According to the known vehicle mounted mixing assemblies the mixing drum is typically of heavy duty steel construction and is disposed at approximately 10 to 15 degrees from horizontal. The drum is fitted with internal vanes or mixing blades defining an ato. hixnedian spiral so that as the drum rotates in a first direction the concrete held therein is mixed and as the drum is rotated in the opposite direction, the concrete is discharged from the drum via an elevated discharge orifice under the reverse action of the internal spiral vanes. The drum is disposed such that the drive end is lowest and the discharge end is highest relative to a generally horizontal plane of the vehicle.

While steel drums have been in use for many years, they suffer from a number of attendant disadvantages relating to their cost of Manufacture and replacement, working life, wear characteristics, weight and volume.

Steel drums are eensive to manufacture due to their labor intensive construction which involves rolling steel sheets into conical portions and cylinders which once fabricated are then welded to'form the fished tank. The archimedian spirals formed from fat sheets are are then welded into position inside the drum. As concrete is a highly abrasive material, interal surfåces of steel drum are subject to significant wear abrasion. This occurs particularly on the surfaces which take slump impact, sliding frictuion and shear load leading to eventual wearing out of the drum.

Typically, a steel drum used every day might last three to five years, thereafter requiring replacement at significant cost The abrasion of internal surfaces is increased where there are changes of slope in the drum walls usually where the segments of the drum are joined.

The mixing blades are welded to the internal surface of the drum caustog sbatp angled recesses in which concrete can gather and eventually build up degrading the internal surface and providing a catchment for further unwanted build up of concrete. By its mature, a steel surface is relatively smooth and whilst this may be desirable for the purpose of preventing concrete build up on the walls of the drum, the interface between the concrete and steel wall is an area of abrasion rather than concrete mixing.

Ideally, mixing of concrete should take place throughout the whole mix, but in the steel drum, optimum mixing does not take place at the boundary layer and in crevices in which concrete may collect In fact, due to the nature of the frictional interface between the steel surface and concrete boundary layer, laminar flow occurs resulting in little or no mixing at the boundary layer. The teason fbr this is that the aggregate in the concrete slides and abrades (with reduced or no mixing) rather than rotates to to facilitate mixing

Thus there ere are 'dead' spots in the mix where no mixing takes place and where there is an mcrea. sed potential for unwanted collection of concrete. In addition to the above problems associated with the use of steel mixing drums, there are cost and weight factors which add to inherent inefficiencies in use of steel drums. Due to the dead weight of the steel drum, its volume must be restricted so me combination of the dead weight and concreta weight must be maintained within the maximum allowable loading limits tor the vehicle to which the drum is attached.

An alternative to the kznown steel drums was proposed in PCT International patent application PCT/AVOO/01226 to Rodgcrs and Khotui That application teaches the possibility of using a, lightweight material such as plastics for construction of a concrete mixing drum as a substitute for steel whilst recognizing'that there were numerous structural and manufacturing difficulties to be overcome in making the transition to plastics not the least of which was the production of a drum which could withstand the high static and dynamic loadings to which. truck mounted mixi. ng drums are subject to in normal operation. If the weight of the drum could be reduced without compromising and possibly increasing drum volume, the weight reduction could be taken up with additional concrete thereby increasing the pay load.

There are variety of concrete mixing drum arrangements disclosed in the prior at none of which as far as the inventor is aware anticipate the method of manufacture of a plastics drum to be described herein.

United States patent 4, 491, 415 discloses a lightweight, pear shaped rotary mixing device open at one end and having an axially elongated socket at the large end. The drum is rotatably supported on a unitary base having a transversely extended forward. end and an upwardly and angularly extending rear end providing a bearing portion detachably engagable with the socket to rotatably support the drum at an inclination of about 35

degrees. The drum has a plurality of axially extending radial fins for lifting contents in rotation thereof and is preferably fashioned from molded plastics material either as a unitary body or as a plurality of interfitting parts. The drum described in this patent is for light duty operation and does not have the structural and materials characteristics necessary for heavy d concrete mixing operations.

