WATER-BORNE COMPOSITIONS

COMPRISING HALF ESTERS OF ANHYDRIDE

POLYMERS CROSSLINKED BY EPOXIES

FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention is related to a multi-component water-borne coating composition comprising a half-ester of an anhydride polymer and an epoxy crosslinking agent.

BACKGROUND There are a wide variety of multi-component coating compositions available for finishing automobiles and trucks. Various coating compositions comprising anhydride or epoxy containing compositions are known. For example, U.S. Patent 4,906,677 discloses a composition comprising an acrylic anhydride polymer, a glycidyl component, and a phosphonium catalyst. U.S. Patent 3,136,736 and British patent 994,881 disclose coating compositions comprising polyepoxides and maleic anhydride copolymers. U.S. Patent 4,732,791 concerns a coating composition comprising a polyepoxide, a monomeric anhydride curing agent, and a hydroxyl containing polyfunctional polymer.

U.S. patent no. 4,906,677, in column 4, lines 40-47, discloses that anhydride polymers, in epoxy-anhydride compositions, may be converted to a half-ester by alcohol solvents. European Patent Application, publication no. 0353 734 A2, published 07.02.90 and European Patent Application, publication no. 0450 963 Al, published 09.10.91 both disclose the combination of a polymer having a half-esterified acid anhydride group and a compound having an epoxy group and a hydroxy group, or a separate epoxy and hydroxy compound. These patents teach that, in such compositions, high temperature curing is required in order that the half-esterified acid anhydride groups are ring-closed to produce acid anhydride groups which then react with hydroxyl groups, which in turn release carboxyl groups which then react with the epoxy groups. These patents indicate that a certain hydroxy equivalent number or hydroxy value is necessary for adequate water resistance of the coating composition.

The afore-mentioned EP 0353 734 A2 states that water can be used as a "diluent" if the carboxyl groups are neutralized with an amine. In contrast, the present invention is directed to compositions in which water is employed as the primary carrier, organic solvents being possible diluents. The afore-mentioned EP 0450963 Al states that the half esterified polymer may be neutralized with amines to make a hydrophilic polymer which can form an aqueous composition. The examples, however, all disclose compositions which employ organic solvents.

A problem with present coating compositions for automobiles and trucks, or parts thereof, is that durability is not as good as desired. An important aspect of durability is environmental resistance. The present invention offers a high quality finish exhibiting superior environmental resistance at lower cost. This is particularly noteworthy given the fact that the present composition is a waterborne finish. The present composition is a multi-package system, having use in automotive finishes for new automobiles and for refinish, for use in maintenance, and for use in both high temperature and low temperature cured systems. Such a coating composition exhibits excellent clarity, appearance and environmental resistance. Importantly, such compositions offer a low VOC (volatile organic content) since the binder is waterborne employing an aqueous (primarily water) carrier.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a coating composition containing 20-80% by weight of binder components and 80-20% by weight of an aqueous carrier which is primarily water. The binder contains (a) a half-ester of an anhydride polymer having at least two anhydride groups and having a weight average molecular weight of about 2,000-100,000; (b) an epoxy component having at least two reactive glycidyl groups; and

(c) a basic compound to neutralize the half ester.

Optionally, these compositions may also include epoxy-silane polymers, silane polymers, acid polymers, lower molecular weight polyester or polyester urethanes, melamine resins, hydroxyl polymers, acrylic latices, waterborne urethane emulsions or dispersions, and combinations thereof.

In one embodiment, the water content of the aqueous carrier is greater than 60 percent by weight of the aqueous carrier.

The present invention is also directed to a process in which applicant's composition is applied to a substrate as an automotive topcoatl.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The composition of the present invention forms a durable environmental resistant coating. The composition is especially useful for maintenence coating of architectural structures and for finishing the exterior of automobiles and trucks.

The composition can also be pigmented to form a colored finish, although the composition is particularly useful as a clearcoat.

Preferably, the coating composition has a high solids content and contains about 20-80% by weight binder and 20-80% by weight aqueous carrier. The binder of the composition contains about 25-90%, preferably 35 to 65% (by weight of binder) of the half-ester of an anhydride polymer containing at least two anhydride groups; 5-50%, preferably 15 to 30% (by weight of binder) of a glycidyl or epoxy containing component.

