Title of Invention Vertical axis wind turbine with folding fins

[0001]

Technical Field

[0002] Mechanic

[0003]

Background Art

[0004] The invention is in the completion of the US Patent Grant No. US10,473,089 B2-NOV, 12, 2019 and EPO filing WO2017042651 (A1 )EP3347267 (A4) with publication number EP 334727A0 which I have registered.

[0005] In the inventions mentioned above, the moving blades are mounted on a fixed chassis and are used to control efficiency by controlling the angle of the moving blades. In such a way that the actuator box is connected directly to the movable blades.

[0006] One of the disadvantages of this implementation is that relatively large moving blades must be used, which causes shock when the blades open and close. After a while, it causes fatigue of the turbine structure. Also, all the control system connections are constantly working simultaneously with the moving blades, which causes high depreciation.

[0007] While in the supplementary invention, the main blades of the turbine have a scissor-shaped chassis with the ability to open and close, and movable blades with small dimensions and a large number are installed on this main scissor-shaped chassis. Controlling the turbine efficiency through Scissor chassis angle control is performed. This minimizes the shocks caused by the blades' opening and closing during operation and increases the reactivity of the blades to wind currents.

[0008] The efficiency control system is not connected directly to the moving blades. Still, it is connected to the main chassis of the scissors and is used only in cases where the efficiency needs to be reduced and increased and has lower depreciation.

Summary of Invention [0009] Here, a vertical axis turbine is revealed, including a vertical rotor shaft, a number of extended radial arms mounted on the vertical axis shaft, each extended radial arm having a connecting chassis. Each radial arm can include a scissor- shaped chassis. An upper chassis may be mounted on top of a scissor-shaped chassis and include a number of movable blade panels. A lower chassis may be mounted on the lower part of the scissor-shaped chassis and include a number of movable blade panels. The upper chassis is connected to the lower chassis via the end gear. In such a way, a movement up or down by the upper chassis causes the lower chassis to rotate around its axis, and vice versa, so that the rotational movements of the upper chassis and the lower chassis rotate are like scissors. The control of the angle between the upper and lower chassis is controlled by the efficiency control system, and is operated by the operating box.

[0010] When the wind blows from the back into the scissor chassis, it causes the movable blade panels to rotate from closed to open, and the wind passes freely through the open vanes. As a result, very little wind force will be applied to the back of the scissor-shaped chassis. And when the wind blows forward the chassis, the wind exerts a force on the surface of the plates that causes each blade panel to rotate from the open position to the closed position. Blocking the winding path by closed moving blade panels in the scissor-shaped chassis causes the wind force to be applied to the front of the radial arms. Narrowing the angle between the upper chassis and the lower chassis belonging to the scissor-shaped chassis reduces the angle of wind impact towards the front of the scissor-shaped chassis. It reduces the force applied to the surface of the plates, and the efficiency control system controls the turbine efficiency in this way.

[0011] The difference in force created on both sides of the turbine shaft creates a rotational force around the axis of the vertical shaft. This mechanical force is converted into electricity by transferring it to the generator.

Technical Problem

[0012] Wind turbines are generally divided into horizontal and vertical wind turbines based on the rotor and blade design. In a horizontal axis wind turbine, the blades are designed to create a thrust on the turbine blades when the wind blows, and as a result, the blade rotates around a horizontal axis. The edges of horizontal axis wind turbines are generally very long. Rotors and electric generators in horizontal axis wind turbines require a very tall installation tower, which increases the cost of installation and maintenance. In addition, the rotor must be positioned directly in front of the wind. Small wind turbines may do this with a simple weather vane, while large wind turbines typically use a wind sensor with an electric motor.

[0013] In a vertical axis wind turbine, the blades are designed to generate a thrust when the wind blows to the blades, causing the blades to rotate around a vertical axis. The rotor shaft is located perpendicular to the ground in a vertical axis wind turbine, so there is no need to orient the wind flow. This is especially useful in places where the wind direction is very variable. In vertical axis wind turbines, the power generator and gearbox can be placed close to the ground, which improves accessibility for maintenance. The design of a vertical axis wind turbine is simple, and its construction costs are low and have relatively low efficiency. However, these key drawbacks do not limit the vertical axis wind turbine. Because the relatively low rotational speed is offset by higher torque, the lower efficiency is offset by some of the designed blades producing more torque.

