[Title of Invention]

USER EQUIPMENTS AND COMMUNICATION METHODS

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a user equipment, and a communication method.

[Background Art]

[0002] At present, as a radio access system and a radio network technology aimed for the fifth generation cellular system, technical investigation and standard development are being conducted, as extended standards of Long Term Evolution (LTE), on LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro) and New Radio technology (NR) in The Third Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP).

[0003] In the fifth generation cellular system, three services of enhanced Mobile BroadBand (eMBB) to achieve high-speed and large-volume transmission, Ultra- Reliable and Low Latency Communication (URLLC) to achieve low-latency and high- reliability communication, and massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) to allow connection of a large number of machine type devices such as Internet of Things (loT) have been demanded as assumed scenarios.

[0004] For example, wireless communication devices may communicate with one or more device. For sidelink communication, two communication devices can communicate with each other via PC-5 interface. However, given the existing sidelink communication methods cannot directly applied to unlicensed spectrum, the flexibility and/or the efficiency of the whole sidelink communication system would be limited. As illustrated by this discussion, systems and methods according to the present invention, supporting sidelink communication over unlicensed spectrum, which may improve the communication flexibility and/or efficiency, would be beneficial.

[Brief Description of the Drawings]

[0005] Figure 1 is a block diagram illustrating one configuration of one or more base stations and one or more user equipments (UEs) in which systems and methods for determination of subcarrier spacing of an S-SS/PSBCH block may be implemented; [0006] Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating one example 200 of a resource grid; [0007] Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating one example 300 of common resource block grid, carrier configuration and BWP configuration by a UE 102 and a base station 160;

[0008] Figure 4 is a diagram illustrating one 400 example of CORESET configuration in a BWP by a UE 102 and a base station 160;

[0009] Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating one example 500 for interlaced resource blocks for transmission and reception;

[0010] Figure 6 is a diagram illustrating one example 600 of interlaced mapping for a BWP;

[0011] Figure 7 is a diagram illustrating one example 700 of a SL BWP and a resource pool within the SL BWP;

[0012] Figure 8 is a diagram illustrating one example 800 of a resource pool configuration;

[0013] Figure 9 is a diagram illustrating one example 900 of configurations of a SL BWP and SL resource pools;

[0014] Figure 10 is a diagram illustrating one example 1000 of a S-SS/PSBCH block in a slot;

[0015] Figure 11 is a flow diagram illustrating one implementation of a method 1100 for SCS determination for a S-SS/PSBCH block by a UE 102;

[0016] Figure 12 is a diagram illustrating one example 1200 of a transmission of S- SS/PSBCH block(s) within a period of 16 frames;

[0017] Figure 13 illustrates various components that may be utilized in a UE;

[0018] Figure 14 illustrates various components that may be utilized in a base station;

[Description of Embodiments]

[0019] A user equipment (UE) is described. The UE includes control unit configured to set a sidelink (SL) bandwidth part (BWP) configuration, the SL BWP configuration indicating a subcarrier spacing (SCS) to be used for a SL BWP; the control unit is further configured to determine a SCS of a SL-synchronization signals/physical sidelink broadcast channel (S-SS/PSBCH) block, wherein in a case that the SCS of the SL BWP is 15kHz, the SCS of the S-SS/PSBCH block is determined as a first value, in a case that the SCS of the SL BWP is 30kHz or 60kHz, the SCS of the S-SS/PSBCH block is determined to be same as the SCS of the SL BWP; and transmission unit configured to transmit, to another UE, the S-SS/PSBCH block by using the determined SCS in the SL BWP.

[0020] A user equipment (UE) is described. The UE includes control unit configured to set a sidelink (SL) bandwidth part (BWP) configuration, the SL BWP configuration indicating a subcarrier spacing (SCS) to be used for a SL BWP; the control unit is further configured to determine a SCS for a SL-synchronization signals/physical sidelink broadcast channel (S-SS/PSBCH) block, wherein in a case that the SCS of the SL BWP is 15kHz, the SCS for the S-SS/PSBCH block is determined as a first value, in a case that the SCS of the SL BWP is 30kHz or 60kHz, the SCS for the S-SS/PSBCH block is determined to be same as the SCS of the SL BWP; and the reception unit is further configured to receive, from another UE, the S- SS/PSBCH block by using the determined SCS.

[0021] A communication method by a user equipment (UE) is described. The method includes setting a sidelink (SL) bandwidth part (BWP) configuration, the SL BWP configuration indicating a subcarrier spacing (SCS) to be used for a SL BWP; determining a SCS of a SL-synchronization signals/physical sidelink broadcast channel (S-SS/PSBCH) block wherein in a case that the SCS of the SL BWP is 15kHz, the SCS of the S-SS/PSBCH block is determined as a first value, in a case that the SCS of the SL BWP is 30kHz or 60kHz, the SCS of the S-SS/PSBCH block is determined to be same as the SCS of the SL BWP; and transmitting, to another UE, the S-SS/PSBCH block by using the determined SCS in the SL BWP.

[0022] 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the name given to a project to improve the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) mobile phone or device standard to cope with future requirements. In one aspect, UMTS has been modified to provide support and specification for the Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN). 3GPP NR (New Radio) is the name given to a project to improve the LTE mobile phone or device standard to cope with future requirements. In one aspect, LTE has been modified to provide support and specification (TS 38.331, 38.321, 38.300, 37.340, 38.211, 38.212, 38.213, 38.214, etc.) for the New Radio Access (NR) and Next generation - Radio Access Network (NG-RAN). [0023] At least some aspects of the systems and methods disclosed herein may be described in relation to the 3GPP LTE, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), LTE-Advanced Pro, New Radio Access (NR), and other 3G/4G/5G standards (e.g., 3GPP Releases 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, and/or 17, and/or Narrow Band-Internet of Things (NB-IoT)). However, the scope of the present disclosure should not be limited in this regard. At least some aspects of the systems and methods disclosed herein may be utilized in other types of wireless communication systems.

[0024] A wireless communication device may be an electronic device used to communicate voice and/or data to a base station, which in turn may communicate with a network of devices (e.g., public switched telephone network (PSTN), the Internet, etc.). In describing systems and methods herein, a wireless communication device may alternatively be referred to as a mobile station, a UE (User Equipment), an access terminal, a subscriber station, a mobile terminal, a remote station, a user terminal, a terminal, a subscriber unit, a mobile device, a relay node, etc. Examples of wireless communication devices include cellular phones, smart phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), laptop computers, netbooks, e-readers, wireless modems, industrial wireless sensors, video surveillance, wearables, vehicles, roadside units, infrastructure devices, etc. In 3GPP specifications, a wireless communication device is typically referred to as a UE. However, as the scope of the present disclosure should not be limited to the 3GPP standards, the terms “UE” and “wireless communication device” may be used interchangeably herein to mean the more general term “wireless communication device.”

[0025] In 3GPP specifications, a base station is typically referred to as a gNB, a Node B, an eNB, a home enhanced or evolved Node B (HeNB) or some other similar terminology. As the scope of the disclosure should not be limited to 3GPP standards, the terms “base station,”, “gNB”, “Node B,” “eNB,” and “HeNB” may be used interchangeably herein to mean the more general term “base station.” Furthermore, one example of a “base station” is an access point. An access point may be an electronic device that provides access to a network (e.g., Local Area Network (LAN), the Internet, etc.) for wireless communication devices. The term “communication device” may be used to denote both a wireless communication device and/or a base station.

[0026] It should be noted that as used herein, a “cell” may be any communication channel that is specified by standardization or regulatory bodies to be used for International Mobile Telecommunications-Advanced (IMT-Advanced), IMT-2020 (5G) and all of it or a subset of it may be adopted by 3GPP as licensed bands (e.g., frequency bands) to be used for communication between a base station and a UE. It should also be noted that in NR, NG-RAN, E-UTRA and E-UTRAN overall description, as used herein, a “cell” may be defined as “combination of downlink and optionally uplink resources.” The linking between the carrier frequency of the downlink resources and the carrier frequency of the uplink resources may be indicated in the system information transmitted on the downlink resources.

[0027] “Configured cells” are those cells of which the UE is aware and is allowed by a base station to transmit or receive information. “Configured cell(s)” may be serving cell(s). The UE may receive system information and perform the required measurements on configured cells. “Configured cell(s)” for a radio connection may consist of a primary cell and/or no, one, or more secondary cell(s). “Activated cells” are those configured cells on which the UE is transmitting and receiving. That is, activated cells are those cells for which the UE monitors the physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) and in the case of a downlink transmission, those cells for which the UE decodes a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH). “Deactivated cells” are those configured cells that the UE is not monitoring the transmission PDCCH. It should be noted that a “cell” may be described in terms of differing dimensions. For example, a “cell” may have temporal, spatial (e.g., geographical) and frequency characteristics.

[0028] The base stations may be connected by the NG interface to the 5G - core network (5G-CN). 5G-CN may be called as to NextGen core (NGC), or 5G core (5GC). The base stations may also be connected by the SI interface to the evolved packet core (EPC). For instance, the base stations may be connected to a NextGen (NG) mobility management function by the NG-2 interface and to the NG core User Plane (UP) functions by the NG-3 interface. The NG interface supports a many-to-many relation between NG mobility management functions, NG core UP functions and the base stations. The NG-2 interface is the NG interface for the control plane and the NG-3 interface is the NG interface for the user plane. For instance, for EPC connection, the base stations may be connected to a mobility management entity (MME) by the Sl- MME interface and to the serving gateway (S-GW) by the Sl-U interface. The SI interface supports a many-to-many relation between MMEs, serving gateways and the base stations. The SI -MME interface is the SI interface for the control plane and the S 1 -U interface is the S 1 interface for the user plane. The Uu interface is a radio interface between the UE and the base station for the radio protocol.

[0029] The radio protocol architecture may include the user plane and the control plane. The user plane protocol stack may include packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), radio link control (RLC), medium access control (MAC) and physical (PHY) layers. A DRB (Data Radio Bearer) is a radio bearer that carries user data (as opposed to control plane signaling). For example, a DRB may be mapped to the user plane protocol stack. The PDCP, RLC, MAC and PHY sublayers (terminated at the base station 460a on the network) may perform functions (e.g., header compression, ciphering, scheduling, ARQ and HARQ) for the user plane. PDCP entities are located in the PDCP sublayer. RLC entities may be located in the RLC sublayer. MAC entities may be located in the MAC sublayer. The PHY entities may be located in the PHY sublayer.

[0030] The control plane may include a control plane protocol stack. The PDCP sublayer (terminated in base station on the network side) may perform functions (e.g., ciphering and integrity protection) for the control plane. The RLC and MAC sublayers (terminated in base station on the network side) may perform the same functions as for the user plane. The Radio Resource Control (RRC) (terminated in base station on the network side) may perform the following functions. The RRC may perform broadcast functions, paging, RRC connection management, radio bearer (RB) control, mobility functions, UE measurement reporting and control. The Non-Access Stratum (NAS) control protocol (terminated in MME on the network side) may perform, among other things, evolved packet system (EPS) bearer management, authentication, evolved packet system connection management (ECM)-IDLE mobility handling, paging origination in ECM-IDLE and security control.

[0031] Signaling Radio Bearers (SRBs) are Radio Bearers (RB) that may be used only for the transmission of RRC and NAS messages. Three SRBs may be defined. SRB0 may be used for RRC messages using the common control channel (CCCH) logical channel. SRB1 may be used for RRC messages (which may include a piggybacked NAS message) as well as for NAS messages prior to the establishment of SRB2, all using the dedicated control channel (DCCH) logical channel. SRB2 may be used for RRC messages which include logged measurement information as well as for NAS messages, all using the DCCH logical channel. SRB2 has a lower-priority than SRB1 and may be configured by a network (e.g., base station) after security activation. A broadcast control channel (BCCH) logical channel may be used for broadcasting system information. Some of BCCH logical channel may convey system information which may be sent from the network to the UE via BCH (Broadcast Channel) transport channel. BCH may be sent on a physical broadcast channel (PBCH). Some of BCCH logical channel may convey system information which may be sent from the network to the UE via DL-SCH (Downlink Shared Channel) transport channel. Paging may be provided by using paging control channel (PCCH) logical channel.

[0032] System information may be divided into the MasterlnformationBlock (MIB) and a number of SystemlnformationBlocks (SIBs).

[0033] The UE may receive one or more RRC messages from the base station to obtain RRC configurations or parameters. The RRC layer of the UE may configure RRC layer and/or lower layers (e.g., PHY layer, MAC layer, RLC layer, PDCP layer) of the UE according to the RRC configurations or parameters which may be configured by the RRC messages, broadcasted system information, and so on. The base station may transmit one or more RRC messages to the UE to cause the UE to configure RRC layer and/or lower layers of the UE according to the RRC configurations or parameters which may be configured by the RRC messages, broadcasted system information, and so on.

[0034] The size of various fields in the time domain is expressed in time units

[0035] Multiple OFDM numerologies are supported as given by Table 4.2-1 of [TS 38.211] where /z and the cyclic prefix for a bandwidth part are obtained from the higher- layer parameter subcarrierSpacing and cyclicPrefix, respectively.

[0036] The size of various fields in the time domain may be expressed as a number of time units Tc=l /(15000*2048) seconds. Downlink and uplink transmissions are organized into frames with Tf = ^f _max Nf/lGQi) - T _c = 10ms duration, each consisting of ten subframes of T _S f = ( fmax f /1000) ■ T _c = 1ms duration. The number of consecutive OFDM symbols per subframe is

Each frame is divided into two equally-sized half- frames of five subframes each with half-frame 0 consisting of subframes 0 -4 and half- frame 1 consisting of subframes 5 - 9.

[0037] For subcarrier spacing (SCS) configuration ., slots are numbered in increasing order within a subframe and G in increasing order within a frame. the number of slots per subframe for subcarrier spacing configuration . There are consecutive OFDM symbols in a slot where depends on the cyclic prefix as given by Tables 4.3.2-1 and 4.3.2-2 of [TS 38.211]. The start of slot in a subframe is aligned in time with the start of OFDM symbol in the same subframe. Subcarrier spacing refers to a spacing (or frequency bandwidth) between two consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain. For example, the subcarrier spacing can be set to 15kHz (i.e. /z=0), 30kHz (i.e. z= 1), 60kHz (i.e. /z=2), 120kHz (i.e. /z=3), or 240kHz (i.e. /z=4). A resource block is defined as a number of consecutive subcarriers (e.g. 12) in the frequency domain. For a carrier with different frequency, the applicable subcarrier may be different. For example, for a carrier in a frequency rang 1, a subcarrier spacing only among a set of {15kHz, 30kHz, 60kHz} is applicable. For a carrier in a frequency rang 2, a subcarrier spacing only among a set of {60kHz, 120kHz, 240kHz} is applicable. The base station may not configure an inapplicable subcarrier spacing for a carrier.

[0038] OFDM symbols in a slot can be classified as 'downlink', 'flexible', or 'uplink'. Signaling of slot formats is described in subclause 11.1 of [TS 38.213].

[0039] In a slot in a downlink frame, the UE may assume that downlink transmissions only occur in 'downlink' or 'flexible' symbols. In a slot in an uplink frame, the UE may only transmit in 'uplink' or 'flexible' symbols.

[0040] Various examples of the systems and methods disclosed herein are now described with reference to the Figures, where like reference numbers may indicate functionally similar elements. The systems and methods as generally described and illustrated in the Figures herein could be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different implementations. Thus, the following more detailed description of several implementations, as represented in the Figures, is not intended to limit scope, as claimed, but is merely representative of the systems and methods.