Optionally, the composition may comprise 5-50%, preferably 10 to 25% by weight of binder of an acrylic or a polyester or polyester urethane which may contain hydroxyl and/or acid functionality. If hydroxy functional, the hydroxy number is 20 to 120. If acid functional, the acid number is 20 to 120.

In the present composition, when used in a baking system, if an optional acrylic or polyester or polyester urethane polymer is acid functional, then the cure occurs between the acid groups and the epoxy groups and the half ester groups,following ring-closure during baking, and the epoxy group. Some cure may also occur between the acid of the half ester and the epoxy. The main cure, however, is based on the ring closure during baking.

The anhydride polymer employed in preparing the present composition has a weight average molecular weight of about 2000-100,000, determined by gel permeation chromatography using polymethyl methacrylate as a standard. Preferably the anhydride polymer has a weight average molecular weight of 3,000-50,000.

The anhydride polymer may be prepared by conventional techniques in which the monomers, solvent, and conventional catalysts such as t-butyl perbenzoate are charged into a polymerization vessel and heated to about 75-200°C for about 0.5-6 hours to form the polymer. The anhydride acrylic polymer is preferably an acrylic copolymer formed by polymerizing a mixture of monomers comprisiong alkyl methacrylates and/or alkyl acrylates, where the alkyl groups have 1-12 (preferably 1-8) carbon atoms, and ethylenically unsaturated anhydrides (or ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids which are converted to the acid anhydride during the polymerization). Optionally, the anhydride acrylic polymer can contain other components such as styrene, methyl styrene, acrylonitrile, and/or methacrylonitrile in amounts of about 0.1-50% by weight.

Typical alkyl acrylates and methacrylates that can be used to form the anhydride acrylic polymer are methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, propyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, pentyl methacrylate, hexyl methacrylate, octyl methacrylate, decyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, octyl acrylate, nonyl acrylate, decyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, and the like, or any others mentioned below. Other components that can be used to form the anhydride acrylic polymer are acrylamide, methacrylamide, and acrylo alkoxy silanes such as gamma- methacryloxyl propyl trimethoxy silane. Also, the anhydride acrylic polymer can contain about 0.1-5% by weight of an ethylenically unsaturated acid such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, and the like.

Typically useful ethylenically unsaturated anhydrides are itaconic anhydride, maleic anhydride, isobutenyl succinic anhydride, and the like. As stated above, it is also possible to impart the anhydride functionality to the anhydride acrylic polymer by using an ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid which converts to the acid anhydride during the reaction. Suitable ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids that can be used are itaconic acid, maleic acid, isobutenyl succinic acid, and the like.

A preferred anhydride acrylic polymer comprises styrene, butyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, and itaconic anhydride. Another preferred polymer comprises methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, and

itaconic anhydride. Another preferred polymer comprises styrene, isobornyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, and maleic anhydride.

The anhydride polymer is half-esterified with an alcohol. Suitable alcohols include methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol; ethyleneglycol monoalkyl ether, dialkylaminoethanol, in which particularly common alkyl groups are methyl and ethyl; acetol, allyl alcohol, propargyl alcohol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol; and the like. The reaction to produce the half-ester is generally at ambient or elevated temperatures, suitably in the range of 20 to 150°C. Such a reaction may be conducted in the presence of a catalyst, for example, tertiary amines such as triethylamine, quaternary ammonium salts such as benzyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, and the like.

For utility in the aqueous carrier, the anhydride polymer, after it is converted to the half-ester, is neutralized with a base. Suitable bases include amines which are volatile under the conditions of cure.

Typical amines are triethyl amine, trimethyl amine, ammonia, and dimethyl ethanolamine. Other bases include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and the like. The base is suitably used in the amount of 0.1 to 10 percent by weight of binder to solublilize or disperse the half ester in the aqueous carrier.