[0014] To overcome some of the problems in both types of turbines (vertical axis and horizontal axis) mentioned above, new wind turbines need to be built.

Solution to Problem

[0015] In one general aspect, the disclosure of a vertical axis turbine may include a vertical rotor shaft and several radial arms that can be rotatably mounted on the vertical rotor shaft (Figure 1 ). Each radial arm may consist of the main chassis with a connecting end 102. Each radial arm may include a scissor-shaped chassis (Figure 5). Each scissor-shaped chassis may include an upper chassis 112 mounted on the top of the main chassis via a rotating shaft 134, and the upper chassis may consist of a number of movable blade panels 105. Each of movable blade panel may be hinged from the first edge mounted on the upper chassis 117 and may rotate between a closed and open position around an axis defined by the first edge 117 (Figure 4). In the case of multiple movable blade panels, these movable blade panels can be connected by hinges from the second edge; this connection can be made by one or more rods (rope or chain) to coordinate the moving of movable blade panels. [0016] Each scissor-shaped chassis may also include a lower chassis 1 13 mounted on a lower part of the main chassis through a rotating shaft 135, and the lower chassis may consist of a number of movable plates 105. Each movable plate may go through the hinge from the first edge mounted on the lower chassis 117 and may be rotated between a closed and open position around an axis defined by the first edge 117 (Figure 4). In the case of multiple moving plates, these plates can be connected by hinges from the second edge; this connection can be made by one or more rods (rope or chain) to coordinate the movement of moving plates.

[0017] In one aspect of this disclosure, In a scissor-shaped chassis, the upper chassis and the lower chassis may be connected by gears 1 14. Their motion is involved so that they rotate in opposite directions and with equal rotation speed (Figure 5). (Without limitation) In this way, creating a scissor-shaped movement mechanism can cause the weight and force of the upper and lower chassis to be compared; it is also possible to connect the necessary equipment to control the amount of opening and closing and provide the angle between the upper and lower chassis against the wind in different ways.

[0018] This vertical axis turbine may have an operating box that controls the amount of scissor-shaped chassis angle and the amount of opening and closing angle between the upper and lower chassis against the wind.

[0019] In this disclosure, two types of operating boxes will be explained, each of which can be used alone in an independent implementation of this type of vertical axis turbine disclosed; the first is a winch operating box, and the second is a gear operating box.

[0020] Winch operating box

[0021] This box can have an electric motor 125, a screw gearbox 126, a central pulley 116, one or more idler rollers 118, and some ropes (or chains or similar) 104. The central pulley can be attached to the output shaft of the helical gearbox; the string can be connected to the main spool 123 and 124. The rotation of the gearbox shaft can cause the spool to rotate around its own axis. The rope is twisted around the spool 124, or the string is opened around the spool 123. Rotation of the helical gearbox input shaft can be done by an electric motor 125. If the rotation in a clockwise direction causes The rope to be wrapped around the spool, the anticlockwise rotation causes the string to unroll from the spool. The rope movement can be transmitted to the scissor-shaped chassis via the elders 116. The winch operating box can open and close the scissor chassis angle by folding and unfolding the rope around the center spool (Figure 6).

[0022] In one implementation of the vertical axis turbine, the gearbox may include a chassis with a top gear 159, a bottom gear 162, and a helical helix 161 . The helical gear 161 can be placed between the upper gear 159 and the lower gear 162 and can rotate the upper and lower gears by rotating the helix so that the upper and lower gears move in opposite directions and are scissor-shaped.

[0023] Depending on the implementation of the gearbox, it can be mounted on the main chassis 102 belonging to the radial arm, and the upper chassis 112 and the lower chassis 113 (belonging to the scissor-shaped chassis) can be mounted to the upper gear 159, respectively. And lower gear 162 are connected. In such a way, the scissor-shaped movement of the gears causes the scissor-shaped movement of the upper chassis 112 and the lower chassis 1 13 and causes their angle to open and close.

[0024] Depending on the part of the implementation of the vertical axis wind turbine may include a jack operating box figures a6 and b6. It can consist of one or more mechanical jacks (figure 6b) or hydraulic jacks (figure 6a) that can be connected to the main arm through joints such as 158 and 155 and to the scissor-shaped chassis through joints such as 152 and 156; Increase or decrease in the length of the jacks causes the scissor-shaped chassis to open and close and determine the angle of the scissor-shaped chassis. The mechanical jack may consist of an electric motor 154, a gearbox, a screw shaft 163, a cylinder nut 153, a joint at the end of cylinder 152, and a joint at the bottom of cylinder 155. The rotation of the electric motor and the gearbox causes the shaft to rotate. The length of the mechanical jack can be increased and decreased by rotating clockwise and anticlockwise.

