TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] Systems and methods disclosed herein related to surgical systems, and more particularly to systems and methods to reduce vibrations for surgical systems.

BACKGROUND

[0002] Minimally invasive procedures allow for access to a targeted site within a patient with minimal trauma to the patient. For example, laparoscopic surgery can allow for surgical access to a patient’s cavity through a small incision on the patient’s abdomen. A cannula can form a surgical corridor to allow tools to access the patient’s cavity. In some procedures, the cannula can be coupled to a robotic arm to allow the robotic arm to rotate, pivot, or otherwise move the cannula within the patient’s cavity. By moving the cannula within the patient’s cavity, tools operatively coupled to the robotic arm can access desired portions of the patient’s cavity. In some applications, the cannula can be attached and/or detached from the robotic arm to facilitate positioning, configuration, and/or sterilization of the cannula.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0003] The disclosed aspects will hereinafter be described in conjunction with the appended drawings, provided to illustrate and not to limit the disclosed aspects, wherein like designations denote like elements.

[0004] FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a cart-based robotic system arranged for diagnostic and/or therapeutic bronchoscopy procedure(s).

[0005] FIG. 2 depicts further aspects of the robotic system of FIG. 1.

[0006] FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of the robotic system of FIG. 1 arranged for ureteroscopy.

[0007] FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of the robotic system of FIG. 1 arranged for a vascular procedure.

[0008] FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of a table-based robotic system arranged for a bronchoscopy procedure.

[0009] FIG. 6 provides an alternative view of the robotic system of FIG. 5.

[0010] FIG. 7 illustrates an example system configured to stow robotic arm(s).

[0011] FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of a table-based robotic system configured for a ureteroscopy procedure. [0012] FIG. 9 illustrates an embodiment of a table-based robotic system configured for a laparoscopic procedure.

[0013] FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment of the table-based robotic system of FIGS. 5-9 with pitch or tilt adjustment.

[0014] FIG. 11 provides a detailed illustration of the interface between the table and the column of the table-based robotic system of FIGS. 5-10.

[0015] FIG. 12 illustrates an alternative embodiment of a table-based robotic system.

[0016] FIG. 13 illustrates an end view of the table-based robotic system of FIG. 12.

[0017] FIG. 14 illustrates an end view of a table-based robotic system with robotic arms attached thereto.

[0018] FIG. 15 illustrates an exemplary instrument driver.

[0019] FIG. 16 illustrates an exemplary medical instrument with a paired instrument driver.

[0020] FIG. 17 illustrates an alternative design for an instrument driver and instrument where the axes of the drive units are parallel to the axis of the elongated shaft of the instrument.

[0021] FIG. 18 illustrates an instrument having an instrument-based insertion architecture.

[0022] FIG. 19 illustrates an exemplary controller.

[0023] FIG. 20 depicts a block diagram illustrating a localization system that estimates a location of one or more elements of the robotic systems of FIGS. 1-10, such as the location of the instrument of FIGS. 16-18, in accordance to an example embodiment.

[0024] FIG. 21 illustrates a perspective view of a surgical system.

[0025] FIG. 22 is a flowchart illustrating a method to reduce vibration in a surgical system.

[0026] FIG. 23 is a schematic diagram of a rotational joint of a surgical system.

[0027] FIG. 24 is a perspective view of a torsional vibration damper.

[0028] FIG. 25 is a perspective cross-sectional view of a centrifugal pendulum absorber.

[0029] FIG. 26 is a schematic diagram of a centrifugal pendulum absorber.

[0030] FIG. 27 is a chart illustrating vibration frequency compared to rotor speed for a centrifugal pendulum absorber.

[0031] FIG. 28 is a cross-sectional front view of a squeeze film damper assembly. [0032] FIG. 29 is a cross-sectional side view of a squeeze film damper assembly.

[0033] FIG. 30 is a cross-sectional side view of a squeeze film damper assembly.

[0034] FIG. 31 is a schematic view of a linear guide.

[0035] FIG. 32 is a perspective view of a linear guide.

[0036] FIG. 33 is a cross-sectional front view of a linear guide.

[0037] FIG. 34 is a chart illustrating acceleration compared to time for a vibration guide.

[0038] FIG. 35 is a cross-sectional side view of an end effector.

[0039] FIG. 36 is a flowchart illustrating a method to reduce vibration in a surgical system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

1. Overview

[0040] Aspects of the present disclosure may be integrated into a robotically enabled medical system capable of performing a variety of medical procedures, including both minimally invasive, such as laparoscopy, and non-invasive, such as endoscopy, procedures. Among endoscopy procedures, the system may be capable of performing bronchoscopy, ureteroscopy, gastroscopy, etc.

[0041] In addition to performing the breadth of procedures, the system may provide additional benefits, such as enhanced imaging and guidance to assist the physician. Additionally, the system may provide the physician with the ability to perform the procedure from an ergonomic position without the need for awkward arm motions and positions. Still further, the system may provide the physician with the ability to perform the procedure with improved ease of use such that one or more of the instruments of the system can be controlled by a single user.

[0042] Various embodiments will be described below in conjunction with the drawings for purposes of illustration. It should be appreciated that many other implementations of the disclosed concepts are possible, and various advantages can be achieved with the disclosed implementations. Headings are included herein for reference and to aid in locating various sections. These headings are not intended to limit the scope of the concepts described with respect thereto. Such concepts may have applicability throughout the entire specification. A. Robotic System - Cart.

[0043] The robotically enabled medical system may be configured in a variety of ways depending on the particular procedure. FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a cart-based robotically enabled system 10 arranged for a diagnostic and/or therapeutic bronchoscopy procedure. During a bronchoscopy, the system 10 may comprise a cart 11 having one or more robotic arms 12 to deliver a medical instrument, such as a steerable endoscope 13, which may be a procedure-specific bronchoscope for bronchoscopy, to a natural orifice access point (i.e., the mouth of the patient positioned on a table in the present example) to deliver diagnostic and/or therapeutic tools. As shown, the cart 11 may be positioned proximate to the patient’s upper torso in order to provide access to the access point. Similarly, the robotic arms 12 may be actuated to position the bronchoscope relative to the access point. The arrangement in FIG. 1 may also be utilized when performing a gastro-intestinal (GI) procedure with a gastroscope, a specialized endoscope for GI procedures. FIG. 2 depicts an example embodiment of the cart in greater detail.

[0044] With continued reference to FIG. 1, once the cart 11 is properly positioned, the robotic arms 12 may insert the steerable endoscope 13 into the patient robotically, manually, or a combination thereof. As shown, the steerable endoscope 13 may comprise at least two telescoping parts, such as an inner leader portion and an outer sheath portion, each portion coupled to a separate instrument driver from the set of instrument drivers 28, each instrument driver coupled to the distal end of an individual robotic arm. This linear arrangement of the instrument drivers 28, which facilitates coaxially aligning the leader portion with the sheath portion, creates a “virtual rail” 29 that may be repositioned in space by manipulating the one or more robotic arms 12 into different angles and/or positions. The virtual rails described herein are depicted in the Figures using dashed lines, and accordingly the dashed lines do not depict any physical structure of the system. Translation of the instrument drivers 28 along the virtual rail 29 telescopes the inner leader portion relative to the outer sheath portion or advances or retracts the endoscope 13 from the patient. The angle of the virtual rail 29 may be adjusted, translated, and pivoted based on clinical application or physician preference. For example, in bronchoscopy, the angle and position of the virtual rail 29 as shown represents a compromise between providing physician access to the endoscope 13 while minimizing friction that results from bending the endoscope 13 into the patient’s mouth.

[0045] The endoscope 13 may be directed down the patient’s trachea and lungs after insertion using precise commands from the robotic system until reaching the target destination or operative site . In order to enhance navigation through the patient’ s lung network and/or reach the desired target, the endoscope 13 may be manipulated to telescopically extend the inner leader portion from the outer sheath portion to obtain enhanced articulation and greater bend radius. The use of separate instrument drivers 28 also allows the leader portion and sheath portion to be driven independent of each other.

[0046] For example, the endoscope 13 may be directed to deliver a biopsy needle to a target, such as, for example, a lesion or nodule within the lungs of a patient. The needle may be deployed down a working channel that runs the length of the endoscope to obtain a tissue sample to be analyzed by a pathologist. Depending on the pathology results, additional tools may be deployed down the working channel of the endoscope for additional biopsies. After identifying a nodule to be malignant, the endoscope 13 may endoscopically deliver tools to resect the potentially cancerous tissue. In some instances, diagnostic and therapeutic treatments can be delivered in separate procedures. In those circumstances, the endoscope 13 may also be used to deliver a fiducial to “mark” the location of the target nodule as well. In other instances, diagnostic and therapeutic treatments may be delivered during the same procedure.

[0047] The system 10 may also include a movable tower 30, which may be connected via support cables to the cart 11 to provide support for controls, electronics, fluidics, optics, sensors, and/or power to the cart 11. Placing such functionality in the tower 30 allows for a smaller form factor cart 11 that may be more easily adjusted and/or re-positioned by an operating physician and his/her staff. Additionally, the division of functionality between the cart / table and the support tower 30 reduces operating room clutter and facilitates improving clinical workflow. While the cart 11 may be positioned close to the patient, the tower 30 may be stowed in a remote location to stay out of the way during a procedure.

[0048] In support of the robotic systems described above, the tower 30 may include component(s) of a computer-based control system that stores computer program instructions, for example, within a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium such as a persistent magnetic storage drive, solid state drive, etc. The execution of those instructions, whether the execution occurs in the tower 30 or the cart 11, may control the entire system or sub-system(s) thereof. For example, when executed by a processor of the computer system, the instructions may cause the components of the robotics system to actuate the relevant carriages and arm mounts, actuate the robotics arms, and control the medical instruments. For example, in response to receiving the control signal, the motors in the joints of the robotics arms may position the arms into a certain posture.

[0049] The tower 30 may also include a pump, flow meter, valve control, and/or fluid access in order to provide controlled irrigation and aspiration capabilities to the system that may be deployed through the endoscope 13. These components may also be controlled using the computer system of tower 30. In some embodiments, irrigation and aspiration capabilities may be delivered directly to the endoscope 13 through separate cable(s).

[0050] The tower 30 may include a voltage and surge protector designed to provide fdtered and protected electrical power to the cart 11, thereby avoiding placement of a power transformer and other auxiliary power components in the cart 11, resulting in a smaller, more moveable cart 11.

[0051] The tower 30 may also include support equipment for the sensors deployed throughout the robotic system 10. For example, the tower 30 may include opto-electronics equipment for detecting, receiving, and processing data received from the optical sensors or cameras throughout the robotic system 10. In combination with the control system, such optoelectronics equipment may be used to generate real-time images for display in any number of consoles deployed throughout the system, including in the tower 30. Similarly, the tower 30 may also include an electronic subsystem for receiving and processing signals received from deployed electromagnetic (EM) sensors. The tower 30 may also be used to house and position an EM field generator for detection by EM sensors in or on the medical instrument.

[0052] The tower 30 may also include a console 31 in addition to other consoles available in the rest of the system, e.g., console mounted on top of the cart. The console 31 may include a user interface and a display screen, such as a touchscreen, for the physician operator. Consoles in system 10 are generally designed to provide both robotic controls as well as pre-operative and real-time information of the procedure, such as navigational and localization information of the endoscope 13. When the console 31 is not the only console available to the physician, it may be used by a second operator, such as a nurse, to monitor the health or vitals of the patient and the operation of system, as well as provide procedure-specific data, such as navigational and localization information. In other embodiments, the console 30 is housed in a body that is separate from the tower 30.