The epoxy component preferably contains at least two glycidyl groups and can be an oligomer or a polymer. Typical glycidyl components are sorbitol polyglycidyl ether, mannitol polyglycidyl ether, pentaerythritol polyglycidol ether, glycerol polyglycidyl ether, low molecular weight epoxy resins such as epoxy resins of epichlorohydrin and bisphenol A, di- and polyglycidyl esters of acids, polyglycidyl ethers of isocyanurates, such as Denecol EX301 ^® from Nagase. Sorbitol polyglycidyl ethers, such as DCE-358 ^® from Dixie Chem. Co., and di- and polyglycidyl esters of acids, such as Araldite CY-184 ^® from Ciba-Geigy or XUS-71950 ^® from Dow Chemical form high quality finishes. Cycloaliphatic epoxies such as CY-179 ^® from Ciba-Geigy may also be used. For ambient cure refinish applications, generally the choice of epoxy is chosen for room temperature reactivity and the extent of cure with the half ester. (Ambient curing means that the composition cures at 10 to 90°C, preferably 15 to 60°C within a couple of weeks, preferably one week.)

Glycidyl methacrylate or acrylate containing acrylic polymers can be used, such as random and block polymers of glycidyl methacrylate/butyl methacrylate. The block polymers can be prepared by anionic polymerization or by group transfer polymerization. Optionally, the composition may further comprise a copolymer having both epoxy and alkoxy silane groups, prepared as the reaction product of epoxy monomers such as glycidyl methacrylate and silane monomers as described below.

Optionally the present composition may comprise a silane polymer as a separate additional ingredient or component. Such silane polymers may suitably have a weight average molecular weight of about

1000-30,000, a number average molecular weight of about 500-10,000. (All molecular weights disclosed herein are determined by gel permeation chromatography using a polystyrene standard.)

As indicated above, the binder of the present composition may comprises from about 5 to 50%, preferably 10 to 25%, based on the weight of the binder, of an acrylic or polyester or polyester urethane or copolymer thereof having a hydroxy number of about 20 to 120, preferably 70 to 100, or an acid number of about 20 to 120, preferably 75 to 95. This polymer has a weight average molecular weight of about 2,000 to 20,000, preferably 4,000-10,000. Unless otherwise indicated, all molecular weights mentioned herein are measured using gel permeation chromatography using polymethyl methacrylate as a standard.

Polyester urethanes are a reaction product of a hydroxyl terminated polyester component and a polyisocyanate component, preferably, an aliphatic or cycloaliphatic diisocyanate. The polyester, which may be used alone or as a component of the polyester urethane, may be suitably prepared from linear or branched chain diols, including ether glycols, or mixtures thereof or mixtures of diols and triols, containing up to and including 8 carbon atoms, or mixtures of such diols, triols, and polycaprolactone polyols, in combination with a dicarboxylic acid, or anhydride thereof, or a mixture of dicarboxylic acids or anhydrides, which acids or anhydrides contain up to and including 12 carbon atoms, wherein at least 75% by weight, based on the weight of dicarboxylic acid, is an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid. Representative saturated and unsaturated polyols that can be reacted to form a polyester include alkylene glycols such as neopentyl

glycol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butane diol, pentane diol, 1,6-hexane diol, 2,2-dimethyl-l,3-dioxolane-4-methanol, 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol, 2,2-dimethyl 1,3-propanediol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid, and 3-mercapto-l,2-propane diol. Preferred are 1,6-hexanediol and butylene glycol.

Polyhydric alcohols, having at least three hydroxyl groups, may also be included to introduce branching in the polyester. Typical polyhydric alcohols are trimethylol propane, trimethylol ethane, pentaerythritol, glycerin and the like. Trimethylol propane is preferred, in forming a branched polyester.

Polycaprolacone polyols may be also be used in making the polyester. A preferred polycaprolactone, a triol, is Tone ^® FCP 310 (available from Union Carbide).

The carboxylic acids used in making the polyester component of the polyester urethane include the saturated and unsaturated polycarboxylic acids and the derivatives thereof. Aliphatic dicarboxylic acids that can be used to form the polyester are as follows: adipic acid, sebacic acid, succinic acid, azelaic acid, dodecanedioic acid, 1,3 or 1,4- cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid and the like. A preferred acid is adipic acid. Aromatic polycarboxylic acids include phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, and the like. Anhydrides may also be used, for example, maleic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, trimellitic anhydride, and the like.