[0025] Depending on the implementation, the vertical axis wind turbine may include a self-adjusting mechanism mounted on the chassis due to the fact that different self- regulatory mechanisms can be used. Therefore, in this disclosure, the electricalmechanical mechanism is explained without limitation. [0026] The mechanical-electrical self-regulating system may include: a pendulum mechanism consisting of a chassis'! 37; A weight attached to a movable end and a pendulum rod 138; The two electric switches are 138 and 140. The first electric switch, 138, can be connected to the electric motor 125 belonging to the operating box, and its activation 138 can turn on the electric motor clockwise. The second electric switch, 140, can be connected to the electric motor belonging to the operating box, and its activation 147 can turn on the electric motor 125 anticlockwise. The forward and backward motion of the pendulum rod relative to the position of the electrical switches can be in response to the forward and backward motion of the weight attached to the end of the pendulum rod under the centrifugal force applied to the pendulum end weight. In proportion to the centrifugal force due to the rotational motion of the turbine rotor, a forward and backward kinetic force is generated and can be transmitted to the electrical switches, which, depending on the position of the switch, the electrical, mechanical self-regulating system can control the electric motor belonging to the operating box with three different modes: clockwise 141 , anticlockwise 143 and off 142. Each of these adjustment modes can be performed in proportion to the rotational speed of the rotor around the axis of the vertical shaft and/or in proportion to the wind speed.

[0027] Depending on the implementation, the vertical axis wind turbine may include a collector system on the main rotor shaft. The collector system can consist of a chassis, one or more conductive rings 129, and one or more collector brushes 151 . The conductive ring and collector brush are connected so that it is possible to transfer electricity from the main base of turbine 101 to the center of rotor 126 and vice versa. This electricity transmission mechanism can supply electrical energy to the electromotor in the operating box and other equipment installed on the rotor. It is also possible to install a suitable collector for this process to neutralize lightning and transmit electricity caused by lightning to the ground.

[0028] Depending on the part of the implementation, each of the upper movable plates may rotate around an axis designated by the first edge, in response to the wind flow, towards the second axial edge and become closed.

[0029] Depending on the implementation part, each of the lower moving plates may rotate around the axis designated by the third edge in response to the wind flow, toward the fourth axial edge, and become closed. [0030] According to part of the implementation, the turbine can have a generator 133 so that this generator is connected to the center of the rotor 126 through the central shaft 128. The rotation of the turbine's rotor causes the rotation of the generator rotor and power generation.

Advantageous Effects of Invention

[0031 ] The benefits of this performance can include (not limited to) noise reduction and unwanted vibration of the [Fig. 1 ] vertical axis turbine during rotation. It should be understood that in this implementation, unwanted noise and vibration of the vertical wind turbine [Fig. 2] is minimized because small and flexible moving plates can be used, and like bird wings, many small feathers are installed on a larger wing. To control it, it is enough to change the position of the larger wing chassis.

Brief Description of Drawings

[0032] The drawn figures represent one or more implementations concerning the given descriptions only as an example, not as a constraint; the numbered references in the figures illustrate the same or similar elements of those elements.

Fig.1

[0033] [Fig.1 ] illustrates an overview of implementing a vertical axis turbine with folding fins at maximum efficiency.

Fig.lA

[0034] [fig.1 A] illustrates an overview of implementing a vertical axis turbine with a winch operating box and a self-regulating efficiency control system at 50% efficiency.

Fig.lB

[0035] [0029] [fig .1 B] illustrates An overview of the implementation of a vertical axis turbine with a winch operating box and a self-regulating efficiency control system at minimum efficiency

Fig.2

[0036] [0030] [fig.2] illustrates the general form of implementation of the main chassis of the turbine blades and how to connect the main chassis to the turbine. Fig.3

[0037] [0031 ] [fig.3] illustrates one side of implementing an upper chassis consisting of a net of crossing strings in the form of a lattice without moving plates.