[0053] The tower 30 may be coupled to the cart 11 and endoscope 13 through one or more cables or connections (not shown). In some embodiments, the support functionality from the tower 30 may be provided through a single cable to the cart 11, simplifying and decluttering the operating room. In other embodiments, specific functionality may be coupled in separate cabling and connections. For example, while power may be provided through a single power cable to the cart, the support for controls, optics, fluidics, and/or navigation may be provided through a separate cable.

[0054] FIG. 2 provides a detailed illustration of an embodiment of the cart from the cart-based robotically enabled system shown in FIG. 1. The cart 11 generally includes an elongated support structure 14 (often referred to as a “column”), a cart base 15, and a console

16 at the top of the column 14. The column 14 may include one or more carriages, such as a carriage 17 (alternatively “arm support”) for supporting the deployment of one or more robotic arms 12 (three shown in FIG. 2). The carriage 17 may include individually configurable arm mounts that rotate along a perpendicular axis to adjust the base of the robotic arms 12 for better positioning relative to the patient. The carriage 17 also includes a carriage interface 19 that allows the carriage 17 to vertically translate along the column 14.

[0055] The carriage interface 19 is connected to the column 14 through slots, such as slot 20, that are positioned on opposite sides of the column 14 to guide the vertical translation of the carriage 17. The slot 20 contains a vertical translation interface to position and hold the carriage at various vertical heights relative to the cart base 15. Vertical translation of the carriage 17 allows the cart 11 to adjust the reach of the robotic arms 12 to meet a variety of table heights, patient sizes, and physician preferences. Similarly, the individually configurable arm mounts on the carriage 17 allow the robotic arm base 21 of robotic arms 12 to be angled in a variety of configurations.

[0056] In some embodiments, the slot 20 may be supplemented with slot covers that are flush and parallel to the slot surface to prevent dirt and fluid ingress into the internal chambers of the column 14 and the vertical translation interface as the carriage 17 vertically translates. The slot covers may be deployed through pairs of spring spools positioned near the vertical top and bottom of the slot 20. The covers are coiled within the spools until deployed to extend and retract from their coiled state as the carriage 17 vertically translates up and down. The spring-loading of the spools provides force to retract the cover into a spool when carriage

17 translates towards the spool, while also maintaining a tight seal when the carriage 17 translates away from the spool. The covers may be connected to the carriage 17 using, for example, brackets in the carriage interface 19 to ensure proper extension and retraction of the cover as the carriage 17 translates.

[0057] The column 14 may internally comprise mechanisms, such as gears and motors, that are designed to use a vertically aligned lead screw to translate the carriage 17 in a mechanized fashion in response to control signals generated in response to user inputs, e.g., inputs from the console 16.

[0058] The robotic arms 12 may generally comprise robotic arm bases 21 and end effectors 22, separated by a series of linkages 23 that are connected by a series of joints 24, each joint comprising an independent actuator, each actuator comprising an independently controllable motor. Each independently controllable joint represents an independent degree of freedom available to the robotic arm. Each of the arms 12 have seven joints, and thus provide seven degrees of freedom. A multitude of joints result in a multitude of degrees of freedom, allowing for “redundant” degrees of freedom. Redundant degrees of freedom allow the robotic arms 12 to position their respective end effectors 22 at a specific position, orientation, and trajectory in space using different linkage positions and joint angles. This allows for the system to position and direct a medical instrument from a desired point in space while allowing the physician to move the arm joints into a clinically advantageous position away from the patient to create greater access, while avoiding arm collisions.

[0059] The cart base 15 balances the weight of the column 14, carriage 17, and arms 12 over the floor. Accordingly, the cart base 15 houses heavier components, such as electronics, motors, power supply, as well as components that either enable movement and/or immobilize the cart. For example, the cart base 15 includes rollable wheel-shaped casters 25 that allow for the cart to easily move around the room prior to a procedure. After reaching the appropriate position, the casters 25 may be immobilized using wheel locks to hold the cart 11 in place during the procedure.

[0060] Positioned at the vertical end of column 14, the console 16 allows for both a user interface for receiving user input and a display screen (or a dual-purpose device such as, for example, a touchscreen 26) to provide the physician user with both pre-operative and intraoperative data. Potential pre-operative data on the touchscreen 26 may include pre-operative plans, navigation and mapping data derived from pre-operative computerized tomography (CT) scans, and/or notes from pre-operative patient interviews. Intra-operative data on display may include optical information provided from the tool, sensor and coordinate information from sensors, as well as vital patient statistics, such as respiration, heart rate, and/or pulse. The console 16 may be positioned and tilted to allow a physician to access the console from the side of the column 14 opposite carriage 17. From this position, the physician may view the console 16, robotic arms 12, and patient while operating the console 16 from behind the cart 11. As shown, the console 16 also includes a handle 27 to assist with maneuvering and stabilizing cart 11.

[0061] FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of a robotically enabled system 10 arranged for ureteroscopy. In a ureteroscopic procedure, the cart 11 may be positioned to deliver a ureteroscope 32, a procedure-specific endoscope designed to traverse a patient’s urethra and ureter, to the lower abdominal area of the patient. In a ureteroscopy, it may be desirable for the ureteroscope 32 to be directly aligned with the patient’s urethra to reduce friction and forces on the sensitive anatomy in the area. As shown, the cart 11 may be aligned at the foot of the table to allow the robotic arms 12 to position the ureteroscope 32 for direct linear access to the patient’s urethra. From the foot of the table, the robotic arms 12 may insert the ureteroscope 32 along the virtual rail 33 directly into the patient’s lower abdomen through the urethra.

[0062] After insertion into the urethra, using similar control techniques as in bronchoscopy, the ureteroscope 32 may be navigated into the bladder, ureters, and/or kidneys for diagnostic and/or therapeutic applications. For example, the ureteroscope 32 may be directed into the ureter and kidneys to break up kidney stone build up using a laser or ultrasonic lithotripsy device deployed down the working channel of the ureteroscope 32. After lithotripsy is complete, the resulting stone fragments may be removed using baskets deployed down the ureteroscope 32.

[0063] FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of a robotically enabled system similarly arranged for a vascular procedure. In a vascular procedure, the system 10 may be configured such that the cart 11 may deliver a medical instrument 34, such as a steerable catheter, to an access point in the femoral artery in the patient’s leg. The femoral artery presents both a larger diameter for navigation as well as a relatively less circuitous and tortuous path to the patient’s heart, which simplifies navigation. As in a ureteroscopic procedure, the cart 11 may be positioned towards the patient’s legs and lower abdomen to allow the robotic arms 12 to provide a virtual rail 35 with direct linear access to the femoral artery access point in the patient’s thigh / hip region. After insertion into the artery, the medical instrument 34 may be directed and inserted by translating the instrument drivers 28. Alternatively, the cart may be positioned around the patient’s upper abdomen in order to reach alternative vascular access points, such as, for example, the carotid and brachial arteries near the shoulder and wrist.

B. Robotic System - Table.

[0064] Embodiments of the robotically enabled medical system may also incorporate the patient’s table. Incorporation of the table reduces the amount of capital equipment within the operating room by removing the cart, which allows greater access to the patient. FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of such a robotically enabled system arranged for a bronchoscopy procedure. System 36 includes a support structure or column 37 for supporting platform 38 (shown as a “table” or “bed”) over the floor. Much like in the cart-based systems, the end effectors of the robotic arms 39 of the system 36 comprise instrument drivers 42 that are designed to manipulate an elongated medical instrument, such as a bronchoscope 40 in FIG. 5, through or along a virtual rail 41 formed from the linear alignment of the instrument drivers 42. In practice, a C-arm for providing fluoroscopic imaging may be positioned over the patient’s upper abdominal area by placing the emitter and detector around table 38.

[0065] FIG. 6 provides an alternative view of the system 36 without the patient and medical instrument for discussion purposes. As shown, the column 37 may include one or more carriages 43 shown as ring-shaped in the system 36, from which the one or more robotic arms 39 may be based. The carriages 43 may translate along a vertical column interface 44 that runs the length of the column 37 to provide different vantage points from which the robotic arms 39 may be positioned to reach the patient. The carriage(s) 43 may rotate around the column 37 using a mechanical motor positioned within the column 37 to allow the robotic arms 39 to have access to multiples sides of the table 38, such as, for example, both sides of the patient. In embodiments with multiple carriages, the carriages may be individually positioned on the column and may translate and/or rotate independent of the other carriages. While carriages 43 need not surround the column 37 or even be circular, the ring-shape as shown facilitates rotation of the carriages 43 around the column 37 while maintaining structural balance. Rotation and translation of the carriages 43 allows the system to align the medical instruments, such as endoscopes and laparoscopes, into different access points on the patient. In other embodiments (not shown), the system 36 can include a patient table or bed with adjustable arm supports in the form of bars or rails extending alongside it. One or more robotic arms 39 (e.g., via a shoulder with an elbow joint) can be attached to the adjustable arm supports, which can be vertically adjusted. By providing vertical adjustment, the robotic arms 39 are advantageously capable of being stowed compactly beneath the patient table or bed, and subsequently raised during a procedure.

[0066] The arms 39 may be mounted on the carriages through a set of arm mounts 45 comprising a series of joints that may individually rotate and/or telescopically extend to provide additional configurability to the robotic arms 39. Additionally, the arm mounts 45 may be positioned on the carriages 43 such that, when the carriages 43 are appropriately rotated, the arm mounts 45 may be positioned on either the same side of table 38 (as shown in FIG. 6), on opposite sides of table 38 (as shown in FIG. 9), or on adjacent sides of the table 38 (not shown).

[0067] The column 37 structurally provides support for the table 38, and a path for vertical translation of the carriages. Internally, the column 37 may be equipped with lead screws for guiding vertical translation of the carriages, and motors to mechanize the translation of said carriages based the lead screws. The column 37 may also convey power and control signals to the carriage 43 and robotic arms 39 mounted thereon. [0068] The table base 46 serves a similar function as the cart base 15 in cart 11 shown in FIG. 2, housing heavier components to balance the table/bed 38, the column 37, the carriages 43, and the robotic arms 39. The table base 46 may also incorporate rigid casters to provide stability during procedures. Deployed from the bottom of the table base 46, the casters may extend in opposite directions on both sides of the base 46 and retract when the system 36 needs to be moved.

[0069] Continuing with FIG. 6, the system 36 may also include a tower (not shown) that divides the functionality of system 36 between table and tower to reduce the form factor and bulk of the table. As in earlier disclosed embodiments, the tower may provide a variety of support functionalities to table, such as processing, computing, and control capabilities, power, fluidics, and/or optical and sensor processing. The tower may also be movable to be positioned away from the patient to improve physician access and de-clutter the operating room. Additionally, placing components in the tower allows for more storage space in the table base for potential stowage of the robotic arms. The tower may also include a master controller or console that provides both a user interface for user input, such as keyboard and/or pendant, as well as a display screen (or touchscreen) for pre-operative and intra-operative information, such as real-time imaging, navigation, and tracking information. In some embodiments, the tower may also contain holders for gas tanks to be used for insufflation.

[0070] In some embodiments, a table base may stow and store the robotic arms when not in use. FIG. 7 illustrates a system 47 that stows robotic arms in an embodiment of the table-based system. In system 47, carriages 48 may be vertically translated into base 49 to stow robotic arms 50, arm mounts 51, and the carriages 48 within the base 49. Base covers 52 may be translated and retracted open to deploy the carriages 48, arm mounts 51, and arms 50 around column 53, and closed to stow to protect them when not in use. The base covers 52 may be sealed with a membrane 54 along the edges of its opening to prevent dirt and fluid ingress when closed.