Typical polyisocyanates that may be used to form the polyester urethane are as follows: isophorone diisocyanate which is 3-isocyanatemethyl-3,5,5-trimethyl- cyclohexyl-isocyanate, propylene-l,2-diisocyanate, butylene-l,2-diisocyanate, butylene-l,3-diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, methyl-2,6-diisocyanate, methyl-2,6-diisocyanate caproate, octamethlyene diisocyanate, 2,4,4-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate, nonamethylene diisocyante, 2,2,4-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate, decamethylene diisocyanate, 2,11-diisocyano-dodecane and the like, meta-phenylene diisocyanate, para-phenylene diisoxyanate, toluene-2, 4-diisocyanate, toluene-2,6-diisocyanate, xylene-2, 4-diisocyanate, xylene-2,6-diisocyanate, dialkyl benzene diisocyanates, such as methylpropylbenzene diisocyanate, methylethylbenzene diisocyanate, and the like: 2,2'-biphenylene diisocyanate, 3,3'-biphenylene diisocyanate, 4,4'-biphenylene diisocyanate,

3,3 '-dimethyl-4,4 '-biphenylene diisocyanate, and the like; methylene-bis(4-phenyl isocyanate), ethylene-bis(4-phenyl isocyanate), isopropyhdene-bis(4-phenyl isocyanate), butylene-bis(4-phenylisocyanate), and the like; 2,2'-oxydiphenyl diisocyanate, 3,3'-oxydiphenyl diisocyanate, 4,4'-oxydiphenyl diisocyanate, 2,2'-ketodiphenyl diisocyanate,

3,3'-ketodiphenyl diisocyanate, 4,4'-ketodiphenyl diisocyanate, 2,2'-thiodiphenyl diisocyanate, 3,3'-thiodiphenyl diisocyanate, 4,4'-thiodiphenyl diisocyanate, and the like; 2,2'-sulfonediphenyl diisocyanate, 3,3'-sulfonediphenyl diisocyanate, 4,4'-sulfonediphenyl diisocyanate, and the like; 2,2,-methylene-bis(cyclohexyl isocyanate),

3.3 '-methylene-bis(cyclohexyl isocyanate), 4,4 '-methylene-bis(cyclohexyl isocyanate), 4,4'-ethylene-bis(cyclohexyl isocyanate),

4.4 '-propylene-bis-(cyclohexyl isocyanate), bis(paraisocyano-cyclohexyl)sulfide, bis(para-isocyano-cyclohexyl)sulfone, bis(para-isocyano-cyclohexyl)ether, bis(para-isocyano-cyclohexyl)diethyl silane, bis(para-isocyano-cyclohexyl)diphenyl silane, bis(para-isocyano-cyclohexyl)ethyl phosphine oxide, bis(para-isocyano-cyclohexyl)phenyl phosphine oxide, bis(para-isocyano-cyclohexyl)N-phenyl amine, bis(para-isocyano-cyclohexyl)N-methyl amine, 3,3 '-dimethyl-4,4 '-diisocyano biphenyl, 3,3'-dimethoxy-biphenylene diisocyanate,

2,4-bis(b-isocyano-t-butyl)toluene, bis(para-b-isocyano-t-butyl-phenyl)ether, para-bis(2-methyl-4-isocyanophenyl)benzene, 3,3-diisocyano adamantane, 3,3-diisocyano biadamantane, 3,3-diisocyanoethyl- 1 '-biadamantane, l,2-bis(3-isocyano-propoxy)ethane, 2,2-dimethyl propylene diisocyanate,

3-methoxy-hexamethylene diisocyanate 2,5-dimethyl heptamethylene diisocyanate, 5-methyl-nonamethylene diisocyanate,

1,4-diisocyano-cyclohexane, 1,2-diisocyano-octadecane, 2,5-diisocyano-l,3,4-oxadiazole, OCN(CH ₂ ) ₃ 0(CH ₂ ) ₂ 0(CH ₂ ) ₃ NCO,

OCN(CH ₂ ) ₃ NCO or the following:

OCN(CH ₂ )3N(CH2) ₃ NCO CH ₃

Aliphatic diisocyanates are preferred, forming urethanes that have excellent weatherability. One aliphatic diisocyanate that is particularly preferred is trimethyl hexamethylene diisocyanate.

A preferred polyester urethane is the reaction product of trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate and a hydroxy terminated polyester of

1,3-butylene glycol, 1,6-hexanediol, adipic acid, trimethylolpropane, and Tone ^® FCP 310.