[0041] Figure 1 is a block diagram illustrating one configuration of one or more base stations 160 (e.g., eNB, gNB) and one or more user equipments (UEs) 102 in which systems and methods for determination of subcarrier spacing of an S-SS/PSBCH block may be implemented. The one or more UEs 102 may communicate with one or more base stations 160 using one or more antennas 122a-n. For example, a UE 102 transmits electromagnetic signals to the base station 160 and receives electromagnetic signals from the base station 160 using the one or more antennas 122a-n. The base station 160 communicates with the UE 102 using one or more antennas 180a-n. Additionally, one or more UEs 102 may communicate with one or more UEs 102 using one or more antennas 122a-n. For example, a UE 102 transmits electromagnetic signals to another UE(s) 102 and receives electromagnetic signals from another UE(s) 102 using the one or more antennas 122a-n. That is, one or more UEs communicate with each other via sidelink communication.

[0042] The UEs 102 may directly communicate with each other by using the sidelink communication. For illustration, UE(s) 102 capable of sidelink communication include aUE lA, aUE IB and aUE IC. The UE lAmaybe located within the coverage of the base station 160. The UE IB and the UE 1C may be located outside the coverage of the base station 160. The UE 1A and the base station 160 may communicate with each other via downlink and uplink communication. In addition, the UE 1 A and the UE IB may directly communicate with each other via sidelink communication. In addition, the UE IB and the UE 1C may directly communicate with each other via sidelink communication.

[0043] It should be noted that in some configurations, one or more of the UEs 102 described herein may be implemented in a single device. For example, multiple UEs 102 may be combined into a single device in some implementations. Additionally or alternatively, in some configurations, one or more of the base stations 160 described herein may be implemented in a single device. For example, multiple base stations 160 may be combined into a single device in some implementations. In the context of Figure 1, for instance, a single device may include one or more UEs 102 in accordance with the systems and methods described herein. Additionally or alternatively, one or more base stations 160 in accordance with the systems and methods described herein may be implemented as a single device or multiple devices.

[0044] The UE 102 and the base station 160 may use one or more channels 119, 121 to communicate with each other. For example, a UE 102 may transmit information or data to the base station 160 using one or more uplink (UL) channels 121 and signals. Examples of uplink channels 121 include a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) and a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH), etc. Examples of uplink signals include a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) and a sounding reference signal (SRS), etc. The one or more base stations 160 may also transmit information or data to the one or more UEs 102 using one or more downlink (DL) channels 119 and signals, for instance. Examples of downlink channels 119 include a PDCCH, a PDSCH, etc. A PDCCH can be used to schedule DL transmissions on PDSCH and UL transmissions on PUSCH, where the Downlink Control Information (DCI) on PDCCH includes downlink assignment and uplink scheduling grants. A PDCCH can be also used for scheduling of sidelink transmissions on PSCCH and PSSCH in one cell, where the Downlink Control Information (DCI) on PDCCH includes sidelink scheduling grants. The PDCCH is used for transmitting Downlink Control Information (DCI) in a case of downlink radio communication (radio communication from the base station to the UE). Here, one or more DCIs (may be referred to as DCI formats) are defined for transmission of downlink control information. Information bits are mapped to one or more fields defined in a DCI format. Examples of downlink signals include a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), a cell-specific reference signal (CRS), a non-zero power channel state information reference signal (NZP CSI-RS), and a zero power channel state information reference signal (ZP CSI- RS), etc. Other kinds of channels or signals may be used.

[0045] Forthe UE(s) 102 capable of sidelink communication, the UEs 102 may use one or more sidelink channels 123 to communicate with each other. For example, a UE 102 may transmit information or data to another UE 102 using one or more sidelink (SL) channels 123 and signals. Examples of sidelink channels 123 include a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH), a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH), a physical sidelink feedback channel (PSFCH), and a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH). Examples of sidelink signals include a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), a phase-tracking reference signal (PT-RS), a channel-state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a sidelink primary synchronization signal (S-PSS), and a sidelink secondary synchronization signal (S-SSS).

[0046] Each of the one or more UEs 102 may include one or more transceivers 118, one or more demodulators 114, one or more decoders 108, one or more encoders 150, one or more modulators 154, one or more data buffers 104 and one or more UE operations modules 124. For example, one or more reception and/or transmission paths may be implemented in the UE 102. For convenience, only a single transceiver 118, decoder 108, demodulator 114, encoder 150 and modulator 154 are illustrated in the UE 102, though multiple parallel elements (e.g., transceivers 118, decoders 108, demodulators 114, encoders 150 and modulators 154) may be implemented.

[0047] The transceiver 118 may include one or more receivers 120 and one or more transmitters 158. The one or more receivers 120 may receive signals (e.g., downlink channels, downlink signals, sidelink channels, sidelink signals) from the base station 160 or from another UE 102 using one or more antennas 122a-n. For example, the receiver 120 may receive and downconvert signals to produce one or more received signals 116. The one or more received signals 116 may be provided to a demodulator 114. The one or more transmitters 158 may transmit signals (e.g., uplink channels, uplink signals, sidelink channels, sidelink signals) to the base station 160 or to another UE 102 using one or more antennas 122a-n. For example, the one or more transmitters 158 may upconvert and transmit one or more modulated signals 156.

[0048] The demodulator 114 may demodulate the one or more received signals 116 to produce one or more demodulated signals 112. The one or more demodulated signals 112 may be provided to the decoder 108. The UE 102 may use the decoder 108 to decode signals. The decoder 108 may produce one or more decoded signals 106, 110. For example, a first UE-decoded signal 106 may comprise received payload data, which may be stored in a data buffer 104. A second UE-decoded signal 110 may comprise overhead data and/or control data. For example, the second UE-decoded signal 110 may provide data that may be used by the UE operations module 124 to perform one or more operations.

[0049] As used herein, the term “module” may mean that a particular element or component may be implemented in hardware, software or a combination of hardware and software. However, it should be noted that any element denoted as a “module” herein may alternatively be implemented in hardware. For example, the UE operations module 124 may be implemented in hardware, software or a combination of both.

[0050] In general, the UE operations module 124 may enable the UE 102 to communicate with the one or more base stations 160. For a UE capable of sidelink communication, the UE operations module 124 may enable the UE 102 to communicate with the one or more other UE. The UE operations module 124 may include a UE RRC information configuration module 126. For a UE capable of sidelink communication, the UE operations module 124 may include a UE sidelink (SL) control module 128. In some implementations, the UE operations module 124 may include physical (PHY) entities, Medium Access Control (MAC) entities, Radio Link Control (RLC) entities, packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) entities, and a Radio Resource Control (RRC) entity. For example, the UE RRC information configuration module 126 may process RRC parameter for random access configurations, initial UL BWP configuration, maximum bandwidth the UE can support, and cell specific PUCCH resource configuration(s).

[0051] For a UE capable of sidelink transmission, the UE RRC information configuration module 126 may process parameters included in the (pre-)configuration(s) related to sidelink communications. The UE RRC information configuration module 126 may include a memory unit to store the (pre-)configuration(s) related to sidelink communications. For example, the UE RRC information configuration module 126 may, based on the parameters, determine a SL BWP, one or more resource pools within the SL BWP in frequency domain and time domain for SL communications. The UE SL control module 128 may determine the frequency resources, the time resources, the code resources, and/or numerologies for transmission or reception of the PSCCH, the PSSCH, S-SS/PSBCH and/or the PSFCH. The frequency resources for transmission or reception of the PSCCH, the PSSCH and the PSFCH include information related to assigned interlace(s) and RB set(s).

[0052] The UE SL control module 128 may determine sub-channels over the unlicensed spectrum. The UE SL control module (processing module) 128 may determine which one or more interlaces of M interlaces are included in a sub-channel based on a first parameter and a second parameter. The first parameter indicates an RB index with respect to a lowest RB index of the SL BWP and the second parameter indicates a number of interlaces, K, included in a sub-channel in a resource pool.

[0053] The UE RRC information configuration module 126 may provide information related to SL BWP configuration to the UE SL control module 128. The UE SL control module 128 may set the SL BWP configuration.

[0054] The UE RRC information configuration module 126 may provide information related to frequency resources and time resources of S-SS/PSBCH block to the UE SL control module 128. The UE SL control module 128 may determine, based on whether the SCS of the SL BWP is 15kHz or other values (30kHz, or 60kHz), the SCS of the S-SS/PSBCH block for transmission and reception.

[0055] The UE operations module 124 may provide information 148 to the one or more receivers 120. For example, the UE operations module 124 may inform the receiver(s) 120 when or when not to receive transmissions based on the Radio Resource Control (RRC) message (e.g., broadcasted system information, RRC reconfiguration message), MAC control element, SCI (Sidelink Control Information) and/or the DCI (Downlink Control Information). The UE operations module 124 may provide information 148, including the PDCCH monitoring occasions, DCI format size, PSCCH monitoring occasions and SCI format size, to the one or more receivers 120. The UE operation module 124 may inform the receiver(s) 120 when or where to receive/monitor the PDCCH candidate for DCI formats and/or the PSCCH candidate for SCI formats.

[0056] The UE operations module 124 may provide information 138 to the demodulator 114. For example, the UE operations module 124 may inform the demodulator 114 of a modulation pattern anticipated for transmissions from the base station 160.

[0057] The UE operations module 124 may provide information 136 to the decoder 108. For example, the UE operations module 124 may inform the decoder 108 of an anticipated encoding for transmissions from the base station 160. For example, the UE operations module 124 may inform the decoder 108 of an anticipated PDCCH candidate encoding with which DCI size for transmissions from the base station 160. The UE operations module 124 may inform the decoder 108 of an anticipated PSCCH candidate encoding with which SCI size for transmissions from another UE 102.

[0058] The UE operations module 124 may provide information 142 to the encoder 150. The information 142 may include data to be encoded and/or instructions for encoding. For example, the UE operations module 124 may instruct the encoder 150 to encode transmission data 146 and/or other information 142.

[0059] The encoder 150 may encode transmission data 146 and/or other information 142 provided by the UE operations module 124. For example, encoding the data 146 and/or other information 142 may involve error detection and/or correction coding, mapping data to space, time and/or frequency resources for transmission, multiplexing, etc. The encoder 150 may provide encoded data 152 to the modulator 154. [0060] The UE operations module 124 may provide information 144 to the modulator 154. For example, the UE operations module 124 may inform the modulator 154 of a modulation type (e.g., constellation mapping) to be used for transmissions to the base station 160. The modulator 154 may modulate the encoded data 152 to provide one or more modulated signals 156 to the one or more transmitters 158.

[0061] The UE operations module 124 may provide information 140 to the one or more transmitters 158. This information 140 may include instructions for the one or more transmitters 158. For example, the UE operations module 124 may instruct the one or more transmitters 158 when to transmit a signal to the base station 160 or another UE 102. The one or more transmitters 158 may upconvert and transmit the modulated signal(s) 156 to one or more base stations 160 or another one or more UEs 102.

[0062] The base station 160 may include one or more transceivers 176, one or more demodulators 172, one or more decoders 166, one or more encoders 109, one or more modulators 113, one or more data buffers 162 and one or more base station operations modules 182. For example, one or more reception and/or transmission paths may be implemented in a base station 160. For convenience, only a single transceiver 176, decoder 166, demodulator 172, encoder 109 and modulator 113 are illustrated in the base station 160, though multiple parallel elements (e.g., transceivers 176, decoders 166, demodulators 172, encoders 109 and modulators 113) may be implemented.

[0063] The transceiver 176 may include one or more receivers 178 and one or more transmitters 117. The one or more receivers 178 may receive signals (e.g., uplink channels, uplink signals) from the UE 102 using one or more antennas 180a-n. For example, the receiver 178 may receive and downconvert signals to produce one or more received signals 174. The one or more received signals 174 may be provided to a demodulator 172. The one or more transmitters 117 may transmit signals (e.g., downlink channels, downlink signals) to the UE 102 using one or more antennas 180a- n. For example, the one or more transmitters 117 may upconvert and transmit one or more modulated signals 115.

[0064] The demodulator 172 may demodulate the one or more received signals 174 to produce one or more demodulated signals 170. The one or more demodulated signals 170 may be provided to the decoder 166. The base station 160 may use the decoder 166 to decode signals. The decoder 166 may produce one or more decoded signals 164, 168. For example, a first base station-decoded signal 164 may comprise received payload data, which may be stored in a data buffer 162. A second base station-decoded signal 168 may comprise overhead data and/or control data. For example, the second base station-decoded signal 168 may provide data (e.g., PUSCH transmission data) that may be used by the base station operations module 182 to perform one or more operations. [0065] In general, the base station operations module 182 may enable the base station 160 to communicate with the one or more UEs 102. For a base station capable of sidelink communication, the UE operations module 124 may enable the base station 160 to communicate with the one or more UEs 102 capable of sidelink communication. The base station operations module 182 may include a base station RRC information configuration module 194. For a base station capable of sidelink communication, the base station operations module 182 may include a base station sidelink (SL) control module 196 (or a base station SL processing module 196). The base station operations module 182 may include PHY entities, MAC entities, REC entities, PDCP entities, and an RRC entity.

[0066] For a base station capable of sidelink transmission, the base station SL control module 196 may determine, for respective UE, the time and frequency resource for scheduling PSCCH and PSSCH and input the information to the base station RRC information configuration module 194. The base station RRC information configuration module 194 may determine whether to generate the third parameter in a SL resource pool configuration. The base station RRC information configuration module 194 may provide information of the third parameter to the base station SL control module 196. The base station SL control module 196 may determine a size of a frequency resource assignment included in the DCI format 3_0 based on whether the base station RRC information configuration module 194 generates the third parameter in the SL resource pool configuration or not.

[0067] The base station SL control module 196 may generate a DCI format 3 0 to indicate frequency and time resources of PSSCH to a UE 102. The base station SL control module 196 may generate a DCI format 3_0 to indicate frequency and time resources of PSSCH to a UE 102.

[0068] The base station operations module 182 may provide the benefit of performing PDCCH candidate search and monitoring efficiently. The base station operations module 182 may provide information 190 to the one or more receivers 178. For example, the base station operations module 182 may inform the receiver(s) 178 when or when not to receive transmissions based on the RRC message (e.g., broadcasted system information, RRC reconfiguration message), MAC control element, and/or the DCI (Downlink Control Information).

[0069] The base station operations module 182 may provide information 188 to the demodulator 172. For example, the base station operations module 182 may inform the demodulator 172 of a modulation pattern anticipated for transmissions from the UE(s) 102.

[0070] The base station operations module 182 may provide information 186 to the decoder 166. For example, the base station operations module 182 may inform the decoder 166 of an anticipated encoding for transmissions from the UE(s) 102.

[0071] The base station operations module 182 may provide information 101 to the encoder 109. The information 101 may include data to be encoded and/or instructions for encoding. For example, the base station operations module 182 may instruct the encoder 109 to encode transmission data 105 and/or other information 101.

[0072] In general, the base station operations module 182 may enable the base station 160 to communicate with one or more network nodes (e.g., a NG mobility management function, a NG core UP functions, a mobility management entity (MME), serving gateway (S-GW), gNBs). The base station operations module 182 may also generate a RRC reconfiguration message to be signaled to the UE 102.

[0073] The encoder 109 may encode transmission data 105 and/or other information 101 provided by the base station operations module 182. For example, encoding the data 105 and/or other information 101 may involve error detection and/or correction coding, mapping data to space, time and/or frequency resources for transmission, multiplexing, etc. The encoder 109 may provide encoded data 111 to the modulator 113. The transmission data 105 may include network data to be relayed to the UE 102.