[0071] FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of a robotically enabled table-based system configured for a ureteroscopy procedure. In a ureteroscopy, the table 38 may include a swivel portion 55 for positioning a patient off-angle from the column 37 and table base 46. The swivel portion 55 may rotate or pivot around a pivot point (e .g . , located below the patient’ s head) in order to position the bottom portion of the swivel portion 55 away from the column 37. For example, the pivoting of the swivel portion 55 allows a C-arm (not shown) to be positioned over the patient’s lower abdomen without competing for space with the column (not shown) below table 38. By rotating the carriage 35 (not shown) around the column 37, the robotic arms 39 may directly insert a ureteroscope 56 along a virtual rail 57 into the patient’s groin area to reach the urethra. In a ureteroscopy, stirrups 58 may also be fixed to the swivel portion 55 of the table 38 to support the position of the patient’s legs during the procedure and allow clear access to the patient’s groin area.

[0072] In a laparoscopic procedure, through small incision(s) in the patient’s abdominal wall, minimally invasive instruments may be inserted into the patient’s anatomy. In some embodiments, the minimally invasive instruments comprise an elongated rigid member, such as a shaft, which is used to access anatomy within the patient. After inflation of the patient’s abdominal cavity, the instruments may be directed to perform surgical or medical tasks, such as grasping, cutting, ablating, suturing, etc. In some embodiments, the instruments can comprise a scope, such as a laparoscope. FIG. 9 illustrates an embodiment of a robotically enabled table-based system configured for a laparoscopic procedure. As shown in FIG. 9, the carriages 43 of the system 36 may be rotated and vertically adjusted to position pairs of the robotic arms 39 on opposite sides of the table 38, such that instrument 59 may be positioned using the arm mounts 45 to be passed through minimal incisions on both sides of the patient to reach his/her abdominal cavity.

[0073] To accommodate laparoscopic procedures, the robotically enabled table system may also tilt the platform to a desired angle. FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment of the robotically enabled medical system with pitch or tilt adjustment. As shown in FIG. 10, the system 36 may accommodate tilt of the table 38 to position one portion of the table at a greater distance from the floor than the other. Additionally, the arm mounts 45 may rotate to match the tilt such that the arms 39 maintain the same planar relationship with table 38. To accommodate steeper angles, the column 37 may also include telescoping portions 60 that allow vertical extension of column 37 to keep the table 38 from touching the floor or colliding with base 46.

[0074] FIG. 11 provides a detailed illustration of the interface between the table 38 and the column 37. Pitch rotation mechanism 61 may be configured to alter the pitch angle of the table 38 relative to the column 37 in multiple degrees of freedom. The pitch rotation mechanism 61 may be enabled by the positioning of orthogonal axes 1, 2 at the column-table interface, each axis actuated by a separate motor 3, 4 responsive to an electrical pitch angle command. Rotation along one screw 5 would enable tilt adjustments in one axis 1, while rotation along the other screw 6 would enable tilt adjustments along the other axis 2. In some embodiments, a ball joint can be used to alter the pitch angle of the table 38 relative to the column 37 in multiple degrees of freedom. [0075] For example, pitch adjustments are particularly useful when trying to position the table in a Trendelenburg position, i.e., position the patient’s lower abdomen at a higher position from the floor than the patient’s lower abdomen, for lower abdominal surgery. The Trendelenburg position causes the patient’s internal organs to slide towards his/her upper abdomen through the force of gravity, clearing out the abdominal cavity for minimally invasive tools to enter and perform lower abdominal surgical or medical procedures, such as laparoscopic prostatectomy.

[0076] FIGS. 12 and 13 illustrate isometric and end views of an alternative embodiment of a table-based surgical robotics system 100. The surgical robotics system 100 includes one or more adjustable arm supports 105 that can be configured to support one or more robotic arms (see, for example, FIG. 14) relative to a table 101. In the illustrated embodiment, a single adjustable arm support 105 is shown, though an additional arm support can be provided on an opposite side of the table 101. The adjustable arm support 105 can be configured so that it can move relative to the table 101 to adjust and/or vary the position of the adjustable arm support 105 and/or any robotic arms mounted thereto relative to the table 101. For example, the adjustable arm support 105 may be adjusted one or more degrees of freedom relative to the table 101. The adjustable arm support 105 provides high versatility to the system 100, including the ability to easily stow the one or more adjustable arm supports 105 and any robotics arms attached thereto beneath the table 101. The adjustable arm support 105 can be elevated from the stowed position to a position below an upper surface of the table 101. In other embodiments, the adjustable arm support 105 can be elevated from the stowed position to a position above an upper surface of the table 101.

[0077] The adjustable arm support 105 can provide several degrees of freedom, including lift, lateral translation, tilt, etc. In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 12 and 13, the arm support 105 is configured with four degrees of freedom, which are illustrated with arrows in FIG. 12. A first degree of freedom allows for adjustment of the adjustable arm support 105 in the z-direction (“Z-lift”). For example, the adjustable arm support 105 can include a carriage 109 configured to move up or down along or relative to a column 102 supporting the table 101. A second degree of freedom can allow the adjustable arm support 105 to tilt. For example, the adjustable arm support 105 can include a rotary joint, which can allow the adjustable arm support 105 to be aligned with the bed in a Trendelenburg position. A third degree of freedom can allow the adjustable arm support 105 to “pivot up,” which can be used to adjust a distance between a side of the table 101 and the adjustable arm support 105. A fourth degree of freedom can permit translation of the adjustable arm support 105 along a longitudinal length of the table.

[0078] The surgical robotics system 100 in FIGS. 12 and 13 can comprise a table supported by a column 102 that is mounted to a base 103. The base 103 and the column 102 support the table 101 relative to a support surface . A floor axis 131 and a support axis 133 are shown in FIG. 13.

[0079] The adjustable arm support 105 can be mounted to the column 102. In other embodiments, the arm support 105 can be mounted to the table 101 or base 103. The adjustable arm support 105 can include a carriage 109, a bar or rail connector 111 and a bar or rail 107. In some embodiments, one or more robotic arms mounted to the rail 107 can translate and move relative to one another.

[0080] The carriage 109 can be attached to the column 102 by a first joint 113, which allows the carriage 109 to move relative to the column 102 (e.g., such as up and down a first or vertical axis 123). The first joint 113 can provide the first degree of freedom (“Z-lift”) to the adjustable arm support 105. The adjustable arm support 105 can include a second joint 115, which provides the second degree of freedom (tilt) for the adjustable arm support 105. The adjustable arm support 105 can include athird joint 117, which can provide the third degree of freedom (“pivot up”) for the adjustable arm support 105. An additional joint 119 (shown in FIG. 13) can be provided that mechanically constrains the third joint 117 to maintain an orientation of the rail 107 as the rail connector 111 is rotated about a third axis 127. The adjustable arm support 105 can include a fourth joint 121, which can provide a fourth degree of freedom (translation) for the adjustable arm support 105 along a fourth axis 129.

[0081] FIG. 14 illustrates an end view of the surgical robotics system 140A with two adjustable arm supports 105 A, 105B mounted on opposite sides of a table 101. A first robotic arm 142A is attached to the bar or rail 107A of the first adjustable arm support 105B. The first robotic arm 142A includes a base 144A attached to the rail 107A. The distal end of the first robotic arm 142A includes an instrument drive mechanism 146A that can attach to one or more robotic medical instruments or tools. Similarly, the second robotic arm 142B includes a base 144B attached to the rail 107B. The distal end of the second robotic arm 142B includes an instrument drive mechanism 146B. The instrument drive mechanism 146B can be configured to attach to one or more robotic medical instruments or tools.

[0082] In some embodiments, one or more of the robotic arms 142A, 142B comprises an arm with seven or more degrees of freedom. In some embodiments, one or more of the robotic arms 142A, 142B can include eight degrees of freedom, including an insertion axis (one degree of freedom, including insertion), a wrist (three degrees of freedom, including wrist pitch, yaw, and roll), an elbow (one degree of freedom, including elbow pitch), a shoulder (two degrees of freedom, including shoulder pitch and yaw), and base 144A, 144B (one degree of freedom, including translation). In some embodiments, the insertion degree of freedom can be provided by the robotic arm 142A, 142B, while in other embodiments, the instrument itself provides insertion via an instrument-based insertion architecture.

C. Instrument Driver & Interface.

[0083] The end effectors of the system’s robotic arms comprise (i) an instrument driver (alternatively referred to as “instrument drive mechanism” or “instrument device manipulator”) that incorporate electro-mechanical means for actuating the medical instrument and (ii) a removable or detachable medical instrument, which may be devoid of any electromechanical components, such as motors. This dichotomy may be driven by the need to sterilize medical instruments used in medical procedures, and the inability to adequately sterilize expensive capital equipment due to their intricate mechanical assemblies and sensitive electronics. Accordingly, the medical instruments may be designed to be detached, removed, and interchanged from the instrument driver (and thus the system) for individual sterilization or disposal by the physician or the physician’s staff. In contrast, the instrument drivers need not be changed or sterilized, and may be draped for protection.

[0084] FIG. 15 illustrates an example instrument driver. Positioned at the distal end of a robotic arm, instrument driver 62 comprises of one or more drive units 63 arranged with parallel axes to provide controlled torque to a medical instrument via drive shafts 64. Each drive unit 63 comprises an individual drive shaft 64 for interacting with the instrument, a gear head 65 for converting the motor shaft rotation to a desired torque, a motor 66 for generating the drive torque, an encoder 67 to measure the speed of the motor shaft and provide feedback to the control circuitry, and control circuity 68 for receiving control signals and actuating the drive unit. Each drive unit 63 being independent controlled and motorized, the instrument driver 62 may provide multiple (four as shown in FIG. 15) independent drive outputs to the medical instrument. In operation, the control circuitry 68 would receive a control signal, transmit a motor signal to the motor 66, compare the resulting motor speed as measured by the encoder 67 with the desired speed, and modulate the motor signal to generate the desired torque.

[0085] For procedures that require a sterile environment, the robotic system may incorporate a drive interface, such as a sterile adapter connected to a sterile drape, that sits between the instrument driver and the medical instrument. The chief purpose of the sterile adapter is to transfer angular motion from the drive shafts of the instrument driver to the drive inputs of the instrument while maintaining physical separation, and thus sterility, between the drive shafts and drive inputs. Accordingly, an example sterile adapter may comprise of a series of rotational inputs and outputs intended to be mated with the drive shafts of the instrument driver and drive inputs on the instrument. Connected to the sterile adapter, the sterile drape, comprised of a thin, flexible material such as transparent or translucent plastic, is designed to cover the capital equipment, such as the instrument driver, robotic arm, and cart (in a cartbased system) or table (in a table-based system). Use of the drape would allow the capital equipment to be positioned proximate to the patient while still being located in an area not requiring sterilization (i.e., non-sterile field). On the other side of the sterile drape, the medical instrument may interface with the patient in an area requiring sterilization (i.e., sterile field).

D. Medical Instrument.

[0086] FIG. 16 illustrates an example medical instrument with a paired instrument driver. Like other instruments designed for use with a robotic system, medical instrument 70 comprises an elongated shaft 71 (or elongate body) and an instrument base 72. The instrument base 72, also referred to as an “instrument handle” due to its intended design for manual interaction by the physician, may generally comprise rotatable drive inputs 73, e.g., receptacles, pulleys or spools, that are designed to be mated with drive outputs 74 that extend through a drive interface on instrument driver 75 at the distal end of robotic arm 76. When physically connected, latched, and/or coupled, the mated drive inputs 73 of instrument base 72 may share axes of rotation with the drive outputs 74 in the instrument driver 75 to allow the transfer of torque from drive outputs 74 to drive inputs 73. In some embodiments, the drive outputs 74 may comprise splines that are designed to mate with receptacles on the drive inputs 73.