It is noted that a hydroxy functional polyester urethane can be converted to the corresponding acid functional polyester urethane by reaction with methylhexahydropthalic anhydride or other mono-anhydride such as succinic anhydride. Converting the hydroxy to the acid may result in longer pot life in the clearcoat.

A polyester niay be prepared by conventional techniques in which the component polyols and carboxylic acids and solvent are esterified at about 110°C-250°C for about 1-10 hours to form a polyester. To form a polyester urethane, a diisocyanate may then be added and reacted at about 100°C for about 15 minutes to 2 hours.

In preparing the polyester urethane, a catalyst is typically used. Conventional catalysts include benzyl trimethyl ammonium hydroxide, tetramethyl ammonium chloride, organic tin compounds, such as dibutyl tin diaurate, dibutyl tin oxide stannous octoate and the like, titanium complexes and litharge. About 0.1-5% by weight of catalyst, based on the total weight of the reactants, is typically used.

The stoichiometry of the polyester preparation is controlled by the final hydroxyl number and by the need to obtain a product of low acid number; an acid number below 10 is preferable. The acid number is defined as the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide needed to neutralize a one gram sample of the polyester. Additional information on the preparation of polyester urethanes is disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Patent No. 4,810,759, hereby incorporated by reference.

Another optional component are acrylic latices such as Neocryl ^® available from ICI. Other latices are available from ICI and Rohm & Haas. Another optional component are urethane dispersions or emulsions such as Neorez ^® 9699 and the like from ICI or Spensol L-52 ^® from Reichold. Other suppliers are Witco, American Cyanamid, and

Sanncor. Such dispersions include polyethers, polyesters, polycarbonates, or combinations thereof.

An acid resin is optionally added to the coating composition. The acid functional material can be formed by polymerizing monomers of alkyl methacrylates, or alkyl acrylates or mixtures thereof, where the alkyl groups have 1-12 carbon atoms and ethylenically unsaturated acids. Optionally, the acid functional polymer can also contain other components such as styrene, methyl styrene, and/or acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile in amounts of about 0.1-50% by weight. Typical alkyl acrylates, methacrylates, and other components that can be used to form the acid functional polymer are the same as those listed above with respect to the anhydride polymer

Typically useful ethylenically unsaturated acids are acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, and the like. This acid resin may also contain hydroxyl functionality by using monomers such as hydroxyethylacrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate and hydroxypropyl acrylate. The hydroxy functionality may be introduced by a post reaction of the acid with epoxy containing compounds such as Cardura E ^® from Shell Chemical Company (a glycidyl ester of versatic acid) and propylene oxide.

Another optional component of the present composition is the half ester of an anhydride compound, as distinguished from a polymer, for example the reaction product of an acid anhydride such as hexahydropthalic anhydride or a succinic anhydride, which may be substituted, for example with a Cj-Cg alkyl group, with a monofunctional or polyfunctional alcoholic solvent such as methanol or ethylene glycol. A preferred half ester is the reaction product of methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride and an alcohol such as ethylene glycol. Other alcoholic solvents are propanol, isobutanol, isopropanol, tertiary butanol, n-butanol, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, and the like. The half ester is suitably present in the amount of 2 to 25 percent by weight of binder, preferably 4-12 percent.

About 0.1-8% (preferably 0.5 to 5%) by weight, based on the weight of the binder of the coating composition, of a catalyst is added to enhance curing of the composition. For refinish (ambient cure systems), typical catalysts are as follows: tertiary amines such as triethylene diamine,

quinuclidine, dialkyl alkanol amines such as dimethyl ethanolamine, diethyl ethanol amine, dibutyl ethanol amine, diethyl hexanol amine, triethylamine bisdimethylaminoethyl ether (available from Union Carbide), diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene, l,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene, and the like, lithium tertiary butoxide, tri(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol, bis(dimethylamino)propan-2-ol, N,N,N 1 ,N 1 -tetramethylethylenediamine,

N-methyldiethanolamine, N,N-dimethyl-l,3-propanediamine and l-dimethylamino-2-propanol. Tertiary amines and bicyclic tertiary amines are preferred catalysts. For baking systems, typical catalysts are as follows: triethylene diamine, quinuclidine, dialkyl alkanol amines such as dimethyl ethanolamine, diethyl ethanol amine, dibutyl ethanol amine, diethyl hexanol amine and the like, lithium tertiary butoxide, tri(dimethyl- aminomethyl)phenol, bis(dimethylamino)propan-2-ol, N,N,N 1 ,N 1 -tetramethylethylenediamine, N-methyldiethanolamine, N,N-dimethyl-l,3-propanediamine and l-dimethylamino-2-propanol or quaternary ammonium salts such as tert-butyl ammonium bromide, benzyl trimethyl ammonium formate and the like. Preferred catalyst, however, are phosphonium compounds such as are disclosed in U.S. Patent No.

