. After cooling, the mixture was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel eluting with 0-30% EtOAc in hexanes to provide //77-butyl (2- ((E)- 1 -(((E ^, )-//v7-butyl sul liny l)i mi no)propan-2-yl)-5-ch loro-3- methyl thicnoj 3, 2-b]pyridin-7- yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate (79 mg, 49% yield). MS m/z 560.2, 562.2 [M+Na] ⁺ .

Step 3: (A )-A ^/ -((25.3E/S ^, )-3-(5-ChloiO-7-((rumn-2-yl methyl )amino)-3-

blpyridin-2-yl)butan-2-yl)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide and (R )-N-((2S,3S/R )-3-(5-chloro- 7-((furan-2-ylmethyl)amino)-3-methylthienor3,2-blpyridin-2-y l)butan-2-yl)-2- methylpropane-2-sulfinamide

To a solution of //77-butyl (2-((E)-l-(((R)-ie 7-butylsulfmyl)imino)propan-2-yl)-5-chloro-3- methylthieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)(furan-2-ylmethyl)carbamate (70 mg, 0.13 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in DCM (0.9 mL) was added MeMgBr (3.0 M in Et ₂ 0, 0.11 mL, 2.5 eq.) at -78 °C. The mixture was warmed to -50 °C and maintained at -50 °C for 4 h, then warmed to room temperature and continued to stir overnight. The reaction was quenched with a saturated solution of NH4CI. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc, then washed with water followed by brine, and the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel eluting with 0-100% EtOAc in hexanes to provide a mixture of two diastereomers, which were further purified on prep- HPLC eluting with 10-80% CH3CN in water with 0.1% formic acid to provide ( R)-N - ((2S,3R/S)-3-(5-Chloro-7-((furan-2-ylmethyl)amino)-3-methylt hieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2- yl)butan-2-yl)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (18 mg, 45% yield), MS m/z 454.3, 456.3 [M+H] ⁺ ; and (R)-A-((2S,3S/R)-3-(5-chloro-7-((furan-2-ylmethyl)amino)-3-m ethylthieno[3,2- b]pyridin-2-yl)butan-2-yl)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (20 mg, 42 % yield), MS m/z 454.3, 456.3 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 4: 2-r(2R,35)-3-aminobutan-2-yll-5-chloro-A/-r(furan-2-yl)methy ll-3-methylthienor3,2- blpyridin-7-amine

A mixture of (R)-A/-((2S,3R/S')-3-(5-chloro-7-((furan-2-ylmethyl)amino)-3 -methylthieno[3,2- b]pyridin-2-yl)butan-2-yl)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (18 mg, 0.04 mmol) and HC1 (4 M) in dioxane (1.0 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The mixture was diluted with diethyl ether (2x) and filtered. The filter cake was washed with ether, collected and dried to give 2-((2 R/S, 3S)-3-aminobutan-2-yl)-5-chloro- V-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-3-methylthieno[3,2- b]pyridin-7-amine (5.4 mg, 41% yield) as an HC1 salt. MS m/z 350.2, 352.2 [M+H] ⁺ ;

NMR (methanol-<7 ₄ ) d: 7.50 (d, /= 1.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.16 (s, 1 H), 6.48 (d, /= 3.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.42 (dd, /= 3.0, 1.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.77 (s, 2 H), 3.69 - 3.71 (m, 1 H), 3.58 - 3.61 (m, 1 H), 2.50 (s, 3 H), 1.50 (d, /= 7.0 Hz, 3 H), 1.44 (d, /= 6.56 Hz, 3 H), 3 NHs not observed.

2- G ( 2S3SY3 -aminobutan-2- yll -5-chloro-/V- G ( furan-2- vDmethyll -3 -methylthieno G3 ,2- blpyridin-7-amine

A mixture of (R)-A-((2S,3S/R)-3-(5-chloro-7-((furan-2-yhnethyl)amino)-3-m ethylthieno[3,2- b]pyridin-2-yl)butan-2-yl)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (20 mg, 0.04 mmol) and HC1 (4 M) in dioxane (1.0 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The mixture was diluted with diethyl ether (2x) and filtered. The filter cake was washed with ether, collected and dried to give 2-((2 R/S, 3S)-3-aminobutan-2-yl)-5-chloro- V-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-3-methylthieno[3,2- b]pyridin-7-amine (7.4 mg, 53% yield) as an HC1 salt. MS m/z 350.2, 352.2 [M+H] ⁺ ;

NMR (methanol-<7 ₄ ) d: 7.50 (d, /= 1.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.10 (s, 1 H), 6.46 (d, /= 3.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.42 (dd, /= 3.0, 1.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.74 (s, 2 H), 3.64 - 3.67 (m, 1 H), 3.55 - 3.58 (m, 1 H), 2.47 (s, 3 H), 1.54 (d, /= 7.0 Hz, 3 H), 1.27 (d, /= 6.56 Hz, 3 H), 3 NHs not observed.