[0087] The elongated shaft 71 is designed to be delivered through either an anatomical opening or lumen, e.g., as in endoscopy, or a minimally invasive incision, e.g., as in laparoscopy. The elongated shaft 71 may be either flexible (e.g., having properties similar to an endoscope) or rigid (e.g., having properties similar to a laparoscope) or contain a customized combination of both flexible and rigid portions. When designed for laparoscopy, the distal end of a rigid elongated shaft may be connected to an end effector extending from a jointed wrist formed from a clevis with at least one degree of freedom and a surgical tool or medical instrument, such as, for example, a grasper or scissors, that may be actuated based on force from the tendons as the drive inputs rotate in response to torque received from the drive outputs 74 of the instrument driver 75. When designed for endoscopy, the distal end of a flexible elongated shaft may include a steerable or controllable bending section that may be articulated and bent based on torque received from the drive outputs 74 of the instrument driver 75.

[0088] Torque from the instrument driver 75 is transmitted down the elongated shaft 71 using tendons along the shaft 71. These individual tendons, such as pull wires, may be individually anchored to individual drive inputs 73 within the instrument handle 72. From the handle 72, the tendons are directed down one or more pull lumens along the elongated shaft 71 and anchored at the distal portion of the elongated shaft 71, or in the wrist at the distal portion of the elongated shaft. During a surgical procedure, such as a laparoscopic, endoscopic or hybrid procedure, these tendons may be coupled to a distally mounted end effector, such as a wrist, grasper, or scissor. Under such an arrangement, torque exerted on drive inputs 73 would transfer tension to the tendon, thereby causing the end effector to actuate in some way. In some embodiments, during a surgical procedure, the tendon may cause a joint to rotate about an axis, thereby causing the end effector to move in one direction or another. Alternatively, the tendon may be connected to one or more jaws of a grasper at distal end of the elongated shaft 71, where tension from the tendon cause the grasper to close.

[0089] In endoscopy, the tendons may be coupled to a bending or articulating section positioned along the elongated shaft 71 (e.g., at the distal end) via adhesive, control ring, or other mechanical fixation. When fixedly attached to the distal end of a bending section, torque exerted on drive inputs 73 would be transmitted down the tendons, causing the softer, bending section (sometimes referred to as the articulable section or region) to bend or articulate. Along the non-bending sections, it may be advantageous to spiral or helix the individual pull lumens that direct the individual tendons along (or inside) the walls of the endoscope shaft to balance the radial forces that result from tension in the pull wires. The angle of the spiraling and/or spacing there between may be altered or engineered for specific purposes, wherein tighter spiraling exhibits lesser shaft compression under load forces, while lower amounts of spiraling results in greater shaft compression under load forces, but also exhibits limits bending. On the other end of the spectrum, the pull lumens may be directed parallel to the longitudinal axis of the elongated shaft 71 to allow for controlled articulation in the desired bending or articulable sections.

[0090] In endoscopy, the elongated shaft 71 houses a number of components to assist with the robotic procedure. The shaft may comprise of a working channel for deploying surgical tools (or medical instruments), irrigation, and/or aspiration to the operative region at the distal end of the shaft 71. The shaft 71 may also accommodate wires and/or optical fibers to transfer signals to/from an optical assembly at the distal tip, which may include of an optical camera. The shaft 71 may also accommodate optical fibers to carry light from proximally located light sources, such as light emitting diodes, to the distal end of the shaft.

[0091] At the distal end of the instrument 70, the distal tip may also comprise the opening of a working channel for delivering tools for diagnostic and/or therapy, irrigation, and aspiration to an operative site. The distal tip may also include a port for a camera, such as a fiberscope or a digital camera, to capture images of an internal anatomical space. Relatedly, the distal tip may also include ports for light sources for illuminating the anatomical space when using the camera.

[0092] In the example of FIG. 16, the drive shaft axes, and thus the drive input axes, are orthogonal to the axis of the elongated shaft. This arrangement, however, complicates roll capabilities for the elongated shaft 71. Rolling the elongated shaft 71 along its axis while keeping the drive inputs 73 static results in undesirable tangling of the tendons as they extend off the drive inputs 73 and enter pull lumens within the elongated shaft 71. The resulting entanglement of such tendons may disrupt any control algorithms intended to predict movement of the flexible elongated shaft during an endoscopic procedure.

[0093] FIG. 17 illustrates an alternative design for an instrument driver and instrument where the axes of the drive units are parallel to the axis of the elongated shaft of the instrument. As shown, a circular instrument driver 80 comprises four drive units with their drive outputs 81 aligned in parallel at the end of a robotic arm 82. The drive units, and their respective drive outputs 81, are housed in a rotational assembly 83 of the instrument driver 80 that is driven by one of the drive units within the assembly 83. In response to torque provided by the rotational drive unit, the rotational assembly 83 rotates along a circular bearing that connects the rotational assembly 83 to the non-rotational portion 84 of the instrument driver. Power and controls signals may be communicated from the non-rotational portion 84 of the instrument driver 80 to the rotational assembly 83 through electrical contacts may be maintained through rotation by a brushed slip ring connection (not shown). In other embodiments, the rotational assembly 83 may be responsive to a separate drive unit that is integrated into the non-rotatable portion 84, and thus not in parallel to the other drive units. The rotational mechanism 83 allows the instrument driver 80 to rotate the drive units, and their respective drive outputs 81, as a single unit around an instrument driver axis 85.

[0094] Like earlier disclosed embodiments, an instrument 86 may comprise an elongated shaft portion 88 and an instrument base 87 (shown with a transparent external skin for discussion purposes) comprising a plurality of drive inputs 89 (such as receptacles, pulleys, and spools) that are configured to receive the drive outputs 81 in the instrument driver 80. Unlike prior disclosed embodiments, instrument shaft 88 extends from the center of instrument base 87 with an axis substantially parallel to the axes of the drive inputs 89, rather than orthogonal as in the design of FIG. 16.

[0095] When coupled to the rotational assembly 83 of the instrument driver 80, the medical instrument 86, comprising instrument base 87 and instrument shaft 88, rotates in combination with the rotational assembly 83 about the instrument driver axis 85. Since the instrument shaft 88 is positioned at the center of instrument base 87, the instrument shaft 88 is coaxial with instrument driver axis 85 when attached. Thus, rotation of the rotational assembly 83 causes the instrument shaft 88 to rotate about its own longitudinal axis. Moreover, as the instrument base 87 rotates with the instrument shaft 88, any tendons connected to the drive inputs 89 in the instrument base 87 are not tangled during rotation. Accordingly, the parallelism of the axes of the drive outputs 81, drive inputs 89, and instrument shaft 88 allows for the shaft rotation without tangling any control tendons.

[0096] FIG. 18 illustrates an instrument having an instrument based insertion architecture in accordance with some embodiments. The instrument 150 can be coupled to any of the instrument drivers discussed above. The instrument 150 comprises an elongated shaft 152, an end effector 162 connected to the shaft 152, and a handle 170 coupled to the shaft 152. The elongated shaft 152 comprises a tubular member having a proximal portion 154 and a distal portion 156. The elongated shaft 152 comprises one or more channels or grooves 158 along its outer surface. The grooves 158 are configured to receive one or more wires or cables 180 therethrough. One or more cables 180 thus run along an outer surface of the elongated shaft 152. In other embodiments, cables 180 can also run through the elongated shaft 152. Manipulation of the one or more cables 180 (e.g., via an instrument driver) results in actuation of the end effector 162.

[0097] The instrument handle 170, which may also be referred to as an instrument base, may generally comprise an attachment interface 172 having one or more mechanical inputs 174, e.g., receptacles, pulleys or spools, that are designed to be reciprocally mated with one or more torque couplers on an attachment surface of an instrument driver.

[0098] In some embodiments, the instrument 150 comprises a series of pulleys or cables that enable the elongated shaft 152 to translate relative to the handle 170. In other words, the instrument 150 itself comprises an instrument-based insertion architecture that accommodates insertion of the instrument, thereby minimizing the reliance on a robot arm to provide insertion of the instrument 150. In other embodiments, a robotic arm can be largely responsible for instrument insertion. E. Controller.

[0099] Any of the robotic systems described herein can include an input device or controller for manipulating an instrument attached to a robotic arm. In some embodiments, the controller can be coupled (e.g., communicatively, electronically, electrically, wirelessly and/or mechanically) with an instrument such that manipulation of the controller causes a corresponding manipulation of the instrument e.g., via master slave control.

[0100] FIG. 19 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a controller 182. In the present embodiment, the controller 182 comprises a hybrid controller that can have both impedance and admittance control. In other embodiments, the controller 182 can utilize just impedance or passive control. In other embodiments, the controller 182 can utilize just admittance control. By being a hybrid controller, the controller 182 advantageously can have a lower perceived inertia while in use.

[0101] In the illustrated embodiment, the controller 182 is configured to allow manipulation of two medical instruments, and includes two handles 184. Each of the handles 184 is connected to a gimbal 186. Each gimbal 186 is connected to a positioning platform 188.

[0102] As shown in FIG. 19, each positioning platform 188 includes a SCARA arm (selective compliance assembly robot arm) 198 coupled to a column 194 by a prismatic joint 196. The prismatic joints 196 are configured to translate along the column 194 (e.g., along rails 197) to allow each of the handles 184 to be translated in the z-direction, providing a first degree of freedom. The SCARA arm 198 is configured to allow motion of the handle 184 in an x-y plane, providing two additional degrees of freedom.

[0103] In some embodiments, one or more load cells are positioned in the controller. For example, in some embodiments, a load cell (not shown) is positioned in the body of each of the gimbals 186. By providing a load cell, portions of the controller 182 are capable of operating under admittance control, thereby advantageously reducing the perceived inertia of the controller while in use. In some embodiments, the positioning platform 188 is configured for admittance control, while the gimbal 186 is configured for impedance control. In other embodiments, the gimbal 186 is configured for admittance control, while the positioning platform 188 is configured for impedance control. Accordingly, for some embodiments, the translational or positional degrees of freedom of the positioning platform 188 can rely on admittance control, while the rotational degrees of freedom of the gimbal 186 rely on impedance control. F. Navigation and Control.

[0104] Traditional endoscopy may involve the use of fluoroscopy (e.g., as may be delivered through a C-arm) and other forms of radiation-based imaging modalities to provide endoluminal guidance to an operator physician. In contrast, the robotic systems contemplated by this disclosure can provide for non-radiation-based navigational and localization means to reduce physician exposure to radiation and reduce the amount of equipment within the operating room. As used herein, the term “localization” may refer to determining and/or monitoring the position of objects in a reference coordinate system. Technologies such as preoperative mapping, computer vision, real-time EM tracking, and robot command data may be used individually or in combination to achieve a radiation-free operating environment. In other cases, where radiation-based imaging modalities are still used, the pre-operative mapping, computer vision, real-time EM tracking, and robot command data may be used individually or in combination to improve upon the information obtained solely through radiation-based imaging modalities.