[0074] The base station operations module 182 may provide information 103 to the modulator 113. This information 103 may include instructions for the modulator 113. For example, the base station operations module 182 may inform the modulator 113 of a modulation type (e.g., constellation mapping) to be used for transmissions to the UE(s) 102. The modulator 113 may modulate the encoded data 111 to provide one or more modulated signals 115 to the one or more transmitters 117. [0075] The base station operations module 182 may provide information 192 to the one or more transmitters 117. This information 192 may include instructions for the one or more transmitters 117. For example, the base station operations module 182 may instruct the one or more transmitters 117 when to (or when not to) transmit a signal to the UE(s) 102. The base station operations module 182 may provide information 192, including the PDCCH monitoring occasions and DCI format size, to the one or more transmitters 117. The base station operation module 182 may inform the transmitter(s) 117 when or where to transmit the PDCCH candidate for DCI formats with which DCI size. The one or more transmitters 117 may upconvert and transmit the modulated signal(s) 115 to one or more UEs 102.

[0076] It should be noted that one or more of the elements or parts thereof included in the base station(s) 160 and UE(s) 102 may be implemented in hardware. For example, one or more of these elements or parts thereof may be implemented as a chip, circuitry or hardware components, etc. It should also be noted that one or more of the functions or methods described herein may be implemented in and/or performed using hardware. For example, one or more of the methods described herein may be implemented in and/or realized using a chipset, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a large-scale integrated circuit (LSI) or integrated circuit, etc.

[0077] A base station may generate a RRC message including the one or more RRC parameters, and may transmit the RRC message to a UE. A UE may receive, from a base station, a RRC message including one or more RRC parameters. The term ‘RRC parameters)’ in the present disclosure may be alternatively referred to as ‘RRC information element(s)’. A RRC parameter may further include one or more RRC parameter(s). In the present disclosure, a RRC message may include system information, a RRC message may include one or more RRC parameters. A RRC message may be sent on a broadcast control channel (BCCH) logical channel, a common control channel (CCCH) logical channel or a dedicated control channel (DCCH) logical channel.

[0078] In the present disclosure, a description ‘a base station may configure a UE to’ may also imply/refer to ‘a base station may transmit, to a UE, an RRC message including one or more RRC parameters’ . Additionally or alternatively, ‘RRC parameter configure a UE to’ may also refer to ‘a base station may transmit, to a UE, an RRC message including one or more RRC parameters’. Additionally or alternatively, ‘a UE is configured to’ may also refer to ‘a UE may receive, from a base station, an RRC message including one or more RRC parameters’.

[0079] Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating one example of a resource grid 200.

[0080] For each numerology (i.e., for each SCS u ) and carrier, a resource grid of subcarriers and OFDM symbols is defined, starting at common resource block indicated by higher layer signaling. There is one set of resource grids per transmission direction (uplink or downlink) with the subscript x set to DL and UL for downlink and uplink, respectively. There is one resource grid for a given antenna port p, subcarrier spacing configuration p, and the transmission direction (downlink or uplink). When there is no risk for confusion, the subscript x may be dropped.

[0081] In the Figure 2, the resource gird 200 includes the (202) subcarriers in the frequency domain and includes (204) symbols in the time domain. In the Figure 2, as an example for illustration, the subcarrier spacing configuration p is set to 0. That is, in the Figure 2, the number of consecutive OFDM symbols (204) per subframe is equal to 14.

[0082] The carrier bandwidth for subcarrier spacing configuration p is given by the higher-layer (RRC) parameter carrierBandwidth in the SCS-SpecificCarrier IE. The starting position for subcarrier spacing configuration is given by the higher-layer parameter offsetToCarrier in the SCS- SpecificCarrier IE. The frequency location of a subcarrier refers to the center frequency of that subcarrier.

[0083] In the Figure 2, for example, a value of offset is provided by the higher-layer parameter offsetToCarrier. That is, k= 12 X offset is the lowest usable subcarrier on this carrier.

[0084] Each element in the resource grid for antenna port p and subcarrier spacing configuration p is called a resource element and is uniquely identified by (k, 1) where k is the index in the frequency domain and I refers to the symbols position in the time domain relative to same reference point. The resource element consists of one subcarrier during one OFDM symbol.

[0085] A resource block is defined =12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain. As shown in the Figure 2, a resource block 206 includes 12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain. Resource block can be classified as common resource block (CRB) and physical resource block (PRB).

[0086] Common resource blocks are numbered from 0 and upwards in the frequency domain for subcarrier spacing configuration μ . The center of subcarrier 0 of common resource block with index 0 (i.e. CRBO) for subcarrier spacing configuration μ coincides with point A. The relation between the common resource block number in frequency domain and resource element (k, I) for subcarrier spacing configuration /z is given by Formula (1) n where k is defined relative to the point A such that &=0 corresponds to the subcarrier centered around the point A. The function floor(A) hereinafter is floor operation to output a maximum integer not larger than the A.

[0087] Point A refers to as a common reference point. Point A coincides with subcarrier 0 (i.e., k=0) of a CRB 0 for all subcarrier spacing. Point A can be obtained from a RRC parameter offsetlbPointA or a RRC parameter absoluteFrequencyPointA. The RRC parameter offsetToPointA is used for a PCell downlink and represents the frequency offset between point A and the lowest subcarrier of the lowest resource block, which has the subcarrier spacing provided by a higher-layer parameter subCarrierSpacingCommon and overlaps with the SS/PBCH block used by the UE for initial cell selection, expressed in units of resource blocks assuming 15 kHz subcarrier spacing for frequency range (FR) 1 and 60 kHz subcarrier spacing for frequency range (FR2). FR1 corresponds to a frequency range between 410MHz and 7125MHz. FR2 corresponds to a frequency range between 24250MHz and 52600MHz. The RRC parameter absoluteFrequencyPointA is used for all cased other than the PCell case and represents the frequency-location of point A expressed as in ARFCN. The frequency location of point A can be the lowest subcarrier of the carrier bandwidth ( or the actual carrier). Additionally, point A may be located outside the carrier bandwidth ( or the actual carrier).

[0088] As above mentioned, the information element (IE) SCS-SpecificCarrier provides parameters determining the location and width of the carrier bandwidth or the actual carrier. That is, a carrier (or a carrier bandwidth, or an actual carrier) is determined (identified, or defined) at least by a RRC parameter offsetToCarrier, a RRC parameter subcarrierSpacing, and a RRC parameter carrierBandwidth in the SCS- SpecificCarrier IE.

[0089] The subcarrierSpacing indicates (or defines) a subcarrier spacing of the carrier. The offsetToCarrier indicates an offset in frequency domain between point A and a lowest usable subcarrier on this carrier in number of resource blocks (e.g. CRBs) using the subcarrier spacing defined for the carrier. The carrierBandwidth indicates width of this carrier in number of resource blocks (e.g. CRBs or PRBs) using the subcarrier spacing defined for the carrier. A carrier includes at most 275 resource blocks. [0090] Physical resource blocks for subcarrier spacing configuration p are defined within a bandwidth part and numbered form 0 to where μ is the number of the bandwidth part. The relation between the physical resource block in bandwidth part (BWP) z and the common resource block nCRB ^u is given by Formula (2) is the common resource block where bandwidth part z starts relative to common resource block 0 (CRB0). When there is no risk for confusion the index p may be dropped.

[0091] A BWP is a subset of contiguous common resource block for a given subcarrier spacing configuration p on a given carrier. To be specific, a BWP can be identified (or defined) at least by a subcarrier spacing p indicated by the RRC parameter subcarrierSpacing, a cyclic prefix determined by the RRC parameter cyclicPrefix, a frequency domain location, a bandwidth, an BWP index indicated by bwp-Id and so on. The locationAndBandwidth can be used to indicate the frequency domain location and bandwidth of a BWP. The value indicated by the locationAndBandwidth is interpreted as resource indicator value (RIV) corresponding to an offset (a starting resource block) Restart and a length ZRB in terms of contiguously resource blocks. The offset Restart is a number of CRBs between the lowest CRB of the carrier and the lowest CRB of the BWP. The is given as Formula (3) . The value of Οcarrier is provided by offsetTocarrier for the corresponding subcarrier spacing configuration .

[0092] AUE 102 configured to operate in BWPs of a serving cell, is configured by higher layers for the serving cell a set of at most four BWPs in the downlink for reception. At a given time, a single downlink BWP is active. The bases station 160 may not transmit, to the UE 102, PDSCH and/or PDCCH outside the active downlink BWP. A UE 102 configured to operate in BWPs of a serving cell, is configured by higher layers for the serving cell a set of at most four BWPs for transmission. At a given time, a single uplink BWP is active. The UE 102 may not transmit, to the base station 160, PUSCH or PUCCH outside the active BWP. The specific signaling (higher layers signaling) for BWP configurations are described later.

[0093] A UE 102, configured to operate in a SL BWP, is configured or pre- configured by higher layers for the serving cell or by a pre-configuration a SL BWP for sidelink reception and/or transmission. At a given time, a single SL BWP is active. The UE 102 may not transmit, to another UE 102, sidelink channel (PSCCH, PSCCH, and/or PSFCH) outside the active SL BWP.

[0094] Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating one example 300 of common resource block grid, carrier configuration and BWP configuration by a UE 102 and a base station 160.

[0095] Point A 301 is a lowest subcarrier of a CRB0 for all subcarrier spacing configurations. The CRB grid 302 and the CRB grid 312 are corresponding to two different subcarrier spacing configurations. The CRB grid 302 is for subcarrier spacing configuration μ =0 (i.e. the subcarrier spacing with 15kHz). The CRB grid 312 is for subcarrier spacing configuration p =1 (i.e., the subcarrier spacing with 30kHz).

[0096] One or more carriers are determined by respective SCS-SpecificCarrier IES, respectively. In the Figure 3, the carrier 304 uses the subcarrier spacing configuration μ=0. And the carrier 314 uses the subcarrier spacing configuration p=l. The starting position of the carrier 304 is given based on the value of an offset 303 (i.e. Ocamer) indicated by an offsetToCarrier in an SCS-SpecificCarrier IE. As shown in the Figure 3, for example, the offsetToCarrier indicates the value of the offset 303 as Ocamer =3. That is, the starting position of the carrier 304 corresponds to the CRB3 of the CRB grid 302 for subcarrier spacing configuration μ=0. In the meantime, the starting position _& of the carrier 314 is given based on the value of an offset 313 (i.e. Ocamer) indicated by an offsetToCarrier in another SCS-SpecificCarrier IE. For example, the offsetToCarrier indicates the value of the offset 313 as O carrier =1. That is, the starting position N of the carrier 314 corresponds to the CRB1 of the CRB grid 312 for subcarrier spacing configuration μ=1. A carrier using different subcarrier spacing configurations can occupy different frequency ranges.

[0097] As above-mentioned, a BWP is for a given subcarrier spacing configuration p. One or more BWPs can be configured for a same subcarrier spacing configuration μ. For example, in the Figure 3, the BWP 306 is identified at least by the μ=0, a frequency domain location, a bandwidth (L _RB ), and an BWP index (index A). The first PRB (i.e. PRBO) of a BWP is determined at least by the subcarrier spacing of the BWP, an offset derived by the locationAndBandwidth and an offset indicated by the offsetToCarrier corresponding to the subcarrier spacing of the BWP. An offset 305 ( RB _start ) is derived as 1 by the locationAndBandwidth. According to the Formulas (2) and (3), the PRBO of BWP 306 corresponds to CRB 4 of the CRB grid 302, and the PRB1 of BWP 306 corresponds to CRB 5 of the CRB grid 302, and so on.

[0098] Additionally, in the Figure 3, the BWP 308 is identified at least by the .=Q, a frequency domain location, a bandwidth (ZRB), and an BWP index (index B). For example, an offset 307 (RB _start ) is derived as 6 by the locationAndBandwidth. According to the Formulas (2) and (3), the PRBO of BWP 308 corresponds to CRB 9 of the CRB grid 302, and the PRB1 of BWP 308 corresponds to CRB 10 of the CRB grid 302, and so on.

[0099] Additionally, in the Figure 3, the BWP 316 is identified at least by the μ=7, a frequency domain location, a bandwidth (L _RB ), and an BWP index (index C). For example, an offset 315 (RB _start ) is derived as 1 by the locationAndBandwidth. According to the Formulas (2) and (3), the PRBO of BWP 316 corresponds to CRB 2 of the CRB grid 312, and the PRB1 of BWP 316 corresponds to CRB 3 of the CRB grid 312, and so on.

[0100] In the present disclosure, a BWP illustrated in the Figure 3 may refer to a DL BWP, a UL BWP, or a sidelink BWP.

[0101] As shown in the Figure 3, a carrier with the defined subcarrier spacing locate in a corresponding CRB grid with the same subcarrier spacing. A BWP with the defined subcarrier spacing locate in a corresponding CRB grid with the same subcarrier spacing as well.

[0102] A base station may transmit a RRC message including one or more RRC parameters related to BWP configuration to a UE. A UE may receive the RRC message including one or more RRC parameters related to BWP configuration from a base station. For each cell, the base station may configure at least an initial DL BWP, one initial uplink bandwidth parts (initial UL BWP) and one sidelink BWP to the UE. Furthermore, the base station may configure additional UL and DL BWPs to the UE for a cell. [0103] SIB1, which is a cell-specific system information block (SystemlnformationBlock, SIB), may contain information relevant when evaluating if a UE is allowed to access a cell and define the scheduling of other system information. SIB1 may also contain radio resource configuration information that is common for all UEs and barring information applied to the unified access control. The RRC parameter ServingCellConfigCommon is used to configure cell specific parameters of a UE's serving cell. The RRC parameter ServingCellConfig is used to configure (add or modify) the UE with a serving cell, which may be the SpCell or an SCell of an MCS or SCG. The RRC parameter ServingCellConfig herein are mostly UE specific but partly also cell specific.

[0104] The base station may configure the UE with a RRC parameter BWP- Downlink and a RRC parameter BWP-Uplink. The RRC parameter BWP-Downlink can be used to configure an additional DL BWP. The RRC parameter BWP-Uplink can be used to configure an additional UL BWP. The base station may transmit the BWP- Downlink and the BWP-Uplink which may be included in RRC parameter ServingCellConfig to the UE.

[0105] The UE may be configured by the based station, at least one initial BWP and up to 4 additional BWP(s). One of the initial BWP and the configured additional BWP(s) may be activated as an active BWP. The UE may monitor DCI format, and/or receive PDSCH in the active DL BWP. The UE may not monitor DCI format, and/or receive PDSCH in a DL BWP other than the active DL BWP. The UE may transmit PUSCH and/or PUCCH in the active UL BWP. The UE may not transmit PUSCH and/or PUCCH in a BWP other than the active UL BWP.

[0106] As above-mentioned, a UE may monitor DCI format in the active DL BWP. To be more specific, a UE may monitor a set of PDCCH candidates in one or more CORESETs on the active DL BWP on each activated serving cell configured with PDCCH monitoring according to corresponding search space set where monitoring implies decoding each PDCCH candidate according to the monitored DCI formats.

[0107] A set of PDCCH candidates for a UE to monitor is defined in terms of PDCCH search space sets. A search space set can be a CSS set or a USS set. A UE may monitor a set of PDCCH candidates in one or more of the search space sets.