4,906,677, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Typical solvents used to prepare the anhydride acrylic polymer or used as a diluent for the coating composition include toluene, xylene, butyl acetate, butyl proprionate, ethyl benzene, higher boiling aromatic hydrocarbons, amyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, ethylene or propylene glycol mono alkyl ether acetates. The solvent for the final composition, as sold or applied, comprises primarily water. Suitably at least 60 percent of the liquid carrier, preferably 70 percent is water. Preferably deionized water is employed. Optional diluents for the water include butyl acetate, butyl proprionate, mono- and di- ethers of proplyene glycol, and butyl cellosolve. Generally, the present composition is applied as a coating to a substrate by conventional techniques such as spraying. The composition may be applied as a multi-package system. Multi-package means that at least some of the components are kept separate until shortly before their application. For instance, the glycidyl component must be kept seperate from the half ester and optional acid components. For refinish systems, the resulting coating can be dried and cured at elevated temperatures of 5 to

90°C, preferably 15 to 60°C. Coatings are applied to form a finish typically about 0.5-5 mils thick, and preferably 1-2 mils thick. For OEM (orgiginal equipement manufacture) automotive applications, the coating can be dried and cured at elevated temperatures of 100 to 200°C. To improve weatherability of the clear finish of the coating composition, about 0.1-5%, by weight, based on the weight of the binder, of an ultraviolet light stabilizer or a combination of ultraviolet light stabilizers can be added. These stabilizers include ultraviolet light absorbers, screeners, quenchers and specific hindered amine light stabilizers. Also, about 0.1-5% by weight, based on the weight of the binder, of an antioxidant can be added.

Typical ultraviolet light stabilizers that are useful are listed in U.S. patent no. 4,906,677, previously incorporated by reference. Particularly useful ultraviolet light stabilizers that can be used are hindered amines of piperidyl derivatives such as those disclosed in Murayama et al.,

U.S. Patent 4,061,616, issued December 6, 1977, column 2, line 65, through column 4, line 2, and nickel compounds such as [l-phenyl-3-methyl-4-decanoylpyrazolate(5)]-Ni, bis[phenyldithiocarbamato]-Ni(II), and others listed in the above patent, column 8, line 44 through line 55.

An applicable blend of ultraviolet light stabilizers comprises 2-[2'-hydroxy-3',5'-l(l-l-dimethyl-propyl)phenyl]benzotrizol e and bis-[4-(l,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidyl)] 2-butyl-2-[(3,5-t-butyl-4-hydroxy- phenyl)methyl] propanedioate. Although the stabilizers can be employed in any ratio, a 1:1 ratio of benzotriazole to propanedioate is preferred.

The composition can be applied over a pigmented or colored basecoat finish. For refinish compositions, if over a waterborne basecoat, the basecoat is typically first allowed to dry. For original automotive production, the coating composition is applied over a waterborne basecoat and baked at conventional curing temperatures in the art, typically 265°F.

Before applying the topcoat, however, the waterborne basecoat is typically dried using a warm-air flash or bake, without substantially curing the basecoat, in order to remove a substantial amount of the water. During baking, the half-esterified acid anhydride groups are believed to convert back to the original acid anhydride ring groups. These groups then react

with the epoxy groups. A composition with a relatively faster acting epoxy crosslinker may be employ

Basecoats suitably comprise conventional pigments, optionally metallic flake or the like, which can be made using conventional techniques in which a mill base containing pigment, dispersant and solvent or carrier is first formed.

The coating composition for refinish applicatons can be applied over both solvent- and water borne basecoats.