United States Patent 5, 118, 198 discloses a cement mixing apparatus with a cradle support assembly and including a polyethelyne cement mixing drum held and supported. by a cradle arm assembly formed of cradle base support braces and upright cradle arms which inter into cradle arm recesses which are preformed with the polyethylene drum. A bull gear drives the polyethylene drum. The drum disclosed in this patent is intended for light duty cement operations and does not address the structural and manufacturing requirements for heavy duty operations. United States patent 5, 492, 401 discloses a concrete mixer with a mixing drum consisting of high density erosslinked polyethylene material. The drum includes a bottom supported buy a conventional rigid metal pan secured to the external surface thereof to rigidify the plastic drum and extend the life expectancy of the plastic drum by enabling the concrete mixer to be used to complete a mixing job at a Job site even though movement of the concrete mix within the drum during repetitive mixing cycles May ultimately wear a hole through the bottom of the plastic drum. Paddle assemblies are positioned interiorly of the drum and oriented to maintain minimum splashing during the mixing operation. Not only is the drum disclosed in this patent unsuitable for heavy duty vehicle mounted operation the patent in fact teaches a means to accommodate a wear failure on site whereby a hole could be worn ou the wall of the drum.

The prior art teaches use of plastics drums for small cement mixing operations. However there are inherent difficulties in manufacturing plastic drums to an acceptable standard of

strength and reliability. Plastics drums require use of materials which for a drum profile by use of a mould. As the discharge opening to a drum ts narrower than the remainder of the drum it is not possible to remove a mould from an inner surface unless the drum is tnade in sections which can be joined to form the dfum structure. A number of methods of manufacture of plastics heavy duty mixing drums have been proposed in PCT <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> application PCT/AUOO/01226 which disposes a heavy duty rotary concrete mixing drum for attachment to a vehicle which is characterized in that the drum is manufactured from at least one mould and from at least one plastics material and wherein the drum includes an inner surface having a property which promotes mixing of the concrete at the boundary layer between the concrete and said inner surface and reduces wear.

A number of different methods were proposed in that application for the manufacture of a drum of the type disclosed.

INVENTION The present invention seeks to provide an alternative method of construction of a heavy duty vehicle mounted rotating cement or concrete mixing drum fabricated from plastics materials. The drum produced by the method of the invention described herein overcomes the aforesaid disadvantages of the prior art and maintains efficient concrete mixing characteristics. According to the invention there is provided a method of construction of a plastics concrete mixing drum wherein the method includes the use of ionsr and outer molds each made up from separate mould parts which are divided along two helical lines mid way between the mixing blades thereby allow formation of a drum interior from two identical molds.

In one Woad form the present invention comprises; a method of manufacture of a vehicle mounted. ratory concrete mixing drum of the type having an opening at one end for receiving and/or discharge of concrete therefrom and at

the other end, means for engaging a drive assembly so as to rotate the drum for mixing or discharging concrete; wherein, the drum is manufactured from at least one mould using at least one plastics material; wherein the drum further includes integrally attached vanes which outstand from the internal surface of the drum forming an archimedian spiral disposed such that when the drum is rotated in a first direction. the concrete contents are mixed and when the drum is rotated in a second direction the contents are discharged firom said drum ; wherein, the method comprises the steps of ; a) preparing a first generally helical inner mold part containing a. surface extending between first and second, helical edges ; b) mounting the fust helical inner mould part on a support c) enclosing the inner helical mold assembly within an outer mould formed by at least one outer mold part ; d) fitting a second mating inner helical mold part to the first inner mould part to form an inner mold assembly ; e) injecting a polyurethane elastomer into a cavity defined by said inner mold assembly and the outer mould assembly to form an inner wall element comprising one half of an interior wall of the mixer and one helical blade ; 1) allowing said polyurethane to cure ; g) removing said at least one outer mold parts to expose said inner wall telex ; h) removing said inner wall element one of said inner molds ; The method preferably comprises the additional step of placing a reinforcing member in a recess fbnned in said inner mold part Steps a) -h) are repeated thereby proving a second helical inner wall element, The Brst and second helical inner wall elements are complimentary and combine to form an inner wall surface of the mining drum. The first and second helical inner wall elements are then preferably placed into a jig where opposing edges of said elements are held adjacent ; the wall elements defining an inner cavity of said drum. Opposing edges of the elements are sealed to complete the inner wall of the drum. The inner wall is removed from the jig and placed the timer walil on a mandrel such that ffie mandrel is disposed i. the inner cavity. The inner wa, lt is placed on the mandrel via an open end of the inner wall whereupon structural layers of glass fbre

reinforced plastic are applied to the polyurethane inner layer. Preferably, the internal surface of the drum includes an elastomer which will allow mixing of the contents of the concrete at a concrete boundary layer ; The reinforcing member is preferably a continuous rope inserted in a recess in a formation which will form helical blades.