[0108] Figure 4 is a diagram illustrating one 400 example of CORESET configuration in a BWP by a UE 102 and a base station 160. [0109] Figure 4 illustrates that a UE 102 is configured with three CORESETs for receiving PDCCH transmission in two BWPs. In the Figure 4, 401 represent point A. 402 is an offset in frequency domain between point A 401 and a lowest usable subcarrier on the carrier 403 in number of CRBs, and the offset 402 is given by the offsetToCarrier in the SCS-SpecificCarrier IE. The BWP 405 with index A and the carrier 403 are for a same subcarrier spacing configuration p. The offset 404 between the lowest CRB of the carrier and the lowest CRB of the BWP in number of RBs is given by the locationAndBandwidth included in the BWP configuration for BWP A. The BWP 407 with index B and the carrier 403 are for a same subcarrier spacing configuration p. The offset 406 between the lowest CRB of the carrier and the lowest CRB of the BWP in number of RBs is given by the locationAndBandwidth included in the BWP configuration for BWP B.

[0110] For the BWP 405, two CORESETs are configured. As above-mentioned, a RRC parameter frequencyDomainResource in respective CORESET configuration indicates the frequency domain resource for respective CORESET. In the frequency domain, a CORESET is defined in multiples of RB groups and each RB group consists of 6 RBs. For example, in the Figure 4, the RRC parameter frequencyDomainResource provides a bit string with a fixed size (e.g. 45 bits) as like ‘11010000...000000’ for CORESET# 1. That is, the first RB group, the second RB group, and the fourth RB group belong to the frequency domain resource of the CORESET# 1. Additionally, the RRC parameter frequencyDomainResource provides a bit string with a fixed size (e.g. 45 bits) as like ‘00101110...000000’ for CORESET#2. That is, the third RB group, the fifth RB group, the sixth RB group and the seventh RB group belong to the frequency domain resource of the CORESET#2.

[0111] For the BWP 407, one CORESET is configured. As above-mentioned, a RRC parameter frequencyDomainResource in the CORESET configuration indicates the frequency domain resource for the CORESET #3. In the frequency domain, a CORESET is defined in multiples of RB groups and each RB group consists of 6 RBs. For example, in the Figure 4, the RRC parameter frequencyDomainResource provides a bit string with a fixed size (e.g. 45 bits) as like ‘ 11010000...000000’ for CORESET#3. That is, the first RB group, the second RB group, and the fourth RB group belong to the frequency domain resource of the CORESET#3. Although the bit string configured for CORESET#3 is same as that for CORESET#!, the first RB group of the BWP B is different from that of the BWP A in the carrier. Therefore, the frequency domain resource of the CORESET#3 in the carrier is different from that of the CORESET# 1 as well.

[0112] For the communication system, spectrum is divided into licensed spectrum and unlicensed spectrum. The NR technologies have been developed in the licensed spectrum and in the unlicensed spectrum. The operation in unlicensed spectrum, used as a complementary solution, can increase the throughput of the overall wireless communication system. However, operation in unlicensed spectrum is subject to regulatory limitations and restrictions. For example, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) has defined regulations for operation over the unlicensed spectrum. For example, the occupied channel bandwidth (OCB), which is defined as a bandwidth containing 99% of the signal power, should be larger than a percentage of the nominal channel bandwidth (NCB). For example, according to the ETSI regulations, the OCB should be between 70% and 100% of the NCB for 5GHz band.

[0113] An unlicensed band (or a carrier, or a subband) would be divided into one or multiple non-overlapping channels of 20MHz bandwidth in the frequency domain. For a (nominal) channel bandwidth of 20MHz, one transmission should occupy a channel bandwidth larger than what the regulation on OCB requires, for example, one transmission should be larger than 80% of the channel bandwidth of 20MHz to meet the OCB requirement. To meet the OCB requirement, the design of interlaced transmission had been introduced where each interlace transmission within a channel bandwidth can occupy a channel bandwidth being larger than what the OCB requires.

[0114] Interlaced transmission had been introduced to ensure the compliance with the regulations on OCB and NCB requirements. Specifically, the interlaced transmission is designed such that each interlace can occupy the channel bandwidth where the occupied channel bandwidth can fulfill the requirement of the OCB.

[0115] An interlace includes a set of resource blocks that are spread out across the bandwidth of a carrier in the frequency domain. A number of interlaces M is subject to the value of a SCS. That is, the number of interlaces M may be predefined according to a specific SCS. For example, if the SCS is equal to 15kHz, the number of resource block interlaces M is correspondingly equal to 10. If the SCS is equal to 30kHz, the number of resource block interlaces M is correspondingly equal to 5. [0116] Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating one example 500 for interlaced resource blocks for transmission and reception. In the Figure 5, each block in the frequency domain refers to a common resource block. In the Figure 5, the subcarrier spacing is configured as 30kHz and the number of resource block interlaces, which is denoted as M, are 5. Then the interlaces are indexed from 0 to M-1. That is, an interlace m, where m = 0, 1, M-1, consists of a plurality of common resource blocks with indexes {m, M+m, 2M+m, 3M+m, ...}. For example, in the Figure 5, the interlace w=0 consists of common resource blocks with indexes {0, 5, 10, 15, ...}, the interlace m=1 consists of common resource blocks with indexes {1, 6, 11, 16, ...}, and so on.

[0117] Figure 6 is a diagram illustrating one example 600 of interlaced mapping for a BWP. In the Figure 6, the subcarrier spacing is configured as 30kHz and the number of resource block interlaces Mare 5. In the frequency domain, a BWP 601 is determined as illustrated in Figure 3.

[0118] An interlaced resource block in the BWP is denoted where the ' ^s indexed from 0, 1, ..., in the BWP. The relation between the interlace resource block and interlace m and the common resource block is given by is the common resource block where the BWP starts relative to common resource block 0 (i.e., a common resource block with index 0). In the Figure 6, the BWP 601 starts in a CRB with index 4 relative to the CRB with index 0.

[0119] At least for NR-U operation in, for example, 5GHz spectrum, a BWP may have a bandwidth of multiple of 20MHz. A sub-band may comprise 20MHz or a multiple of 20MHz bandwidth. A sub-band may also be referred to as a sub-channel, or a channel access bandwidth (e.g., a channel of 20MHz). Then a BWP may include one or more sub-bands in the frequency domain. A sub-band consists of multiple non- overlapping RBs. The number of resource blocks within a sub-band may depend on the SCS of the BWP. For example, the sub-band size for SCS=15kHz may be equal to 108 for a 40MHz BWP, and the sub-band size for SCS=30kHz may be equal to 53 for a 40MHz BWP. That is, a sub-band is an RB set of non-overlapping and contiguous (common) resource blocks. And a sub-band can be defined by a starting common RB and an ending common RB in the frequency domain. Hereinafter, an RB set is used to refer to a sub-band. In other words, an RB set consists of non-overlapping resource blocks and can be defined by a starting common RB and an ending common RB.

[0120] As in the Figure 6, the BWP 601 includes two RB sets, i.e., a RB set 602 and a RB set 603. The RB sets within a BWP can be indexed from 0 in an increase order along with the frequency. According to higher layer (RRC) configurations, there may be a gap 604 between two consecutive RB set. The gap in unit of resource block can be indicated by the higher layer configurations. Additionally or alternatively, there may be no gap between two RB sets. In other words, there may be a separation of zero, one, or more RBs between two contiguous RB sets within the BWP in the frequency domain.

[0121] In the Figure 6, in the frequency domain, a interlace whose RBs have a lowest CRB index within the first RB set is the interlace m = 4 , while the interlace whose RBs have a lowest CRB index within the second RB set is the m = 0.

[0122] In order to ensure a fair co-existence with another NR-U node and/or another radio access technology (RAT) node such as wireless LAN node, the base station 160 and/or the UE 102 may have to perform Listen Before Talk (LBT) procedure before their transmissions. LBT procedure is also referred to as Channel Access procedure. The base station 160 and/or the UE 102 may perform the channel access procedure to determine if there is the presence of other transmission in a channel before their transmission. There may be several types of Channel Access (CA) procedures. For example, Cat-1 LBT is a channel access procedure without channel sensing. Cat-2 LBT is a channel access procedure with one shot channel sensing. Cat-2 LBT may also be referred to as Type-2 channel access procedure. Cat-1 and Cat-2 LBTs may be allowed only inside COT. Cat-3 LBT is a channel access procedure with random backoff with a fixed contention window (CW) size. Cat-4 LBT is a channel access procedure with random backoff with an adaptive CW size. Cat-4 LBT may also be referred to as Type- 1 channel access procedure.

[0123] In a BWP, before a gNB and/or a UE attempt to transmit a signal, the gNB and/or the UE may first perform channel sensing in each RB set to check whether a channel (or one or more RB sets within the BWP allocated for transmission) is available or not for transmission. If the channel or the allocated RB set(s) is sensed to be considered to be idle (i.e., the channel is available for transmission or the gNB and/or the UE gets a channel access successfully), the gNB and/or the UE may transmit on the channel or on the allocated RB set(s). On the other hand, if the channel or the allocated RB set(s) is sensed to be considered to be busy (i.e., the channel is not available or the gNB and/or the UE does not get a channel access successfully), the gNB and/or the UE may not transmit on the channel or on the allocated RB set(s).

[0124] Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication technologies have been developed by 3 GPP for the automotive industry. V2X refers to a communication technology through which a vehicle exchanges information with another vehicle, a pedestrian, an object having an infrastructure, and so on. The V2X is divided into 4 types, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to- network (V2N), and vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P). Therefore, the V2X communication is different from the communication between the UEs and gNBs. The V2X communication enables the communication between the UEs, which is also called as sidelink. That is, sidelink communication supports UE-to-UE direct communication via a PC5 interface. In other words, sidelink communication is directly performed or communicated between one transmitting UE and one or more receiving UEs.

[0125] Sidelink communication consists of unicast, groupcast and broadcast. The unicast may refer to a communication between two UEs, i.e., one transmitting UE and one receiving UE. The groupcast and/or the broadcast may refer to a communication between one transmitting UE and multiple receiving UEs.

[0126] Currently NR Sidelink communication supports two sidelink resource allocation modes, mode 1 and mode 2. The difference between the sidelink resource allocation mode 1 and the sidelink resource allocation mode 2 lies in which determine the resource to be used for the sidelink communication.

[0127] In mode 1 , the sidelink resource allocation is provided or determined by the base station and/or the network. That is, for mode 1, the base station may manage the resource allocation for the UEs. For example, a base station may allocate the resources for sidelink communication to an in-coverage UE. In sidelink resource allocation mode 1, dynamic grant, configured grant type 1 and configured grant type 2 are supported for PSSCH and PSCCH transmission. In sidelink resource allocation mode 1, for sidelink dynamic grant, the PSSCH transmission is scheduled by a DCI format 3 0. For sidelink configured grant type 1, the configured grant is provided (activated) or released (deactivated) by RRC signaling. For sidelink configured grant type 2, the configured grant is provided or released by PDCCH with the DCI format 3 0. [0128] In mode 2, the sidelink resource allocation is determined by a TX UE itself. The UE may decide the sidelink transmission resources in a resource pool. The UE may carry out the resource allocation without involvement of the base station. These UEs may autonomously determine to select resources for sidelink communication based on a sensing-based procedure.

[0129] In mode 1, the DCI format 3 0 is used by the base station for scheduling of NR PSCCH and NR PSSCH in one cell. The base station may determine the scheduling information of NR PSCCH and NR PSSCH and provide the scheduling information to an in-coverage UE. The scheduling information may at least include a Resource pool index field, a time gap field, a HARQ process number field, a New data indicator field, a Lowest index of the subchannel allocation to the initial transmission field, SCI format 1-A fields, and so on. The Resource pool index field is used to indicate an index of a resource pool for which the sidelink transmission is scheduled and the SCI format 1-A fields here refer to the frequency resource assignment field and the time resource assignment field. That is, in mode 1, the base station may determine the time and frequency resource assignment for scheduling of sidelink transmission and then generate the corresponding fields of the scheduling information in the DCI format 3_0. A TX UE (an in-coverage UE) that received the DCI format 3 0 may transmit the PSCCH with SCI format 1-A and the PSSCH in the resource assigned by the base station based on the scheduling information in the DCI format 3 0. Moreover, the SCI format 1-A transmitted by the TX UE includes the frequency resource assignment field and the time resource assignment field which are as same as those included in the DCI format 3 0. ARX UE (an out-coverage UE and/or an in-coverage UE) that received the PSCCH with the SCI format 1-A can receive the PSSCH in the resource assigned by the base station.

[0130] In mode 2, a TX UE may autonomously determine to select resources for sidelink communication and generate the fields in SCI format 1-A to notify an RX UE of the time and frequency resource assignment. The RX UE that received the PSCCH with the SCI format 1-A can receive the PSSCH in the resource assigned by the TX UE. [0131] Sidelink communication supports physical channels such as Physical Sidelink Control Channel (PSCCH), Physical Sidelink Shared Channel (PSSCH), Physical Sidelink Feedback Channel (PSFCH), and Physical Sidelink Broadcast Channel (PSBCH). [0132] The PSCCH is used for transmitting/receiving sidelink control information (e.g., the l ^st -stage SCI). For example, the PSCCH indicates resource and other transmission parameters used by a UE for PSSCH reception. PSCCH transmission is associated with a DM-RS. For PSCCH, QPSK is supported.

[0133] The PSSCH is used for transmitting/receiving sidelink control information (e.g., the 2 ^nd -stage SCI), transport block(s) of data, and channel state information (CSI). The sidelink control information herein may include information, for example, for HARQ for HARQ procedures and CSI feedback triggers, etc. At least 6 OFDM symbols within a slot are used for PSSCH transmission. PSSCH transmission is associated with a DM-RS and may be associated with a PT-RS. For PSSCH, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM and 256QAM are supported.

[0134] PSFCH is used for carrying HARQ feedback over the sidelink from a UE which is an intended recipient of a PSSCH transmission to the UE which performed the PSSCH transmission. PSFCH sequence is transmitted in one PRB repeated over two OFDM symbols near the end of the sidelink resource in a slot.

[0135] The PSBCH is used for transmitting broadcast information. PSBCH occupies 9 and 7 symbols for normal and extended CP cases respectively, including the associated DM-RS.

[0136] Sidelink communication supports physical signals such as demodulation reference signal (DM-RS), phase-tracking reference signal (PT-RS), channel-state information reference signal (CSI-RS), sidelink synchronization signals.

[0137] The DMRS(s) are associated with PSCCH, PSSCH and/or PSBCH. A transmitting UE may transmit the DMRS within the associated sidelink physical channel. A receiving UE may use the DMRS to estimate and/or decode the associated sidelink physical channel.

[0138] The PT-RS is used to mitigate the effect of phase noise. A transmitting UE may transmit the PT-RS within the PSSCH transmission. The receiving UE may receive the PT-RS and use the PT-RS to mitigate the effect of phase noise.

[0139] The CSI-RS is used for measuring channel state information. A transmitting UE may transmit sidelink CSI-RS within a unicast PSSCH transmission. A receiving UE may measure the channel state information by using the CSI-RS and transmit a CSI report based on the measurement to the transmitting UE. [0140] The Sidelink synchronization signal consists of sidelink primary and sidelink secondary synchronization signals (S-PSS, S-SSS), each occupying 2 symbols and 127 subcarriers. The sidelink synchronization signals are transmitted together with the PSBCH in a slot. Specifically, reception occasions of a PSBCH, S-PSS, and S-SSS are in consecutive symbols in a slot and form a S-SS/PSBCH block. For a SL-BWP, the S-SS/PSBCH block has a same SCS as the PSCCH, the PSSCH, and/or the PSFCH.