[0105] FIG. 20 is a block diagram illustrating a localization system 90 that estimates a location of one or more elements of the robotic system, such as the location of the instrument, in accordance to an example embodiment. The localization system 90 may be a set of one or more computer devices configured to execute one or more instructions. The computer devices may be embodied by a processor (or processors) and computer-readable memory in one or more components discussed above. By way of example and not limitation, the computer devices may be in the tower 30 shown in FIG. 1, the cart shown in FIGS. 1-4, the beds shown in FIGS. 5-14, etc.

[0106] As shown in FIG. 20, the localization system 90 may include a localization module 95 that processes input data 91-94 to generate location data 96 for the distal tip of a medical instrument. The location data 96 may be data or logic that represents a location and/or orientation of the distal end of the instrument relative to a frame of reference. The frame of reference can be a frame of reference relative to the anatomy of the patient or to a known object, such as an EM field generator (see discussion below for the EM field generator).

[0107] The various input data 91-94 are now described in greater detail. Preoperative mapping may be accomplished through the use of the collection of low dose CT scans. Pre-operative CT scans are reconstructed into three-dimensional images, which are visualized, e.g. as “slices” of a cutaway view of the patient’s internal anatomy. When analyzed in the aggregate, image-based models for anatomical cavities, spaces and structures of the patient’s anatomy, such as a patient lung network, may be generated. Techniques such as center-line geometry may be determined and approximated from the CT images to develop a three-dimensional volume of the patient’s anatomy, referred to as model data 91 (also referred to as “preoperative model data” when generated using only preoperative CT scans). The use of center-line geometry is discussed in U.S. Pat. App. No. 14/523,760, the contents of which are herein incorporated in its entirety. Network topological models may also be derived from the CT-images, and are particularly appropriate for bronchoscopy.

[0108] In some embodiments, the instrument may be equipped with a camera to provide vision data 92. The localization module 95 may process the vision data to enable one or more vision-based location tracking. For example, the preoperative model data may be used in conjunction with the vision data 92 to enable computer vision-based tracking of the medical instrument (e.g., an endoscope or an instrument advance through a working channel of the endoscope). For example, using the preoperative model data 91, the robotic system may generate a library of expected endoscopic images from the model based on the expected path of travel of the endoscope, each image linked to a location within the model. Intra-operatively, this library may be referenced by the robotic system in order to compare real-time images captured at the camera (e.g., a camera at a distal end of the endoscope) to those in the image library to assist localization.

[0109] Other computer vision-based tracking techniques use feature tracking to determine motion of the camera, and thus the endoscope. Some features of the localization module 95 may identify circular geometries in the preoperative model data 91 that correspond to anatomical lumens and track the change of those geometries to determine which anatomical lumen was selected, as well as the relative rotational and/or translational motion of the camera. Use of a topological map may further enhance vision-based algorithms or techniques.

[0110] Optical flow, another computer vision-based technique, may analyze the displacement and translation of image pixels in a video sequence in the vision data 92 to infer camera movement. Examples of optical flow techniques may include motion detection, object segmentation calculations, luminance, motion compensated encoding, stereo disparity measurement, etc. Through the comparison of multiple frames over multiple iterations, movement and location of the camera (and thus the endoscope) may be determined.

[oni] The localization module 95 may use real-time EM tracking to generate a real-time location of the endoscope in a global coordinate system that may be registered to the patient’s anatomy, represented by the preoperative model. In EM tracking, an EM sensor (or tracker) comprising of one or more sensor coils embedded in one or more locations and orientations in a medical instrument (e.g., an endoscopic tool) measures the variation in the EM field created by one or more static EM field generators positioned at a known location. The location information detected by the EM sensors is stored as EM data 93. The EM field generator (or transmitter), may be placed close to the patient to create a low intensity magnetic field that the embedded sensor may detect. The magnetic field induces small currents in the sensor coils of the EM sensor, which may be analyzed to determine the distance and angle between the EM sensor and the EM field generator. These distances and orientations may be intra-operatively “registered” to the patient anatomy (e.g., the preoperative model) in order to determine the geometric transformation that aligns a single location in the coordinate system with a position in the pre-operative model of the patient’s anatomy. Once registered, an embedded EM tracker in one or more positions of the medical instrument (e.g., the distal tip of an endoscope) may provide real-time indications of the progression of the medical instrument through the patient’s anatomy.

[0112] Robotic command and kinematics data 94 may also be used by the localization module 95 to provide localization data 96 for the robotic system. Device pitch and yaw resulting from articulation commands may be determined during pre-operative calibration. Intra-operatively, these calibration measurements may be used in combination with known insertion depth information to estimate the position of the instrument. Alternatively, these calculations may be analyzed in combination with EM, vision, and/or topological modeling to estimate the position of the medical instrument within the network.

[0113] As FIG. 20 shows, a number of other input data can be used by the localization module 95. For example, although not shown in FIG. 20, an instrument utilizing shape-sensing fiber can provide shape data that the localization module 95 can use to determine the location and shape of the instrument.

[0114] The localization module 95 may use the input data 91-94 in combination(s). In some cases, such a combination may use a probabilistic approach where the localization module 95 assigns a confidence weight to the location determined from each of the input data 91-94. Thus, where the EM data may not be reliable (as may be the case where there is EM interference) the confidence of the location determined by the EM data 93 can be decrease and the localization module 95 may rely more heavily on the vision data 92 and/or the robotic command and kinematics data 94.

[0115] As discussed above, the robotic systems discussed herein may be designed to incorporate a combination of one or more of the technologies above. The robotic system’s computer-based control system, based in the tower, bed and/or cart, may store computer program instructions, for example, within a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium such as a persistent magnetic storage drive, solid state drive, or the like, that, upon execution, cause the system to receive and analyze sensor data and user commands, generate control signals throughout the system, and display the navigational and localization data, such as the position of the instrument within the global coordinate system, anatomical map, etc.

2. Vibration Damping.

[0116] Some embodiments of the disclosure include systems and methods related to surgical systems, and more particularly to systems and methods that can be configured to minimize or reduce vibration and/or dynamic instability in a surgical robotic system.

[0117] Surgical systems disclosed herein can overcome one or more challenges discovered with respect to certain conventional robotic joints and surgical systems. FIG. 21 illustrates a perspective view of a surgical system 200. With reference to FIG. 21, the surgical system 200 utilizes one or more robotic arms 201 to perform surgical procedures. In the depicted example, each robotic arm 201 can include an end effector 210 to interact with the patient or otherwise perform a clinical function. The robotic arm 201 can move or otherwise manipulate the end effector 210 by moving one or more links 202 of the robotic arm 201. The links 202 of the robotic arm 201 can be coupled together by one or more joints 204a, 204b that allows motion between the links 202. During operation, the joints 204a, 204b can be moved or otherwise positioned by actuators. In some embodiments, the surgical system 200 can include a harmonic drive mechanism to provide a desired gear ratio or otherwise multiply torque provided by the actuators.

[0118] In some applications, operation of one or more robotic arms 201 of the surgical system 200 can cause excitation of the robotic arms 201, inducing vibration within the surgical system 200. Further, in some embodiments, a harmonic drive mechanism (e.g. a harmonic drive flexspline) can introduce compliance into joints 204a, 204b of a robotic arm 201.

[0119] In some applications, compliance from a harmonic drive mechanism, inertia on the input and output side of each joint 204a, 204b, and/or mass and flexibility of other components of the surgical system 200 can contribute to vibration modes (e.g. sway and roll modes) at pose specific frequencies at the system level. In some configurations, the flexibility of the harmonic drive mechanism can contribute a considerable amount of vibration to overall system vibration. Additionally, in some applications, harmonic drive friction and/or misalignment can result in torsional oscillations which can also contribute to overall system vibration. [0120] In accordance with some embodiments disclosed herein are the following realizations. First, vibration within the surgical system can cause crosstalk, shaking robotic arms, and/or errors in following or tracking a desired end effector or surgical tool tip trajectory. As a result, in some applications, vibration and/or dynamic instability in the surgical system may prevent safe and effective teleoperation. Further, certain surgical systems can utilize robotic arms with high natural frequencies to reduce vibration. However, in certain applications, rapid and aggressive tool trajectories commanded by a clinician still may excite system modes and lead to tracking errors and crosstalk. Therefore, advantageously, the surgical system 200 can utilize one or more devices, systems, and/or methods to reduce or damp vibration to improve dynamic stability of the surgical system 200.

[0121] Advantageously, some embodiments of the surgical system 200 can utilize one or more devices, systems, and/or methods to reduce or damp vibration to improve dynamic stability of the surgical system 200. In some embodiments, the surgical system 200 can implement a method or control system to reduce vibrations in the surgical system 200. In some embodiments, the surgical system 200 can implement a damper coupled to, or otherwise associated with a respective joint 204a, 204b and/or an end effector 210. For example, the surgical system 200 can implement a damper coupled to a rotational joint 204a. Dampers acting on, or otherwise associated with the rotational joint 204a can include, but are not limited to, a torsional vibration damper, a centrifugal pendulum absorber, and/or a squeeze fdm damper. Further, the surgical system 200 can implement a damper coupled to a linear guide joint 204b. In some embodiments, a roller rail unit damper can be used to control vibrations with respect to the linear guide joint 204b. Additionally, the surgical system 200 can implement a damper coupled to the end effector 210. In some embodiments, a translational viscous damper can be used to control vibrations with respect to the end effector 210.

[0122] FIG. 22 is a flowchart illustrating a method 300 to reduce vibration in a surgical system 200. With reference to FIGS. 21 and 22, the method 300 can reduce vibration in the surgical system 200 by controlling operation of a robotic arm 201. As described herein, the method 300 can allow for the velocity of a tool tip or end effector 210 to be reduced to minimize vibrations at certain frequencies. In some embodiments, the method 300 can be implemented by a computer system, controller, control system, or other hardware device associated with the surgical system 200. Optionally, the method 300 can be implemented by a hardware device utilized for other functions of the surgical system 200 [0123] In step 302, the method 300 to reduce vibration in the surgical system 200 is initiated. The method 300 can be initiated by a clinician or automatically during operation of the surgical system 200.

[0124] After advancing to the next time step in step 304, vibration data regarding the surgical system 200 can be obtained in step 306. Vibration data may be obtained from a sensor coupled to a robotic arm 201 or another portion of the surgical system. In some embodiments, the sensor can be coupled to a proximal link 202 of the robotic arm 201. Optionally, the sensor can be coupled to the end effector 210 of the robotic arm 201. Sensors may include accelerometers, strain gages, or any other suitable sensor to provide vibration data regarding the surgical system 200.

[0125] In step 308, vibration data from the sensors can be processed for analysis. For example, the vibration data can be processed to identify the frequency content of the vibration data. In some applications, the frequency content of the vibration data can be compared to the range of natural frequencies expected for the surgical system 200. The natural frequency of the surgical system 200 can be observed, calculated, or estimated based on materials, geometry and/or construction of elements of the surgical system 200. In some embodiments, the natural frequency of the surgical system 200 is expected to be greater than or equal to 10 Hz. Optionally, the amplitude of the vibration data can also be analyzed.

[0126] In step 310, the frequency content of the vibration data is compared to a predefined threshold. In some embodiments, the amplitude of certain frequencies of the vibration data is compared to the predetermined threshold. If the frequency content of the vibration data exceeds the predefined threshold, then in step 312, the velocity of a tool tip or end effector 210 can be reduced in magnitude to damp or minimize vibration. In some embodiments, the velocity of the end effector 210 can be reduced in magnitude for a period of time until the amplitude of certain frequencies of the vibration data falls below the predetermined threshold. Optionally, the velocity of the end effector 210 can be reduced in magnitude until the amplitude of certain frequencies of the vibration data falls below the predetermined threshold. In some embodiments, if the frequency content of the vibration data is expected to exceed the predefined threshold, the method 300 may preemptively reduce the magnitude of velocity of the end effector 210 to avoid vibration. In some applications, the velocity of the end effector 210 can be controlled by controlling the movement of the joints 204, 204b of a respective robotic arm 201.