The method includes the use of inner and outer molds each made up from separate mould parts which are divided along two helical lines thereby allowing formation of a drum interior wall from two complemen y mouTd part.

In another broad form the present invention comprises : a method of manufacture of a vehicle mounted rotary concrete mixing drum of the type having an opening at one end for receiving and discharge of concrete therefrom and at the other end means for engaging a. drive assembly so as to rotate the drum for mixing or discharging concrete ; wherein, the drum is manufactured from at least one inner mould and at least one opposing outer mould ; wherein the dfum includes integrally attached vanes which outstand from the internal surface of the drum forming an archimedian spiral disposed such that when the drum is rotated in a first direction, the concrete contents are mi. wed and when the drum is rotated in a second direction flie contents are discharges from said drum ; and wherein the internal surface of the drum is formed or lined with an elastomer which causes mixing of the contents of the concrete at the concrete boundary layer ; wherein the method comprises the steps of ; a) preparing a first inner helical mold containing a surface intermediate side edges of the mould ; b) placing a reimbrcing rod in a recess in said inner mold ; c) enclosing the inner helical mold assembly within, at least one outer mold part ; d) sealing a joint between said inner mold part and said at least one outer mold part ; e) injecting a polyurethane elastomer into a cavity defied boy said inner mold and said at least one outer mold part to form an inner helical wall element comprising one half of an interior of the mixer and one helical blade; g) allowing said polyurethane to cure;

h) removing said at least one outer mold parts ; i) removing one of said inner molds ; j) removing the interior polyurethane inner helical wall element molding from the remainder of the inner mold assembly ; k) repeating steps a) - j) to form a second inner wall element.

Preferably when a first and a second inner wall element are placed in a jig jointing surfaces are held advent to enable sealing the join formed by the jointing surfaces.

According to a preferred embodiment, a mandrel is inserted into an open discharge end of a dfum interior Mowing which structural layers of glass fibre reinforced plastics ate wound about an outer surface of the inner wall.

In another broad form the present invention comprises : a method of construction of a plastics mixing drum comprising the steps of@ a) preparing a first inner mold containing a surface extending from a joint line midway between two helical blades to o a mid line mould joint line at an inner edge of said blades, b) placing a reinforcing rod in a recess in said inner mold ; c) fitting a second mating inner helical mold to form an inner mold assembly ; d) enclosing the mnef helical mold assembly within at least one outer mold pat e) sealing a. joint between said inner mold assembly and said at least one outer mold part ; injecting a polyurethane elastomer into a. cavity defined by said inner mold assembly and said at least one outer r mold part to form one half of the interior of the mixer and one of the helical blades ; f) allowing said polyurethane to cure; g) removing said at least one outer mold parts, li) removing one of said inner molds ; i) removing the interior polyurethane molding from the remainder of the inner mold assembly, j) placing said two helical blade and tntenor moldings in a jig where the jointing surfaces are held adjacent k) inserting a mandrel into an open discharge end of the drum ; 1) applying structural layers of glass fibre reinforced plastic the polyurethane layer.

Preferably the reinforcing is fitted using spacers which centralize the reinforcing rod or rope in its recess.

Preferably the first and second inner helical mold elements are jointed with a sealing compound or gaskets along an inner edge. According to one embodiment, the outer mold is formed, in three separate mold parts.

Preferably, ajobt between the two inner helical elements forming a helical blade is made with a polyurethane elastomer compound.

In another broad form the present invention comprises : a method of manufacture of a vehicle mounted concrete mixing drum comprising the steps of, a) taking a helical inner mould part and mounting the mould on a support ; b) placing at least one external mould in opposing relationship to said inner mould ; c) injecting a flowable material into a space termed between said inner mould and said outer mould such that the flowable material forms a helical element which will form at least part of an inner surface of said d) removing the at least one outer mould ; e) removing the he helical element from said inner mould, f) repeaing steps a)-e) so as to form a second IMcal element ; g) preparing an exterior surface of the helical elements for bonding to a structural layer of glass fibre, Preferably, the flowable material is polyurethane.

