Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO [0001] Aspects of the disclosure relate generally to wireless communications. 2. Description of the Related Art [0002] Wireless communication systems have developed through various generations, including a first-generation analog wireless phone service (1G), a second-generation (2G) digital wireless phone service (including interim 2.5G and 2.75G networks), a third-generation (3G) high speed data, Internet-capable wireless service and a fourth-generation (4G) service (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE) or WiMax). There are presently many different types of wireless communication systems in use, including cellular and personal communications service (PCS) systems. Examples of known cellular systems include the cellular analog advanced mobile phone system (AMPS), and digital cellular systems based on code division multiple access (CDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), etc. [0003] A fifth generation (5G) wireless standard, referred to as New Radio (NR), enables higher data transfer speeds, greater numbers of connections, and better coverage, among other improvements. The 5G standard, according to the Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance, is designed to provide higher data rates as compared to previous standards, more accurate positioning (e.g., based on reference signals for positioning (RS-P), such as downlink, uplink, or sidelink positioning reference signals (PRS)), and other technical enhancements. These enhancements, as well as the use of higher frequency bands, advances in PRS processes and technology, and high-density deployments for 5G, enable highly accurate 5G-based positioning. SUMMARY [0004] The following presents a simplified summary relating to one or more aspects disclosed herein. Thus, the following summary should not be considered an extensive overview relating to all contemplated aspects, nor should the following summary be considered to QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO identify key or critical elements relating to all contemplated aspects or to delineate the scope associated with any particular aspect. Accordingly, the following summary has the sole purpose to present certain concepts relating to one or more aspects relating to the mechanisms disclosed herein in a simplified form to precede the detailed description presented below. [0005] In an aspect, a method of identifying virtual anchors performed by a network entity includes obtaining a set of data samples associated with a user equipment (UE), each data sample of the set of data samples comprising a location of the UE and a set of multipath components (MPCs) obtained by the UE at the location of the UE; and determining whether any MPCs in a subset of non-line-of-sight (NLOS) MPCs selected from at least one set of MPCs are associated with any previously identified virtual anchors in a database of found virtual anchors, wherein one or more first NLOS MPCs are removed from the set of data samples based on the one or more first NLOS MPCs being associated with a previously identified virtual anchor, and wherein one or more second NLOS MPCs are added to the database of found virtual anchors based on the one or more second NLOS MPCs not being associated with any previously identified virtual anchor. [0006] In an aspect, a network entity includes a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor configured to: obtain a set of data samples associated with a user equipment (UE), each data sample of the set of data samples comprising a location of the UE and a set of multipath components (MPCs) obtained by the UE at the location of the UE; and determine whether any MPCs in a subset of non-line-of-sight (NLOS) MPCs selected from at least one set of MPCs are associated with any previously identified virtual anchors in a database of found virtual anchors, wherein one or more first NLOS MPCs are removed from the set of data samples based on the one or more first NLOS MPCs being associated with a previously identified virtual anchor, and wherein one or more second NLOS MPCs are added to the database of found virtual anchors based on the one or more second NLOS MPCs not being associated with any previously identified virtual anchor. [0007] In an aspect, a network entity includes means for obtaining a set of data samples associated with a user equipment (UE), each data sample of the set of data samples comprising a location of the UE and a set of multipath components (MPCs) obtained by the UE at the location of the UE; and means for determining whether any MPCs in a QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO subset of non-line-of-sight (NLOS) MPCs selected from at least one set of MPCs are associated with any previously identified virtual anchors in a database of found virtual anchors, wherein one or more first NLOS MPCs are removed from the set of data samples based on the one or more first NLOS MPCs being associated with a previously identified virtual anchor, and wherein one or more second NLOS MPCs are added to the database of found virtual anchors based on the one or more second NLOS MPCs not being associated with any previously identified virtual anchor. [0008] In an aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a network entity, cause the network entity to: obtain a set of data samples associated with a user equipment (UE), each data sample of the set of data samples comprising a location of the UE and a set of multipath components (MPCs) obtained by the UE at the location of the UE; and determine whether any MPCs in a subset of non-line-of-sight (NLOS) MPCs selected from at least one set of MPCs are associated with any previously identified virtual anchors in a database of found virtual anchors, wherein one or more first NLOS MPCs are removed from the set of data samples based on the one or more first NLOS MPCs being associated with a previously identified virtual anchor, and wherein one or more second NLOS MPCs are added to the database of found virtual anchors based on the one or more second NLOS MPCs not being associated with any previously identified virtual anchor. [0009] Other objects and advantages associated with the aspects disclosed herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on the accompanying drawings and detailed description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0010] The accompanying drawings are presented to aid in the description of various aspects of the disclosure and are provided solely for illustration of the aspects and not limitation thereof. [0011] FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless communications system, according to aspects of the disclosure. [0012] FIGS.2A, 2B, and 2C illustrate example wireless network structures, according to aspects of the disclosure. [0013] FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C are simplified block diagrams of several sample aspects of components that may be employed in a user equipment (UE), a base station, and a network entity, respectively, and configured to support communications as taught herein. QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO [0014] FIG.4 illustrates examples of various positioning methods supported in New Radio (NR), according to aspects of the disclosure. [0015] FIG.5 is a graph representing a radio frequency (RF) channel impulse response over time, according to aspects of the disclosure. [0016] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating the relationship between a virtual anchor and the real anchor, according to aspects of the disclosure. [0017] FIG.7 is a diagram illustrating an example of data collection to use tap removal to identify virtual anchors, according to aspects of the disclosure. [0018] FIG. 8 illustrates high-level methods of virtual anchor detection based on channel tap removal, according to aspects of the disclosure. [0019] FIG.9 illustrates an example method of network-based assignment, according to aspects of the disclosure. [0020] FIG. 10 illustrates an example method of UE-assisted assignment, according to aspects of the disclosure. [0021] FIG. 11 illustrates an example method for successive (iterative) tap removal (STR), according to aspects of the disclosure. [0022] FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating details of the three-dimensional array used for STR, according to aspects of the disclosure. [0023] FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating aspects of the constant false alarm rate (CFAR) filter, according to aspects of the disclosure. [0024] FIG. 14 illustrates example test results of virtual anchor extraction using successive tap removal, according to aspects of the disclosure. [0025] FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating the final output of the example test results illustrated in FIG.14, according to aspects of the disclosure. [0026] FIG.16 illustrates an example method of identifying virtual anchors, according to aspects of the disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0027] Aspects of the disclosure are provided in the following description and related drawings directed to various examples provided for illustration purposes. Alternate aspects may be devised without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Additionally, well-known elements of the disclosure will not be described in detail or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of the disclosure. QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO [0028] The words “exemplary” and/or “example” are used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” and/or “example” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Likewise, the term “aspects of the disclosure” does not require that all aspects of the disclosure include the discussed feature, advantage or mode of operation. [0029] Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the information and signals described below may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description below may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof, depending in part on the particular application, in part on the desired design, in part on the corresponding technology, etc. [0030] Further, many aspects are described in terms of sequences of actions to be performed by, for example, elements of a computing device. It will be recognized that various actions described herein can be performed by specific circuits (e.g., application specific integrated circuits (ASICs)), by program instructions being executed by one or more processors, or by a combination of both. Additionally, the sequence(s) of actions described herein can be considered to be embodied entirely within any form of non- transitory computer-readable storage medium having stored therein a corresponding set of computer instructions that, upon execution, would cause or instruct an associated processor of a device to perform the functionality described herein. Thus, the various aspects of the disclosure may be embodied in a number of different forms, all of which have been contemplated to be within the scope of the claimed subject matter. In addition, for each of the aspects described herein, the corresponding form of any such aspects may be described herein as, for example, “logic configured to” perform the described action. [0031] As used herein, the terms “user equipment” (UE) and “base station” are not intended to be specific or otherwise limited to any particular radio access technology (RAT), unless otherwise noted. In general, a UE may be any wireless communication device (e.g., a mobile phone, router, tablet computer, laptop computer, consumer asset locating device, wearable (e.g., smartwatch, glasses, augmented reality (AR) / virtual reality (VR) headset, etc.), vehicle (e.g., automobile, motorcycle, bicycle, etc.), Internet of Things (IoT) device, etc.) used by a user to communicate over a wireless communications network. A UE may be mobile or may (e.g., at certain times) be stationary, and may communicate with a radio QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO access network (RAN). As used herein, the term “UE” may be referred to interchangeably as an “access terminal” or “AT,” a “client device,” a “wireless device,” a “subscriber device,” a “subscriber terminal,” a “subscriber station,” a “user terminal” or “UT,” a “mobile device,” a “mobile terminal,” a “mobile station,” or variations thereof. Generally, UEs can communicate with a core network via a RAN, and through the core network the UEs can be connected with external networks such as the Internet and with other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms of connecting to the core network and/or the Internet are also possible for the UEs, such as over wired access networks, wireless local area network (WLAN) networks (e.g., based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 specification, etc.) and so on. [0032] A base station may operate according to one of several RATs in communication with UEs depending on the network in which it is deployed, and may be alternatively referred to as an access point (AP), a network node, a NodeB, an evolved NodeB (eNB), a next generation eNB (ng-eNB), a New Radio (NR) Node B (also referred to as a gNB or gNodeB), etc. A base station may be used primarily to support wireless access by UEs, including supporting data, voice, and/or signaling connections for the supported UEs. In some systems a base station may provide purely edge node signaling functions while in other systems it may provide additional control and/or network management functions. A communication link through which UEs can send signals to a base station is called an uplink (UL) channel (e.g., a reverse traffic channel, a reverse control channel, an access channel, etc.). A communication link through which the base station can send signals to UEs is called a downlink (DL) or forward link channel (e.g., a paging channel, a control channel, a broadcast channel, a forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein the term traffic channel (TCH) can refer to either an uplink / reverse or downlink / forward traffic channel. [0033] The term “base station” may refer to a single physical transmission-reception point (TRP) or to multiple physical TRPs that may or may not be co-located. For example, where the term “base station” refers to a single physical TRP, the physical TRP may be an antenna of the base station corresponding to a cell (or several cell sectors) of the base station. Where the term “base station” refers to multiple co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be an array of antennas (e.g., as in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system or where the base station employs beamforming) of the base station. Where the term “base station” refers to multiple non-co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO may be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network of spatially separated antennas connected to a common source via a transport medium) or a remote radio head (RRH) (a remote base station connected to a serving base station). Alternatively, the non-co-located physical TRPs may be the serving base station receiving the measurement report from the UE and a neighbor base station whose reference radio frequency (RF) signals the UE is measuring. Because a TRP is the point from which a base station transmits and receives wireless signals, as used herein, references to transmission from or reception at a base station are to be understood as referring to a particular TRP of the base station. [0034] In some implementations that support positioning of UEs, a base station may not support wireless access by UEs (e.g., may not support data, voice, and/or signaling connections for UEs), but may instead transmit reference signals to UEs to be measured by the UEs, and/or may receive and measure signals transmitted by the UEs. Such a base station may be referred to as a positioning beacon (e.g., when transmitting signals to UEs) and/or as a location measurement unit (e.g., when receiving and measuring signals from UEs). [0035] An “RF signal” comprises an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency that transports information through the space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may transmit a single “RF signal” or multiple “RF signals” to a receiver. However, the receiver may receive multiple “RF signals” corresponding to each transmitted RF signal due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels. The same transmitted RF signal on different paths between the transmitter and receiver may be referred to as a “multipath” RF signal. As used herein, an RF signal may also be referred to as a “wireless signal” or simply a “signal” where it is clear from the context that the term “signal” refers to a wireless signal or an RF signal. [0036] FIG.1 illustrates an example wireless communications system 100, according to aspects of the disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 (which may also be referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) may include various base stations 102 (labeled “BS”) and various UEs 104. The base stations 102 may include macro cell base stations (high power cellular base stations) and/or small cell base stations (low power cellular base stations). In an aspect, the macro cell base stations may include eNBs and/or ng-eNBs where the wireless communications system 100 corresponds to an LTE network, or gNBs where the wireless communications system 100 corresponds to a NR network, or a combination of both, and the small cell base stations may include femtocells, picocells, microcells, etc. QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO [0037] The base stations 102 may collectively form a RAN and interface with a core network 170 (e.g., an evolved packet core (EPC) or a 5G core (5GC)) through backhaul links 122, and through the core network 170 to one or more location servers 172 (e.g., a location management function (LMF) or a secure user plane location (SUPL) location platform (SLP)). The location server(s) 172 may be part of core network 170 or may be external to core network 170. A location server 172 may be integrated with a base station 102. A UE 104 may communicate with a location server 172 directly or indirectly. For example, a UE 104 may communicate with a location server 172 via the base station 102 that is currently serving that UE 104. A UE 104 may also communicate with a location server 172 through another path, such as via an application server (not shown), via another network, such as via a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) (e.g., AP 150 described below), and so on. For signaling purposes, communication between a UE 104 and a location server 172 may be represented as an indirect connection (e.g., through the core network 170, etc.) or a direct connection (e.g., as shown via direct connection 128), with the intervening nodes (if any) omitted from a signaling diagram for clarity. [0038] In addition to other functions, the base stations 102 may perform functions that relate to one or more of transferring user data, radio