[0141] In various implementations of the present disclosure, a UE may be provided NR sidelink communication (pre-)configuration(s). For simplicity, (pre-)configuration(s) hereinafter refer to the NR sidelink communication (pre-)configuration(s). (Pre-)configuration(s) in the present disclosure may include configuration(s) received by system information (e.g., SIB 12) from a base station, configuration(s) received by dedicated RRC signaling (e.g., RRC configuration/parameters/message) from a base station, and/or configuration(s) preconfigured in the UE (i.e., pre-configuration). Regarding the pre-configuration, a memory unit of the UE may store the pre-configuration in advance.

[0142] In various examples or implementations of the present disclosure, (pre-)configuration(s) may include configuration(s) of one or more sidelink BWPs for sidelink communication. That is, a UE may receive the configuration(s) of the one or more BWPs included in system information, in dedicated RRC signaling, and/or in a pre-configuration. In the present disclosure, a UE may be provided by the (pre-)configuration(s) a BWP for sidelink transmissions.

[0143] In various examples or implementations of the present disclosure, a SL BWP configuration may include configuration(s) of one or more resource pools for sidelink communication. That is, the configuration(s) of the one or more resource pools (the configuration(s) related to the one or more resource pools) may be received in system information, received in dedicated RRC signaling, and/or preconfigured in a pre- configuration. According to the configuration(s), a resource pool may be indicated to be used either for sidelink communication reception or for sidelink communication transmission. Additionally or alternatively, a resource pool may be indicated to be used for both sidelink communication reception and sidelink communication transmission. Each resource pool is associated with either the sidelink resource allocation Mode 1 or the sidelink resource allocation Mode 2. [0144] Figure 7 is a diagram illustrating one example 700 of a SL BWP and a resource pool within the SL BWP.

[0145] A UE 102 is provided by a parameter SL-BWP-Config a BWP (a SL BWP) for sidelink transmission with numerology and resource grid. The determination of a SL BWP 701 is similar as how to determine a BWP specified in the Figure 3.

[0146] In the Figure 7, each block in the time domain represents a slot. One resource pool is configured within the SL BWP 701. The resource pool can be for transmission of PSSCH, PSCCH and/or PSFCH, and/or for reception of PSSCH, PSCCH and/or PSFCH. The first RB of the resource pool relative to the first RB of SL BWP, 702, may be indicated by a parameter included in the (pre-)configurations.

[0147] Not all the slots within the SL BWP may be assigned to a resource pool within the SL BWP. That is, not all the slots may belong to a resource pool. A slot assigned to a resource pool (or a slot belongs to a resource pool) can be also referred to a slot available for the resource pool. On the contrary, a slot not assigned to a resource pool (or a slot does not belong to a resource pool) can be also referred to a slot unavailable for the resource pool. Therefore, a resource pool may consist of a plurality (set) of non-contiguous slots in the time domain. In a SL BWP, different resource pools may be assigned with different sets of slots. The UE may determine the set of slots assigned to a resource pool according to the (pre-)configurations. A transmitting UE may transmit one or more physical SL channels or one or more SL signals in one or more resource pools within a SL BWP, while a receiving UE may receive one or more physical SL channels or one or more SL signals in one or more resource pools within a SL BWP.

[0148] In the Figure 7, slot#0 refers to a first slot of a radio frame corresponding to SFN 0 of the serving cell or DFN 0. As illustrated in the Figure 7, a set of slots with indexes #4, #5, #7 and #10 belong to the resource pool. The slots in the set for a resource pool are re-indexed such that the logical slot indexes are successive from 0 to T’ _max -1 where the T’max is the number of the slot in the set. For example, in the Figure 7, the four slots in the set can be re-indexed as slots with logical slot indexes 0, 1, 2, and 3. The slots available for a resource pool may be provided or indicated by a parameter sl- TimeResource and may occur with a periodicity of 10240 ms.

[0149] Figure 8 is a diagram illustrating one example 800 of a resource pool configuration in time and frequency domain. In the Figure 8, the resource pool is configured with the existing transmission scheme, which is specified in NR Releases 16/17. That is, the resource pool is not configured with the interlaced transmission scheme. For a resource pool configured with the existing transmission scheme, a PSSCH transmission/reception is performed in one or more contiguously allocated sub- channels in the frequency domain where each sub-channel consists of one or more contiguous RBs in the frequency domain.

[0150] A resource pool within a SL BWP can be divided into one or multiple contiguous sub-channels in the frequency domain. That is, a resource pool within a SL BWP consists of one or multiple contiguous sub-channels in the frequency domain. The number of the one or multiple sub-channels is indicated by a parameter sl- NumSubchannel included in the configuration of the resource pool. Each sub-channel includes a number of contiguous RBs in the frequency domain. The number of contiguous RBs is indicated by a parameter sl-SubchannelSize included in the configuration of the resource pool. In the Figure 8, each block in the frequency domain represent a sub-channel of the resource pool 801. For example, in the Figure 8, the parameter sl-NumSubchannel indicates that the number of one or multiple contiguous sub-channels is 4. That is, the resource pool 801 consists of 4 contiguous sub-channels in the frequency domain. The first RB of the first sub-channel of the resource pool 801 in the SL BWP may be indicated by a parameter sl-StartRB-Subchannel. The first sub- channel of a resource pool refers to a sub-channel with the lowest subchannel index in the resource pool. In the Figure 8, the subchannel #0 is the first sub-channel of the resource pool 801, that is, the sub-channel with the lowest subchannel index 0. In the frequency domain, the frequency domain resource allocation granularity is one sub- channel for a PSSCH transmission. That is, for PSSCH transmission, the frequency domain unit is a sub-channel. A PSSCH transmission may be performed in one or more contiguous sub-channels in the frequency domain.

[0151] In the time domain, each block in the time domain represents a slot in the set of slots assigned to the resource pool 801. The slot indexes in the Figure 8 refer to the logical slot indexes. The OFDM symbols within a slot assigned for sidelink transmission are provided by parameters included in the (pre-)configuration.

[0152] For example, SL transmissions can start from a first symbol indicated by a parameter sl-StartSymbol and be within a number of consecutive symbols indicated by a parameter sl-LengthSymbols. As in the Figure 8, the duration 802 starts at the third OFDM symbol which is indicated by the parameter sl-StartSymbol and consists of 11 consecutive OFDM symbols which is indicated by the parameter sl-LengthSymbols. For a slot indicated for transmission of S-SS/PSBCH blocks, the first symbol and the number of consecutive symbols is predetermined.

[0153] A UE received a PSSCH transmission may transmit sidelink HARQ feedback via PSFCH to another UE which transmitted the PSSCH. Sidelink HARQ feedback can be operated in one of two options. In one option, which can be configured for unicast and groupcast, PSFCH transmits either ACK or NACK using a resource dedicated to a single PSFCH transmitting UE. In another option, which can be configured for groupcast, PSFCH transmits NACK, or no PSFCH signal is transmitted, on a resource that can be shared by multiple PSFCH transmitting UEs. Additionally, in sidelink resource allocation mode 1, a UE which received PSFCH can report sidelink HARQ feedback to gNB via PUCCH or PUSCH.

[0154] In NR Releases 16/17, sidelink communication was developed to operate in licensed spectrum. In NR Release 18, to further support commercial use cases with increased sidelink data rate, sidelink communication over unlicensed spectrum is under discussion. As above-mentioned, operation over unlicensed spectrum should fulfill different regulatory limitations and restrictions, e.g., OCB/NCB requirements. Interlaced transmission should be introduced for sidelink communication over unlicensed spectrum such that the regulatory requirement can be fulfilled.

[0155] For the sidelink transmissions over unlicensed spectrum, whether the OCB requirement is needed to be complied with is depending on region regulation. Therefore, for an unlicensed spectrum where OCB requirement is not required, the existing transmission scheme for sidelink physical channel and signals, which is specified in 3GPP NR Releases 16 and 17, can be reused for sidelink communication over the unlicensed spectrum. On the other hand, for an unlicensed spectrum where OCB requirement is required, the interlaced transmission scheme can be applied for sidelink communication over the unlicensed spectrum. In the present disclosure, to achieve a flexible and efficient design, a parameter A is introduced to indicate which scheme of the existing transmission scheme and the interlaced transmission scheme is applied for the sidelink transmission in a resource pool or in a SL BWP.

[0156] The parameter A may be a common parameter to a plurality of SL resource pools which are configured within a SL BWP. That is, a SL BWP configuration may include the parameter A such that the parameter A is a common indication of which scheme is applied to all the resource pools which are configured in the SL BWP provided by the SL BWP configuration. Specifically, in a case that the SL BWP configuration includes the parameter A, the interlaced transmission scheme is applied to all the resource pools configured in the SL BWP. That is, the UE 102 may determine to use interlaced transmission scheme for sidelink transmission/reception in all the resource pools configured in the SL BWP. In a case that the SL BWP configuration does not include the parameter A, the existing transmission scheme is applied to all the resource pools configured in the SL BWP. That is, the UE 102 may determine to not use interlaced transmission scheme and to use the existing transmission scheme for sidelink transmission/reception in all the resource pools configured in the SL BWP.

[0157] Additionally or alternatively, the parameter may be a dedicated parameter specific to a resource pool. That is, a resource pool configuration may include the parameter A such that the parameter A is a specific indication of which scheme is applied for a resource pool provided by the resource pool configuration. Specifically, in a case that a resource pool configuration includes the parameter A, the interlaced transmission scheme is applied to a resource pool configured by the resource pool configuration. That is, the UE 102 may determine to use interlaced transmission scheme for sidelink transmission/reception in the resource pool. In a case that a resource pool configuration does not include the parameter A, the existing transmission scheme is applied to a resource pool configured by the resource pool configuration. That is, the UE 102 may determine to not use interlaced transmission scheme and determine to use the existing transmission scheme for sidelink transmission/reception in the resource pool.

[0158] In the present disclosure, the existing transmission scheme can be also referred to as the existing design of sub-channel specified in NR Releases 16 and 17 where a sub-channel consists of contiguous PRBs in the frequency domain. While the interlaced transmission scheme can be also referred to as the new design of sub-channel which would be specified hereinafter. In the present disclosure, the terms “the existing transmission scheme” and “the existing design of sub-channel” may be used interchangeably. The terms “the interlaced transmission scheme” and “the new design of sub-channel” may be used interchangeably. In other words, the above-mentioned parameter A may be a parameter which is used to indicate which of the existing design of sub-channel and the new design of sub-channel is applied to a resource pool.

[0159] In the present disclosure, different from the new design of sub-channel, a sub-channel of a resource pool under the new design may consist of multiple contiguous or non-contiguous PRBs in the frequency domain. A sub-channel may be associated with one or more interlaces. A resource pool consists of one or more sub-channels in the frequency domain.

[0160] For a carrier with a SCS u, a number of intra-cell guard bands may be configured on the carrier with the SCS u. Each intra-cell guard band is defined by a start common resource block and a size in number of common resource blocks. For each intra-cell guard band, the start common resource block and the size in number of common resource blocks are provided by parameters, for example, parameters startCRB and nrofCRBs, respectively. The size of a guard band can be configured as 0 RB or non-zero RBs. For a carrier, if information of the intra-cell guard bands is not configured by parameters, the intra-cell guard bands may be predefined or predetermined for the carrier with a SCS u.

[0161] The intra-cell guard bands separate RB sets in the carrier with the SCS u. The number of intra-cell guard bands on a carrier with a SCS can be denoted as N _RB-set -1. That is, the UE is provided with ARB-set -1 intra-cell guard bands on a carrier. The N _RB-set -1 intra-cell guard bands separate ARB-set RB sets. That is, the number of RB set for the carrier is ARB-set. Each RB set is defined by a start common resource block and an end common resource block in the frequency domain. The UE may determine a start common resource block and an end common resource block for an RB set based on the information of the intra-cell guard bands. Then an RB set consists of a plurality of contiguous common resource blocks in the frequency domain. For a carrier with different SCSs, an RB set may include different numbers of common resource blocks. For example, in a case that subcarrier spacing equals to 15KHz, the number of resource blocks within an RB set may be configured to be between 100 and 110. In a case that subcarrier spacing equals to 30kHz, the number of resource blocks within an RB set may be configured to be between 50 and 55. However, as an exception, for a resource pool, at most one RB set may be configured to contain 56 resource blocks. Specifically, a single RB set is defined by a starting common RB and an ending common RB in the frequency domain. [0162] A UE may be configured with one or more SL B WP on the carrier with the SCS u. In the frequency domain, a SL BWP may be configured to include one or more RB sets on the carrier. The number of the one or more RB sets within a SL BWP are based on the configured bandwidth of the SL BWP. The one or more RB sets within a SL BWP can be denoted as N _RB-set ^BWP where N _RB-set ^BWP can be less than or equal to ARB- set. The one or more RB sets within a SL BWP are indexed from 0 to N _RB-set ^BWP -1 in the order of increasing frequency of the SL BWP and starting at the lowest frequency.

[0163] Likewise, the UE may be configured with one or more SL resource pools within a SL BWP on the carrier with the SCS u. In the frequency domain, a SL resource pool may be configured to include one or more RB sets within the SL BWP on the carrier. The number of RB sets included in a SL resource pool are based on the configured bandwidth of the resource pool. The RB sets included in a SL resource pool can be denoted as N _RB-set ^RP where N _RB-set ^RP can be less than or equal to N _RB-set ^BWP . The RB sets included in a resource pool are indexed from 0 to ARB-set ^RP -1 in the order of increasing frequency of the resource pool and starting at the lowest frequency.

[0164] In the present disclosure, a SL BWP and/or a resource pool may be divided into one or more RB sets, where each of the one or more RB sets does not overlap with each other in the frequency domain. That is, the one or more RB sets do not have overlapping RBs in the frequency domain. The one or more RB sets within the resource pool are indexed from 0 in the order of increasing frequency of the one or more RB sets. [0165] Additionally or alternatively, a guard band including zero, one or multiple RBs may separate two consecutive RB sets amongst the one or more RB sets within a resource pool.

[0166] For a resource pool that is configured with interlaced transmission, each RB of the resource pool is mapped to an RB of an interlace m. Furthermore, each RB within a resource pool is mapped to an interlace. In other words, in the present disclosure, a resource pool may consist of a plurality of interlaces. In the frequency domain, a resource pool is divided into a number of interlaces M where each interlace consists of non-contiguous (common) resource blocks. As above-mentioned, the value of M is determined per SCS.

[0167] Figure 9 is a diagram illustrating one example 900 of configurations of a SL

BWP and SL resource pools. [0168] As in the Figure 9, a CRB grid is used to represent the common resource blocks in a carrier with a SCS. That is, a CRB index is used to represent a CRB in the carrier. The CRBs in the carrier are indexed from 0 in an order of increasing frequencies and starting from point A. Here, as an example in the Figure 9, the carrier 901 uses the subcarrier spacing configuration μ=1, i.e., the SCS = 30kHz. The starting position N _grid ^start,μ of the carrier 901 is given based on the value of an offset 902 (i.e. Ocamer) indicated by a parameter (e.g., the above-mentioned offsetToCarrief). That is, the carrier 901 starts from the CRB with index 2, i.e., the N _grid ^start,μ = 2, and includes a plurality of contiguous CRBs with index from 2 to 107. That is, the carrier bandwidth of the carrier 901 in number of RBs is 106.