Fig.4

[0038] [0032] [fig.4] illustrates one side of implementing a set of moving plates and shows how the hinge is placed on the moving plates.

Fig.5

[0039] [0033] [fig.5] illustrates an implementation of the scissor-shaped chassis consisting of an upper chassis and a lower chassis mounted on a central chassis of an extended radial arm attached to a winch operating box from a windwardfacing view, depending on one or more implementations of Shows the present disclosed invention.

Fig.5A

[0040] [0034] [fig ,5A] illustrates an implementation of the scissor-shaped chassis consisting of an upper chassis and a lower chassis mounted on a central chassis of an extended radial arm attached to a rear-view winch operating box according to one or more implementations. Shows the disclosed invention.

Fig.6

[0041] [0035] [fig.6] illustrates an implementation of a winch operating box and ropes mounted on a central chassis of an extended radial arm attached to the winch operating box from the rear-view in the direction of the wind, according to one or more implementations of the invention in the present disclosure.

Fig.6A

[0042] [0036] [fig .6A] illustrates an implementation of the mechanical jack operating box and fittings mounted on a central chassis of an extended radial arm attached to the mechanical jack operating box, from rear-view to wind direction, according to one or more implementations in the present disclosed invention.

Fig.6B

[0043] [0037] [fig.6B] illustrates an implementation of the hydraulic jack operating box and fittings mounted on a central chassis of an extended radial arm attached to the hydraulic jack operating box from the rear-view in the wind direction according to one or more implementations of in the present disclosed invention.

Fig.6C

[0044] [0038] [fig .6C] illustrates an implementation of the gearbox operating the gears and fittings mounted on a central chassis of an extended radial arm attached to the gearbox operating from the rear-view in the direction of the wind direction, according to one or more implementations of in the present disclosed invention.

Fig.7

[0045] [0039] [fig.7] illustrates a view of the section implementing a self-adjusting pendulum governor mechanism with an electric switch in three different positions.

[0046] Fig.8

[0047] [0040] [fig.8] illustrates the upper schematic view of a vertical axis turbine implementation.

Fig.9

[0041] [fig.9] illustrates the view of the turbine base and shows the position of the vertical shaft, collector, gearbox, and generator.

Description of Embodiments

[0048] In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth through examples to provide a thorough understanding of the relevant teachings. However, it should be apparent that the present teachings may be practiced without such details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, and/or circuitry have been described at a relatively high level, without detail, in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring aspects of the present teachings. The following detailed description is presented to enable a person skilled in the art to make and use the methods and devices disclosed in exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. For purposes of explanation, specific nomenclature is set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that these specific details are not required to practice the disclosed exemplary embodiments. Descriptions of specific exemplary embodiments are provided only as representative examples. Various modifications to the exemplary implementations will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other implementations and applications without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. The present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the implementations shown but is to be accorded the broadest possible scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein.

[0049] Figure 1 , An implementation of a vertical axis turbine Figure 1 may include a rotor having a vertical shaft 128 and a plurality of radial extended arms 102 connected to the center of the rotor 126. In some other implementations, the radial extended arms 102 may rotate in other directions in other directions on the center of the rotor 126.

[0050] According to Figure 1 , in some implementation, the vertical axis turbine may also include an upper chassis and a lower chassis mounted on each of the 102 radial extended arms. For example, in the implementation in Figure 1 , the upper chassis 112 and the lower chassis 113 are mounted on the 102 radial extended arm, and so on for the other fins. Depending on the part of the implementation, each upper or lower chassis may contain a number of 105 pages. For example, in Figure 1 , the upper chassis 112 contains a polarity of blade panels in Figure 4. All upper and lower chassis may have the same settings and components in one implementation.

[0051] In one implementation, any chassis, such as the upper chassis 1 12 and the lower chassis 113, can be attached or welded to an end gear and then attached to the end of the radial extended arm via hinges 135 or through a number of bearings and/or any other similar attachment mechanism. So that any movement between the chassis and the related radial arm is minimized and limited to rotational movement around the 135 axis and rotation of the gears 114.

[0052] In some implementation, the 102 radial extended arms may be integrated or integral with the rotor.