BIOLOGICAL EXAMPLES

The following in vitro biological examples demonstrate the usefulness of the compounds of the present description for treating familial dysautonomia.

To describe in more detail and assist in understanding the present description, the following non-limiting biological examples are offered to more fully illustrate the scope of the description and are not to be construed as specifically limiting the scope thereof. Such variations of the present description that may be now known or later developed, which would be within the purview of one skilled in the art to ascertain, are considered to fall within the scope of the present description and as hereinafter claimed.

Example 1

IKBKAP-HTRF Assay

The assay is used for the quantitative determination of Elongator complex protein 1 (ELP1, also referred to as IKBKAP) concentration in cell lysates using the HTRF ^®

(Homogeneous Time-Resolved Fluorescence) technology. IKBKAP is detected in a sandwich HTRF assay by use of an anti-IKAP antibody labeled with a donor and an anti-IKAP antibody labeled with an acceptor.

Materials Source

FD Patient-derived fibroblasts GM04589 (Coriell Institute)

DMEM Invitrogen Catalogue No. 11960-044

LB4 (4X) Lysis Buffer Cisbio

Protease Inhibitor Cocktail Roche Catalogue No. 11836145001

Anti IKAP-K(9+8) 50X Cisbio

Anti IKAP-d2 50X Cisbio

IKAP Detection Buffer Cisbio

EnVision Plate Reader Perkin Elmer Model No. 2103

PROTOCOL

Cells were thawed and incubated in DMEM-10% FBS for 72 hours. Cells were trypsinized, counted, and re-suspended to a concentration of 50,000 cells/mL in

DMEM-10% FBS. A 199 pL aliquot of the cell suspensions were plated at 10,000 cells per well in a 96 well microtiter plate and incubated for 3 to 5 hours. To provide a control signal, three wells did not receive cells and served as Blank control wells. Test compounds were serially diluted 3.16-fold in 100% DMSO to generate a 7-point concentration curve. A 1 pL aliquot of 200x compound solution was transferred to cell-containing wells, and cells were incubated for 48 hours in a cell culture incubator (37°C, 5% CO2, 100% relative humidity). Triplicate samples were set up for each compound concentration. After 48 hours, the supernatant was removed from the cells and 50 pL of the lx LB4 lysis buffer, containing protease inhibitors, was added to the cells and incubated with shaking at room temperature for 1 hour. A 36 pL aliquot of this lysate was subsequently transferred to the 384-well plate containing 4 pL of the antibody solution (1:50 dilution of anti IKAP d2 and anti-IKAP K(9+8) in detection buffer). The 384- well plate was then centrifuged for 1 minute to bring the solutions to the bottom of the plate and incubated overnight at 4°C. Fluorescence for each well of the plate at 665 nm and 620 nm was measured was on the EnVision plate reader (Perkin Elmer). The AF for each sample is calculated by:

(Signal— Blank) x 100

Blank

wherein Signal is the normalized fluorescence for each sample well and Blank is the average normalized average fluorescence for the Blank control wells.

The maximum fold increase (MFI) in IKBKAP protein abundance for compounds of Formula (I) or a form thereof relative to the vehicle control are provided in Table 1. MFI was calculated by dividing the AF value for each sample well by the sample AF for the vehicle control wells.

An MFI < 1.9 is indicated by one star (*), between > 1.9 and < 2.9 is indicated by two stars (**), between > 2.9 and < 3.9 is indicated by three stars (***), between > 3.9 and < 4.9 is indicated by four stars (****), and > 4.9 is indicated by five stars (*****).

The EC2 _X for IKBKAP protein expression obtained from the 7-point concentration curve generated for each test compound according to the protocol in Biological Example 1 are also provided in Table 1. The term“EC2 _x for IKBKAP protein expression” is defined as the concentration of test compound that is effective in producing two times the amount of IKBKAP protein in a FD patient cell compared to the amount produced from the DMSO vehicle control.

An EC2 _X > 1 mM is indicated by one star (*), between > 0.5 mM and < 1 mM is indicated by two stars (**), between > 0.02 mM and < 0.5 pM is indicated by three stars (***), between > 0.005 pM and < 0.02 mM is indicated by four stars (****), and < 0.005 pM is indicated by five stars (*****).

Table 1

Without regard to whether a document cited herein was specifically and individually indicated as being incorporated by reference, all documents referred to herein are incorporated by reference into the present application for any and all purposes to the same extent as if each individual reference was fully set forth herein.

Having now fully described the subject matter of the claims, it will be understood by those having ordinary skill in the art that the same can be performed within a wide range of equivalents without affecting the scope of the subject matter or particular aspects described herein. It is intended that the appended claims be interpreted to include all such equivalents.