[0169] Each CRB on the carrier is mapped to an interlace m where the mapping between CRBs and interlaces are performed cyclically from 0 to M-l in an order of increasing frequencies of CRBs. As in the Figure 9, CRBs on the carrier are mapped to an interlace cyclically from 0 to 4 in the order of increasing frequencies of the CRBs and starting from the lowest frequency of a CRB.

[0170] As illustrated in the Figure 9, a number of intra-cell guard band is equal to 1, i.e., ARB-set -1=1. As above-mentioned, the intra-cell guard band 903 can be defined by a start CRB and a size in number of CRBs provided by a parameter startCRB and a parameter nrofCRBs, respectively. Specifically, the parameter startCRB indicates an RB offset relative to the starting CRB of the carrier 901. A CRB index of a starting CRB of an intra-cell guard band is given by its corresponding parameter startCRB and the N _grid ^start,μ of the carrier 901. In the Figure 9, the parameter startCRB indicates an RB offset as 50. The starting CRB of the intra-cell guard band 903 is determined by the summation of the RB offset and the N _grid ^start,μ i.e., the starting CRB of the intra-cell guard band 903 is the CRB with index 52. And the intra-cell guard band 903 includes 6 CRBs that is provided by the parameter nrofCRBs.

[0171] Then the intra-cell guard band 903 separates two RB sets 904 and 905 in the carrier 901, i.e., ARB-set =2. Within the carrier, the RB sets are indexed from 0 to ARB-set -1 in an order of increasing frequencies. The RB set 904 can be indexed with 0, i.e., the RB set 904 refers to the RB set 0 within the carrier 901. Likewise, the RB set 905 can be indexed with 1, i.e., the RB set 905 refers to the RB set 1 within the carrier 901.

[0172] The starting position (the starting CRB) of the RB set 904 is the starting position N _grid ^start,μ of the carrier 901. The ending CRB of the RB set 904 is determined based on the starting position N _grid ^start,μ of the carrier 901 and the RB offset provided by the parameter startCRB for the intra-cell guard band 903. Additionally, the starting CRB of the RB set 905 is determined based on the starting position N _grid ^start,μ of the carrier 901, the RB offset provided by the parameter startCRB for the intra-cell guard band 903, and the size of the intra-cell guard band 903 by the parameter nrofCRBs. The ending CRB of the RB set 905 is determined based on the starting position N _grid ^start,μ of the carrier 901 and the size N _grid ^size,μ of the carrier 901.

[0173] In the present disclosure, a SL BWP can be configured to include one, more or all RB sets within the carrier. In the Figure 9, a SL BWP 906 is configured to include all RB sets within the carrier 901. That is, the number of RB sets within the SL BWP 906 is same as that within the carrier 901. Likewise, the RB sets within a SL BWP are numbered in increasing order from 0.

[0174] A PRB grid is used to represent the physical resource blocks in a SL BWP. That is, a PRB index is used to represent a PRB in the SL BWP. The PRBs in the BWP are indexed from 0 in an order of increasing frequencies. A PRB in a SL BWP corresponds to a CRB in a carrier. Likewise, a PRB in a BWP corresponds to an RB of an interlace m in a carrier. As illustrated in the Figure 9, the PRB with index 0 corresponds to the CRB with index 2, the PRB with index 1 corresponds to the CRB with index 3, and so on. Likewise, the PRB with index 0 corresponds to an RB of interlace m=2. The PRB with index 1 corresponds to an RB of interlace m=3.

[0175] In various examples or various implementations of the present disclosure, one or more SL resource pools can be configured within a SL BWP on the carrier with the SCS u. A SL resource pools can be configured to include one or more RB sets of a SL BWP in the frequency domain. As illustrated in Figure 9, two SL resource pools, i.e., a SL resource pool 907 and a SL resource pool 908 are configured in the SL BWP 906. The SL resource pool 907 is configured to include the RB set 904, the RB set 905, and the guard band 903 in the frequency domain. The SL resource pool 908 is configured to include the RB set 905 in the frequency domain. That is, different SL resource pools can be configured with different number of RB sets within a SL BWP, which are depending on configured bandwidths of the resource pools. The RB sets included in a SL resource pool can be denoted as ARB-set^ where N _RB-set ^RP an be less than or equal to N _RB-set ^BWP . The RB sets included in a resource pool are indexed from 0 to N _RB-set ^RP -1 in the order of increasing frequency of the resource pool and starting at the lowest frequency. The resource pool 907 includes N _RB-set ^RP =2 RB sets and the resource pool 908 includes 1 _RB-set ^RP =l RB set.

[0176] In the Figure 9, the resource pool 907 starts in a RPB with index 0 relative to the starting PRB of the SL BWP (i.e., PRB with index 0), while the resource pool 908 starts in a RPB with index 56 relative to the starting PRB of the SL BWP (i.e., PRB with index 0). A SL BWP and/or a resource pool is configured not to include parts of an RB set. In the present disclosure, a SL BWP and/or a resource pool may be configured to start on an RB with a lowest CRB index within a first RB set and to end an RB with a largest CRB index within a second RB set. The first RB set and the second RB set can refer to a same RB set or different RB sets within the carrier. In other words, a starting RB of a SL BWP and/or a SL resource pool is a starting RB of an RB set. Likewise, an ending (last) RB of a SL BWP and/or a SL resource pool is an ending RB of an RB set.

[0177] In the present disclosure, the resource pool may consist of one or more sub- channels. The one or more sub-channels are indexed in increasing order from 0 to N _subch -1 where the N _subch is the number of the one or more sub-channels included in the resource pool. If the interlaced transmission is configured to apply to the resource pool, to adapt to the interlaced transmission, the mapping between interlaces and the one or more sub-channels of the resource pool is provided. The UE 102 (e.g., the control unit of the UE 102) may determine, which one or more interlaces of the M interlaces are included (or grouped) in a sub-channel of the one or more sub-channels of the resource pool at least based on a parameter B and/or a parameter C.

[0178] In other words, the UE 102 may determine, for a sub-channel, a starting interlace index and a number of interlaces based on the parameter B and/or the parameter C.

[0179] In an example, the parameter C is introduced to indicate a number of interlaces, K, where the K interlaces are included in a sub-channel. That is, K interlaces are formed to a sub-channel. A sub-channel may consist of K interlaces. The UE may determine the number of the one or more sub-channels N _subch based on the parameter C and M. Specifically, the N _subch may be determined or calculated as ceiling (M mod K) or as M mod K. The mod function refers to the Modulo operation and the ceiling(A) function hereinafter is to output a smallest integer not less than A. For example, in case of SCS=15kHz (i.e., M=10), the value of K indicated by the parameter C may be 1, 2, 2.5, 5, or 10. In case of SCS=30kHz (i.e., M=5), the value of K indicated by the parameter C may be 1, 2.5, or 5. The K interlaces may be also referred to as one or more interlaces. For convenience of description, ceiling (M mod K) and M mod K can be used interchangeably.

[0180] Additionally or alternatively, the SL resource pool configuration may not include the parameter C. The UE 102 may determine the value of K as a default value or a predefined value. For example, in a case that the SL resource pool configuration may not include the parameter C, the UE 102 may determine K=1 or K=M. That is, if a SL resource pool configuration aims to set K as the default value, the SL resource pool configuration is not necessary to always include the parameter C so that signaling overhead of the parameter C can be reduced.

[0181] In an example, the parameter B is introduced to determine or indicate a starting interlace index mo. The UE 102 may determine the starting interlace index m ₀ based on the parameter B for a resource pool. The starting interlace index m ₀ may be used to determine a sub-channel with the lowest index in the resource pool. The starting interlace index mo is an interlace of K interlaces included in the lowest sub-channel. The lowest sub-channel refers to a sub-channel with a lowest sub-channel index.

[0182] The parameter B may refer to the above-mentioned parameter sl-StartRB- Subchannel. As above-mentioned, the parameter sl-StartRB-Subchannel is used to indicate the first (starting, lowest) RB index of a lowest sub-channel in a resource pool with respect to the lowest RB index of a SL BWP. The lowest RB index of a SL BWP refers to the PRB 0 of the SL BWP. The UE may determine the interlace mo based on the parameter B. Specifically, the UE may determine the first RB of the lowest sub- channel based on the parameter B. Then the UE may determine the interlace mo wherein the interlace mo includes the first RB of the lowest sub-channel. That is, the first RB of the lowest sub-channel is an RB of the interlace mo.

[0183] In an example, the parameter B may be an indication of interlace mo. The parameter B may be used to indicate an interlace mo for a sub-channel within a lowest index within a resource pool or within an RB set of a resource pool.

[0184] As illustrated in the Figure 9, for the resource pool 907, the parameter sl- StartRB-Subchannel indicates 0, that is, the first RB of a lowest sub-channel in the resource pool 907 is the lowest RB index of the SL BWP 906. The RB offset between the resource pool 907 and the SL BWP 906 is zero RB. The first RB of the resource pool 907 is the PRB 0 of the SL BWP 906 where the PRB 0 corresponds to the CRB 2 and is a RB of the interlace m=2. The UE may determine the interlace m ₀ = 2 for the resource pool 907.

[0185] Additionally, for the resource pool 908, the parameter sl-StartRB- Subchannel indicates 56, that is, the first RB of a lowest sub-channel in the resource pool 907 is a PRB with index 56 with respect to the lowest RB index of the SL BWP 906. That is, the parameter sl-StartRB-Subchannel indicates the RB offset 909 between the resource pool 908 and the SL BWP 906. The first RB of the resource pool 908 is the PRB 56 of the SL BWP 906 where the PRB 56 corresponds to the CRB 58 and is a RB of the interlace m=3. The RB offset 909 between the resource pool 908 and the SL BWP 906 is 55 RB. The UE may determine the interlace m ₀ = 3 for the resource pool 908. Therefore, in the present disclosure, different resource pools in a same SL BWP may have same or different starting interlaces mo.

[0186] Upon determine the starting interlace index mo, the UE 102 may determine the K interlace indexes for a sub-channel. The UE 102 may determine that a sub-channel with a lowest index includes the K interlaces with indexes calculated as (mo + j) mod M for j=0, 1, ..., K-1. The UE 102 may determine that a sub-channel with an index i includes K interlaces with indexes calculated as m ₀ + floor (i*K)) mod M + j) mod M forj=0, 1, ..., K-1. The M is 10 in a case that a subcarrier spacing (SCS) ofthe SLBWP is 15kHz and 5 in a case that the SCS is 30kHz. For convenience of description, floor (i*K) and floor (i*K) can be used interchangeably.

[0187] In the present disclosure, there are two concepts of designing the sub- channel in a resource pool. One is that a sub-channel is within an RB set. The other one is that a sub-channel is across all the RB sets included in a resource pool.

[0188] In the present disclosure, the concept (the first concept) that a sub-channel is within an RB set may imply that RBs of a sub-channel are within an RB set in the frequency domain. The RBs of a sub-channel do not belong to more than one RB set. The UE may determine the K interlaces for a sub-channel. The UE may further determine the RBs of the sub-channel as an intersection of the RBs of the determined K interlaces and a single RB set of the resource pool. According to the first concept of sub-channel, the N _subch may be determined or calculated as (M mod K)* N _RB-set ^RP .

[0189] There are (M mod K) sub-channels within each RB set. Hereinafter, an RB set r may refer to an RB set with an RB set index r. For a resource pool including N _RB- set’ ⁰ ’ RB sets, the RB set index r is that r= 0, 1 , ... , N _RB-set ^RP - 1. The sub-channels within an RB set r have indexes as (M mod K)*r, (M mod )*r+1, (M mod X)*(r+1)-1. That is, the sub-channels within an RB set r have indexes as (M mod K)*r + n where n=0,l,..., (Mmod K) -1.

[0190] According to the first concept of sub-channel, for a sub-channel with index i where i=0, 1, ..., ubch -1, the UE 102 may determine that a sub-channel with an index i includes K interlaces with indexes calculated as ((m ₀ + floor (i*K)) mod M + j) mod M for j=0, 1, ..., K-1. The M is 10 in a case that a subcarrier spacing (SCS) of the SL BWP is 15kHz and 5 in a case that the SCS is 30kHz.

[0191] Additionally or alternatively, according to the first concept of sub-channel, the UE may determine a starting interlace _0,r for a sub-channel with the lowest index within an RB set r based on a lowest RB index in the RB set r. The UE 102 may determine the first RB of the RB set r wherein the first RB is an RB with a lowest RB index (a lowest CRB index, or a lowest frequency) in the RB set r in the frequency domain. And the UE 102 may determine the interlace m _0,r wherein the interlace mo, _r includes the first RB of the RB set r. The UE 102 determined that a sub-channel with a lowest index within an RB set r includes the K interlaces with indexes calculated as ( _0,r + j) mod M for j=0, 1, ..., K-1. The UE 102 may determine that, for an RB set r, a sub-channel with an index (M mod K)*r + n includes K interlaces with indexes calculated as ((m _0,r + floor (n*K)) mod M + j) mod M for j=0, 1, ..., K-1.

[0192] Upon determining the K interlace indexes for a sub-channel, the UE may further determine the RBs of the sub-channel as an intersection of the RBs of the determined K interlaces and a single RB set of the resource pool. That is, the sub- channel may consist of resource blocks where the resource blocks are an intersection of the RBs of the determined K interlaces and a single RB set of the resource pool. Here the determined K interlaces is the interlaces which are mapped to the sub-channel. The single RB set is an RB set where the sub-channel is located.

[0193] In the present disclosure, the concept (the second concept) that a sub- channel is across all the RB sets of the resource pool may imply that RBs of a sub- channel are across all RB sets. The RBs of a sub-channel belong to more than one RB set if the resource pool includes more than one RB set. The UE may determine the K interlaces for a sub-channel. The UE may further determine the RBs of the sub-channel as an intersection of the RBs of the determined K interlaces and all RB sets of the resource pool. A sub-channel may not include the RBs of the determined K interlaces which locate in the intra-cell guard bands included in the resource pool. Additionally or alternatively, the UE may further determine the RBs of the sub-channel as an intersection of the RBs of the determined K interlaces and the union of all RB sets of the resource pool and intra-cell guard bands included in the resource pool. According to this concept of sub-channel, the N _subch may be determined or calculated as (M mod K). That is, there are (M mod K) sub-channels within a resource pool.

[0194] According to the second concept of sub-channel, for a sub-channel with index i where z-0, 1, ..., N _subch -1, the UE 102 may determine that a sub-channel with an index i includes K interlaces with indexes calculated as ((m ₀ + floor mod M + j) mod M for j=0, 1, ..., K-1.

[0195] In the present disclosure, the sub-channels in a resource pool may have equal number(s) of interlace(s). Additionally or alternatively, the sub-channels in the resource pool may also have unequal numbers of interlaces. The unequal numbers of interlaces may be determined based on the values of M and K. Specifically, the UE may determine that a resource pool has a first set of sub-channels and a second set of sub-channels wherein a sub-channel in the first set includes the K interlaces and a sub-channel in the second set includes the (M mod K) interlace(s). The second set may include one sub- channel with largest index in a resource pool or in an RB set.

[0196] For example, the parameter C may indicate K=2. In case of M=5, the UE may determine first two sub-channels which includes K=2 interlaces and may determine a last sub-channel which include the remaining one interlace. By supporting unequal numbers of interlaces included in sub-channel, a more flexible mapping between a sub-channel and interlaces can be provided, which can enable a more efficient use of interlaces for a SL resource pool.