channel ciphering and deciphering, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection setup and release, load balancing, distribution for non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment trace, RAN information management (RIM), paging, positioning, and delivery of warning messages. The base stations 102 may communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC / 5GC) over backhaul links 134, which may be wired or wireless. [0039] The base stations 102 may wirelessly communicate with the UEs 104. Each of the base stations 102 may provide communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 110. In an aspect, one or more cells may be supported by a base station 102 in each geographic coverage area 110. A “cell” is a logical communication entity used for communication with a base station (e.g., over some frequency resource, referred to as a carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, band, or the like), and may be associated with an identifier (e.g., a physical cell identifier (PCI), an enhanced cell identifier (ECI), a virtual cell identifier (VCI), a cell global identifier (CGI), etc.) for distinguishing cells QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO operating via the same or a different carrier frequency. In some cases, different cells may be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., machine-type communication (MTC), narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), or others) that may provide access for different types of UEs. Because a cell is supported by a specific base station, the term “cell” may refer to either or both of the logical communication entity and the base station that supports it, depending on the context. In addition, because a TRP is typically the physical transmission point of a cell, the terms “cell” and “TRP” may be used interchangeably. In some cases, the term “cell” may also refer to a geographic coverage area of a base station (e.g., a sector), insofar as a carrier frequency can be detected and used for communication within some portion of geographic coverage areas 110. [0040] While neighboring macro cell base station 102 geographic coverage areas 110 may partially overlap (e.g., in a handover region), some of the geographic coverage areas 110 may be substantially overlapped by a larger geographic coverage area 110. For example, a small cell base station 102' (labeled “SC” for “small cell”) may have a geographic coverage area 110' that substantially overlaps with the geographic coverage area 110 of one or more macro cell base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell and macro cell base stations may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include home eNBs (HeNBs), which may provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG). [0041] The communication links 120 between the base stations 102 and the UEs 104 may include uplink (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a base station 102 and/or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a base station 102 to a UE 104. The communication links 120 may use MIMO antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and/or transmit diversity. The communication links 120 may be through one or more carrier frequencies. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to downlink and uplink (e.g., more or less carriers may be allocated for downlink than for uplink). [0042] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) 150 in communication with WLAN stations (STAs) 152 via communication links 154 in an unlicensed frequency spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz). When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the WLAN STAs 152 and/or the WLAN AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) or listen before talk QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO (LBT) procedure prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available. [0043] The small cell base station 102' may operate in a licensed and/or an unlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the small cell base station 102' may employ LTE or NR technology and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum as used by the WLAN AP 150. The small cell base station 102', employing LTE / 5G in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, may boost coverage to and/or increase capacity of the access network. NR in unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as NR-U. LTE in an unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as LTE-U, licensed assisted access (LAA), or MulteFire. [0044] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a millimeter wave (mmW) base station 180 that may operate in mmW frequencies and/or near mmW frequencies in communication with a UE 182. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is part of the RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and a wavelength between 1 millimeter and 10 millimeters. Radio waves in this band may be referred to as a millimeter wave. Near mmW may extend down to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 millimeters. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, also referred to as centimeter wave. Communications using the mmW/near mmW radio frequency band have high path loss and a relatively short range. The mmW base station 180 and the UE 182 may utilize beamforming (transmit and/or receive) over a mmW communication link 184 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range. Further, it will be appreciated that in alternative configurations, one or more base stations 102 may also transmit using mmW or near mmW and beamforming. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the foregoing illustrations are merely examples and should not be construed to limit the various aspects disclosed herein. [0045] Transmit beamforming is a technique for focusing an RF signal in a specific direction. Traditionally, when a network node (e.g., a base station) broadcasts an RF signal, it broadcasts the signal in all directions (omni-directionally). With transmit beamforming, the network node determines where a given target device (e.g., a UE) is located (relative to the transmitting network node) and projects a stronger downlink RF signal in that specific direction, thereby providing a faster (in terms of data rate) and stronger RF signal for the receiving device(s). To change the directionality of the RF signal when transmitting, a network node can control the phase and relative amplitude of the RF signal QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO at each of the one or more transmitters that are broadcasting the RF signal. For example, a network node may use an array of antennas (referred to as a “phased array” or an “antenna array”) that creates a beam of RF waves that can be “steered” to point in different directions, without actually moving the antennas. Specifically, the RF current from the transmitter is fed to the individual antennas with the correct phase relationship so that the radio waves from the separate antennas add together to increase the radiation in a desired direction, while cancelling to suppress radiation in undesired directions. [0046] Transmit beams may be quasi-co-located, meaning that they appear to the receiver (e.g., a UE) as having the same parameters, regardless of whether or not the transmitting antennas of the network node themselves are physically co-located. In NR, there are four types of quasi-co-location (QCL) relations. Specifically, a QCL relation of a given type means that certain parameters about a second reference RF signal on a second beam can be derived from information about a source reference RF signal on a source beam. Thus, if the source reference RF signal is QCL Type A, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type B, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and Doppler spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type C, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and average delay of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type D, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the spatial receive parameter of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. [0047] In receive beamforming, the receiver uses a receive beam to amplify RF signals detected on a given channel. For example, the receiver can increase the gain setting and/or adjust the phase setting of an array of antennas in a particular direction to amplify (e.g., to increase the gain level of) the RF signals received from that direction. Thus, when a receiver is said to beamform in a certain direction, it means the beam gain in that direction is high relative to the beam gain along other directions, or the beam gain in that direction is the highest compared to the beam gain in that direction of all other receive beams available to the receiver. This results in a stronger received signal strength (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal-to- interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), etc.) of the RF signals received from that direction. QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO [0048] Transmit and receive beams may be spatially related. A spatial relation means that parameters for a second beam (e.g., a transmit or receive beam) for a second reference signal can be derived from information about a first beam (e.g., a receive beam or a transmit beam) for a first reference signal. For example, a UE may use a particular receive beam to receive a reference downlink reference signal (e.g., synchronization signal block (SSB)) from a base station. The UE can then form a transmit beam for sending an uplink reference signal (e.g., sounding reference signal (SRS)) to that base station based on the parameters of the receive beam. [0049] Note that a “downlink” beam may be either a transmit beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity forming it. For example, if a base station is forming the downlink beam to transmit a reference signal to a UE, the downlink beam is a transmit beam. If the UE is forming the downlink beam, however, it is a receive beam to receive the downlink reference signal. Similarly, an “uplink” beam may be either a transmit beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity forming it. For example, if a base station is forming the uplink beam, it is an uplink receive beam, and if a UE is forming the uplink beam, it is an uplink transmit beam. [0050] The electromagnetic spectrum is often subdivided, based on frequency/wavelength, into various classes, bands, channels, etc. In 5G NR two initial operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz – 7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz – 52.6 GHz). It should be understood that although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “Sub-6 GHz” band in various documents and articles. A similar nomenclature issue sometimes occurs with regard to FR2, which is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” band in documents and articles, despite being different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz – 300 GHz) which is identified by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) as a “millimeter wave” band. [0051] The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR studies have identified an operating band for these mid-band frequencies as frequency range designation FR3 (7.125 GHz – 24.25 GHz). Frequency bands falling within FR3 may inherit FR1 characteristics and/or FR2 characteristics, and thus may effectively extend features of FR1 and/or FR2 into mid-band frequencies. In addition, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operation beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as frequency QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO range designations FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz – 71 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz – 114.25 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz – 300 GHz). Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band. [0052] With the above aspects in mind, unless specifically stated otherwise, it should be understood that the term “sub-6 GHz” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may be less than 6 GHz, may be within FR1, or may include mid-band frequencies. Further, unless specifically stated otherwise, it should be understood that the term “millimeter wave” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may include mid-band frequencies, may be within FR2, FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1, and/or FR5, or may be within the EHF band. [0053] In a multi-carrier system, such as 5G, one of the carrier frequencies is referred to as the “primary carrier” or “anchor carrier” or “primary serving cell” or “PCell,” and the remaining carrier frequencies are referred to as “secondary carriers” or “secondary serving cells” or “SCells.” In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is the carrier operating on the primary frequency (e.g., FR1) utilized by a UE 104/182 and the cell in which the UE 104/182 either performs the initial radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiates the RRC connection re-establishment procedure. The primary carrier carries all common and UE-specific control channels, and may be a carrier in a licensed frequency (however, this is not always the case). A secondary carrier is a carrier operating on a second frequency (e.g., FR2) that may be configured once the RRC connection is established between the UE 104 and the anchor carrier and that may be used to provide additional radio resources. In some cases, the secondary carrier may be a carrier in an unlicensed frequency. The secondary carrier may contain only necessary signaling information and signals, for example, those that are UE-specific may not be present in the secondary carrier, since both primary uplink and downlink carriers are typically UE-specific. This means that different UEs 104/182 in a cell may have different downlink primary carriers. The same is true for the uplink primary carriers. The network is able to change the primary carrier of any UE 104/182 at any time. This is done, for example, to balance the load on different carriers. Because a “serving cell” (whether a PCell or an SCell) corresponds to a carrier frequency / component carrier over which some base station is communicating, the term “cell,” “serving cell,” “component carrier,” “carrier frequency,” and the like can be used interchangeably. QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO [0054] For example, still referring to FIG. 1, one of the frequencies utilized by the macro cell base stations 102 may be an anchor carrier (or “PCell”) and other frequencies utilized by the macro cell base stations 102 and/or the mmW base station 180 may be secondary carriers (“SCells”). The simultaneous transmission and/or reception of multiple carriers enables the UE 104/182 to significantly increase its data transmission and/or reception rates. For example, two 20 MHz aggregated carriers in a multi-carrier system would theoretically lead to a two-fold increase in data rate (i.e., 40 MHz), compared to that attained by a single 20 MHz carrier. [0055] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a UE 164 that may communicate with a macro cell base station 102 over a communication link 120 and/or the mmW base station 180 over a mmW communication link 184. For example, the macro cell base station 102 may support a PCell and one or more SCells for the UE 164 and the mmW base station 180 may support one or more SCells for the UE 164. [0056] In some cases, the UE 164 and the UE 182 may be capable of sidelink (SL) communication. Sidelink-capable UEs (denoted “SL-UEs”) may communicate with base stations 102 over communication links 120 using the Uu interface (i.e., the air interface between a UE and a base station). SL-UEs (e.g., UE 164, UE 182) may also communicate directly with each other over a wireless sidelink 160 using the PC5 interface (i.e., the air interface between sidelink-capable UEs). A wireless sidelink (or just “sidelink”) is an adaptation of the core cellular (e.g., LTE, NR) standard that allows direct communication between two or more UEs without the communication needing to go through a base station. Sidelink communication may be unicast or multicast, and may be used for device- to-device (D2D) media-sharing, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, vehicle-to- everything (V2X) communication (e.g., cellular V2X (cV2X) communication, enhanced V2X (eV2X) communication, etc.), emergency rescue applications, etc. One or more of a group of SL-UEs utilizing sidelink communications may be within the geographic coverage area 110 of a base station 102. Other SL-UEs in such a group may be outside the geographic coverage area 110 of a base station 102 or be otherwise unable to receive transmissions from a base station 102. In some cases, groups of SL-UEs communicating via sidelink communications may utilize a one-to-many (1:M) system in which each SL- UE transmits to every other SL-UE in the group. In some cases, a base station 102 facilitates the scheduling of resources for sidelink communications. In other cases, QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO sidelink communications are carried out between SL-UEs without the involvement of a base station 102. [0057] In an aspect, the sidelink 160 may operate over a wireless communication medium of interest, which may be shared with other wireless communications between other vehicles and/or infrastructure access points, as well as other RATs. A “medium” may be composed of one or more time, frequency, and/or space communication resources (e.g., encompassing one or more channels across one or more carriers) associated with wireless communication between one or more transmitter / receiver pairs. In an aspect, the medium of interest may correspond to at least a portion of an unlicensed frequency band shared among various RATs. Although different licensed frequency bands have been reserved for certain communication systems (e.g., by a government entity such as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States), these systems, in particular those employing small cell access points, have recently extended operation into unlicensed frequency bands such as the Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) band used by wireless local area network (WLAN) technologies, most notably IEEE 802.11x WLAN technologies generally referred to as “Wi-Fi.” Example systems of this type include different variants of CDMA systems, TDMA systems, FDMA systems, orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems, and so on. [0058] Note that although FIG. 1 only illustrates two of the UEs as SL-UEs (i.e., UEs 164 and 182), any of the illustrated UEs may be SL-UEs. Further, although only UE 182 was described as being capable of beamforming, any of the illustrated UEs, including UE 164, may be capable of beamforming. Where SL-UEs are capable of beamforming, they may beamform towards each other (i.e., towards other SL-UEs), towards other UEs (e.g., UEs 104), towards