The present composition can be pigmented to form a colored finish such as a primer, basecoat, monocoat, or maintenence paint. About

0.1-200 percent by weight, based on the weight of the binder, of conventional pigments can be added using conventional techniques in which a mill base containing pigment, dispersant and carrier is first formed. The mill base is then mixed with the composition to form a colored composition.

The following examples illustrate the invention. All parts and percentages are on a weight basis unless otherwise indicated. The weight average molecular weight of polymers was determined by GPC (gel permeation chromatography) using polyethyl methacrylate as a standard, unless stated otherwise.

EXAMPLE 1 This example illustrates the preparation of a half ester of a maleic anhydride polymer, specifically the half ester of a styrene/isobornyl methacrylate/ butyl acrylate/maleic anhydride copolymer. The anhydride polymer was first prepared, as follows. To a reactor, heated to reflux, equipped with a condensor, stirrer, nitrogen purge, feed system, heating mantle, were added, as Part 1, 1384.86 parts of butylpropionate. The following Part II was premixed and then fed to the reactor over four hours. The next following Part III was added to the reactor over 30 minutes, held for 30 minutes.

Parts by Part II Weight

Styrene monomer 1081.92 Isobornyl methacrylate 735.71

Butyl acrylate 1773.05

Maleic anhydride 735.71

Butyl propionate 2077.29

Tertiary butyl peroxyacetate 259.66

Parts by Part III Weight

Tertiary butyl peroxyacetate 19.04

Butyl proprionate 138.00

TOTAL 8205.24

After the 30 minute holding period, a total of 1090 parts by weight of solvent is stripped off, resulting in a yield of 7115.24 parts by weight.

The product polymer had a Gardner-Holdt viscosity of V and a measured solids of 62.84%. The actual molecular weight was measured by gel permeation chromatography to be M _n = 2355 and M _w = 6135.

This maleic anhydride polymer was then coverted to a a methyl half ester by mixing the following components:

Components Parts

Maleic anhydride polymer solution (prepared as described above) 600

Methanol 24

The first component was heated to 50°C and the methanol component added over a 20-30 minute period. The mixture was then heated to 75- 85°C for five hours or until the anhydride band in the infrared analysis has disappeared (90-95% gone).

EXAMPLE 2

This example illustrates an epoxy silane polymer, more particularly an epoxy functional acrylosilane polymer which was prepared by charging the following constituents into a polymerization vessel equipped with a heating mantle, reflux condenser, thermometer, nitrogen inlet, and stirrer:

Portion 1 was charged into the polymerization vessel and heated under nitrogen to 149°C. Portion 2 was then added over 360 minutes and Portion 3 was added over 420 minutes to the vessel. The resulting polymer solution had the following characteristics:

Gallon wt.(lbs/gal) 8.56

% wt. solids 72.2

% volume solids 68.6

M _w of polymer 5000

M _n of polymer 1650

The polymer composition was, by weight, 20 percent styrene, 52 percent gamma-methacryloxylpropyl trimethoxy silane (A- 174 from Union Carbide), 12 percent methyl methacrylate, 3 percent butyl methacrylate, 3 percent 2-ethylhexyl acrylae, and 10 percent glycidyl methacrylate, which may be represented as follows: STY/A- 174/MMA/BMA/2-EHA/GMA in the ratio of 20 / 52 / 12 / 3 / 3 / 10.

EXAMPLE 3

This example illustrates, as an optional component for a composition according to the present invention, a polyester urethane solution which may be prepared by charging the following constituents in order into a reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer, a heating source and a reflux condenser:

Parts by Portion 1 Weight 1,3-butylene glycol 173.4

1,6-hexanediol 163.1

Trimethylol propane 78.8

Adipic acid 403.7

Toluene 20.0 Portion 2

Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate 294.4

Portion 1 is charged in order into the reation vessel, and the constituents of Portion 1 are heated to distill water at 140-230°C. The distillation is continued until the acid number is 6.5 to 8.5. The product is thinned and cooled to 98° to 102°C by charging Portion 2 into the vessel. While the constituents in the vessel are maintained at the above temperature, Portion 3 was charged to the reactor in order. Portion 4 is added to the composition at a uniform rate over a 30 minute period while

the batch temperature is maintained at 98°-102°C. A sample is removed and tested for unreacted isocyanate NCO by infrared analysis. The composition is held at the above temperature until there is no unreacted isocyanate in the composition. Portion 5 then is added as a rinse and the resulting composition was allowed to cool to ambient temperatures.