[0197] In the present disclosure, a PSCCH transmission is performed within a sub- channel. As above-mentioned, a sub-channel may include K interlaces where K can be equal to 1 or larger than 1. The UE may receive a parameter D to indicate a number of PRBs in the resource pool where the number of PRBs is for PSCCH transmission in the resource pool. For the purpose of illustration, the parameter D indicates L PRBs for PSCCH in the resource pool. The UE 102 may determine which RBs in a sub-channel to be used as the PRBs for PSCCH transmission. That is, the UE 102 may need to determine L PRBs from the RBs of a sub-channel in the following order, that is, first in increasing order of interlace indexes within the K interlaces, and then in increasing order of the RB indexes within an interlace. The RB indexes may refer to the CRB indexes, the PRB indexes, or the frequencies indexes of RBs. According to the value of L PRBs, L PRBs may be mapped to one or more interlaces of a sub-channel. That is, a PSCCH transmission may be performed in one or more interlaces within an RB set. In a case that a sub-channel is across more than one RB set, the L PRBs for PSCCH should be determined in an RB set with the lowest RB set index among the more than one RB set.

[0198] Sidelink control information is split into two stages, i.e., l ^st -stage SCI and 2 ^nd -stage SCI. Specifically, SCI carries on PSCCH is the 1 ^st -stage SCI, which transports sidelink scheduling information. That is, the 1 ^st - stage SCI is sent on PSCCH. The SCI carries on PSSCH is the 2 ^nd -stage SCI, which transports sidelink scheduling information, and/or inter-UE coordination related information. That is, the 2 ^nd - stage SCI is send on PSSCH.

[0199] The fields of the 1 ^St -stage SCI formats (e.g., the SCI format 1 -A) are mapped to the information bits of the 1 ^st - stage SCI. The SCI format I -A is used for the scheduling of PSSCH and 2 ^nd - stage SCI on PSSCH.

[0200] The SCI format 1-A may include the following fields, e.g., Priority, Frequency resource assignment, Time resource assignment, Resource reservation period, DMRS pattern, 2 ^nd -stage SCI format, Beta_offset indicator, Number of DMRS port, Modulation and coding scheme, Additional MCS table indicator, PSFCH overhead indication, Reserved, Conflict information receiver flag. As above-mentioned, in Mode 1, the UE may obtain the time resource assignment field and the frequency resource assignment field from DCI format 3 0 and include them in SCI format 1-A. In mode 2, the UE may determine the resource allocation for sidelink transmission and generate the time resource assignment field and the frequency resource assignment field in SCI format 1-A.

[0201] The fields defined in each of the 2 ^nd - stage SCI formats (e.g., the SCI format 2-A, SCI format 2-B, SCI format 2-C) are mapped to the information bits of the 2 ^nd - stage SCI. The SCI format 2-A is used for the decoding of PSSCH, with HARQ operation when HARQ-ACK information includes ACK or NACK, when HARQ-ACK information includes only NACK, or when there is no feedback of HARQ-ACK information. The SCI format 2-B is used for the decoding of PSSCH, with HARQ operation when HARQ-ACK information includes only NACK, or when there is no feedback of HARQ-ACK information. The SCI format 2-C is used for the decoding of PSSCH, and providing inter-UE coordination information or requesting inter-UE coordination information.

[0202] As above-mentioned, a S-SS/PSBCH block carries the synchronization information. A UE may transmit a S-SS/PSBCH block to expand the synchronization coverage of a synchronization source. The synchronization source may be used as a sidelink timing reference for sidelink communication. Nearby UEs around the UE may be out of the network coverage. These nearby UEs may receive the S-SS/PSBCH block. By detecting synchronization signals carried in the S-SS/PSBCH block, these nearby UEs are able to synchronize to the UE that transmitted the S-SS/PSBCH block. In other words, these nearby UEs are able to have a same sidelink timing reference as the UE transmitting the S-SS/PSBCH block. Among those UEs having same sidelink time reference, sidelink communications can be performed. A synchronization source may be a gNB/eNB, or GNSS (global navigation satellite system).

[0203] Figure 10 is a diagram illustrating one example 1000 of a S-SS/PSBCH block in a slot. In the Figure 10, there are 14 consecutive OFDM symbols in the slot for the normal cyclic prefix. The slot can be referred to as an available slot with S- SS/PSBCH blocks. A UE may determine, based on a SL BWP configuration, the locations of slots available for S-SS/PSBCH block transmission in the time domain in the SL BWP and may transmit S-SS/PSBCH block(s) in the determined locations. Likewise, a UE may determine, based on a SL BWP configuration, the locations of slots available for S-SS/PSBCH block reception in the time domain in the SL BWP and monitor for a possible S-SS/PSBCH block on the determined locations.

[0204] A S-SS/PSBCH block consists of consecutive OFDM symbols in the time domain. For an available slot with S-SS/PSBCH blocks, the first OFDM symbol and the number of consecutive OFDM symbols are predetermined. For example, the first OFDM symbol 1001 in an S-SS/PSBCH block is the first OFDM symbol in the slot. The number of consecutive OFDM symbols is 13 for normal cyclic prefix and 11 for extended cyclic prefix. In the Figure 10, the number of consecutive OFDM symbols in a S-SS/PSBCH block is 13. The last symbol of the slot is used as a guard symbol. A guard symbol is used for timing adjustment and for switch between transmission and reception by a UE. [0205] S-PSS is mapped to the second and third OFDM symbols in the S- SS/PSBCH block. S-SSS is mapped to the fourth and fifth OFDM symbols in the S- SS/PSBCH block. That is, both the S-PSS and S-SSS are repeated in two consecutive OFDM symbols in an S-SS/PSBCH block.

[0206] PSBCH with associated DMRS is mapped to the remaining symbols starting with the sixth OFDM symbol in the S-SS/PSBCH block. The first OFDM symbol 1001 is used for mapping of PSBCH with associated DMRS as well. However, the first OFDM symbol is used for the purpose of automatic gain control (AGC). An AGC symbol is used to adjust the strength of the received signal in order to reduce the quantization error or the clipping of the received signal at the analog to digital converter. [0207] In the frequency domain, an S-SS/PSBCH block spans 11 common RBs within the SL BWP. In other words, an S-SS/PSBCH block consists of 132 contiguous subcarriers with the subcarriers numbered in increasing order from 0 to 131 within the S-SS/PSBCH block. However, in the symbols mapped to S-PSS and S-SSS, the subcarriers with subcarrier numbers k=0, 1, 129, 130, 131 are set to zero.

[0208] For transmission or reception of a S-SS/PSBCH block, a UE may need to determine a frequency location of the S-SS/PSBCH block. Sidelink (pre-)configurations provided to a UE may include cell-specific or dedicated configuration information on one particular carrier frequency for NR sidelink communication. The cell-specific or dedicated configuration information includes a parameter sl-AbsoluteFrequencySSB to indicate the frequency location of an S- SS/PSBCH block. Specifically, the parameter sl-AbsoluteFrequencySSB provides an absolute radio frequency channel number (ARFCN) value. The ARFCH value designates the RF (radio frequency) reference frequency that is used to identify the frequency location of an S-SS/PSBCH block. In the present disclosure, the frequency location of an S-SS/PSBCH block corresponds to or refers to the frequency location of a subcarrier with subcarrier number k = 66 in the S-SS/PSBCH block. Moreover, the subcarrier with k = 0 in the S-SS/PSBCH block is aligned with a subcarrier with index 0 in an RB of the SL BWP.

[0209] Additionally, the cell-specific or dedicated configuration information may further provide a configuration concerning reception or transmission of S-SS/PSBCH blocks. The configuration may provide to a UE information regarding slot offset from a start of a period to the first slot including an S-SS/PSBCH block. The period is a period of 16 frames. That is, transmission of S-SS/PSBCH blocks in the period is with a periodicity of 16 frames. The configuration may also provide information regarding the slot interval between neighboring S-SS/PSBCH blocks. The configuration may also provide information regarding the number of S-SS/PSBCH blocks in the period of 16 frames. A UE may determine, based on the provided information, the time locations (i.e. slot indexes) of S-SS/PSBCH block for transmission or reception of an S-SS/PSBCH block.

[0210] Additionally, for transmission or reception of an S-SS/PSBCH block, a UE may also need to determine a numerology of S-SS/PSBCH blocks. For example, the UE may determine the numerology of the S-SS/PSBCH block as same as that of the SL BWP. For sidelink transmission, multiple OFDM numerologies are supported. For example, for FR1, the supported numerologies for a SL BWP can be 15kHz, 30kHz, and 60kHz. While for FR2, the supported numerologies for a SL BWP can be 60kHz and 120kHz.

[0211] Upon determination of the time-frequency location and numerology of a S- SS/PSBCH block, the UE is able to transmit or receive the S-SS/PSBCH block in a SL BWP.

[0212] In NR Releases 16/17, S-SS/PSBCH transmission is performed over 11 common RBs in the frequency domain. In NR Release 18, sidelink transmissions over the unlicensed spectrum are under discussion, Whether transmissions over the unlicensed spectrum, the transmissions need to meet the OCB requirement. Interlace- based transmission scheme is an option to meet the OCB requirement. The interlace- based transmission can be used for PSCCH, PSSCH and/or PSFCH transmission. However, the interlace-based transmission is not suitable for the transmission of the S- SS/PSBCH block. That is because the non-uniform distribution of resource elements mapped to synchronization signals would degrade the synchronization performance.

[0213] On the other hand, ETSI EN 301.893 allows some short transmissions to temporarily violate the OCB requirement. That is, during channel occupancy time UE may operate temporarily with an occupied channel bandwidth of less than 80% of its nominal channel bandwidth with a minimum of 2MHz. In the present disclosure, temporary exemption of OCB requirements for S-SS/PSBCH transmission is illustrated. However, there is one restriction when to apply the temporary exemption of OCB requirements, i.e., the minimum of 2MHz. An S-SS/PSBCH block with 11 common RBs under 15kHz occupies 1.98MHz, which cannot meet the minimum of 2MHz. While an S-SS/PSBCH block with 11 common RBs under 30kHz or 60kHz occupies a channel bandwidth of larger than 2MHz. The present disclosure provides new methods and solutions on how to determine the SCS of an S-SS/PSBCH block in a SL BWP over unlicensed spectrum, which would provide a more efficient and flexible sidelink communication system over unlicensed spectrum.

[0214] Figure 11 is a flow diagram illustrating one implementation of a method 1100 for SCS determination for a S-SS/PSBCH block by a UE 102. In the implementation of the present disclosure, how to determine a SCS of a S-SS/PSBCH block based on a SCS of a SL BWP is illustrated hereinafter. The SL BWP may be configured with the interlaced transmission scheme by the above-mentioned parameter A. Additionally or alternatively, the SL BWP may be configured with the existing transmission scheme by the above-mentioned parameter A.

[0215] The UE 102 (e.g., the reception unit of the UE 102) may be provided a sidelink (SL) BWP configuration wherein the SL BWP configuration may be included in a pre-configuration or the SL BWP configuration may be received by the UE 102 from the base station 160. To be specific, a memory unit of the UE 102 may store the pre-configuration in advance. A reception unit of the UE 102 may receive the SL BWP configuration stored in the pre-configuration. Additionally, the reception unit of the UE 102 may receive the SL BWP configuration from the base station 160. The memory unit of the UE 102 may store the SL BWP configuration received from the base station 160 as well. The base station 160 may generate, to the UE 102, a SL BWP configuration indicating a SL BWP and transmit the SL BWP configuration to the UE 102.

[0216] The UE 102 (the control unit of the UE 102) may set 1101 the SL BWP configuration according to the stored and/or received SL BWP configuration. The SL BWP configuration provides the UE 102 a SL BWP for sidelink transmission. The SL BWP configuration may include a parameter to indicate a subcarrier spacing (SCS) to be used for the SL BWP.

[0217] The UE 102 (the control unit of the UE 102) may further determine 1102, based on the SCS of the SL BWP, a SCS of a SL-synchronization signals/physical sidelink broadcast channel (S-SS/PSBCH) block. In a case that the SCS of the SL BWP is 15kHz, the UE 102 may determine the SCS of the S-SS/PSBCH block is a first value. In a case that the SCS of the SL BWP is 30kHz or 60kHz, the UE 102 may determine the SCS of the S-SS/PSBCH block is equal to (or same as) the SCS of the SL BWP. That is, in this case, the SCS of the S-SS/PSBCH is same as the SCS of the SL BWP.

[0218] The UE 102 (the transmission unit of the UE 102) may transmit 1103, to another UE, the S-SS/PSBCH block by using the determined SCS in the SL BWP. Likewise, another UE may monitor or receive, from the UE 102, the S-SS/PSBCH block by using the determined SCS in the SL BWP.

[0219] In an example of the implementation, the first value may be predefined or predetermined. For example, the first value may be 30kHz. Additionally or alternatively, the first value may be 60kHz.

[0220] In an example of the implementation, the first value can be indicated by a parameter included in the SL BWP configuration. If the SCS of the SL BWP is 15kHz, the parameter may be present in the SL BWP configuration. That is, in this case, the SLB WP configuration may include the parameter to indicate the first value. The parameter of 1 bit is set to two values, i.e., 30kHz and 60kHz. The UE 102 may determine the SCS of the S-SS/PSBCH is the value indicated by the parameter. If the SCS of the SL BWP is 30kHz or 60kHz, the parameter may be absent in the SL BWP configuration. The UE 102 may determine the SCS of the S-SS/PSBCH block is equal to the SCS of the SL BWP. Additionally or alternatively, if the parameter is absent in the SL BWP configuration, the UE 102 may determine the SCS of the S-SS/PSBCH block is equal to the SCS of the SL BWP. In other words, if the parameter is present in the SL BWP configuration, the UE 102 may determine the SCS of the S-SS/PSBCH block is the value indicated by the parameter.

[0221] Additionally or alternatively, the UE 102 may determine, based on whether occupied channel bandwidth by the S-SS/PSBCH block reaches to 2MHz or not, the SCS of the S-SS/PSBCH block. The UE 102 may first use the SCS of SL BWP as the SCS of the S-SS/PSBCH. In a case that the occupied channel bandwidth by the S- SS/PSBCH block with the SCS of the SL BWP reaches to (or is equal to or larger than) 2MHz, the UE 102 may determine the SCS of the S-SS/PSBCH block is equal to the SCS of the SL BWP. In a case that the occupied channel bandwidth by the S-SS/PSBCH block with the SCS of the SL BWP does not reach to (or is less than) 2MHz, the UE 102 may determine the SCS of the S-SS/PSBCH block to a higher SCS value than the SCS of the SL BWP so that the occupied channel bandwidth by the S-SS/PSBCH block with the higher SCS is able to reach 2MHz. [0222] It is noted that whether transmissions over the unlicensed spectrum need to meet the OCB requirement is depending on the region regulation and/or the band regulation for the unlicensed spectrum. In a case that the OCB requirement is not required for unlicensed spectrum in some regions or bands, the determination of the SCS of the S-SS/PSBCH block specified in the Figure 11 is not implemented by the UE. In this case, the UE may determine the SCS of the S-SS/PSBCH block is equal to the SCS of the SL BWP regardless of whether the SCS of the SL BWP is 15kHz or not. [0223] On the other hand, in a case that the OCB requirement is required for unlicensed spectrum in some regions or bands, the temporary exemption of OCB requirement is appliable for the S-SS/PSBCH block transmission. In this case, the determination of the SCS of the S-SS/PSBCH block specified in the Figure 11 is implemented by the UE. In this case, the determination of the SCS of the S-SS/PSBCH block specified in the Figure 11 is able to ensure the channel bandwidth of the S- SS/PSBCH to be larger than 2MHz.