base stations (e.g., base stations 102, 180, small cell 102’, access point 150), etc. Thus, in some cases, UEs 164 and 182 may utilize beamforming over sidelink 160. [0059] In the example of FIG.1, any of the illustrated UEs (shown in FIG.1 as a single UE 104 for simplicity) may receive signals 124 from one or more Earth orbiting space vehicles (SVs) 112 (e.g., satellites). In an aspect, the SVs 112 may be part of a satellite positioning system that a UE 104 can use as an independent source of location information. A satellite positioning system typically includes a system of transmitters (e.g., SVs 112) positioned to enable receivers (e.g., UEs 104) to determine their location on or above the Earth based, QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO at least in part, on positioning signals (e.g., signals 124) received from the transmitters. Such a transmitter typically transmits a signal marked with a repeating pseudo-random noise (PN) code of a set number of chips. While typically located in SVs 112, transmitters may sometimes be located on ground-based control stations, base stations 102, and/or other UEs 104. A UE 104 may include one or more dedicated receivers specifically designed to receive signals 124 for deriving geo location information from the SVs 112. [0060] In a satellite positioning system, the use of signals 124 can be augmented by various satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS) that may be associated with or otherwise enabled for use with one or more global and/or regional navigation satellite systems. For example an SBAS may include an augmentation system(s) that provides integrity information, differential corrections, etc., such as the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), the Multi- functional Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS), the Global Positioning System (GPS) Aided Geo Augmented Navigation or GPS and Geo Augmented Navigation system (GAGAN), and/or the like. Thus, as used herein, a satellite positioning system may include any combination of one or more global and/or regional navigation satellites associated with such one or more satellite positioning systems. [0061] In an aspect, SVs 112 may additionally or alternatively be part of one or more non- terrestrial networks (NTNs). In an NTN, an SV 112 is connected to an earth station (also referred to as a ground station, NTN gateway, or gateway), which in turn is connected to an element in a 5G network, such as a modified base station 102 (without a terrestrial antenna) or a network node in a 5GC. This element would in turn provide access to other elements in the 5G network and ultimately to entities external to the 5G network, such as Internet web servers and other user devices. In that way, a UE 104 may receive communication signals (e.g., signals 124) from an SV 112 instead of, or in addition to, communication signals from a terrestrial base station 102. [0062] The wireless communications system 100 may further include one or more UEs, such as UE 190, that connects indirectly to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links (referred to as “sidelinks”). In the example of FIG. 1, UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with one of the UEs 104 connected to one of the base stations 102 (e.g., through which UE 190 may indirectly obtain cellular connectivity) and a D2D P2P link 194 with WLAN STA 152 connected to the WLAN AP 150 (through which UE 190 may indirectly obtain WLAN-based Internet QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO connectivity). In an example, the D2D P2P links 192 and 194 may be supported with any well-known D2D RAT, such as LTE Direct (LTE-D), WiFi Direct (WiFi-D), Bluetooth®, and so on. [0063] FIG.2A illustrates an example wireless network structure 200. For example, a 5GC 210 (also referred to as a Next Generation Core (NGC)) can be viewed functionally as control plane (C-plane) functions 214 (e.g., UE registration, authentication, network access, gateway selection, etc.) and user plane (U-plane) functions 212, (e.g., UE gateway function, access to data networks, IP routing, etc.) which operate cooperatively to form the core network. User plane interface (NG-U) 213 and control plane interface (NG-C) 215 connect the gNB 222 to the 5GC 210 and specifically to the user plane functions 212 and control plane functions 214, respectively. In an additional configuration, an ng-eNB 224 may also be connected to the 5GC 210 via NG-C 215 to the control plane functions 214 and NG-U 213 to user plane functions 212. Further, ng-eNB 224 may directly communicate with gNB 222 via a backhaul connection 223. In some configurations, a Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) 220 may have one or more gNBs 222, while other configurations include one or more of both ng-eNBs 224 and gNBs 222. Either (or both) gNB 222 or ng-eNB 224 may communicate with one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein). [0064] Another optional aspect may include a location server 230, which may be in communication with the 5GC 210 to provide location assistance for UE(s) 204. The location server 230 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server. The location server 230 can be configured to support one or more location services for UEs 204 that can connect to the location server 230 via the core network, 5GC 210, and/or via the Internet (not illustrated). Further, the location server 230 may be integrated into a component of the core network, or alternatively may be external to the core network (e.g., a third party server, such as an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) server or service server). [0065] FIG. 2B illustrates another example wireless network structure 240. A 5GC 260 (which may correspond to 5GC 210 in FIG. 2A) can be viewed functionally as control plane functions, provided by an access and mobility management function (AMF) 264, and user plane functions, provided by a user plane function (UPF) 262, which operate QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO cooperatively to form the core network (i.e., 5GC 260). The functions of the AMF 264 include registration management, connection management, reachability management, mobility management, lawful interception, transport for session management (SM) messages between one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein) and a session management function (SMF) 266, transparent proxy services for routing SM messages, access authentication and access authorization, transport for short message service (SMS) messages between the UE 204 and the short message service function (SMSF) (not shown), and security anchor functionality (SEAF). The AMF 264 also interacts with an authentication server function (AUSF) (not shown) and the UE 204, and receives the intermediate key that was established as a result of the UE 204 authentication process. In the case of authentication based on a UMTS (universal mobile telecommunications system) subscriber identity module (USIM), the AMF 264 retrieves the security material from the AUSF. The functions of the AMF 264 also include security context management (SCM). The SCM receives a key from the SEAF that it uses to derive access-network specific keys. The functionality of the AMF 264 also includes location services management for regulatory services, transport for location services messages between the UE 204 and a location management function (LMF) 270 (which acts as a location server 230), transport for location services messages between the NG-RAN 220 and the LMF 270, evolved packet system (EPS) bearer identifier allocation for interworking with the EPS, and UE 204 mobility event notification. In addition, the AMF 264 also supports functionalities for non-3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) access networks. [0066] Functions of the UPF 262 include acting as an anchor point for intra-/inter-RAT mobility (when applicable), acting as an external protocol data unit (PDU) session point of interconnect to a data network (not shown), providing packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection, user plane policy rule enforcement (e.g., gating, redirection, traffic steering), lawful interception (user plane collection), traffic usage reporting, quality of service (QoS) handling for the user plane (e.g., uplink/ downlink rate enforcement, reflective QoS marking in the downlink), uplink traffic verification (service data flow (SDF) to QoS flow mapping), transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering, and sending and forwarding of one or more “end markers” to the source RAN node. The UPF 262 may QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO also support transfer of location services messages over a user plane between the UE 204 and a location server, such as an SLP 272. [0067] The functions of the SMF 266 include session management, UE Internet protocol (IP) address allocation and management, selection and control of user plane functions, configuration of traffic steering at the UPF 262 to route traffic to the proper destination, control of part of policy enforcement and QoS, and downlink data notification. The interface over which the SMF 266 communicates with the AMF 264 is referred to as the N11 interface. [0068] Another optional aspect may include an LMF 270, which may be in communication with the 5GC 260 to provide location assistance for UEs 204. The LMF 270 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server. The LMF 270 can be configured to support one or more location services for UEs 204 that can connect to the LMF 270 via the core network, 5GC 260, and/or via the Internet (not illustrated). The SLP 272 may support similar functions to the LMF 270, but whereas the LMF 270 may communicate with the AMF 264, NG-RAN 220, and UEs 204 over a control plane (e.g., using interfaces and protocols intended to convey signaling messages and not voice or data), the SLP 272 may communicate with UEs 204 and external clients (e.g., third-party server 274) over a user plane (e.g., using protocols intended to carry voice and/or data like the transmission control protocol (TCP) and/or IP). [0069] Yet another optional aspect may include a third-party server 274, which may be in communication with the LMF 270, the SLP 272, the 5GC 260 (e.g., via the AMF 264 and/or the UPF 262), the NG-RAN 220, and/or the UE 204 to obtain location information (e.g., a location estimate) for the UE 204. As such, in some cases, the third-party server 274 may be referred to as a location services (LCS) client or an external client. The third- party server 274 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server. [0070] User plane interface 263 and control plane interface 265 connect the 5GC 260, and specifically the UPF 262 and AMF 264, respectively, to one or more gNBs 222 and/or ng-eNBs 224 in the NG-RAN 220. The interface between gNB(s) 222 and/or ng-eNB(s) QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO 20 224 and the AMF 264 is referred to as the “N2” interface, and the interface between gNB(s) 222 and/or ng-eNB(s) 224 and the UPF 262 is referred to as the “N3” interface. The gNB(s) 222 and/or ng-eNB(s) 224 of the NG-RAN 220 may communicate directly with each other via backhaul connections 223, referred to as the “Xn-C” interface. One or more of gNBs 222 and/or ng-eNBs 224 may communicate with one or more UEs 204 over a wireless interface, referred to as the “Uu” interface. [0071] The functionality of a gNB 222 may be divided between a gNB central unit (gNB-CU) 226, one or more gNB distributed units (gNB-DUs) 228, and one or more gNB radio units (gNB-RUs) 229. A gNB-CU 226 is a logical node that includes the base station functions of transferring user data, mobility control, radio access network sharing, positioning, session management, and the like, except for those functions allocated exclusively to the gNB-DU(s) 228. More specifically, the gNB-CU 226 generally host the radio resource control (RRC), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), and packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) protocols of the gNB 222. A gNB-DU 228 is a logical node that generally hosts the radio link control (RLC) and medium access control (MAC) layer of the gNB 222. Its operation is controlled by the gNB-CU 226. One gNB-DU 228 can support one or more cells, and one cell is supported by only one gNB-DU 228. The interface 232 between the gNB-CU 226 and the one or more gNB-DUs 228 is referred to as the “F1” interface. The physical (PHY) layer functionality of a gNB 222 is generally hosted by one or more standalone gNB-RUs 229 that perform functions such as power amplification and signal transmission/reception. The interface between a gNB-DU 228 and a gNB-RU 229 is referred to as the “Fx” interface. Thus, a UE 204 communicates with the gNB-CU 226 via the RRC, SDAP, and PDCP layers, with a gNB-DU 228 via the RLC and MAC layers, and with a gNB-RU 229 via the PHY layer. [0072] Deployment of communication systems, such as 5G NR systems, may be arranged in multiple manners with various components or constituent parts. In a 5G NR system, or network, a network node, a network entity, a mobility element of a network, a RAN node, a core network node, a network element, or a network equipment, such as a base station, or one or more units (or one or more components) performing base station functionality, may be implemented in an aggregated or disaggregated architecture. For example, a base station (such as a Node B (NB), evolved NB (eNB), NR base station, 5G NB, access point (AP), a transmit receive point (TRP), or a cell, etc.) may be implemented as an aggregated QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO base station (also known as a standalone base station or a monolithic base station) or a disaggregated base station. [0073] An aggregated base station may be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node. A disaggregated base station may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more units (such as one or more central or centralized units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), or one or more radio units (RUs)). In some aspects, a CU may be implemented within a RAN node, and one or more DUs may be co-located with the CU, or alternatively, may be geographically or virtually distributed throughout one or multiple other RAN nodes. The DUs may be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CU, DU and RU also can be implemented as virtual units, i.e., a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU). [0074] Base station-type operation or network design may consider aggregation characteristics of base station functionality. For example, disaggregated base stations may be utilized in an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open radio access network (O-RAN (such as the network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance)), or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN, also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN)). Disaggregation may include distributing functionality across two or more units at various physical locations, as well as distributing functionality for at least one unit virtually, which can enable flexibility in network design. The various units of the disaggregated base station, or disaggregated RAN architecture, can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit. [0075] FIG. 2C illustrates an example disaggregated base station architecture 250, according to aspects of the disclosure. The disaggregated base station architecture 250 may include one or more central units (CUs) 280 (e.g., gNB-CU 226) that can communicate directly with a core network 267 (e.g., 5GC 210, 5GC 260) via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 267 through one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 259 via an E2 link, or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC 257 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 255, or both). A CU 280 may communicate with one or more distributed units (DUs) 285 (e.g., gNB-DUs 228) via respective midhaul links, such as an F1 interface. The DUs 285 may communicate with one or more radio units (RUs) 287 (e.g., gNB-RUs 229) via respective fronthaul links. The RUs 287 may QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO communicate with respective UEs 204 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, the UE 204 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 287. [0076] Each of the units, i.e., the CUs 280, the DUs 285, the RUs 287, as well as the Near-RT RICs 259, the Non-RT RICs 257 and the SMO Framework 255, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communication interfaces of the units, can be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units can include a wired interface configured to receive or transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units. Additionally, the units can include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter or transceiver (such as a radio frequency (RF) transceiver), configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other units. [0077] In some aspects, the CU 280 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include radio resource control (RRC), packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), or the like. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 280. The CU 280 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit – User Plane (CU-UP)), control plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit – Control Plane (CU-CP)), or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 280 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. The CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the E1 interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 280 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 285, as necessary, for network control and signaling. [0078] The DU 285 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 287. In some aspects, the DU 285 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, or the like) depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as those defined by the 3rd QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO 23 Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). In some aspects, the DU 285 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 285, or with the control functions hosted by the CU 280. [0079] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RUs 287. In some deployments, an RU 287, controlled by a DU 285, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT), inverse FFT (iFFT), digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or the like), or both, based at least in part on the functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, the RU(s) 287 can be implemented to handle over the air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 204. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communication with the RU(s) 287 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 285. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable the DU(s) 285 and the CU 280 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture. [0080] The SMO Framework 255 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 255 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface). For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 255 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 269) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface). Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 280, DUs 285, RUs 287 and Near-RT RICs 259. In some implementations, the SMO Framework 255 can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 261, via an O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO Framework 255 can communicate directly with one or more RUs 287 via an O1 interface. The SMO Framework 255 also may include a Non-RT RIC 257 configured to support functionality of the SMO Framework 255. QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO 24 [0081] The Non-RT RIC 257 may be configured to include a logical function that enables non- real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning (AI/ML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy-based guidance of applications/features in the Near-RT RIC 259. The Non-RT RIC 257 may be coupled to or communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the Near-RT RIC 259. The Near-RT RIC 259 may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions over an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 280, one or more DUs 285, or both, as well as an O-eNB, with the Near-RT RIC 259. [0082] In some implementations, to generate AI/ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 259, the Non-RT RIC 257 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 259 and may be received at the SMO Framework 255 or the Non-RT RIC 257 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 257 or the Near-RT RIC 259 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 257 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ AI/ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO Framework 255 (such as reconfiguration via O1) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 policies). [0083] FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C illustrate several example components (represented by corresponding blocks) that may be incorporated into a UE 302 (which may correspond to any of the UEs described herein), a base station 304 (which may correspond to any of the base stations described herein), and a network entity 306 (which may correspond to or embody any of the network functions described herein, including the location server 230 and the LMF 270, or alternatively may be independent from the NG-RAN 220 and/or 5GC 210/260 infrastructure depicted in FIGS. 2A and 2B, such as a private network) to support the operations described herein. It will be appreciated that these components may be implemented in different types of apparatuses in different implementations (e.g., in an ASIC, in a system-on-chip (SoC), etc.). The illustrated components may also be incorporated into other apparatuses in a communication system. For example, other apparatuses in a system may include components similar to those described to provide similar functionality. Also, a given apparatus may contain one or more of the components. QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO For example, an apparatus may include multiple transceiver components that enable the apparatus to operate on multiple carriers and/or communicate via different technologies. [0084] The UE 302 and the base station 304 each include one or more wireless wide area network (WWAN) transceivers 310 and 350, respectively, providing means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, means for measuring, means for tuning, means for refraining from transmitting, etc.) via one or more wireless communication networks (not shown), such as an NR network, an LTE network, a GSM network, and/or the like. The WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 may each be connected to one or more antennas 316 and 356, respectively, for communicating with other network nodes, such as other UEs, access points, base stations (e.g., eNBs, gNBs), etc., via at least one designated RAT (e.g., NR, LTE, GSM, etc.) over a wireless communication medium of interest (e.g., some set of time/frequency resources in a particular frequency spectrum). The WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 may be variously configured for transmitting and encoding signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, and so on), respectively, and, conversely, for receiving and decoding signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, and so on), respectively, in accordance with the designated RAT. Specifically, the WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 include one or more transmitters 314 and 354, respectively, for transmitting and encoding signals 318 and 358, respectively, and one or more receivers 312 and 352, respectively, for receiving and decoding signals 318 and 358, respectively. [0085] The UE 302 and the base station 304 each also include, at least in some cases, one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360, respectively. The short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be connected to one or more antennas 326 and 366, respectively, and provide means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, means for measuring, means for tuning, means for refraining from transmitting, etc.) with other network nodes, such as other UEs, access points, base stations, etc., via at least one designated RAT (e.g., WiFi, LTE-D, Bluetooth®, Zigbee®, Z-Wave®, PC5, dedicated short-range communications (DSRC), wireless access for vehicular environments (WAVE), near-field communication (NFC), ultra-wideband (UWB), etc.) over a wireless communication medium of interest. The short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be variously configured for transmitting and encoding signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, and so on), respectively, and, conversely, for receiving and decoding signals 328 and 368 (e.g., QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO messages, indications, information, pilots, and so on), respectively, in accordance with the designated RAT. Specifically, the short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 include one or more transmitters 324 and 364, respectively, for transmitting and encoding signals 328 and 368, respectively, and one or more receivers 322 and 362, respectively, for receiving and decoding signals 328 and 368, respectively. As specific examples, the short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be WiFi transceivers, Bluetooth® transceivers, Zigbee® and/or Z-Wave® transceivers, NFC transceivers, UWB transceivers, or vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and/or vehicle-to-everything (V2X) transceivers. [0086] The UE 302 and the base station 304 also include, at least in some cases, satellite signal receivers 330 and 370. The satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 may be connected to one or more antennas 336 and 376, respectively, and may provide means for receiving and/or measuring satellite positioning/communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. Where the satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 are satellite positioning system receivers, the satellite positioning/communication signals 338 and 378 may be global positioning system (GPS) signals, global navigation satellite system (GLONASS) signals, Galileo signals, Beidou signals, Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (NAVIC), Quasi- Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), etc. Where the satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 are non-terrestrial network (NTN) receivers, the satellite positioning/communication signals 338 and 378 may be communication signals (e.g., carrying control and/or user data) originating from a 5G network. The satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 may comprise any suitable hardware and/or software for receiving and processing satellite positioning/communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. The satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 may request information and operations as appropriate from the other systems, and, at least in some cases, perform calculations to determine locations of the UE 302 and the base station 304, respectively, using measurements obtained by any suitable satellite positioning system algorithm. [0087] The base station 304 and the network entity 306 each include one or more network transceivers 380 and 390, respectively, providing means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, etc.) with other network entities (e.g., other base stations 304, other network entities 306). For example, the base station 304 may employ the one or more network transceivers 380 to communicate with other base stations 304 or network entities 306 over one or more wired or wireless backhaul links. As another QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO 27 example, the network entity 306 may employ the one or more network transceivers 390 to communicate with one or more base station 304 over one or more wired or wireless backhaul links, or with other network entities 306 over one or more wired or wireless core network interfaces. [0088] A transceiver may be configured to communicate over a wired or wireless link. A transceiver (whether a wired transceiver or a wireless transceiver) includes transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) and receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362). A transceiver may be an integrated device (e.g., embodying transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry in a single device) in some implementations, may comprise separate transmitter circuitry and separate receiver circuitry in some implementations, or may be embodied in other ways in other implementations. The transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry of a wired transceiver (e.g., network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) may be coupled to one or more wired network interface ports. Wireless transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) may include or be coupled to a plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as an antenna array, that permits the respective apparatus (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform transmit “beamforming,” as described herein. Similarly, wireless receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362) may include or be coupled to a plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as an antenna array, that permits the respective apparatus (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform receive beamforming, as described herein. In an aspect, the transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry may share the same plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such that the respective apparatus can only receive or transmit at a given time, not both at the same time. A wireless transceiver (e.g., WWAN transceivers 310 and 350, short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360) may also include a network listen module (NLM) or the like for performing various measurements. [0089] As used herein, the various wireless transceivers (e.g., transceivers 310, 320, 350, and 360, and network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) and wired transceivers (e.g., network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) may generally be characterized as “a transceiver,” “at least one transceiver,” or “one or more transceivers.” As such, whether a particular transceiver is a wired or wireless transceiver may be inferred from the type of communication performed. For example, backhaul communication between network devices or servers will generally relate to signaling via QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO 28 a wired transceiver, whereas wireless communication between a UE (e.g., UE 302) and a base station (e.g., base station 304) will generally relate to signaling via a wireless transceiver. [0090] The UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 also include other components that may be used in conjunction with the operations as disclosed herein. The UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 include one or more processors 332, 384, and 394, respectively, for providing functionality relating to, for example, wireless communication, and for providing other processing functionality. The processors 332, 384, and 394 may therefore provide means for processing, such as means for determining, means for calculating, means for receiving, means for transmitting, means for indicating, etc. In an aspect, the processors 332, 384, and 394 may include, for example, one or more general purpose processors, multi-core processors, central processing units (CPUs), ASICs, digital signal processors (DSPs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), other programmable logic devices or processing circuitry, or various combinations thereof. [0091] The UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 include memory circuitry implementing memories 340, 386, and 396 (e.g., each including a memory device), respectively, for maintaining information (e.g., information indicative of reserved resources, thresholds, parameters, and so on). The memories 340, 386, and 396 may therefore provide means for storing, means for retrieving, means for maintaining, etc. In some cases, the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 may include virtual anchor (VA) detection component 342, 388, and 398, respectively. The VA detection component 342, 388, and 398 may be hardware circuits that are part of or coupled to the processors 332, 384, and 394, respectively, that, when executed, cause the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein. In other aspects, the VA detection component 342, 388, and 398 may be external to the processors 332, 384, and 394 (e.g., part of a modem processing system, integrated with another processing system, etc.). Alternatively, the VA detection component 342, 388, and 398 may be memory modules stored in the memories 340, 386, and 396, respectively, that, when executed by the processors 332, 384, and 394 (or a modem processing system, another processing system, etc.), cause the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein. FIG.3A illustrates possible locations of the VA detection component 342, which may be, QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO for example, part of the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the memory 340, the one or more processors 332, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. FIG.3B illustrates possible locations of the VA detection component 388, which may be, for example, part of the one or more WWAN transceivers 350, the memory 386, the one or more processors 384, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. FIG.3C illustrates possible locations of the VA detection component 398, which may be, for example, part of the one or more network transceivers 390, the memory 396, the one or more processors 394, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. [0092] The UE 302 may include one or more sensors 344 coupled to the one or more processors 332 to provide means for sensing or detecting movement and/or orientation information that is independent of motion data derived from signals received by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, and/or the satellite signal receiver 330. By way of example, the sensor(s) 344 may include an accelerometer (e.g., a micro-electrical mechanical systems (MEMS) device), a gyroscope, a geomagnetic sensor (e.g., a compass), an altimeter (e.g., a barometric pressure altimeter), and/or any other type of movement detection sensor. Moreover, the sensor(s) 344 may include a plurality of different types of devices and combine their outputs in order to provide motion information. For example, the sensor(s) 344 may use a combination of a multi-axis accelerometer and orientation sensors to provide the ability to compute positions in two-dimensional (2D) and/or three-dimensional (3D) coordinate systems. [0093] In addition, the UE 302 includes a user interface 346 providing means for providing indications (e.g., audible and/or visual indications) to a user and/or for receiving user input (e.g., upon user actuation of a sensing device such a keypad, a touch screen, a microphone, and so on). Although not shown, the base station 304 and the network entity 306 may also include user interfaces. [0094] Referring to the one or more processors 384 in more detail, in the downlink, IP packets from the network entity 306 may be provided to the processor 384. The one or more processors 384 may implement functionality for an RRC layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control (MAC) layer. The one or more processors 384 may provide RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting of system information (e.g., master information block (MIB), system information blocks (SIBs)), RRC connection control (e.g., RRC QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), inter-RAT mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression/decompression, security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification), and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ), concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs), re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, scheduling information reporting, error correction, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization. [0095] The transmitter 354 and the receiver 352 may implement Layer-1 (L1) functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer-1, which includes a physical (PHY) layer, may include error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding/decoding of the transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, modulation/demodulation of physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. The transmitter 354 handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK), M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)). The coded and modulated symbols may then be split into parallel streams. Each stream may then be mapped to an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and/or frequency domain, and then combined together using an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM symbol stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator may be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimate may be derived from a reference signal and/or channel condition feedback transmitted by the UE 302. Each spatial stream may then be provided to one or more different antennas 356. The transmitter 354 may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission. [0096] At the UE 302, the receiver 312 receives a signal through its respective antenna(s) 316. The receiver 312 recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO information to the one or more processors 332. The transmitter 314 and the receiver 312 implement Layer-1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The receiver 312 may perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 302. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 302, they may be combined by the receiver 312 into a single OFDM symbol stream. The receiver 312 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time-domain to the frequency domain using a fast Fourier transform (FFT). The frequency domain signal comprises a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the base station 304. These soft decisions may be based on channel estimates computed by a channel estimator. The soft decisions are then decoded and de-interleaved to recover the data and control signals that were originally transmitted by the base station 304 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to the one or more processors 332, which implements Layer-3 (L3) and Layer-2 (L2) functionality. [0097] In the downlink, the one or more processors 332 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets from the core network. The one or more processors 332 are also responsible for error detection. [0098] Similar to the functionality described in connection with the downlink transmission by the base station 304, the one or more processors 332 provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) acquisition, RRC connections, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression/decompression, and security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification); RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs), demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ), priority handling, and logical channel prioritization. [0099] Channel estimates derived by the channel estimator from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 304 may be used by the transmitter 314 to select the QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO appropriate coding and modulation schemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the transmitter 314 may be provided to different antenna(s) 316. The transmitter 314 may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission. [0100] The uplink transmission is processed at the base station 304 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function at the UE 302. The receiver 352 receives a signal through its respective antenna(s) 356. The receiver 352 recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the one or more processors 384. [0101] In the uplink, the one or more processors 384 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets from the UE 302. IP packets from the one or more processors 384 may be provided to the core network. The one or more processors 384 are also responsible for error detection. [0102] For convenience, the UE 302, the base station 304, and/or the network entity 306 are shown in FIGS.3A, 3B, and 3C as including various components that may be configured according to the various examples described herein. It will be appreciated, however, that the illustrated components may have different functionality in different designs. In particular, various components in FIGS. 3A to 3C are optional in alternative configurations and the various aspects include configurations that may vary due to design choice, costs, use of the device, or other considerations. For example, in case of FIG.3A, a particular implementation of UE 302 may omit the WWAN transceiver(s) 310 (e.g., a wearable device or tablet computer or PC or laptop may have Wi-Fi and/or Bluetooth capability without cellular capability), or may omit the short-range wireless transceiver(s) 320 (e.g., cellular-only, etc.), or may omit the satellite signal receiver 330, or may omit the sensor(s) 344, and so on. In another example, in case of FIG. 3B, a particular implementation of the base station 304 may omit the WWAN transceiver(s) 350 (e.g., a Wi-Fi “hotspot” access point without cellular capability), or may omit the short-range wireless transceiver(s) 360 (e.g., cellular-only, etc.), or may omit the satellite signal receiver 370, and so on. For brevity, illustration of the various alternative configurations is not provided herein, but would be readily understandable to one skilled in the art. [0103] The various components of the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 may be communicatively coupled to each other over data buses 334, 382, and 392, QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO respectively. In an aspect, the data buses 334, 382, and 392 may form, or be part of, a communication interface of the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306, respectively. For example, where different logical entities are embodied in the same device (e.g., gNB and location server functionality incorporated into the same base station 304), the data buses 334, 382, and 392 may provide communication between them. [0104] The components of FIGS.3A, 3B, and 3C may be implemented in various ways. In some implementations, the components of FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C may be implemented in one or more circuits such as, for example, one or more processors and/or one or more ASICs (which may include one or more processors). Here, each circuit may use and/or incorporate at least one memory component for storing information or executable code used by the circuit to provide this functionality. For example, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 310 to 346 may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the UE 302 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and/or by appropriate configuration of processor components). Similarly, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 350 to 388 may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the base station 304 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and/or by appropriate configuration of processor components). Also, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 390 to 398 may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the network entity 306 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and/or by appropriate configuration of processor components). For simplicity, various operations, acts, and/or functions are described herein as being performed “by a UE,” “by a base station,” “by a network entity,” etc. However, as will be appreciated, such operations, acts, and/or functions may actually be performed by specific components or combinations of components of the UE 302, base station 304, network entity 306, etc., such as the processors 332, 384, 394, the transceivers 310, 320, 350, and 360, the memories 340, 386, and 396, the VA detection component 342, 388, and 398, etc. [0105] In some designs, the network entity 306 may be implemented as a core network component. In other designs, the network entity 306 may be distinct from a network operator or operation of the cellular network infrastructure (e.g., NG RAN 220 and/or 5GC 210/260). For example, the network entity 306 may be a component of a private network that may be configured to communicate with the UE 302 via the base station 304 or independently from the base station 304 (e.g., over a non-cellular communication link, such as WiFi). QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO [0106] NR supports a number of cellular network-based positioning technologies, including downlink-based, uplink-based, and downlink-and-uplink-based positioning methods. Downlink-based positioning methods include observed time difference of arrival (OTDOA) in LTE, downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA) in NR, and downlink angle-of-departure (DL-AoD) in NR. FIG. 4 illustrates examples of various positioning methods, according to aspects of the disclosure. In an OTDOA or DL-TDOA positioning procedure, illustrated by scenario 410, a UE measures the differences between the times of arrival (ToAs) of reference signals (e.g., positioning reference signals (PRS)) received from pairs of base stations, referred to as reference signal time difference (RSTD) or time difference of arrival (TDOA) measurements, and reports them to a positioning entity. More specifically, the UE receives the identifiers (IDs) of a reference base station (e.g., a serving base station) and multiple non-reference base stations in assistance data. The UE then measures the RSTD between the reference base station and each of the non-reference base stations. Based on the known locations of the involved base stations and the RSTD measurements, the positioning entity (e.g., the UE for UE-based positioning or a location server for UE-assisted positioning) can estimate the UE’s location. [0107] For DL-AoD positioning, illustrated by scenario 420, the positioning entity uses a measurement report from the UE of received signal strength measurements of multiple downlink transmit beams to determine the angle(s) between the UE and the transmitting base station(s). The positioning entity can then estimate the location of the UE based on the determined angle(s) and the known location(s) of the transmitting base station(s). [0108] Uplink-based positioning methods include uplink time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA) and uplink angle-of-arrival (UL-AoA). UL-TDOA is similar to DL-TDOA, but is based on uplink reference signals (e.g., sounding reference signals (SRS)) transmitted by the UE to multiple base stations. Specifically, a UE transmits one or more uplink reference signals that are measured by a reference base station and a plurality of non-reference base stations. Each base station then reports the reception time (referred to as the relative time of arrival (RTOA)) of the reference signal(s) to a positioning entity (e.g., a location server) that knows the locations and relative timing of the involved base stations. Based on the reception-to-reception (Rx-Rx) time difference between the reported RTOA of the reference base station and the reported RTOA of each non-reference base station, the known locations of the base stations, and their known timing offsets, the positioning entity can estimate the location of the UE using TDOA. QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO [0109] For UL-AoA positioning, one or more base stations measure the received signal strength of one or more uplink reference signals (e.g., SRS) received from a UE on one or more uplink receive beams. The positioning entity uses the signal strength measurements and the angle(s) of the receive beam(s) to determine the angle(s) between the UE and the base station(s). Based on the determined angle(s) and the known location(s) of the base station(s), the positioning entity can then estimate the location of the UE. [0110] Downlink-and-uplink-based positioning methods include enhanced cell-ID (E-CID) positioning and multi-round-trip-time (RTT) positioning (also referred to as “multi-cell RTT” and “multi-RTT”). In an RTT procedure, a first entity (e.g., a base station or a UE) transmits a first RTT-related signal (e.g., a PRS or SRS) to a second entity (e.g., a UE or base station), which transmits a second RTT-related signal (e.g., an SRS or PRS) back to the first entity. Each entity measures the time difference between the time of arrival (ToA) of the received RTT-related signal and the transmission time of the transmitted RTT-related signal. This time difference is referred to as a reception-to-transmission (Rx- Tx) time difference. The Rx-Tx time difference measurement may be made, or may be adjusted, to include only a time difference between nearest slot boundaries for the received and transmitted signals. Both entities may then send their Rx-Tx time difference measurement to a location server (e.g., an LMF 270), which calculates the round trip propagation time (i.e., RTT) between the two entities from the two Rx-Tx time difference measurements (e.g., as the sum of the two Rx-Tx time difference measurements). Alternatively, one entity may send its Rx-Tx time difference measurement to the other entity, which then calculates the RTT. The distance between the two entities can be determined from the RTT and the known signal speed (e.g., the speed of light). For multi- RTT positioning, illustrated by scenario 430, a first entity (e.g., a UE or base station) performs an RTT positioning procedure with multiple second entities (e.g., multiple base stations or UEs) to enable the location of the first entity to be determined (e.g., using multilateration) based on distances to, and the known locations of, the second entities. RTT and multi-RTT methods can be combined with other positioning techniques, such as UL-AoA and DL-AoD, to improve location accuracy, as illustrated by scenario 440. [0111] The E-CID positioning method is based on radio resource management (RRM) measurements. In E-CID, the UE reports the serving cell ID, the timing advance (TA), and the identifiers, estimated timing, and signal strength of detected neighbor base QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO stations. The location of the UE is then estimated based on this information and the known locations of the base station(s). [0112] To assist positioning operations, a location server (e.g., location server 230, LMF 270, SLP 272) may provide assistance data to the UE. For example, the assistance data may include identifiers of the base stations (or the cells/TRPs of the base stations) from which to measure reference signals, the reference signal configuration parameters (e.g., the number of consecutive slots including PRS, periodicity of the consecutive slots including PRS, muting sequence, frequency hopping sequence, reference signal identifier, reference signal bandwidth, etc.), and/or other parameters applicable to the particular positioning method. Alternatively, the assistance data may originate directly from the base stations themselves (e.g., in periodically broadcasted overhead messages, etc.). In some cases, the UE may be able to detect neighbor network nodes itself without the use of assistance data. [0113] In the case of an OTDOA or DL-TDOA positioning procedure, the assistance data may further include an expected RSTD value and an associated uncertainty, or search window, around the expected RSTD. In some cases, the value range of the expected RSTD may be +/- 500 microseconds (μs). In some cases, when any of the resources used for the positioning measurement are in FR1, the value range for the uncertainty of the expected RSTD may be +/- 32 μs. In other cases, when all of the resources used for the positioning measurement(s) are in FR2, the value range for the uncertainty of the expected RSTD may be +/- 8 μs. [0114] A location estimate may be referred to by other names, such as a position estimate, location, position, position fix, fix, or the like. A location estimate may be geodetic and comprise coordinates (e.g., latitude, longitude, and possibly altitude) or may be civic and comprise a street address, postal address, or some other verbal description of a location. A location estimate may further be defined relative to some other known location or defined in absolute terms (e.g., using latitude, longitude, and possibly altitude). A location estimate may include an expected error or uncertainty (e.g., by including an area or volume within which the location is expected to be included with some specified or default level of confidence). [0115] FIG. 5 is a graph 500 representing an example channel estimate of a multipath channel between a receiver device (e.g., any of the UEs or base stations described herein) and a transmitter device (e.g., any other of the UEs or base stations described herein), according to aspects of the disclosure. The channel estimate represents the intensity of a radio QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO frequency (RF) signal (e.g., a positioning reference signal (PRS)) received through a multipath channel as a function of time delay, and may be referred to as the channel energy response (CER), channel impulse response (CIR), or power delay profile (PDP) of the channel. Thus, the horizontal axis represents time (e.g., milliseconds) and the vertical axis represents signal strength (e.g., decibels). Note that a multipath channel is a channel between a transmitter and a receiver over which an RF signal follows multiple paths, or multipaths, due to transmission of the RF signal on multiple beams and/or to the propagation characteristics of the RF signal (e.g., reflection, refraction, etc.). [0116] In the example of FIG. 5, the receiver detects/measures multiple (four) channel taps of the RF signal. Each channel tap is a cluster of one or more rays and corresponds to a multipath that the RF signal followed between the transmitter and the receiver. Thus, a channel tap represents the time of arrival and signal strength of an RF signal over a multipath. There may be multiple channel taps due to the RF signal being transmitted on different transmit beams (and therefore at different angles), or because of the propagation characteristics of RF signals (e.g., potentially following different paths due to reflections), or both. Note that although FIG. 5 illustrates channel taps of two to five rays, as will be appreciated, the channel taps may have more or fewer than the illustrated number of rays. [0117] In the example of FIG. 5, the channel tap detected at time T3 is composed of stronger rays than the channel tap detected at time T1. This may be due to an obstruction on the LOS path between the transmitter and the receiver. Alternatively or additionally, there may be a strong reflector along the non-line-of-sight (NLOS) path corresponding to the channel tap detected at time T3. [0118] A TRP (or UE or other device) that participates in a positioning procedure with a target UE and has a known location (at least to the positioning entity) is referred to as an “anchor” (or “anchor point” or “anchor node” or the like). A “virtual anchor” (VA) is a virtual TRP that appears to be located at a location that, with respect to a reflecting surface, is a mirror image of the location of the real, or physical, TRP/anchor. More specifically, according to the two-ray channel model (i.e., a channel having at least an LOS path and an NLOS path, as described with reference to FIG.5), the NLOS multipath that results from reflection off a surface can be related to a virtual TRP located in a mirror position of the real TRP with respect to the reflecting surface. [0119] FIG.6 is a diagram 600 illustrating the relationship between a virtual anchor and the real anchor, according to aspects of the disclosure. As shown in FIG. 6, a physical TRP 602 QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO (e.g., a TRP of any of the base stations described herein) is transmitting an electromagnetic wave (an RF signal) towards a UE 604 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein). The TRP 602 is a distance “d1” from a reflecting surface (labeled “Reflector”). The RF signal transmitted by the TRP 602 follows an LOS path and an NLOS path to the UE 604. Thus, the RF signal has both an LOS component and an NLOS component when received at the UE 604. As shown in FIG.6, the NLOS path appears