In another broad form of an apparatus aspect the present invention comprises a vehicle mounted rotary concrete mixing drum of the type having an opening at one end for receiving and/or discharge of concrete therefrom and at the other end, means for engaging a drive assembly so as to rotate te the drum for mixing or discharging concrete ; wherein, the drum is manufactured from at least one mould using at least one plastics material; wherein the drum further includes integrally attached vanes which outstand from the internal surface of the drum forming an archimedian spiral disposed such that when the drum is rotated in a first direction. the concrete contents are mixed and when the drum is rotated in a second direction the contents are discharged Srom said dfum ; wherein, the drum is formed by a method comprising the steps of ; a) pupating a first generally helical inner mold part containing a surface extending between first and second helical edges;

b) mounting the Brst helical inner mould part on a support c) enclosing the inner helical mold assembly within an outer mould formed by at least one outer mold part; d) fitting a second mating inner helical mold part to the first inner mould part to fonh an inner mold assembly; e) injecting a polyurethane elastomer into a cavity defined by said inner mold assembly and the outer mould assembly to tbrm an inner wall element comprising one half of an interior wall of the mixer and one helical blade ; 0 allowing said polyurethane to cure ; g) removing said at least one outer mold parts to expose said inner wall element; h) removing said inner wall element one of said inner molds; In another broad form of the apparatus aspect the present invention comprises : a. vehicle mounted concrete mixing drum formed by a method of manufacture comprising the steps of; a) taking a helical inner mould part and mounting the mould on a support ; b) placing at least one external mould in opposing reMonship to said inner mould ; c) injecting a Nowable material into a space formed between said inner mould and said outer mould such that the flowable material forms a helical element which will form at least part of an inner sur of said drum d) removing the at least one outer mould ; e) removing the helical element from said inner mould; f) repeating steps a) - e) so as to form a second helical element ; g) preparing an exterior surface of the helical elements for bonding to a structural layer of glass fibre.

Preferably the flowable material is polyurethane.

According to one embodiment, the helical blades projecting from an inner surface of said drum have a pitch dimension of between 1-2 meters and are formed by elastomeric material. Preferably the wall strength of said drum is around 600MPa at a wall thickness of 8mm Preferably the polyurethane forms an inner layer which is approximately 3mm thick Preferably the structural layer comprises filament windings forming a layer of approximately 5mm thickness.

In another broad form the present invention comprises ; a heavy duty rotary concrete mixing drum capable of attachment to a vehicle ; the drum comprismg a fast end which engages a drive assembly which rotates said drum for mixing of said concrete and a second end from which mixed concrete is discharged; wherein said drum is manufactured from at least one layer of plastics material wherein the drum includes a wall having integral internal formations which promote mixing of said concrete and an inner surface which promotes mixing of the concrete at the boundary layer between the concrete and said inner sifface ; wherein the drum is ibfmed accordmg to the method steps of: a) taking a helical inner mould and mounting the mould on a support ; * b) placing at least one external mould in opposing relationship to said inner mould ; c) injecting polyurethane into a space formed between said inner mould and said outer mould ; d) removing the at least one outer mould ;

c) removing a helical blade l ? art tom said inner mould; f) repeating steps a)-e) so as to form a second helical blade part ; g) mating the first and second helical blade parts with an interior shell, g) preparing an exterior of the drum for bonding to a structural layer of glass fibre ; h) winding the structural layer about said exterior.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present invention will now be described according to a preferred but non limiting embodiment and. with reference to the accompanying illustrations wherein : Figure 1 shows a side elevation of an inner helical mould part ; Figure 2 shows a side elevation of the mould part of figure 1 including exploded external moulds ; Figure 3 shows a side view of the inner mould part of figures 1 and 2 fully enclosed by external mould sections Figure 3a shows an enlarged view of external moulds exploded from a helical blade part; Figure 3b shows an enlarged view of the assembly of figure Sa with outer mould parts moulds assembled.