[0224] In the present disclosure, the above-mentioned parameter A may be used to indicate whether OCB requirement is required for a SL BWP. In a case that the SL BWP configuration includes the parameter A, the UE 102 may determine OCB requirement is required for the SL BWP provided by the SL BWP configuration. Specifically, the UE 102 may determine interlaced transmission scheme is applied to PSCCH, PSSCH, and/or PSFCH (if configured in a corresponding resource pool) in one or multiple resource pools configured in the SL BWP. Meanwhile, the UE 102 may determine to implement the determination of the SCS of the S-SS/PSBCH block specified in the Figure 11, i.e., the UE 102 may determine a SCS of the S-SS/PSBCH block based on whether the SCS of the SL BWP is 15 kHz or other values (30kHz or 60kHz).

[0225] In a case that the SL BWP configuration does not include the parameter A, the UE 102 may determine OCB requirement is not required for the SL BWP provided by the SL BWP configuration. Specifically, the UE 102 may determine the existing transmission scheme is applied to PSCCH, PSSCH, and/or PSFCH (if configured in a corresponding resource pool) in one or multiple resource pools configured in the SL BWP. Meanwhile, the UE 102 may determine the SCS of the S-SS/PSBCH block is always equal to the SCS of the SL BWP. [0226] That is, in an example of the present disclosure, whether to determine SCS of S-SS/PSBCH block according to the Figure 11 or to determine SCS to be always equal to the SCS of SL BWP may be indicated by the above-mentioned parameter A.

[0227] As above-mentioned, the UE may determine, based on the provided information relating to S-SS/PSBCH blocks, the time locations (i.e. slot indexes) of S- SS/PSBCH block for transmission or reception of an S-SS/PSBCH block. S-SS/PSBCH block(s) may be transmitted or received within a fixed period of 16 frames, i.e., 160ms. Figure 12 is a diagram illustrating one example 1200 of a transmission of S-SS/PSBCH block(s) in a SL BWP within a period of 16 frames. In the Figure 12, the SCS of the SL BWP is 15kHz, i.e., the SCS configuration u =0 for the SL BWP. The SCS of the S- SS/PSBCH block is 30kHz, i.e., the SCS configuration u =1 for the S-SS/PSBCH block. The determination of the SCS of the S-SS/PSBCH is implemented as above-mentioned. [0228] In the Figure 12, for SCS configuration u =0 (i.e., the SCS of the SL BWP), the each frame consists of 10 slots where the slot index is in increasing order from 0 to 9 within a frame. The slot 1201 is a first slot (slot 0, slot with index of the first frame within the period. The slot 1202 is a last slot (slot 9, slot with index = 9) of the first frame within the period.

[0229] The SL configuration information relating to S-SS/PSBCH blocks may provide (or include) a parameter Sl-NumSSB-WithinPeriod which indicates the number of S-SS/PSBCH block within one period of 16 frames. The number of S-SS/PSBCH block within one period of 16 frames can be denoted as N . A transmission of the S-SS/PSBCH blocks are within the period of 16 frames. The applicable values of N are related to the SCS of the SL BWP and carrier frequency. For example, in a case that the SCS of the SL BWP is 15kHz, the value of Is equal to 1.

[0230] The SL configuration information may also provide a parameter Sl- TimeOffsetSSB that indicates the slot offset from a start of the period to the first slot which includes the first S-SS/PSBCH block. The slot offset is denoted as . Herein the slot offset is a number of slots corresponding to the SCS of the SL BWP.

[0231] The SL configuration information may also provide a parameter Sl- Timelnterval indicates the slot interval between neighboring S-SS/PSBCH blocks. The value may be applicable when there are more than one sidelink SSBs within one period. The slot interval is denoted as Likewise, the slot interval is a number of slots corresponding to the SCS of the SL BWP.

[0232] The UE may determine, based on the SL configuration information, a slot available for transmission or reception of a S-SS/PSBCH block. Specifically, the UE may determine indexes of slots that include S-SS/PSBCH block as where index 0 corresponds to a first slot in a frame with SFN of the serving cell satisfying (SFN mod 16) = 0 and the i _S -SSB is a S- SS/PSBCH block index within the number of S-SS/PSBCH blocks in the period.

[0233] In the Figure 12, for example, the slot offset 1203 is indicated by the Sl-TimeOffsetSSB. The 10 slots correspond to the SCS configuration of SL BWP, i.e., 15kHz. The UE 102 may determine the first slot i _s-SSB ⁼ 0 that includes the first S-SS/PSBCH block is the slot 1203. That is, the slot 1203 is a slot available for transmission or reception of a S-SS/PSBCH block. As above-mentioned, the SCS of the S-SS/PSBCH block in the Figure 12 is 30kHz. Therefore, the slot 1203 consists of two transmission or reception occasions for a S-SS/PSBCH block.

[0234] In a case that the SCS of the SL BWP is smaller than the SCS of S- SS/PSBCH block, a slot available for a transmission or a reception of the S-SS/PSBCH block may consist of multiple transmission or reception occasions. For example, in a case that a SCS of the SL BWP is 15kHz and a SCS of a S-SS/PSBCH block is 30kHz, the total number of multiple transmission or reception occasions is two. Meanwhiles, in a case that a SCS of the SL BWP is 15kHz and a SCS of a S-SS/PSBCH block is 60kHz, the total number of multiple transmission or reception occasions is four.

[0235] Additionally or alternatively, in a case that the SCS of the SL BWP is equal to the SCS of S-SS/PSBCH block, a slot available for a transmission or a reception of the S-SS/PSBCH block may consist of one transmission or reception occasion.

[0236] For a slot consisting of one or more transmission (or reception) occasions, the UE may need to determine which of the one or more transmission (or reception) occasions is used for a transmission or a reception of a S-SS/PSBCH block. In an example, the SL configuration information may include a parameter to indicate, to the UE 102, which of the one or more transmission (or reception) occasions is used for a transmission or a reception of a S-SS/PSBCH block. Then the UE may determine, based on the parameter, which of the one or more transmission (or reception) occasions is used for a transmission or a reception of a S-SS/PSBCH block. After determining the occasion, the UE 102 may transmit (or receive) a S-SS/PSBCH block in the determined occasion of the slot. For purpose of illustration, occasion hereinafter may refer to either transmission occasion of a S-SS/PSBCH block or reception occasion of a S-SS/PSBCH block.

[0237] Additionally or alternative, in another example, the occasion used for S- SS/PSBCH block may be predefined or predetermined. For example, the occasion used for S-SS/PSBCH block is the first occasion of the one or more occasions in a slot.

[0238] Additionally or alternative, other than always transmitting the S-SS/PSBCH block in the first occasion of a slot available for S-SS/PSBCH block, the UE may conditionally use an occasion other than the first occasion in a slot to transmit the S- SS/PSBCH block. In another example, there are multiple slots available for S- SS/PSBCH block(s) within the period of 16 frames. For illustration, the number of the multiple slots available for S-SS/PSBCH block(s) within the period of 16 frames is denoted as - The value of may be larger than 1, e.g., may be 2, 4, 8 or other values. Each slot among the slots consists of multiple occasions. As above-mentioned, the total number of the multiple occasions are determined based on the SCS of the SL BWP and the SCS of the S-SS/PSBCH block. For illustration, here each slot of the slots consists of two occasions.

[0239] In the example, SL configuration information may configure a set of slots from the slots. For example, there are two slots configured in the set, which can be termed as slot A and slot B. The UE may conditionally determine to use an occasion other than the first occasion in a slot based on whether the first occasion in another slot in a same set is used for a transmission of the S-SS/PSBCH block or not. The UE 102 may attempt to transmit a S-SS/PSBCH block in the first occasion of the slot A. Before the transmission of the S-SS/PSBCH block, the UE may perform LBT to sense whether the channel is available for transmission of the S-SS/PSBCH block in the first occasion of the slot A or not. In a case that the channel is sensed to be considered to be idle, the UE 102 may transmit the S-SS/PSBCH block in the first occasion of the slot A. Then the UE 102 may not determine to transmit a S-SS/PSBCH block in a second occasion of the slot B. [0240] On the other hand, in a case that the channel is sensed to be considered to be busy, the UE 102 does not transmit the S-SS/PSBCH block in the first occasion of the slot A. The UE 102 may determine to transmit an S-SS/PSBCH block in a second occasion of another slot, e.g., slot B. Before transmitting an S-SS/PSBCH block in a second occasion of another slot, the UE 102 may perform LBT to sense whether the channel is available for the transmission of an S-SS/PSBCH block in the second occasion of the slot B or not.

[0241] Additionally or alternative, in another example, the UE may repeat the transmission of the S-SS/PSBCH block in each occasion of the one or more occasions in the slot available for the S-SS/PSBCH block.

[0242] In the present disclosure, one occasion consists of 14 OFDM symbols with SCS of the S-SS/PSBCH block for normal cyclic prefix. In other words, one occasion may refer to a slot corresponding to the SCS of the S-SS/PSBCH block. Depending on the SCS of the S-SS/PSBCH block, one occasion length may be different. For example, in a case that the SCS of the S-SS/PSBCH block is 30kHz, the occasion length is 0.5ms. In a case that the SCS of the S-SS/PSBCH block is 60kHz, the occasion length is 0.25ms. As in the Figure 12, the slot 1202 consists of two occasions, i.e., the occasion 1204 and 1205. Specifically, the slot 1202 with 1ms consists of one occasion 1204 with 0.5ms and the other occasion 1205 with 0.5ms.

[0243] The same mapping as illustrated in the Figure 10 can be equally applied to the mapping between one occasion and a S-SS/PSBCH block. Similarly, there are 14 consecutive OFDM symbols in an occasion for the normal cyclic prefix. For an occasion with an S-SS/PSBCH block, S-PSS is mapped in the second and third OFDM symbols of the occasion. S-SSS is mapped in the fourth and fifth OFDM symbols of the occasion. That is, both the S-PSS and S-SSS are repeated in two consecutive OFDM symbols in the occasion. PSBCH with associated DMRS is mapped in the 1st symbol, the 6th symbol, the 7th symbol, the 8th symbol, the 9th symbol, the 10th symbol, the 11th symbol, the 12th symbol, and the 13th symbol of the occasion. The last symbol of the occasion is used as a guard symbol.

[0244] According to the above implementations and examples, for a SL BWP with 15kHz, by determining the SCS of S-SS/PSBCH to be a higher SCS than 15kHz, the occupied channel bandwidth by the S-SS/PSBCH can exceed 2MHz, which can satisfy with the above-mentioned requirement specified by ETSI EN 301.893. Furthermore, considering the PSD requirement in unlicensed spectrum, the larger bandwidth of the S-SS/PSBCH can also improve the communication coverage of the S-SS/PSBCH transmission. Furthermore, among multiple occasions in a slot, the determination of the occasion used for a reception of an S-SS/PSBCH block can help a receiving UE to derive the time information relating to, e.g., the slot boundary. Therefore, in the present disclosure, a more efficient S-SS/PSBCH transmission in a SL BWP over unlicensed spectrum is provided.

[0245] Figure 13 illustrates various components that may be utilized in a UE 1302. The UE 1302 (UE 102) described in connection with Figure 13 may be implemented in accordance with the UE 102 described in connection with Figure 1. The UE 1302 includes a processor 1381 that controls operation of the UE 1302. The processor 1381 may also be referred to as a central processing unit (CPU). Memory 1387, which may include read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), a combination of the two or any type of device that may store information, provides instructions 1383a and data 1385a to the processor 1381. Aportion of the memory 1387 may also include non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM). Instructions 1383b and data 1385b may also reside in the processor 1381. Instructions 1383b and/or data 1385b loaded into the processor 1381 may also include instructions 1383a and/or data 1385a from memory 1387 that were loaded for execution or processing by the processor 1381. The instructions 1383b may be executed by the processor 1381 to implement one or more of the methods described above.

[0246] The UE 1302 may also include a housing that contains one or more transmitters 1358 and one or more receivers 1320 to allow transmission and reception of data. The transmitter(s) 1358 and receiver(s) 1320 may be combined into one or more transceivers 1318. One or more antennas 1322a-n are attached to the housing and electrically coupled to the transceiver 1318.

[0247] The various components of the UE 1302 are coupled together by a bus system 1389, which may include a power bus, a control signal bus and a status signal bus, in addition to a data bus. However, for the sake of clarity, the various buses are illustrated in Figure 13 as the bus system 1389. The UE 1302 may also include a digital signal processor (DSP) 1391 for use in processing signals. The UE 1302 may also include a communications interface 1393 that provides user access to the functions of the UE 1302. The UE 1302 illustrated in Figure 13 is a functional block diagram rather than a listing of specific components.

[0248] Figure 14 illustrates various components that may be utilized in a base station 1460. The base station 1460 described in connection with Figure 14 may be implemented in accordance with the base station 160 described in connection with Figure 1. The base station 1460 includes a processor 1481 that controls operation of the base station 1460. The processor 1481 may also be referred to as a central processing unit (CPU). Memory 1487, which may include read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), a combination of the two or any type of device that may store information, provides instructions 1483a and data 1485a to the processor 1481. A portion of the memory 1487 may also include non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM). Instructions 1483b and data 1485b may also reside in the processor 1481. Instructions 1483b and/or data 1485b loaded into the processor 1481 may also include instructions 1483a and/or data 1485a from memory 1487 that were loaded for execution or processing by the processor 1481. The instructions 1483b may be executed by the processor 1481 to implement one or more of the methods 300 described above.

[0249] The base station 1460 may also include a housing that contains one or more transmitters 1417 and one or more receivers 1478 to allow transmission and reception of data. The transmitter(s) 1417 and receiver(s) 1478 may be combined into one or more transceivers 1476. One or more antennas 1480a-n are attached to the housing and electrically coupled to the transceiver 1476.

[0250] The various components of the base station 1460 are coupled together by a bus system 1489, which may include a power bus, a control signal bus and a status signal bus, in addition to a data bus. However, for the sake of clarity, the various buses are illustrated in Figure 14 as the bus system 1489. The base station 1460 may also include a digital signal processor (DSP) 1491 for use in processing signals. The base station 1460 may also include a communications interface 1493 that provides user access to the functions of the base station 1460. The base station 1460 illustrated in Figure 14 is a functional block diagram rather than a listing of specific components.

[0251] The term “computer-readable medium” refers to any available medium that can be accessed by a computer or a processor. The term “computer-readable medium,” as used herein, may denote a computer- and/or processor-readable medium that is non- transitory and tangible. By way of example, and not limitation, a computer-readable or processor-readable medium may comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer or processor. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray® disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers.

[0252] It should be noted that one or more of the methods described herein may be implemented in and/or performed using hardware. For example, one or more of the methods described herein may be implemented in and/or realized using circuitry, a chipset, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a large-scale integrated circuit (LSI) or integrated circuit, etc.

[0253] Each of the methods disclosed herein comprises one or more steps or actions for achieving the described method. The method steps and/or actions may be interchanged with one another and/or combined into a single step without departing from the scope of the claims. In other words, unless a specific order of steps or actions is required for proper operation of the method that is being described, the order and/or use of specific steps and/or actions may be modified without departing from the scope of the claims.

[0254] It is to be understood that the claims are not limited to the precise configuration and components illustrated above. Various modifications, changes and variations may be made in the arrangement, operation and details of the systems, methods and apparatus described herein without departing from the scope of the claims.