[0127] Alternatively, if the frequency content of the vibration data is below the predefined threshold during the comparison of step 310, then the surgical system 200 can continue operating without reducing the velocity of the end effector 210. Optionally, the threshold used for comparison can be based on characteristics of the surgical system 200 and/or operating parameters of the procedure or surgical system 200. For example, the method 300 may utilize a lower amplitude threshold for surgical systems 200 or procedures that require a lower vibration tolerance and where a lower end effector 210 velocity is acceptable. In some applications, the method 300 may utilize a higher amplitude threshold for surgical systems or procedures that may tolerate higher amounts of vibration and may benefit from a higher end effector 210 velocity. In some embodiments, the threshold can be adjusted based on operating parameters and/or clinician input.

[0128] After determining if the method 300 is completed in step 314, the method 300 may repeat for the next time step in step 304 or may be terminated in step 316.

[0129] FIG. 23 is a schematic diagram of a rotational joint 204a of a surgical system 200. With reference to FIG. 21 and 23, the rotational joint 204a can include a vibration damper 410 to reduce vibration of a robotic arm 201 and/or the surgical system 200. In the depicted example, the vibration damper 410 is coupled to other components of the rotational joint 204a.

[0130] As described herein, the rotational joint 204a can allow rotation between links 202 of the robotic arm 201. In the depicted example, a rotor 402 coupled to a first link 202 can provide a rotational force or torque to move, rotate, or otherwise actuate the output or second link 202. In some embodiments, the rotational joint 204a can include a harmonic drive mechanism 404 to multiply and deliver torque from the rotor 402 to the output link 202 with a desired gear ratio.

[0131] In the depicted example, the vibration damper 410 can be coupled to an output of the harmonic drive mechanism 404. In some embodiments, the vibration damper 410 is bolted to the output of the harmonic drive mechanism 404 with a bolted connection 408. Optionally, the rotational joint 204a can include an adapter flange 406 disposed between the output of the harmonic drive mechanism 404 and the vibration damper 410 to facilitate a connection (e.g. a bolted connection 408) between the harmonic drive mechanism 404 and the vibration damper 410.

[0132] In the depicted example, the vibration damper 410 can damp vibration while transmitting torque from the rotor 402 to the second link 202. Accordingly, the vibration damper 410 can be coupled to the second link 202 to damp vibration between the rotor 402 and the second link 202. In applications that include a harmonic drive mechanism 404, the vibration damper 410 can damp vibration between the harmonic drive mechanism 404 and the second link 202. In some embodiments, the vibration damper 410 is bolted to the second link 202 with a bolted connection 408.

[0133] In some embodiments, one or more rotational joints 204a of the surgical system 200 can include a vibration damper 410. For example, distal rotational joints 204a of a robotic arm 201 may include a vibration damper 410. As can be appreciated, any suitable rotational joint 204a can include a vibration damper 410. Further examples of various joints are described in U.S. Patent Number 10,661,453, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. As can be appreciated, any joint described in U.S. Patent Number 10,661,453 can include a vibration damper configured in accordance with the present disclosure. For example, a joint connected to a parallelogram linkage or four-bar linkage as described in U.S. Patent Number 10,661,453 may include a vibration damper as described herein. As described herein, the vibration damper 410 can be any suitable type of vibration damper, including but not limited to, a torsional vibration damper 510, a centrifugal pendulum absorber 610, or a squeeze film damper assembly 710a, 710b.

[0134] FIG. 24 is a perspective view of a torsional vibration damper 510. As described herein, the torsional vibration damper 510 can damp vibrations of components that the torsional vibration damper 510 is attached to, such as the rotational joint 204a, or more generally, a robotic arm 201 and/or the surgical system 200.

[0135] During operation, the torsional vibration damper 510 can transfer torque between a rotational input and a rotational output while damping vibrations. As illustrated, a rotational input can be coupled to an outer housing 520 of the torsional vibration damper 510. In some embodiments, the rotational input can be bolted to the outer housing 520 via bolt holes 522. In some applications, the rotational input can include the rotor 402 or the harmonic drive mechanism 404 of a rotational joint 204a. The outer housing 520 can be formed from steel.

[0136] In the depicted example, a rotational output can be coupled to a disk or flywheel 530 disposed within the outer housing 520. In some embodiments, the rotational output can be bolted to the flywheel 530 via bolt holes 532. In some applications, the rotational output can include a second link 202 of the rotational joint 204a.

[0137] In the depicted example, the torsional vibration damper 510 allows for the transfer of torque between the outer housing 520 and the flywheel 530 while dissipating vibration energy into heat. As illustrated, the flywheel 530 is disposed within a cavity 550 defined by the outer housing 520, allowing the flywheel 530 to move relative to the outer housing 520. During operation, the inertia of the flywheel 530 within the cavity 550 can dissipate vibration. Further, the inertia of the flywheel 530 can be configured to provide desired vibration damping at frequencies of interest.

[0138] In some embodiments, the torsional vibration damper 510 can utilize fluid resistance to dissipate vibration. As illustrated, the flywheel 530 is disposed in a fluid bath 540 within the cavity 550 of the outer housing 520 to resist movement and/or dissipate vibration of the flywheel 530. In some embodiments, the fluid of the fluid bath 540 can be a viscous fluid, such as silicone. Further, the viscosity/formulation of the fluid of the fluid bath 540 can be configured to provide a desired damping coefficient and/or desired vibration damping at frequencies of interest. For example, a thicker or more viscous fluid in the fluid bath 540 may resist more movement or vibration of the flywheel 530 compared to a thinner or less viscous fluid.

[0139] Optionally, the fluid of the fluid bath 540 can include magneto-rheological (MR) fluid. As described herein, the viscosity or damping coefficient of the MR fluid can be changed with an electrical control signal to variably adjust or tune the vibration damping of the torsional vibration damper 510.

[0140] FIG. 25 is a perspective cross-sectional view of a centrifugal pendulum absorber 610. FIG. 26 is a schematic diagram of a centrifugal pendulum absorber 610. With reference to FIGS. 25 and 26, the centrifugal pendulum absorber 610 can damp vibrations of components that the centrifugal pendulum absorber 610 is attached to, such as the rotational joint 204a, or more generally, a robotic arm 201 and/or the surgical system 200.

[0141] During operation, the centrifugal pendulum absorber 610 can transfer torque between a rotational input and a rotational output while damping vibrations. As illustrated, a rotational input can be coupled to an outer housing 620 of the centrifugal pendulum absorber 610. In some applications, the rotational input can include the rotor 402 or the harmonic drive mechanism 404 of a rotational joint 204a. In the depicted example, a rotational output can be coupled to an inner disk 630 disposed within the outer housing 620. In some applications, the rotational output can include a second link 202 of the rotational joint 204a.

[0142] In the depicted example, the centrifugal pendulum absorber 610 allows for the transfer of torque between the outer housing 620 and the inner disk 630 while absorbing vibration energy. Advantageously, by absorbing vibration energy, the centrifugal pendulum absorber 610 can minimize power dissipation from motors or actuators within the surgical system 200.

[0143] As illustrated, the inner disk 630 is disposed within a cavity 650 defined by the outer housing 620, allowing the inner disk 630 to move relative to the outer housing 620. During operation, one or more tuned pendulums 640 coupled to the inner disk 630 can absorb or damp vibration. In some embodiments, the pendulums 640 are disposed at various locations along the inner disk 630.

[0144] In the depicted example, each pendulum 640 can include a mass 644 coupled to the inner disk 630 by a spring 642. In some embodiments, the mass 644 can be integrated with mass of the spring 642. During operation, the movement of the inner disk 630 can cause the mass 644 of each pendulum 640 to oscillate relative to the spring 642 to absorb vibration energy.

[0145] FIG. 27 is a chart illustrating vibration frequency compared to rotor speed for a centrifugal pendulum absorber 610. With reference to FIGS. 25-27, the pendulums 640 can be configured to provide desired vibration damping at frequencies of interest. In some embodiments, parameters or aspects of the tuned pendulums 640 can be configured to provide desired vibration damping at frequencies of interest. For example, the mass 644, the length of the spring 642, the stiffness of the spring 642, and/or the radial position of the pendulum 640 relative to the inner disk 630 can be selected or tuned to provide desired vibration damping at frequencies of interest.

[0146] For example, as shown in FIG. 27, parameters or aspects of the tuned pendulums 640 can be configured to provide increased vibration damping corresponding to torsional excitation orders, such as second, fourth, or other orders of torsional excitation. This is illustrated in FIG. 27 by the pairs of dashed lines that accompany the second and fourth order lines, as notated by the arrows in FIG. 27. In some applications, second order torsional excitation may be caused by friction or misalignment of a harmonic drive mechanism. Advantageously, the use of centrifugal pendulum absorbers 610 can effectively reduce the amplitude of second order torsional oscillations from a harmonic drive mechanism.

[0147] FIG. 28 is a cross-sectional front view of a squeeze film damper assembly 710a. FIG. 29 is a cross-sectional side view of a squeeze film damper assembly 710a. With reference to FIGS. 28 and 29, the squeeze film damper assembly 710a can damp vibrations of components that the squeeze film damper assembly 710a is attached to, such as the rotational joint 204a, or more generally, a robotic arm 201 and/or the surgical system 200.

[0148] During operation, the squeeze film damper assembly 710a can transfer torque between a rotational input and a rotational output while damping vibrations. As illustrated, a rotational input can be coupled to a first end 722 of a shaft 720 of the squeeze film damper assembly 710a. In some applications, the rotational input can include the rotor 402 or the harmonic drive mechanism 404 of a rotational joint 204a. In the depicted example, a rotational output can be coupled to a second end 724 of the shaft 720. In some applications, the rotational output can include a second link 202 of the rotational joint 204a. As illustrated, the shaft 720 can be supported a roller bearing 726 to allow for the transfer of torque across the shaft 720.

[0149] In the depicted example, the squeeze film damper assembly 710a allows for the transfer of torque across the shaft 720 while dissipating vibration energy. As illustrated, the squeeze film damper 741 can utilize pressurization or squeezing of a viscous fluid 740 in a film clearance 750 to dissipate vibration. As illustrated, the squeeze film damper 741 can define a film clearance 750 between an inner ring 752 and an outer ring 754. In some embodiments, the inner ring 752 can be disposed around the shaft 720 and/or the roller bearing 726. Optionally, the inner ring 752 can be coupled to the shaft 720 and/or other elements of the rotational joint 204a, such as a harmonic drive mechanism 404 and/or an output link 202. As illustrated, the film clearance 750 can be sealed within one or more elastomeric O-rings 760.

[0150] During operation, the viscous fluid 740 pressurized within the film clearance 750 can absorb or damp vibration of the shaft 720 via the inner ring 752. In some embodiments, the viscous fluid 740 can be a lubricant or oil. The viscous fluid 740 can be supplied by a pressurized supply groove. Further, the viscosity/formulation of the viscous fluid 740 can be configured to provide a desired damping coefficient and/or desired vibration damping at frequencies of interest. For example, a thicker or more viscous fluid 740 may resist move movement or vibration of the shaft 720 compared to a thinner or less viscous fluid.