[0053] In some implementation, repetitive radial extended arms 102 may be attached to the center of the rotor through articulated joints equipped with shock absorbers to reduce vibration and oscillation in the turbine. [0054] Figures 5 and 6 show an implementation of the radial extended arm, including the scissor chassis, upper chassis 112 and the lower chassis 1 13, mounted on the chassis 102 of the radial extended arm. It should be noted that all extended radial arms (Figure 2) each have their respective chassis 102 and their respective upper and lower chassis 1 12 and 113, and all radial extended arms can be the same.

[0055] According to Figure 3, the upper and lower chassis can be similar. Each may have one or more vertical bars 106a parallel and one or more horizontal bars 106b parallel, connected by a number of connections to the chassis. The upper and lower chassis may be connected to the radial arm by a number of hinges 134 and 135 or any other similar connecting mechanism. The upper chassis may include the upper polarity of blade panels of Figure 4, and the lower chassis may consist of the lower polarity of blade panels of Figure 4. Depending on the implementation, each blade panel can be mounted by hinges via the first edge 117 on vertical bars 106a parallel or on horizontal bars 106b parallel to the chassis of Figure 3. For example, each blade panel 105 can be mounted via a hinge from the first edge 117 on the vertical parallel bars 106a of the chassis (Figures 1 , 3, and 5A).

[0056] Figure 5 shows a side view of the scissor chassis implementation, including the upper chassis and lower chassis mounted on the chassis102. The scissor-shaped chassis can have one front (Figure 5) and one rear (Figure 6). Each of the blade panels in the upper and lower chassis can be connected to the chassis or to the horizontal parallel bars 106b or to the vertical parallel bars 106a via the first edge with a hinge 117 or any other similar mechanism. The blade panel can also be connected from the second edge (opposite edge to the first edge) to a parallel guide bar or guide rope to coordinate their movement in the same direction as the blinds. Each of the second edges can be mounted on one or more parallel bars or ropes via hinges, pins, or similar mechanisms. The axial connection between the second edge of the plates and the guide bars coordinates the axial motion of the plates and transmits the axial movement from the plates to each other.

[0057] The axial connection between the first edge of the 117 blade panels with the chassis or vertical parallel bars or horizontal parallel bars allows the movable blade panels to rotate around their axis of rotation on their first edge 117, between the open and closed positions. In the open mode, each blade panel creates an angle of about 90 degrees with the chassis 112 and 113 (Figure 5), and in the closed position, each blade panel creates an angle of about zero degrees with the chassis 112 and 113 (Figure 6A).

[0058] As shown in Figures 5 and 6, the upper chassis 112 and the lower chassis 113 can be attached to a gear 114 at the end in one part of a scissor chassis implementation. And then mounted on the radial arm through the rotatable axes 135 at the two ends of the chassisl 02.

[0059] Due to part of the implementation in the scissor-shaped chassis, the upper gear and lower gear can engage with each other 114, so that the upper chassis 112 and the lower chassis 113 can move and coordinate with each other like the arms of a scissor.

[0060] According to Figure 6, a winch operating box can also be installed in the center of the rotor, consisting of an electric motor 125, a helical gearbox 126, a winch spool 116, an Increment Rope 104b, a Decreasing Rope 104a, several idler rollers 118. The screw gearbox 126 can be rotated in a clockwise and anticlockwise direction by the electric motor 125, and the winch spool 1 16 can be connected to the screw gearbox 126 by screws or bolts or similar connections. The electromotor rotation can be transmitted to the winch spool via a helical gearbox 126. The direction of winding of the Decreasing Rope around the winch spool 124 is in the opposite direction of the twisting of the Increment Rope123. Anticlockwise, it causes the Increment Rope to contract and the Decreasing Rope to open.

[0061] Depending on the part of the implementation, the ends of the Decreasing Rope 104a and Increment Rope 104b can be driven into the chassis through the idler rollers 1 18 mounted on the radial extended arm and then through the idler rollers mounted on the retaining bases 107a and 107b attach the upper 112 or the lower chassis 113.

[0062] Due to the part of the implementation, the Decreasing Rope 104a, when pulled by the winch spool, the angle between the upper and lower chassis is closed, and the contact surface between the scissor-shaped chassis with the wind flow is reduced, and the turbine efficiency is reduced.

[0063] Due to part of the implementation, the angle between the upper and lower chassis is opened when the winch spool pulls the 104b Incremental Rope. This increases the contact surface between the scissor-shaped chassis and the wind flow and increases the turbine efficiency.