to the UE 604 to be an LOS path from a virtual anchor (VA) 606 located a distance “d2” (equal to d1) on the other side of the reflecting surface perpendicular to the physical TRP 602. The virtual anchor 606 therefore plays the role of a node that generates the NLOS multipath component that the UE 604 observes. The time of flight (ToF) of the NLOS path equals the ToF of the RF signal from the virtual anchor 606 to the UE 604. [0120] An observable virtual anchor at a given UE location is represented by an NLOS multipath component (i.e., an NLOS channel tap) received at the UE. The delay (i.e., arrival time) of the NLOS multipath component (MPC) is related to the virtual path (geometrical) from the virtual anchor to the UE. For example, with reference to FIGS. 5 and 6, the first NLOS channel tap (“Tap2”) may correspond to the NLOS path illustrated in FIG.6. As such, channel tap “Tap2” would correspond to the virtual anchor 606. [0121] The location of a virtual anchor is fixed and consistent as long as the location of the corresponding transmitter and the map of the environment do not change. As such, virtual anchors are intermediate entities that represent the environment. Learning the locations of virtual anchors is a method of learning the environment. Learned virtual anchors (i.e., identified locations of virtual anchors) can be used for many purposes, such as positioning, beam prediction, channel prediction, etc. Virtual anchors can be detected at the UE or at the network, and learned virtual anchors can be signaled to UEs. [0122] The present disclosure provides techniques for channel tap removal (or simply tap removal) to detect the locations of virtual anchors. As discussed in greater detail below, the disclosed tap removal technique is a scalable solution for detecting virtual anchors based on reported multipath information from UE measurements. Tap removal is particularly effective in an indoor environment, irrespective of the map or size of the environment. [0123] The information needed for tap removal may be collected at the network side (e.g., LMF, gNB) from UE reports. FIG.7 is a diagram 700 illustrating an example of data collection to use for tap removal to identify virtual anchors, according to aspects of the disclosure. QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO Each reported/collected data sample includes a UE location and a set of multipath components (MPCs) associated with (e.g., measured at or obtained at) that location. In an aspect, the UE may report the NLOS MPCs to the network in the context of an additional path measurement (e.g., in an “NR-AdditionalPath” information element (IE)). For example, the UE may be measuring and reporting an RSTD, or other positioning measurement, of one or more PRS and, when reporting the RSTD measurement, may report the NLOS MPCs using the “NR-AdditionalPath” IE. The NLOS MPCs may be additional channel taps (e.g., one or more NLOS channel taps) of the channel estimate of the measured PRS. [0124] In the example of FIG.7, for each position of a UE (denoted “Pos 1 (x1, y1, z1)” to “Pos L (xL, yL, zL)”), the UE reports the channel tap information for a given channel measured at that position. For example, the channel may be a downlink channel (e.g., DL-PRS) or a sidelink channel (e.g., SL-PRS). The channel tap information at each position of the UE is denoted “{(ToF_1, p1, …) … “ToF” is the time-of-flight of the channel tap and “p” is the signal strength (power) of the channel tap. In some cases, the channel tap information at each position of the UE may include the phase and/or angle-of-arrival (AoA) of the tap (indicated by the ellipses). Each tuple of (ToF_N, pN, …) represents a multipath component of the measured channel. [0125] Given a set of multipath components for each of a set of ground truth locations (i.e., known locations of a UE) in an area, the goal is to determine the locations of any virtual anchors that may be present. However, virtual anchor detection is a very challenging problem due to the difficulties in MPC detection. For example, a UE generally cannot determine the AoA associated with a channel tap, and therefore, cannot determine the direction to the virtual anchor, only the distance (based, e.g., on the difference in arrival times of the channel taps). In addition, it is difficult to determine which NLOS MPCs should be assigned to which virtual anchor(s). To address these difficulties, the disclosed techniques are based on two concepts: (1) using MPCs selectively for virtual anchor detection instead of using all MPCs at once, and (2) removing MPCs that can be associated with already found virtual anchors from the search space. [0126] FIG. 8 illustrates high-level methods of virtual anchor detection based on channel tap removal, according to aspects of the disclosure. In the example of FIG. 8, a dataset 805 stores MPCs collected from one or more UEs that may be associated with virtual anchors (referred to as a search database or dataset). In a first method 800, at stage 810, given the QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO known locations of previously found virtual anchors, potential assignments of collected NLOS MPCs from dataset 805 are tested. NLOS MPCs that are successfully assigned to previously found virtual anchors are removed from the search database (i.e., dataset 805). At stage 820, a subset of NLOS MPCs is selected for a new virtual anchor detection. At stage 830, the subset of NLOS MPCs is determined to be a new virtual anchor detection. [0127] The method 800 can be implemented sequentially in order to find multiple virtual anchors in an iterative manner. A second method 850 illustrated in FIG. 8 is therefore a method of successive tap removal. At stage 860, a subset of NLOS MPCs is selected from the dataset 805. At stage 870, virtual anchors related to the subset are detected. At stage 880, NLOS MPCs are assigned to found virtual anchors. At stage 890, the successfully assigned MPCs are removed from the search database (i.e., dataset 805). The method 850 then repeats. [0128] FIG. 9 illustrates an example method 900 of network-based assignment, according to aspects of the disclosure. In the example of FIG.9, a dataset 905 stores MPCs collected from one or more UEs that may be associated with virtual anchors (referred to as a search database or dataset). On the network side, at stage 910, a subset of NLOS MPCs is selected from the dataset 905 (i.e., the search database). At stage 920, the selected subset of NLOS MPCs is determined to be a new virtual anchor detection. At stage 930, the virtual anchor is added to the database of found virtual anchors. The network may then report the new virtual anchor location to the UE side. On the UE side, at stage 940, the virtual anchor is added to the UE’s locally stored database of known virtual anchors. Both the network and the UE may report subsequently collected MPCs for assignment and removal from the dataset 905 at stage 950. Note that the NLOS MPCs reported at stage 950 may need to satisfy a set of conditions configured by the network, as described below. [0129] Regarding the network-defined conditions for reporting NLOS MPCs, the network may set a threshold confidence level in the accuracy of the extracted NLOS MPCs. The network shares this threshold with the UEs, and the NLOS MPCs that satisfy the threshold are reported to the network as additional path information. For example, the threshold may be for the estimated gain for a multipath. Another option may be for each UE to report its confidence in the accuracy of the extracted NLOS MPCs. In the later case, the network may choose NLOS MPCs with the desired accuracy. [0130] In an aspect, the network may select the UEs to participate in the MPC reporting based on their geographical area. For example, the network may have already used UEs from a QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO first area (identified by a first area ID) and a second area (identified by a second area ID). In that case, configured UEs whose datasets were collected (at least mostly) in only one of the geographic areas (e.g., the first area) may not be selected by the network, while other UEs whose datasets were collected in both geographical areas may be favored in the selection, as this can enhance the search process by having more data samples. [0131] The area identifier may be based on (1) an identifier (ID) that is already defined and signaled, such as a tracking area ID, or (2) a network implementation of area partitioning. For the second option, the network may define the geographical limits of areas and identify which UEs should be selected based on the (approximate) knowledge of their geographical areas. [0132] Still referring to UE selection, in an aspect, the network may select UEs based on their operating bandwidth (i.e., the bandwidth the UEs are able to measure). Measuring larger bandwidths results in higher accuracy for MPC extraction. As such, UEs that can use a larger bandwidth would be of interest to the network. [0133] FIG. 10 illustrates an example method 1000 of UE-assisted assignment, according to aspects of the disclosure. In the example of FIG.10, a dataset 1005 stores MPCs collected from one or more UEs that may be associated with virtual anchors (referred to as a search database or dataset). On the network side, at stage 1010, a subset of NLOS MPCs is selected from the dataset 1005 (i.e., the search database). At stage 1020, the selected subset of NLOS MPCs is determined to be a new virtual anchor detection. At stage 1030, the virtual anchor is added to the database of found virtual anchors. The network may then report the new virtual anchor location to the UE side. On the UE side, at stage 1040, the virtual anchor is added to the UE’s locally stored database of known virtual anchors. [0134] The UE then performs assignment and removal of subsequently collected MPCs from the dataset 1005 at stage 1050. This stage may be performed on new MPC measurements or when the network requests the UE to report new MPCs. The UE then reports unassigned MPCs to the network. As a first option, the UE may report unassigned NLOS MPCs as additional paths for the measurement being reported (e.g., RSTD, UE Rx-Tx time difference, etc.). As a second option, the UE reports all NLOS MPCs with assigned or unassigned tags as additional paths for the measurement being reported. Note that the reported MPCs may need to satisfy a set of conditions configured by the network, as described above. QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO [0135] In an aspect, multipath information can be extracted on the UE side (based on UE computational capability) and the assignment at stage 1050 can be performed by the UE. In this case, referring to the first option for reporting unassigned MPCs to the network at stage 1050, the network may indicate a set of virtual anchors and report them back to the UE. Depending on UE capability, the network may request the UE to compare extracted NLOS MPCs with the reported virtual anchors and report only multipaths that cannot be assigned to the reported virtual anchors. Alternatively, referring to the second option for reporting unassigned MPCs to the network at stage 1050, in some cases, the network may need all MPCs (assigned or unassigned) for training specific machine learning models. The network can therefore request the UE to report all MPCs, but to tag each NLOS MPC with the identifier of the existing compatible virtual anchor. In this case, the network can use unassigned NLOS MPCs for virtual anchor detection and assigned NLOS MPCs for training one or more machine learning models related to the corresponding path. [0136] FIG.11 illustrates an example method 1100 for successive (iterative) tap removal (STR), according to aspects of the disclosure. In the example of FIG. 11, a dataset 1105 stores MPCs collected from one or more UEs that may be associated with virtual anchors (referred to as a search database or dataset). [0137] At stage 1110, UE channel estimate samples with an SNR (or other signal strength metric) greater than a threshold (denoted “snr_thresh”) are retrieved from the dataset 1105. At stage 1120, from each UE sample, only the first NLOS MPC/channel tap is selected under two conditions: (1) the MPC satisfies a power threshold (denoted “mpc_thresh”) and (2) the ToF of the MPC cannot be assigned to any previously found virtual anchor. At stage 1130, a three-dimensional (3D) array is initialized to the desired size with zero scores for each cell of the 3D array. The 3D array may be a cube/box/grid, as in the example of FIG. 11, or a sphere or other such 3D shape. From each UE sample, a sphere having a radius of the ToF of the corresponding MPC is intersected with the grid, and the scores of the cells intersected by the sphere are updated. [0138] At stage 1140, the scored grid is passed through a 3D constant false alarm rate (CFAR), which is a common form of adaptive algorithm used in radar systems to detect target returns against a background of noise, clutter, and interference. At stage 1150, the output of the 3D CFAR is passed to a local maximum filter. At stage 1160, the output of the local maximum filter is used to generate a mask that represents local maxima in the scored grid. The local maxima are potential locations of virtual anchors relating the selected QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO NLOS MPCs/channel taps. At stage 1170, the first N maximas are selected as virtual anchors. The virtual anchors are then stored as found virtual anchors. The method then returns to stage 1120, and the 3D grid is reset. [0139] FIG.12 is a diagram 1200 illustrating details of the 3D array used for STR, according to aspects of the disclosure. An important stage of STR is the array (grid) initialization at stage 1130 of FIG. 11. In order to find virtual anchors, a 3D grid containing small cells, or boxes, is generated. Larger grids can contain virtual anchors caused by higher order reflections, that is, larger ToFs. Generally, the grid should at least contain all the potential first order reflection virtual anchors (or “first order virtual anchors”). Note that a first order virtual anchor is defined as a virtual anchor whose location is derived by mirroring the physical location to only one reflector (as shown in FIG. 6). A first order virtual anchor is not necessarily the first NLOS channel tap. [0140] In FIG. 12, diagram 1200 shows an example 3D grid that is sized to contain the room in which the UE(s) collected the channel samples and the locations of all potential virtual anchors. More specifically, as shown on the right of the figure, the size of the 3D grid has a length and width that is three times the length (L) and width (W) of the room. That is, the center rectangle represents the room, and it is surrounded by eight rectangles of the same size. In that way, no matter where in the room a UE was located when it measured an RF signal (e.g., against one wall), the farthest away a virtual anchor would be is the distance between the UE and the wall reflecting the measured RF signal. [0141] The size of the cells, or boxes, making up the 3D grid depend on the desired computational burden and the variance of the estimated ToFs. A smaller size results in higher accuracy (i.e., accuracy of a virtual anchor’s estimated location) but with higher complexity (e.g., requiring greater computational resources and/or higher UE capabilities). In an example implementation, the cells may be one meter on the x-axis, one meter on the y-axis, and three meters on the z-axis. [0142] Referring to the grid search algorithm in greater detail (also performed at stage 1130 of FIG.11), each extracted MPC is represented as a sphere with the UE location as the center and r = C x ToF as the radius (where C is the speed of light). The sphere is intersected with the 3D grid such that the center of the sphere aligns with the location of the UE as represented within the grid. Each cell intersecting with the sphere receives a score. [0143] The intersected cells may be scored in different ways. As a first option, the score may simply be an integer-based score function (e.g., +1 for each intersection). As a second QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO option, the score may be a likelihood point calculated as, for example, ^ ൌ ^ ^{^} ఙ _ξଶగ ^ exp ^െ ^{^ |} ^ െ ^ ^|ଶ ^. In the foregoing, R is the distance between the center of the cell and the UE, d = C x ToF (where C is the speed of light), and ^ is a parameter. As a third option, the score may be a likelihood point calculated as, for example, ^ ൌ the MPC gain. [0144] Referring now to the local maxima extraction at stage 1150 of FIG. 11 in greater detail, in general, any method for extracting local maxima can be used. The generated scored grid can be represented as a 3D image. Finding local maxima in the image can be executed by dynamic thresholding. In a specific implementation, a CFAR algorithm is used for dynamic thresholding (at stage 1140 of FIG.11), and then a maximum filter with a fixed mask size is used (at stage 1150 of FIG.11). [0145] For each cell under test (CUT), the calculated value is a ratio between its score and the a ^{verage score of the training cells:} _{ൌ const} In the foregoing equation, x represents the score value of the CUT and i, j, and k are the positional indices of the CUT in the 3D array. The parameter “const” is a constant. [0146] FIG.13 is a diagram 1300 illustrating aspects of the CFAR filter, according to aspects of the disclosure. As shown in FIG.13, the CUT is in the center, surrounded by guard cells. [0147] The output of the CFAR filter is passed through a maximum filter (at stage 1150 of FIG. 11) with the same mask size as the CFAR mask. Maximum filters provide a mask over the 3D grid that provides cells that represent local maxima. [0148] FIG. 14 illustrates example test results of virtual anchor extraction using successive tap removal, according to aspects of the disclosure. The test results were obtained in a room having dimensions of 30 (W) x 20 (L) x 6 (H) meters (m) using cells of 1 x 1 x 3 m for a total of 38,857 cells. The applied 3D CFAR was ratio based. The mask size was [6, 6, 3] training cells and [1, 1, 1] guard cells. The snr_thresh was 1.5 decibels (dB), the mpc_thresh was -60 decibel-milliwatts (dBm), and the vap_dis_limit was 3. [0149] Each image in FIG. 14 represents the results of an STR operation on a UE sample. The circles are cross-sections of the spheres representing the distance between the UE location (at the center of the sphere) and the virtual anchor (i.e., d = C x ToF, where C is the speed of light). Each circle, or sphere, corresponds to an MPC. As shown by the white ovals, QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO where the circles/spheres overlap is the predicted location of a virtual anchor. When the sphere is intersected with the 3D grid, the cell(s) containing the predicted location(s) of a virtual anchor is scored. [0150] FIG. 15 is a diagram 1500 illustrating the final output of the example test results illustrated in FIG. 14, according to aspects of the disclosure. The following