[0151] FIG. 28 is a cross-sectional side view of a squeeze film damper assembly 710b. In the depicted example, the squeeze film damper assembly 710b can have similar arrangement as squeeze film damper assembly 710a, but may also include a cross roller bearing joint 728 in addition to the squeeze film damper 741 to further damp vibrations of components that the squeeze film damper assembly 710b is attached to, such as the rotational joint 204a, or more generally, a robotic arm 201 and/or the surgical system 200.

[0152] Similar to squeeze film damper assembly 710a, the squeeze film damper assembly 710b can transfer torque between a rotational input and a rotational output while damping vibrations. In the depicted example, the shaft 720 can be supported by a cross roller bearing joint 728. In some embodiments, the cross roller bearing joint 728 can support rotation or movement from a first link 202 and a second link 202 coupled to a rotational joint 204a via the shaft 720. [0153] In addition to the squeeze film damper 741 (shown schematically in FIG. 30), the squeeze fdm damper assembly 710b can also utilize the cross roller bearing joint 728 to cooperatively dissipate vibration energy. In the depicted example, the cross roller bearing joint 728 can provide stiffness and damping to dissipate vibration. In some embodiments, the cross roller bearing joint 728 and the squeeze fdm damper 741 can be arranged in a parallel arrangement (as shown) relative to the shaft 720. In certain embodiments, the cross roller bearing joint 728 and the squeeze film damper 741 can be arranged in a series arrangement.

[0154] Optionally, the stiffness of the cross roller bearing joint 728 can be configured to provide a desired damping coefficient and/or desired vibration damping at frequencies of interest. Further, in some embodiments, the viscosity/formulation of the viscous fluid 740 of the squeeze fdm damper 741 can be configured to cooperatively provide a desired damping coefficient and/or desired vibration damping at frequencies of interest in conjunction with the cross roller bearing joint 728.

[0155] In some embodiments, the squeeze fdm damper assembly 710a, 710b can be configured to provide modal damping (e.g. sway mode damping). Advantageously, squeeze fdm damper assembly 710a, 710b can provide significant vibration damping with minimal packaging space.

[0156] Optionally, the viscous fluid 740 of the squeeze fdm damper assembly 710a,

710b can include magneto-rheological (MR) fluid. As described herein, the viscosity or damping coefficient of the MR fluid can be changed with an electrical control signal to variably adjust or tune the vibration damping of the squeeze fdm damper 741 of the squeeze fdm damper assembly 710a, 710b.

[0157] In some embodiments, the vibrational damping mechanisms disclosed herein can also be used with a linear guide joint. For example, FIG. 31 is a schematic view of a linear guide joint 204b. With reference to FIG. 21 and 31, the linear guide joint 204b can include a vibration damper 810 to reduce vibration of a robotic arm 201 and/or the surgical system 200. In the depicted example, the vibration damper 810 is coupled to other components of the linear guide joint 204b.

[0158] As described herein, the linear guide joint 204b can allow translational or sliding motion between links 202 of the robotic arm 201. In the depicted example, a carrier 820 coupled to a second link 202 can allow the second link 202 to translate relative to a first link 202. In the depicted example, carrier 820 is translationally coupled to a rail, track, or linear guide 802 to allow the carrier 820 to translate relative to the linear guide 802. As illustrated, the linear guide 802 is coupled to the first link 202. The carrier 820 can utilize an actuator to move the carrier 820 relative to the linear guide 802. In some embodiments, the carrier 820 and/or the linear guide 802 can include rollers or low friction surfaces to facilitate translation of the carrier 820 relative to the linear guide 802.

[0159] In the depicted example, the vibration damper 810 can be disposed between the linear guide 802 and the carrier 820. In some embodiments, the vibration damper 810 is attached or otherwise coupled to the carrier 820.

[0160] In the depicted example, the vibration damper 810 can damp vibration while allowing translation between the carrier 820 and the linear guide 802. Accordingly, the vibration damper 810 can be coupled to the second link 202 to damp vibration between the first link 202 and the second link 202. In some embodiments, one or more linear guide joints 204b of the surgical system 200 can include a vibration damper 810.

[0161] FIG. 32 is aperspective view ofalinearguidejoint 204b. FIG. 33 is across- sectional front view of a linear guide joint 204b. With reference to FIGS. 31-33, the vibration damper 810 can damp vibrations of components that the vibration damper 810 is attached to, such as the linear guide joint 204b, or more generally, a robotic arm 201 and/or the surgical system 200. In some embodiments, the vibration damper 810 can be referred to as a roller rail unit damping system. Advantageously, the vibration dampers 810 described herein can allow for considerable damping force within relatively small packaging.

[0162] In the depicted example, the vibration damper 810 allows for the translational movement of the carrier 820 relative to the linear guide 802 while dissipating vibrations. In some embodiments, the vibration damper 810 includes a solid damping material attached, coupled, or otherwise disposed along an inner surface 822 of the carrier 820. During operation, the resilience and mass of the damping material of the vibration damper 810 can absorb or dissipate vibration. In some embodiments, the damping material of the vibration damper 810 is rubber. Optionally, the material, mass, and distribution of the damping material can be configured to provide desired vibration damping at frequencies of interest.

[0163] In some embodiments, the vibration damper 810 can utilize viscous fluid 840 in a fluid cavity 850 to dissipate vibration. As illustrated, one or more fluid cavities 850 can be disposed adjacent to the linear guide 802 and along an inner surface 822 of the carrier 820. During operation, the viscous fluid 840 disposed within the fluid cavity 850 can absorb or damp vibration of the carrier 820 and/or the linear guide 802.

[0164] In some embodiments, viscous fluid 840 can be supplied to the fluid cavity 850 via a supply port 853. Further, viscous fluid 840 may be removed or suctioned from the fluid cavity 850 via a suction port 855. The vibration damper 810 can include a choke to control the flow of viscous fluid 840 through the vibration damper 810. Optionally, the viscous fluid 840 within the fluid cavity 850 can be pressurized.

[0165] In some embodiments, the viscous fluid 840 can be an oil. Further, the viscosity/formulation of the viscous fluid 840 can be configured to provide a desired damping coefficient and/or desired vibration damping at frequencies of interest. For example, a thicker or more viscous fluid 840 may resist move movement or vibration of the linear guide 802 and/or the carrier 820 compared to a thinner or less viscous fluid.

[0166] Optionally, the viscous fluid 840 can include magneto-rheological (MR) fluid. As described herein, the viscosity or damping coefficient of the MR fluid can be changed with an electrical control signal to variably adjust or tune the vibration damping of the vibration damper 810.

[0167] FIG. 34 is a chart illustrating acceleration compared to time for a vibration guide or linear guide joint 204b. With reference to FIG. 34, the use of a vibration damper 810 reduces the amplitude and transmission of vibration at certain frequencies of interest. For example, the use of the vibration damper 810 significantly reduces the amplitude and transmission of vibration when comparing the transmission behavior 864 of a linear guide joint 204b that utilizes a vibration damper 810 and the transmission behavior 862 of a linear guide joint that does not utilize a vibration damper.

[0168] FIG. 35 is a cross-sectional side view of an end effector 210. With reference to FIG. 21 and 35, the end effector 210 can include a vibration damper 910 to reduce vibration of the end effector 210, the robotic arm 201 and/or the surgical system 200. In the depicted example, the vibration damper 910 is coupled to other components of the end effector 210.

[0169] As described herein, the end effector 210 can move or manipulate an elongated tool shaft 216 to perform a surgical procedure, manipulate a patient, or otherwise interact with the patient. In the depicted example, the elongated tool shaft 216 is coupled to an advanced device manipulator (ADM) 212 that can move the elongated tool shaft 216 relative to the end effector 210. In some embodiments, the elongated tool shaft 216 can be directed into the patient via a cannula 214 coupled to the ADM 212.

[0170] In the depicted example, the vibration damper 910 is coupled the elongated tool shaft 216 to prevent vibration of the tool shaft 216 and the end effector 210. In some embodiments, the vibration damper 910 can be a translational viscous damper. The translational viscous damper can damp vibrations resulting from insertion axis backlash and tool vibration. Advantageously, the vibration dampers 910 described herein can allow for considerable damping force within relatively small packaging. [0171] In some embodiments, the vibration damper 910 can utilize fluid resistance to dissipate vibration. As illustrated, the elongated tool shaft 216 is coupled to a piston 930 that is disposed in a fluid bath 940 within the cavity 950 of the vibration damper 910. During operation, the resistance of the fluid bath 940 against the piston 930 can dissipate vibrations of the elongated tool shaft 216 and/or the piston 930. In the depicted example, the piston 930 can include one or more orifices 932 to permit the flow of fluid through the piston 930 and adjust the rate of damping of the vibration damper 910. In some applications, the size and/or number of orifices 932 of the piston 930 can be configured to provide a desired damping coefficient and/or desired vibration damping at frequencies of interest. For example, larger or more numerous orifices 932 may allow for movement or vibration compared to smaller or fewer orifices 932.

[0172] In some embodiments, the fluid of the fluid bath 940 can be a viscous fluid, such as oil. Further, the viscosity/formulation of the fluid of the fluid bath 940 can be configured to provide a desired damping coefficient and/or desired vibration damping at frequencies of interest. For example, a thicker or more viscous fluid in the fluid bath 940 may resist more movement or vibration of the piston 930 compared to a thinner or less viscous fluid.

[0173] Optionally, the fluid bath 940 can include magneto-rheological (MR) fluid. As described herein, the viscosity or damping coefficient of the MR fluid can be changed with an electrical control signal to variably adjust or tune the vibration damping of the vibration damper 910.

[0174] FIG. 36 is a flowchart illustrating a method 1000 to reduce vibration in a surgical system 200. In the depicted example, the method 1000 can reduce vibration in the surgical system 200 by controlling the viscosity or damping coefficient of a damper. In some embodiments, the method 1000 can control the viscosity or damping coefficient of magneto- rheological (MR) fluid disposed within dampers. In some applications, the damping coefficient of the MR fluid can be variably tuned with an electrical control signal. The method 1000 described herein can be utilized with any suitable damper, including, but not limited to the torsional vibration damper 510, the squeeze film damper assembly 710a, 710b, the vibration damper 810, and/ or the vibration damper 910. In some embodiments, the method 1000 can be implemented by a computer system, controller, control system, or other hardware device associated with the surgical system 200. Optionally, the method 1000 can be implemented by a hardware device utilized for other functions of the surgical system 200 [0175] In step 1002, the method 1000 to reduce vibration in the surgical system 200 is initiated. The method 1000 can be initiated by a clinician or automatically during operation of the surgical system 200.

[0176] After advancing to the next time step in step 1004, vibration data regarding the surgical system 200 can be obtained in step 1006. Vibration data may be obtained from a sensor coupled to a robotic arm 201 or another portion of the surgical system. In some embodiments, the sensor can be coupled to a proximal link 202 of the robotic arm 201. Optionally, the sensor can be coupled to the end effector 210 of the robotic arm 201. Sensors may include accelerometers, strain gages, or any other suitable sensor to provide vibration data regarding the surgical system 200.

[0177] In step 1008, vibration data from the sensors can be processed for analysis. For example, the vibration data can be processed to identify the frequency content of the vibration data. In some applications, the frequency content of the vibration data can be compared to the range of natural frequencies expected for the surgical system 200. The natural frequency of the surgical system 200 can be observed, calculated, or estimated based on materials, geometry and/or construction of elements of the surgical system 200. In some embodiments, the natural frequency of the surgical system 200 is expected to be greater than or equal to 10 Hz. Optionally, the amplitude of the vibration data can also be analyzed.