Figure 4 shows outer mold sections exploded from the inner mould assembly upon completion of injection of an elastomer.

Figure 5 shows a helicaj blade part produced by and removed from the inner mould assembly of Figure 6 shows a coupling of separate and complementary helical blade parts formed by the arrangements of figures j-5 and which form an inner wall of the drum, Figure 7 shows a housing for assembly in which the inner wall of the drum M placed after mould helical blade parts for preparation of the blade parts to receive an outer structural layer ; Figure 8 shows an assembly including a mandrel for mounting said inner payer for

applying an outer structural layer of glass fibre; Figure 9 shows a competed drum with track ring fitted.; The concentrated wear points in the prior art steel drums reduces the working life of the drums necessitating costly repair or replacement. Steel drums are fabricated from rolled flat sheets which form cones and a cylinder which are then joined together by welding.

Ajchimedian spirals are ttien welded to the inner surface of the drum resulting in a high specific gravity vessel whose self weight reduces the amount of concrete which can be carried by the vehicle to which it is attached. The steel drums suffer from a number of disadvantages including susceptibility to abrasion at the junctions of the cylindrical and conical sections and the tendency for unwanted concrete build up at fie sharp comers and crevices formed by the mixing blades. In addition, the smooth internal surface of the steel drum promotes sliding abrasion and inhibits mixing at the boundary layer due to the low cosSicient of friction at the concrete/metal interface.

The method to be described below is an alternative to both steel drums and the plastics drums formed by the methods of manufacture described in International Patent application No. PCT/AU00/01226 to Rodgers and Khouri. According to the method, a plastics heavy duty concrete mixing drum is formed using bom internal and external moulds. The drum includes an internal archimedian spiral formed by helical blades or vanes which mix concrete during rotation of the drum in one direction and discharge concrete when the drum is rotated in an opposite direction. The drum is generally pear shaped and includes an opening at one end for entry and discharge of concrete.

The first step in the method according to one embodiment, involves the use of an intend

mould. A polyurethane drum interior complete with internal helical blades is formed between an interior and an exterior mould set The exterior moulds are easily removed after the polyurethane ? formed, however because the. mixer is a closed vessel with the discharge opening smaller than the maximum diameter, and due to the complexity of the blade moulds, it is not possible to form the interior as one complete piece and then remove the mould. Accordingly,, the elastomeric drum interior is moulded in sections which can be removed from the moulds, and then joined to form the complete interior.

This interior is then reinforced with structural layers to complete the mixer. The joining together of two complementary inner wall sections which are each formed by the same method steps sequentially is a new approach to terming a drum interior not known in the prior are Referring to figure 1 there is shown an assembly 1 which comprises a support 2 which receives and retains thereon a helical mould part 3. Mould 3 is shown i profile by line 4.

Mould 3 is initially prepared in a separate mould having a helical interior so that mould 3 conforms to the shape of that interior. Once mould 3 is formed, it may be transferred manually or otherwise for mounting on support 2 in preparation for receiving external moulds. Figure 2 shows a side elevation of the mould 3 of saure I with exploded opposing external mould parts 5 and 6. Mould parts 5 and 6 encapture mould 3 but leave a generally helical cavity therebetween. Once external mould parts 5 and 6 have been secured and sealed, polyurethane is injected into the aforesaid cavity. It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that more than two external moulds my be used to ilrE. ll the same objectives of encapsulating inner mould 3 Figure 3 shows a side view of the er mould 3 enclosed by external mould sections 5 and 6.

Figure 3a shows an enlarged view of external moulds 5, 6 and 7 exploded trom inner mould 3 revealing a section view of a part helical blade 8 retrieved from the cavity

defined by outer moulds 5 and 6 and inner mould 3 following infection of polyurethane.

'Figure 3b shows an enlarged section view of the assembly of figure 3a witla moulds assembled. Moulds 5, 6 and 7 are shown in figure 3b in abutting relationship with. part helical blade 8, which is formed by injection of a polyurethane elasLomer into a cavity farmed between moulds 5, 6 and 7.