[0064] According to Figure 7, to automatically adjust the opening and closing of the turbine blades, the electric motor of the winch operating box can be connected to a decision-making system. It is also possible to connect various electronic and mechanical decision-making systems to electric motors or helical gearboxes.

[0065] The decision-making system can decide on the time and amount of reduction and increase of turbine efficiency.

[0066] For example, without limiting the pendulum decision system (Figure 7), it can be explained that it can consist of a 137 chassis, a 139 pendulum, a switch for starting the electric motor clockwise 138, and a switch for anticlockwise 140.

[0067] According to Figures 1 and 8, when the wind is blown towards the front of the turbine (Figure 5) in the scissor-shaped chassis (the direction of wind flow is indicated by arrow 121 b), it causes a force to be applied to the surface of the moving blade panels, which Rotates each blade panel around its hinge axis 117 from the open position 105a to the closed position 105b. In Figure 8, blocking the wind path by moving blade panels 105b from the upper and lower chassis generates wind force on the upper and lower chassis.

[0068] According to Figures 1 and 8, when the wind blows in the backside of the scissor-shaped chassis (Figure 6) (the direction of wind flow is indicated by arrow 121a), the wind exerts a force on the back surface of the moving blade panels, which causes each blade panel to rotate around its hinge axis 1 17 from the closed position 105b to the open position 105a. In Figure 8, the opening of the wind path by the moving blade panels 105a from the upper and lower chassis neutralizes the wind force on the upper and lower chassis.

[0069] Finally, the difference in the response of the blade panels to the passage of wind flow on both sides of the turbine causes a difference in force on both sides of the turbine, and this will cause the turbine to rotate 122.

[0070] The benefits of this performance can include (not limited to) noise reduction and unwanted vibration of the 100 vertical axis turbine during rotation. It should be understood that in this implementation, unwanted noise and vibration of the 100 vertical wind turbine is minimized because small and flexible moving plates can be used, and like bird wings, a large number of small feathers are installed on a larger wing. For its control, it is enough to change the position of the larger wing chassis.

[0071] According to Figures 1 and 9, the rotational force generated in the extended arms 102 is transmitted to the center of the rotor 126 and can be transmitted through the central shaft 128 and the four-spoke crankshaft 131 to the auxiliary gearbox 132 and the electric generator 133.

[0072] Due to part of the implementation to deliver electrical current from the bottom of the rotor to electrical equipment mounted on the rotor such as the electric motor 125 and also the transmission of electrical current from lightning to ground can be done by installing conductive ring 128 on the central shaft 129 and collector on turbine base 151. The advantages of this implementation (without limitation) include the installation of a lightning arrester and its ground connection, safe transmission of lightning to the ground, and elimination of damage caused by lightning strikes on the turbine.

[0073] Except as stated immediately above, nothing that has been displayed or illustrated is intended or should be interpreted to cause a dedication of any component, step, feature, object, benefit, advantage, or equivalent to the public, regardless of whether it is or is not recited in the claims.

[0074] It will be understood that the terms and expressions used herein have the ordinary meaning as is accorded to such terms and phrases concerning their corresponding respective areas of inquiry and study, except where specific meanings have otherwise been set forth herein. Relational terms such as "first” and “second” and the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. The terms "comprises," "comprising,” or any other variation thereof, as used herein and in the appended claims, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, encompassing a process, method, Article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements that does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed to such process, method, Article, or apparatus. An element proceeded by “a” or “an” does not, without further constraints, preclude the existence of additional identical elements in the process, method, Article, or apparatus that comprises the element. [0075] The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to allow the reader to ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure quickly. It is not intended to be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, it can be seen that various features are grouped in various implementations. Such grouping is to streamline this disclosure. It is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed implementations require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Instead, as the following claims reflect, the inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed implementation. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into this Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separately claimed subject matter.

[0076] While various implementations have been described, the description is intended to be exemplary, rather than limiting and it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that many more implementations are possible that are within the scope of the implementations. Although many possible combinations of features are shown in the accompanying figures and discussed in this detailed description, many other combinations of the disclosed features are possible. Any implementation feature may be used in combination with or substituted for any other feature or element in any other implementation unless specifically restricted. Therefore, it will be understood that any of the features shown and/or discussed in the present disclosure may be implemented together in any suitable combination. Accordingly, the implementations are not to be restricted except in the light of the attached claims and their equivalents. Also, various modifications and changes may be made within the scope of the attached claims/