[0178] In step 1010, the frequency content of the vibration data is compared to a predefined threshold. In some embodiments, the amplitude of certain frequencies of the vibration data is compared to the predetermined threshold. If the frequency content of the vibration data exceeds the predefined threshold, then in step 1012, the damping coefficient of the MR fluid can be increased to damp or minimize vibration. In some embodiments, the damping coefficient of the MR fluid can be increased for a period of time until the amplitude of certain frequencies of the vibration data falls below the predetermined threshold. Optionally, the damping coefficient of the MR fluid can be increased until the amplitude of certain frequencies of the vibration data falls below the predetermined threshold. In some embodiments, if the frequency content of the vibration data is expected to exceed the predefined threshold, the method 300 may preemptively increase the damping coefficient of the MR fluid to avoid vibration. In some applications, the damping coefficient of the MR fluid can be controlled in one or more dampers.

[0179] Alternatively, if the frequency content of the vibration data is below the predefined threshold during the comparison of step 1010, then the surgical system 200 can continue operating without increasing the damping coefficient of the MR fluid. Optionally, the threshold used for comparison can be based on characteristics of the surgical system 200 and/or operating parameters of the procedure or surgical system 200. For example, the method 1000 may utilize a lower amplitude threshold for surgical systems 200 or procedures that require a lower vibration tolerance. In some applications, the method 300 may utilize a higher amplitude threshold for surgical systems or procedures that may tolerate higher amounts of vibration and may benefit from lower viscous energy dissipation. In some embodiments, the threshold can be adjusted based on operating parameters and/or clinician input.

[0180] After determining if the method 1000 is completed in step 1014, the method 300 may repeat for the next time step in step 1004 or may be terminated in step 1016.

3. Illustration of Subject Technology as Clauses.

[0181] Various examples of aspects of the disclosure are described as numbered clauses (1, 2, 3, etc.) for convenience. These are provided as examples, and do not limit the subject technology. Identifications of the figures and reference numbers are provided below merely as examples and for illustrative purposes, and the clauses are not limited by those identifications.

[0182] Clause 1. A robotic arm, comprising: a first link; a second link; and a rotational joint coupling the first link and the second link and permitting the first link to move relative to the second link, the rotational joint comprising: a rotor coupled to the first link and configured to provide a rotor torque; a harmonic drive mechanism coupled to the rotor and configured to multiply the rotor torque; and a vibration damper coupled to the harmonic drive mechanism and the second link, wherein the vibration damper permits transfer of the rotor torque from the harmonic drive mechanism to the second link and reduces vibrations of the robotic arm.

[0183] Clause 2. The robotic arm of Clause 1, wherein the rotational joint further comprises an adapter flange coupled to the harmonic drive mechanism and the vibration damper.

[0184] Clause 3. The robotic arm of Clause 1, wherein the vibration damper comprises magnetorheological fluid.

[0185] Clause 4. The robotic arm of Clause 3, further comprising a controller configured to: detect a vibration of the robotic arm; identify a frequency content of the vibration in a frequency range of the robotic arm; and apply an electrical control signal to the magnetorheological fluid to modulate a damping coefficient of the vibration damper in response to the frequency content of the vibration exceeding a frequency content threshold. [0186] Clause 5. The robotic arm of any one of Clauses 1 to 4, wherein the vibration damper comprises a torsional vibration damper, the torsional vibration damper comprising: a housing coupled to the harmonic drive mechanism and the second link; a disk disposed within the housing; and a damping material disposed within the housing and surrounding the disk, wherein the damping material is configured to resist motion of the disk.

[0187] Clause 6. The robotic arm of Clause 5, wherein the damping material comprises a silicone fluid.

[0188] Clause 7. The robotic arm of any one of Clauses 1 to 4, wherein the vibration damper comprises a centrifugal pendulum absorber, the centrifugal pendulum absorber comprising: a damper rotor coupled to the harmonic drive mechanism and the second link; and at least one oscillating mass coupled to the damper rotor.

[0189] Clause 8. The robotic arm of any one of Clauses 1 to 4, wherein the vibration damper comprises a squeeze film damper, the squeeze film damper comprising: an inner ring coupled to the harmonic drive mechanism and the second link; an outer ring coupled to the first link, wherein the outer ring is disposed concentrically around the inner ring and defines a film clearance between the inner ring and the outer ring; and a viscous fluid disposed within the film clearance.

[0190] Clause 9. The robotic arm of Clause 8, the squeeze film damper further comprising a cross roller bearing coupled to the first link and the second link.

[0191] Clause 10. A linear joint for a robotic arm, the linear joint comprising: a linear guide; a carrier coupled to the linear guide, wherein the carrier is laterally movable relative to the linear guide; and a damping material disposed between the linear guide and the carrier, wherein the damping material reduces vibrations of the robotic arm.

[0192] Clause 11. The linear joint of Clause 10, wherein the damping material comprises a pressurized fluid damping material.

[0193] Clause 12. The linear joint of Clause 11, wherein the pressurized fluid damping material comprises a magnetorheological fluid.

[0194] Clause 13. The linear joint of Clause 12, further comprising a controller configured to: detect a vibration of the robotic arm; identify a frequency content of the vibration in a frequency range of the robotic arm; and apply an electrical control signal to the magnetorheological fluid to modulate a damping coefficient of the damping material in response to the frequency content of the vibration exceeding a frequency content threshold.

[0195] Clause 14. An end effector for a robotic arm, the end effector comprising: an elongated tool shaft; a device manipulator coupled to the elongated tool shaft and configured to move the elongated tool shaft, wherein the elongated tool shaft passes through the device manipulator; and a vibration damper coupled to the device manipulator and the elongated tool shaft, wherein the vibration damper reduces vibrations of the robotic arm.

[0196] Clause 15. The end effector of Clause 14, wherein the vibration damper comprises a translational viscous damper, comprising: a damper housing coupled to the device manipulator; a piston coupled to the elongated tool shaft and disposed within the damper housing; and a damping fluid disposed within the damper housing, wherein the damping fluid is configured to resist motion of the piston.

[0197] Clause 16. The end effector of Clause 15, wherein the piston defines at least one orifice to permit the damping fluid to pass through the piston at a controlled rate.

[0198] Clause 17. The end effector of Clause 15 or 16, wherein the damping fluid comprises magnetorheological fluid.

[0199] Clause 18. The end effector of Clause 17, further comprising a controller configured to: detect a vibration of the robotic arm; identify a frequency content of the vibration in a frequency range of the robotic arm; and apply an electrical control signal to the magnetorheological fluid to modulate a damping coefficient of the damper in response to the frequency content of the vibration exceeding the frequency content threshold.

[0200] Clause 19. A method to operate a robotic arm, the method comprising: actuating one or more joints of the robotic arm to move an end effector of the robotic arm at a first end effector velocity, wherein the robotic arm defines a frequency range; detecting a vibration of the robotic arm during the actuation of the one or more joints of the robotic arm; identifying a frequency content of the vibration in the frequency range of the robotic arm; and actuating the one or more joints of the robotic arm to move the end effector of the robotic arm at a second end effector velocity in response to the frequency content of the vibration exceeding a frequency content threshold to reduce the vibration of the robotic arm, wherein the second end effector velocity is less than the first end effector velocity.

[0201] Clause 20. The method of Clause 19, further comprising detecting the vibration of the robotic arm via an accelerometer coupled to the robotic arm.

[0202] Clause 21. The method of Clause 20, wherein the accelerometer is coupled to a proximal link of the robotic arm.

[0203] Clause 22. The method of any one of Clauses 19 to 21, further comprising detecting the vibration of the robotic arm via a strain gage coupled to the robotic arm.

[0204] Clause 23. The method of Clause 22, wherein the strain gage is coupled to a proximal link of the robotic arm. [0205] Clause 24. A method to operate a robotic arm, the method comprising: actuating one or more joints of the robotic arm to move an end effector of the robotic arm at a first end effector velocity, herein the robotic arm defines a frequency range; detecting a vibration of the robotic arm during the actuation of the one or more joints of the robotic arm; identifying a frequency content of the vibration in the frequency range of the robotic arm; and modulating a damping coefficient of a damper coupled to the robotic arm to reduce the vibration of the robotic arm in response to the frequency content of the vibration exceeding a frequency content threshold.

[0206] Clause 25. The method of Clause 24, wherein the damper comprises a magnetorheological fluid.

[0207] Clause 26. The method of Clause 25, further comprising applying an electrical control signal to the magnetorheological fluid to modulate the damping coefficient of the damper.

[0208] Clause 27. The method of any one of Clauses 24 to 26, wherein the damper is coupled to a rotational joint.

[0209] Clause 28. The method of Clause 27, wherein the damper is selected from a group consisting of: a torsional vibration damper, a centrifugal pendulum absorber, and a squeeze film damper.

[0210] Clause 29. The method of any one of Clauses 24 to 26, wherein the damper is coupled to a linear joint.

[0211] Clause 30. The method of Clause 29, wherein the damper comprises a roller rail unit damper.

[0212] Clause 31. The method of any one of Clauses 24 to 26, wherein the damper is coupled to the end effector.

[0213] Clause 32. The method of Clause 31, wherein the damper comprises a translational viscous damper.

[0214] Clause 33. A non-transitory machine readable storage medium containing executable instructions which when executed by a data processing system cause the data processing system to perform a method, the method comprising: detecting a vibration of a robotic arm during a movement of an end effector; computing a frequency range for the robotic arm; identifying a frequency content of the vibration in the frequency range of the robotic arm; and reducing the vibration of the robotic arm in response to the frequency content of the vibration exceeding a frequency content threshold. [0215] Clause 34. The method of Clause 33, wherein reducing the vibration of the robotic arm comprises reducing a velocity of the end effector during the movement of the end effector.

[0216] Clause 35. The method of Clause 33, wherein reducing the vibration of the robotic arm comprises increasing a damping coefficient of a damper coupled to the robotic arm.

4. Implementing Systems and Terminology.

[0217] Implementations disclosed herein provide systems, methods and apparatus for operatively coupling an obturator and a cannula.

[0218] It should be noted that the terms “couple,” “coupling,” “coupled,” or other variations of the word couple as used herein may indicate either an indirect connection or a direct connection. For example, if a first component is “coupled” to a second component, the first component may be either indirectly connected to the second component via another component or directly connected to the second component.

[0219] The methods disclosed herein comprise one or more steps or actions for achieving the described method. The method steps and/or actions may be interchanged with one another without departing from the scope of the claims. In other words, unless a specific order of steps or actions is required for proper operation of the method that is being described, the order and/or use of specific steps and/or actions may be modified without departing from the scope of the claims.

[0220] As used herein, the term “plurality” denotes two or more. For example, a plurality of components indicates two or more components. The term “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions and, therefore, “determining” can include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database or another data structure), ascertaining and the like. Also, “determining” can include receiving (e.g., receiving information), accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory) and the like. Also, “determining” can include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing and the like.

[0221] The phrase “based on” does not mean “based only on,” unless expressly specified otherwise. In other words, the phrase “based on” describes both “based only on” and “based at least on.”

[0222] The previous description of the disclosed implementations is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present inventions. Various modifications to these implementations will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other implementations without departing from the scope of the inventions. For example, it will be appreciated that one of ordinary skill in the art will be able to employ a number corresponding alternative and equivalent structural details, such as equivalent ways of fastening, mounting, coupling, or engaging tool components, equivalent mechanisms for producing particular actuation motions, and equivalent mechanisms for delivering electrical energy. Thus, the present inventions are not intended to be limited to the implementations shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.