Referring to figure 4 there is shown, outer mold sections 5 and 6 exploded from the inner mould assembly 1 upon completion of injection of an elastomer. Upon removal of inner mould section 3 part helical blade (or blade element) 8 which has been formed ftom Ute elastomeric material injected into the cavity defined by assembled external moulds 5 and 6 and inner mould 3 as shown in figure 3 may be released. Figure 5 shows a first helical blade part 8 formed in a first helical (archimedian) spiral The above described process is repeated once again to form a second helical (archimedian) spiral 9.

Helical bhd. e part 8 forms one half of a completed helical blade which is integrally disposed on an inner surface of the drum formed by the processes described herein, A repeat of steps described with reference to Sgures 1-5 result in. a second helical inner blade element 9 which ca operates with and is complementary to helical blade element $ to form a completed inner wall including integral helical blade Figure 6 shows a pair of helical blades 8 and 9 formed by the assembly and process as described with reference to bures 1-5. Blades 8 and 9 are in the form of two parallel helical spirals spaced at 180 degree axial phase difference each with a reinforcing rod 10 (see figures 3a and 3b) in the interior edge, which may be a continuous filament and resin rope. As these blades are integral with the interior surface of the mixer, it is convenient to join these two structures along two helical lines mid way between the blades. In this way the interior is formed as two identical mouM). ng$ which can be removed from the interior mould 3 and exterior mould sections 5,6 and 7 and which also contain the complete reinforcing rods 10.

The exterior moulds contain a layer of glass reinforced plastic which bonds to the polyurethane which is formed, against it. In this way the two mouldings are formed with two helical jointing lines mid way between the blades and a stiff inner shell ready to receive the structural layers is formed.

According to one embodiment a preferred method of manufacturing the mixer is as follows.

The inner helical mould 3 which includes the surface which extends from a joint line mid wa. y between two formed helical blades (8 and 9) to a mid-line mould joint line at an inner edge of the blade. This surface faces towards the drive end of the mixer and contains a recess for the reinforcing rod or filament rope 10. The next step is fitting reinforcing rod 10 with polyurethane spacers, which centralize the rod in a recess in inner mould 3.

A mating inner helical mould is prepared and fitted and is joined with sealing'gaskets along its inner edge. The helical inner mould 3 is enclosed within the three external moulds 5, 6 and 7, the surfaces of which are pre coated with glass fibre reinforced <BR> <BR> <BR> plastic, to provide an interior moulding to the polyurethane elastomer. Seals are incorporated into a joint farmed between the inner and outer moulds. Following this the polyurethane elastomer is moulded into the cavity formed between the inner and outer moulds. The elastomer polymerizes to form blade 8 which comprises half the interior layer of the mixing drum. The polyurethane is allowed to cure whereupon outer moulds 5, 6 and 7 are removed to expose an inner shell and outer surface of the polyet e blade part 8. This allows removal of the helical blade. part 8 and interior polyuretbame moulding. The above process is repeated to provide a second helical blade part 9 and interior moulding. The two helical blades 8 and 9 are then assembled in a jig 11 as shown in figure 7 whereupon they are joined together using a polyurethane elastomer compound.

At this stage of the processing a drive ring is applied to the polyurethane layer which will form the inner layer of mixing drum. The jig is removed and the now formed inner layer of the drum is transferred to a winding station as shown in figure 8.

A steel mandrel. 12 is inserted into the open (discharge) end 13 of the mixer so that it reaches the drive ring which is common to heavy duty drums of this type. The drive ring which imparts rotation to the Mixer is spigotted and drilled to suit a gear box flange. The glass 6bre reinforced plastic exterior of the polyurethane interior is bonded to the drive

ring and allowed to cure. The glass fibre reinforced plastic exterior is extended over the discharge end support flange which then forms an. enclosed vessel against the mandrel.

An inflation pressure is applied to the interior of the mixer to ensure it conforms to &num he interior of the jointing jig. The top half of the jig is removed and the external stuface of the polyetlaylene joints is covered with glass fibre reinforced plastics. Following that, the external surface of the moulded polyuretllane interior of the mixer is prepared for bonding to the structural layer.

Strnctura. layers of glass fibre reinforced plasticare applied by one of the known methods standard to the industry such as: a) Contact moulding of random and/or directional glass fibres and resin. b) Filament winding. c) Suiface finishing by filling and grinding or/ Moulding a gel coat finish using vacuum or pressure.