table shows the estimated locations of the detected virtual anchors compared to their actual locations. Table 1 [0163] In the above test scenario, the average error is 1.56 meters (m), the average X-axis error is 0.66 m, the average Y-axis error is 0.56 m, and the average Z-axis error is 1.16 m. [0164] FIG. 16 illustrates an example method 1600 of identifying virtual anchors, according to aspects of the disclosure. In an aspect, method 1600 may be performed by a network entity (e.g., any of the UEs, base stations, or network servers described herein). [0165] At 1610, the network entity obtains a set of data samples associated with a UE, each data sample of the set of data samples comprising a location of the UE and a set of MPCs (i.e., channel taps) obtained by the UE at the location of the UE. Where the network entity is a UE, operation 1610 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, the one or more processors 332, memory 340, and/or VA detection component 342, any or all of which may be considered means for performing this operation. Where the network entity is a base station, operation 1610 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 350, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 360, the one or more network transceivers 380, the one or more processors 384, memory 386, and/or VA detection component 388, any or all of which may be considered means for performing this operation. Where the network entity is a network server, operation 1610 may be performed by the one or more network transceivers 390, the one or more processors 394, memory 396, and/or VA detection QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO component 398, any or all of which may be considered means for performing this operation. [0166] At 1620, the network entity determines whether any MPCs in a subset of non-line-of- sight (NLOS) MPCs selected from at least one set of MPCs are associated with any previously identified virtual anchors in a database of found virtual anchors. In an aspect, one or more first NLOS MPCs are removed from the set of data samples based on the one or more first NLOS MPCs being associated with a previously identified virtual anchor. In an aspect, one or more second NLOS MPCs are added to the database of found virtual anchors based on the one or more second NLOS MPCs not being associated with any previously identified virtual anchor. Where the network entity is a UE, operation 1620 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more short- range wireless transceivers 320, the one or more processors 332, memory 340, and/or VA detection component 342, any or all of which may be considered means for performing this operation. Where the network entity is a base station, operation 1620 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 350, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 360, the one or more network transceivers 380, the one or more processors 384, memory 386, and/or VA detection component 388, any or all of which may be considered means for performing this operation. Where the network entity is a network server, operation 1620 may be performed by the one or more network transceivers 390, the one or more processors 394, memory 396, and/or VA detection component 398, any or all of which may be considered means for performing this operation. [0167] As will be appreciated, a technical advantage of the method 1600 is improved virtual anchor detection, thereby improving knowledge of the environment of the UE, which in turn improves positioning, beam prediction, channel prediction, and the like. For example, the method 1600 provides an association between detected virtual anchors and MPCs that can be used to train machine learning models to help to improve positioning, beam prediction, channel prediction, and the like. [0168] In the detailed description above it can be seen that different features are grouped together in examples. This manner of disclosure should not be understood as an intention that the example clauses have more features than are explicitly mentioned in each clause. Rather, the various aspects of the disclosure may include fewer than all features of an individual example clause disclosed. Therefore, the following clauses should hereby be deemed to QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO be incorporated in the description, wherein each clause by itself can stand as a separate example. Although each dependent clause can refer in the clauses to a specific combination with one of the other clauses, the aspect(s) of that dependent clause are not limited to the specific combination. It will be appreciated that other example clauses can also include a combination of the dependent clause aspect(s) with the subject matter of any other dependent clause or independent clause or a combination of any feature with other dependent and independent clauses. The various aspects disclosed herein expressly include these combinations, unless it is explicitly expressed or can be readily inferred that a specific combination is not intended (e.g., contradictory aspects, such as defining an element as both an electrical insulator and an electrical conductor). Furthermore, it is also intended that aspects of a clause can be included in any other independent clause, even if the clause is not directly dependent on the independent clause. [0169] Implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses: [0170] Clause 1. A method of identifying virtual anchors performed by a network entity, comprising: obtaining a set of data samples associated with a user equipment (UE), each data sample of the set of data samples comprising a location of the UE and a set of multipath components (MPCs) obtained by the UE at the location of the UE; and determining whether any MPCs in a subset of non-line-of-sight (NLOS) MPCs selected from at least one set of MPCs are associated with any previously identified virtual anchors in a database of found virtual anchors, wherein one or more first NLOS MPCs are removed from the set of data samples based on the one or more first NLOS MPCs being associated with a previously identified virtual anchor, and wherein one or more second NLOS MPCs are added to the database of found virtual anchors based on the one or more second NLOS MPCs not being associated with any previously identified virtual anchor. [0171] Clause 2. The method of clause 1, wherein: the network entity is a network server, and obtaining the set of data samples comprises receiving the set of data samples from the UE. [0172] Clause 3. The method of clause 2, further comprising: transmitting a confidence threshold to the UE, the confidence threshold indicating a confidence level in an accuracy of MPCs to be received from the UE. [0173] Clause 4. The method of clause 3, wherein the confidence threshold comprises an estimated gain to be satisfied by an MPC. QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO [0174] Clause 5. The method of any of clauses 2 to 4, further comprising: receiving, from the UE, a confidence level in an accuracy of MPCs in the set of data samples. [0175] Clause 6. The method of clause 5, further comprising: selecting the UE to report the set of data samples based on the confidence level satisfying a confidence threshold. [0176] Clause 7. The method of any of clauses 2 to 6, further comprising: selecting the UE to report the set of data samples based on a geographic area in which the UE is located, an operating bandwidth of the UE, or both. [0177] Clause 8. The method of any of clauses 2 to 7, wherein NLOS MPCs of the set of data samples are received in one or more additional path measurement information elements. [0178] Clause 9. The method of clause 1, wherein: the network entity is the UE, and obtaining the set of data samples comprises determining the set of data samples. [0179] Clause 10. The method of clause 9, further comprising: reporting the one or more second NLOS MPCs to a network server to enable the network server to add the one or more second NLOS MPCs to the database of found virtual anchors. [0180] Clause 11. The method of clause 10, further comprising: receiving, from the network server, the database of found virtual anchors. [0181] Clause 12. The method of any of clauses 9 to 11, further comprising: reporting both the one or more first NLOS MPCs and the one or more second NLOS MPCs to a network server. [0182] Clause 13. The method of clause 12, wherein the one or more first NLOS MPCs and the one or more second NLOS MPCs are reported as one or more additional path measurements. [0183] Clause 14. The method of any of clauses 12 to 13, wherein: the one or more first NLOS MPCs are tagged as being assigned to the previously identified virtual anchor, and the one or more second NLOS MPCs are tagged as being unassigned to any previously identified virtual anchor. [0184] Clause 15. The method of clause 14, wherein the one or more first NLOS MPCs being tagged as being assigned to the previously identified virtual anchor comprises the one or more first NLOS MPCs being tagged with an identifier of the previously identified virtual anchor. [0185] Clause 16. The method of any of clauses 9 to 15, further comprising: receiving the database of found virtual anchors from the network entity. QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO [0186] Clause 17. The method of any of clauses 1 to 16, wherein determining whether any MPCs in the subset of NLOS MPCs are associated with any previously identified virtual anchors comprises: initializing a three-dimensional array having a plurality of cells with a zero score in each cell of the plurality of cells, wherein a size of the three-dimensional array encompasses a geographic area in which the UE is located; selecting, from the set of data samples, first-occurring NLOS MPCs having signal strengths satisfying a threshold and having times-of-flight that cannot be assigned to any previously identified virtual anchor in the database of found virtual anchors; updating scores of cells of the plurality of cells that intersect spheres having centers at locations of the UE when the corresponding data samples were obtained and having radiuses based on the times-of-flight of the first- occurring NLOS MPCs; generating a mask that represents a set of local maxima in the three-dimensional array; and selecting a subset of the set of the local maxima in the three- dimensional array as virtual anchors. [0187] Clause 18. The method of clause 17, wherein the size of the three-dimensional array is selected such that it encompasses at least first order reflection virtual anchors. [0188] Clause 19. The method of any of clauses 17 to 18, wherein a size of each cell of the plurality of cells is based on an accuracy requirement for locating virtual anchors and available computational resources. [0189] Clause 20. The method of any of clauses 17 to 19, wherein scoring the plurality of cells is based on: an integer-based score function, a likelihood point score function based on a distance between a center of a cell being scored and a corresponding location of the UE, or a likelihood point score function based on a gain of a corresponding first-occurring NLOS MPC. [0190] Clause 21. The method of any of clauses 17 to 20, wherein generating the mask comprises: applying a dynamic filter to the three-dimensional array to determine local maxima in the three-dimensional array; and applying one or more local maximum filters to the determined local maxima to determine the set of local maxima. [0191] Clause 22. The method of clause 21, wherein the dynamic filter is a constant false alarm rate (CFAR) filter. [0192] Clause 23. The method of clause 22, wherein a CFAR of each cell of the plurality of cells is based on a ratio between a score of the cell and an average score of training cells around the cell. QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO [0193] Clause 24. The method of any of clauses 21 to 23, wherein a mask size of the one or more local maximum filters is the same as a mask size of the dynamic filter. [0194] Clause 25. The method of any of clauses 17 to 24, wherein a shape of the three- dimensional array is: a cube, or a sphere. [0195] Clause 26. The method of any of clauses 1 to 25, wherein each MPC in the set of data samples comprises a channel tap of a channel estimate of at least one channel between the UE and a second network node. [0196] Clause 27. The method of clause 26, wherein the second network node is: a base station entity, or a second UE. [0197] Clause 28. A network entity, comprising: a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor configured to: obtain a set of data samples associated with a user equipment (UE), each data sample of the set of data samples comprising a location of the UE and a set of multipath components (MPCs) obtained by the UE at the location of the UE; and determine whether any MPCs in a subset of non-line-of-sight (NLOS) MPCs selected from at least one set of MPCs are associated with any previously identified virtual anchors in a database of found virtual anchors, wherein one or more first NLOS MPCs are removed from the set of data samples based on the one or more first NLOS MPCs being associated with a previously identified virtual anchor, and wherein one or more second NLOS MPCs are added to the database of found virtual anchors based on the one or more second NLOS MPCs not being associated with any previously identified virtual anchor. [0198] Clause 29. The network entity of clause 28, wherein: the network entity is a network server, and the at least one processor configured to obtain the set of data samples comprises the at least one processor configured to receive, via the at least one transceiver, the set of data samples from the UE. [0199] Clause 30. The network entity of clause 29, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: transmit, via the at least one transceiver, a confidence threshold to the UE, the confidence threshold indicating a confidence level in an accuracy of MPCs to be received from the UE. [0200] Clause 31. The network entity of clause 30, wherein the confidence threshold comprises an estimated gain to be satisfied by an MPC. QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO [0201] Clause 32. The network entity of any of clauses 29 to 31, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: receive, via the at least one transceiver, from the UE, a confidence level in an accuracy of MPCs in the set of data samples. [0202] Clause 33. The network entity of clause 32, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: select the UE to report the set of data samples based on the confidence level satisfying a confidence threshold. [0203] Clause 34. The network entity of any of clauses 29 to 33, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: select the UE to report the set of data samples based on a geographic area in which the UE is located, an operating bandwidth of the UE, or both. [0204] Clause 35. The network entity of any of clauses 29 to 34, wherein NLOS MPCs of the set of data samples are received in one or more additional path measurement information elements. [0205] Clause 36. The network entity of clause 28, wherein: the network entity is the UE, and the at least one processor configured to obtain the set of data samples comprises the at least one processor configured to determine the set of data samples. [0206] Clause 37. The network entity of clause 36, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: report, via the at least one transceiver, the one or more second NLOS MPCs to a network server to enable the network server to add the one or more second NLOS MPCs to the database of found virtual anchors. [0207] Clause 38. The network entity of clause 37, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: receive, via the at least one transceiver, from the network server, the database of found virtual anchors. [0208] Clause 39. The network entity of any of clauses 36 to 38, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: report, via the at least one transceiver, both the one or more first NLOS MPCs and the one or more second NLOS MPCs to a network server. [0209] Clause 40. The network entity of clause 39, wherein the one or more first NLOS MPCs and the one or more second NLOS MPCs are reported as one or more additional path measurements. [0210] Clause 41. The network entity of any of clauses 39 to 40, wherein: the one or more first NLOS MPCs are tagged as being assigned to the previously identified virtual anchor, and the one or more second NLOS MPCs are tagged as being unassigned to any previously identified virtual anchor. QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO [0211] Clause 42. The network entity of clause 41, wherein the one or more first NLOS MPCs being tagged as being assigned to the previously identified virtual anchor comprises the one or more first NLOS MPCs being tagged with an identifier of the previously identified virtual anchor. [0212] Clause 43. The network entity of any of clauses 36 to 42, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: receive, via the at least one transceiver, the database of found virtual anchors from the network entity. [0213] Clause 44. The network entity of any of clauses 28 to 43, wherein the at least one processor configured to determine whether any MPCs in the subset of NLOS MPCs are associated with any previously identified virtual anchors comprises the at least one processor configured to: initialize a three-dimensional array having a plurality of cells with a zero score in each cell of the plurality of cells, wherein a size of the three- dimensional array encompasses a geographic area in which the UE is located; select, from the set of data samples, first-occurring NLOS MPCs having signal strengths satisfying a threshold and having times-of-flight that cannot be assigned to any previously identified virtual anchor in the database of found virtual anchors; update scores of cells of the plurality of cells that intersect spheres having centers at locations of the UE when the corresponding data samples were obtained and having radiuses based on the times-of- flight of the first-occurring NLOS MPCs; generate a mask that represents a set of local maxima in the three-dimensional array; and select a subset of the set of the local maxima in the three-dimensional array as virtual anchors. [0214] Clause 45. The network entity of clause 44, wherein the size of the three-dimensional array is selected such that it encompasses at least first order reflection virtual anchors. [0215] Clause 46. The network entity of any of clauses 44 to 45, wherein a size of each cell of the plurality of cells is based on an accuracy requirement for locating virtual anchors and available computational resources. [0216] Clause 47. The network entity of any of clauses 44 to 46, wherein scoring the plurality of cells is based on: an integer-based score function, a likelihood point score function based on a distance between a center of a cell being scored and a corresponding location of the UE, or a likelihood point score function based on a gain of a corresponding first-occurring NLOS MPC. [0217] Clause 48. The network entity of any of clauses 44 to 47, wherein the at least one processor configured to generate the mask comprises the at least one processor configured QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO to: apply a dynamic filter to the three-dimensional array to determine local maxima in the three-dimensional array; and apply one or more local maximum filters to the determined local maxima to determine the set of local maxima. [0218] Clause 49. The network entity of clause 48, wherein the dynamic filter is a constant false alarm rate (CFAR) filter. [0219] Clause 50. The network entity of clause 49, wherein a CFAR of each cell of the plurality of cells is based on a ratio between a score of the cell and an average score of training cells around the cell. [0220] Clause 51. The network entity of any of clauses 48 to 50, wherein a mask size of the one or more local maximum filters is the same as a mask size of the dynamic filter. [0221] Clause 52. The network entity of any of clauses 44 to 51, wherein a shape of the three- dimensional array is: a cube, or a sphere. [0222] Clause 53. The network entity of any of clauses 28 to 52, wherein each MPC in the set of data samples comprises a channel tap of a channel estimate of at least one channel between the UE and a second network node. [0223] Clause 54. The network entity of clause 53, wherein the second network node is: a base station entity, or a second UE. [0224] Clause 55. A network entity, comprising: means for obtaining a set of data samples associated with a user equipment (UE), each data sample of the set of data samples comprising a location of the UE and a set of multipath components (MPCs) obtained by the UE at the location of the UE; and means for determining whether any MPCs in a subset of non-line-of-sight (NLOS) MPCs selected from at least one set of MPCs are associated with any previously identified virtual anchors in a database of found virtual anchors, wherein one or more first NLOS MPCs are removed from the set of data samples based on the one or more first NLOS MPCs being associated with a previously identified virtual anchor, and wherein one or more second NLOS MPCs are added to the database of found virtual anchors based on the one or more second NLOS MPCs not being associated with any previously identified virtual anchor. [0225] Clause 56. The network entity of clause 55, wherein: the network entity is a network server, and the means for obtaining the set of data samples comprises means for receiving the set of data samples from the UE. QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO [0226] Clause 57. The network entity of clause 56, further comprising: means for transmitting a confidence threshold to the UE, the confidence threshold indicating a confidence level in an accuracy of MPCs to be received from the UE. [0227] Clause 58. The network entity of clause 57, wherein the confidence threshold comprises an estimated gain to be satisfied by an MPC. [0228] Clause 59. The network entity of any of clauses 56 to 58, further comprising: means for receiving, from the UE, a confidence level in an accuracy of MPCs in the set of data samples. [0229] Clause 60. The network entity of clause 59, further comprising: means for selecting the UE to report the set of data samples based on the confidence level satisfying a confidence threshold. [0230] Clause 61. The network entity of any of clauses 56 to 60, further comprising: means for selecting the UE to report the set of data samples based on a geographic area in which the UE is located, an operating bandwidth of the UE, or both. [0231] Clause 62. The network entity of any of clauses 56 to 61, wherein NLOS MPCs of the set of data samples are received in one or more additional path measurement information elements. [0232] Clause 63. The network entity of clause 55, wherein: the network entity is the UE, and the means for obtaining the set of data samples comprises means for determining the set of data samples. [0233] Clause 64. The network entity of clause 63, further comprising: means for reporting the one or more second NLOS MPCs to a network server to enable the network server to add the one or more second NLOS MPCs to the database of found virtual anchors. [0234] Clause 65. The network entity of clause 64, further comprising: means for receiving, from the network server, the database of found virtual anchors. [0235] Clause 66. The network entity of any of clauses 63 to 65, further comprising: means for reporting both the one or more first NLOS MPCs and the one or more second NLOS MPCs to a network server. [0236] Clause 67. The network entity of clause 66, wherein the one or more first NLOS MPCs and the one or more second NLOS MPCs are reported as one or more additional path measurements. [0237] Clause 68. The network entity of any of clauses 66 to 67, wherein: the one or more first NLOS MPCs are tagged as being assigned to the previously identified virtual anchor, and QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO the one or more second NLOS MPCs are tagged as being unassigned to any previously identified virtual anchor. [0238] Clause 69. The network entity of clause 68, wherein the one or more first NLOS MPCs being tagged as being assigned to the previously identified virtual anchor comprises the one or more first NLOS MPCs being tagged with an identifier of the previously identified virtual anchor. [0239] Clause 70. The network entity of any of clauses 63 to 69, further comprising: means for receiving the database of found virtual anchors from the network entity. [0240] Clause 71. The network entity of any of clauses 55 to 70, wherein the means for determining whether any MPCs in the subset of NLOS MPCs are associated with any previously identified virtual anchors comprises: means for initializing a three- dimensional array having a plurality of cells with a zero score in each cell of the plurality of cells, wherein a size of the three-dimensional array encompasses a geographic area in which the UE is located; means for selecting, from the set of data samples, first-occurring NLOS MPCs having signal strengths satisfying a threshold and having times-of-flight that cannot be assigned to any previously identified virtual anchor in the database of found virtual anchors; means for updating scores of cells of the plurality of cells that intersect spheres having centers at locations of the UE when the corresponding data samples were obtained and having radiuses based on the times-of-flight of the first-occurring NLOS MPCs; means for generating a mask that represents a set of local maxima in the three- dimensional array; and means for selecting a subset of the set of the local maxima in the three-dimensional array as virtual anchors. [0241] Clause 72. The network entity of clause 71, wherein the size of the three-dimensional array is selected such that it encompasses at least first order reflection virtual anchors. [0242] Clause 73. The network entity of any of clauses 71 to 72, wherein a size of each cell of the plurality of cells is based on an accuracy requirement for locating virtual anchors and available computational resources. [0243] Clause 74. The network entity of any of clauses 71 to 73, wherein scoring the plurality of cells is based on: an integer-based score function, a likelihood point score function based on a distance between a center of a cell being scored and a corresponding location of the UE, or a likelihood point score function based on a gain of a corresponding first-occurring NLOS MPC. QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO [0244] Clause 75. The network entity of any of clauses 71 to 74, wherein the means for generating the mask comprises: means for applying a dynamic filter to the three- dimensional array to determine local maxima in the three-dimensional array; and means for applying one or more local maximum filters to the determined local maxima to determine the set of local maxima. [0245] Clause 76. The network entity of clause 75, wherein the dynamic filter is a constant false alarm rate (CFAR) filter. [0246] Clause 77. The network entity of clause 76, wherein a CFAR of each cell of the plurality of cells is based on a ratio between a score of the cell and an average score of training cells around the cell. [0247] Clause 78. The network entity of any of clauses 75 to 77, wherein a mask size of the one or more local maximum filters is the same as a mask size of the dynamic filter. [0248] Clause 79. The network entity of any of clauses 71 to 78, wherein a shape of the three- dimensional array is: a cube, or a sphere. [0249] Clause 80. The network entity of any of clauses 55 to 79, wherein each MPC in the set of data samples comprises a channel tap of a channel estimate of at least one channel between the UE and a second network node. [0250] Clause 81. The network entity of clause 80, wherein the second network node is: a base station entity, or a second UE. [0251] Clause 82. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a network entity, cause the network entity to: obtain a set of data samples associated with a user equipment (UE), each data sample of the set of data samples comprising a location of the UE and a set of multipath components (MPCs) obtained by the UE at the location of the UE; and determine whether any MPCs in a subset of non-line-of-sight (NLOS) MPCs selected from at least one set of MPCs are associated with any previously identified virtual anchors in a database of found virtual anchors, wherein one or more first NLOS MPCs are removed from the set of data samples based on the one or more first NLOS MPCs being associated with a previously identified virtual anchor, and wherein one or more second NLOS MPCs are added to the database of found virtual anchors based on the one or more second NLOS MPCs not being associated with any previously identified virtual anchor. [0252] Clause 83. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 82, wherein: the network entity is a network server, and the computer-executable instructions that, when QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to obtain the set of data samples comprise computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to receive the set of data samples from the UE. [0253] Clause 84. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 83, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to: transmit a confidence threshold to the UE, the confidence threshold indicating a confidence level in an accuracy of MPCs to be received from the UE. [0254] Clause 85. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 84, wherein the confidence threshold comprises an estimated gain to be satisfied by an MPC. [0255] Clause 86. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 83 to 85, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to: receive, from the UE, a confidence level in an accuracy of MPCs in the set of data samples. [0256] Clause 87. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 86, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to: select the UE to report the set of data samples based on the confidence level satisfying a confidence threshold. [0257] Clause 88. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 83 to 87, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to: select the UE to report the set of data samples based on a geographic area in which the UE is located, an operating bandwidth of the UE, or both. [0258] Clause 89. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 83 to 88, wherein NLOS MPCs of the set of data samples are received in one or more additional path measurement information elements. [0259] Clause 90. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 82, wherein: the network entity is the UE, and the computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to obtain the set of data samples comprise computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to determine the set of data samples. [0260] Clause 91. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 90, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO cause the network entity to: report the one or more second NLOS MPCs to a network server to enable the network server to add the one or more second NLOS MPCs to the database of found virtual anchors. [0261] Clause 92. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 91, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to: receive, from the network server, the database of found virtual anchors. [0262] Clause 93. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 90 to 92, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to: report both the one or more first NLOS MPCs and the one or more second NLOS MPCs to a network server. [0263] Clause 94. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 93, wherein the one or more first NLOS MPCs and the one or more second NLOS MPCs are reported as one or more additional path measurements. [0264] Clause 95. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 93 to 94, wherein: the one or more first NLOS MPCs are tagged as being assigned to the previously identified virtual anchor, and the one or more second NLOS MPCs are tagged as being unassigned to any previously identified virtual anchor. [0265] Clause 96. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 95, wherein the one or more first NLOS MPCs being tagged as being assigned to the previously identified virtual anchor comprises the one or more first NLOS MPCs being tagged with an identifier of the previously identified virtual anchor. [0266] Clause 97. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 90 to 96, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to: receive the database of found virtual anchors from the network entity. [0267] Clause 98. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 82 to 97, wherein the computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to determine whether any MPCs in the subset of NLOS MPCs are associated with any previously identified virtual anchors comprise computer- executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to: initialize a three-dimensional array having a plurality of cells with a zero score in each cell of the plurality of cells, wherein a size of the three-dimensional array QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO encompasses a geographic area in which the UE is located; select, from the set of data samples, first-occurring NLOS MPCs having signal strengths satisfying a threshold and having times-of-flight that cannot be assigned to any previously identified virtual anchor in the database of found virtual anchors; update scores of cells of the plurality of cells that intersect spheres having centers at locations of the UE when the corresponding data samples were obtained and having radiuses based on the times-of-flight of the first- occurring NLOS MPCs; generate a mask that represents a set of local maxima in the three- dimensional array; and select a subset of the set of the local maxima in the three- dimensional array as virtual anchors. [0268] Clause 99. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 98, wherein the size of the three-dimensional array is selected such that it encompasses at least first order reflection virtual anchors. [0269] Clause 100. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 98 to 99, wherein a size of each cell of the plurality of cells is based on an accuracy requirement for locating virtual anchors and available computational resources. [0270] Clause 101. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 98 to 100, wherein scoring the plurality of cells is based on: an integer-based score function, a likelihood point score function based on a distance between a center of a cell being scored and a corresponding location of the UE, or a likelihood point score function based on a gain of a corresponding first-occurring NLOS MPC. [0271] Clause 102. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 98 to 101, wherein the computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to generate the mask comprise computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to: apply a dynamic filter to the three-dimensional array to determine local maxima in the three-dimensional array; and apply one or more local maximum filters to the determined local maxima to determine the set of local maxima. [0272] Clause 103. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 102, wherein the dynamic filter is a constant false alarm rate (CFAR) filter. [0273] Clause 104. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 103, wherein a CFAR of each cell of the plurality of cells is based on a ratio between a score of the cell and an average score of training cells around the cell. QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO [0274] Clause 105. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 102 to 104, wherein a mask size of the one or more local maximum filters is the same as a mask size of the dynamic filter. [0275] Clause 106. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 98 to 105, wherein a shape of the three-dimensional array is: a cube, or a sphere. [0276] Clause 107. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 82 to 106, wherein each MPC in the set of data samples comprises a channel tap of a channel estimate of at least one channel between the UE and a second network node. [0277] Clause 108. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 107, wherein the second network node is: a base station entity, or a second UE. [0278] Those of skill in the art will appreciate that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof. [0279] Further, those of skill in the art will appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure. [0280] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an ASIC, a field-programable gate array (FPGA), or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, for example, a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. [0281] The methods, sequences and/or algorithms described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in random access memory (RAM), flash memory, read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An example storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal (e.g., UE). In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal. [0282] In one or more example aspects, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition QC2208310WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2208310WO of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. [0283] While the foregoing disclosure shows illustrative aspects of the disclosure, it should be noted that various changes and modifications could be made herein without departing from the scope of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims. The functions, steps and/or actions of the method claims in accordance with the aspects of the disclosure described herein need not be performed in any particular order. Furthermore, although elements of the disclosure may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural is contemplated unless limitation to the singular is explicitly stated. QC2208310WO