The winding step is conducted after drum inner layer 11 is mounted on mandrel 12. (see figure 8). As represented by figure 9, the final step in the construction of the drum 14 involves the installation of the track ring These are known in conventional heavy duty drums and comprise a cylindrical rail attached to the mixer adjacent to the discharge end and which is supported by two rollers to allow the mixer to be rotated by the gearbox at the drive end. The ring is held in position with rubber gaskets which seal to the mixer and this space between the ring and the mixer is filled with a liquid polyurethans which bonds to both as it gels and cures.

In operation this elastomer transmits the loads from the mixer shell to the steel track ring and hence to the steel support rollers, In this way the concentrated loads are spread and only low stresses are transmitted via the elastomer to the mixer shell According to one embodiment, a computer may be employed to program and control the delivery of the polymer to the mold surface and the application of the structural layer.

The winding of a, fibre reinforced structural layer may involve computer controlled unwinding of resin wetted fibre rovings from around a rotating former. The tensile strength of the windings Ma-y be in the order of 600 MPa. To obtain the optimum physical properties of the filament wound structure the fibres are aligned to the loads imposed in

use of the Shushed drum. Typical loadings on the drum are axial bending under weight of wet concrete, an applied dynamic load at the drive end of the drum, driving torque and support loads at discharge end trunion rolls. The winding pattern of the laments aligns the fibres to withstand beading stresses, increasing in angle and in wall thickness towards the discharge end to accommodate applied roller loads.

The rovings which line the drum may alternatively be drawn through the resin. bath and applied to the surfajce of the drum as a wide ribbon comprising thousands of tensioned Sbres. The windings overlap until the required thickness is reached. The surface of the drum may be covered with wet resin and small mregulajrities which need to be addressed to provide the external finish. As a result of this construction, the spiral mixing blades inside the drum are capable of withstanding high bending and shear resistance during mixing operations. The inner elastomeric surface is highly resistant to abrasion by concrete yet it is softer and. lighter than the steel equivalent. The higher resistance to abrasion is iacilitatod by the natural elastic deformation of the elastomer which absorbs the kinetic energy of the concrete particles without gouging of the surf. Lce tnaterial. In addition, due to the property of the inner surface which will preferably be polyurethane, the concrete will be mixed rather than slide at the boundary layer ensuring efficient mixing of the concrete throughout the mix and reduction of abrasion due to the smooth curves throughout. the interior of the drum Furthermore, the blades are strengthened by their molding integrally with the wall of the drum and have a stiffness factor which will sustain all applied normal operating loads.

A further advantage in the use of plastics for the mixing drums lies in the thermal properties of the plastics material. Hot conditions are undesirable ibr concrete mixing as they accelerate hydration reducing concrete workability which is an. essential property required immediately following a concrete pout. In very hot climates, the conventional

steel vehicle mounted mixing drums conduct high heat bads which increase heat at the concrete boundary layer due to contact with the super heated drum wall causing unwanted accelerated hydration. This phenomenon is difficult to avoid with steel drums as the conductivity of steel leads to high conductive heat transfer from the outer skin of the drum to the inner wall which is normally in contact with the concrete. In some hot climates, ice is placed in the steel drums in an attempt to arest temperature increase inside the drum. As concrete hydration is an exothermic reaction, it is sensitive to external temperatures. Accordingly it is desirable that the concrete temperat remain acceptably How to ensure a satisfactory level of workability and to retard hydration. Steel drum$ heat up significantly and conduct heat through their tichs mak e cxoret vulnerable to the vagaries of temperature variation. Overheating of the concrete mix is a problem to be avoided and has in accordance with one aspect provided a method of manufacture of a plastics drum to take the place of the conventiooaj stee) drums thereby reducing the unwanted effects of high thermal conductivity typical of the steel drums.

The plastics drum allows the concrete to resin workable inside the drum for longer periods compared to concrete in stell mixing drums under the same external temperature conditions and transporting concrete.

The method of construction of a plastics concrete mixing drum as described herein provides an alteruative yet efficient method of production of plastics drums. The methods described herein allow for mass production with reduction in the number of production steps compared to the known methods.

It will be recognized by persons skilled in the art that numerous variations and <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> modifications may be made to the invention a$ broadly described herein, without departing from the overall spirxt and scope of the invention.