Following this procedure, the resulting composition had a polymer weight solids content of about 61.0%. The polyester urethane had a Gardner-Holdt viscosity of L. The M _n (number average molecular weight) was 3734.0 and the M _w (weight average molecular weight) was 7818.0 (by gel permeation chromatography using polystyrene as the standard). The acid content was determined to be 4.9 Meq/g. The hydroxy number was 92.

EXAMPLE 4 This example illustrates, as another optional component for use in the present composition, an acid polymer, more specifically a methacrylic acid resin,which may be prepared by charging the following constituents into a reactor equipped with a thermometer, stirrer, dropping funnel, and condensor:

Tertiary butyl peroxy acetate 35.0

PM acetate 41.7

Xylene 27,8

Total 849.0

Portion 1 was charged into the reactor and heated to reflux (approximately 140°C). Portion 2 was premixed and added to the reactor dropwise over a 240 minute period. Portion 3 was premixed and added to the reactor over a 270 minute period concurrent with Portion 3. After the addition was complete, the reactor was held at reflux and filled out.

The resulting acid polymer composition had a composition of 15% styrene, 36% butyl methacrylate, 29% n-butyl acrylate, and 20% methacrylic acid. The solids content was 60% and the polymer had a Gardner-Holdt viscosity of Z-l. The polymer had a weight average molecular weight of 5000.

EXAMPLE 5 This example illustrates a waterborne refinish clearcoat composition according to the present invention, using a methyl half ester of maleic anhydride and an epoxy crosslinker. The following components were thoroughly blended:

Parts by Part i Weight Methyl half ester of maleic anhydride acrylic polymer (as prepared above) 35.39

Deionized water 48.91

Triethyl amine 4.19

DCE 358 (Sorbitol epoxy from Dixie Co.) 8.9 DABCO (25% triethylene diamine in butanol) 2.61

When the composition was thinned with water and cast as a film on glass, the film cures at ambient temperature. The coating was virtually tack free in approximately 5 hours. After 24 hours, the solvent resistance (to MEK) was measured to 17 double rubs. After 5 days the solvent resistance (to MEK) was measured to 100+ double rubs.

This composition can be fortified with ΗNUVIN 1130 and TINUVIN 292 (or ΗNUVIN 123) light stabilizers to give durable films, the level of the former at 2-3% on binder and the level of the latter at 1-2% on binder.

EXAMPLE 6 This example illustrates a waterborne clearcoat composition based on latex and a maleic anhydride half ester copolymer. The following components were thoroughly blended:

The resulting coating composition had a solids content of 29% and its calculated VOC is 2.3 lb/gal. The above clear coating composition was drawn over glass plates and allowed to cure for seven days at ambient temperature. The resulting clearcoat had good clarity and gloss,

and exhibite a Persoz hardness of 193 and an MEK solvent resistance of 59 double rubs.

EXAMPLE 7 This example illustrates four different compositions (A through D) based on an anhydride half ester and an epoxy, with and without an auxiliarly polyurethane. With respect to each of the compositions A through D, respectively, the following components were thoroughly blended:

A B C D

(Parts by (Parts by (Parts by (Parts by

Part 1 was premixed in order slowly and Part 2 was added with mixing. The final compositions A through D exhibited the following properties.

^• Chroma Base is a registered trademark for a solventborne basecoat commercially available from Du Pont Co.

Based on the above results, it is evident that the addition of an auxiliary polyurethane provides greater strength and hardness. However, with polyesterurethane, using the less reactive epoxy (ether epoxy) in

composition C resulted in better properties than using the more reactive epoxy in composition D.

EXAMPLE 8

5 This example illustrates a clearcoat composition according to the present invention, using a methyl half ester of maleic anhydride and an epoxy crosslinker. The following components were thoroughly blended:

Parts by Part i Weight l o Methyl half ester of maleic anhydride acrylic polymer (as prepared above) 27.0

Deionized water 59.8

Triethyl amine 2.7

XU-71950 (Diglycidyl ester from Dow) 6.4

15 ΗNUVIN 1130 (UV screener) 0.5

Catalyst solution 2.2

TINUVIN-123 (25%) in butyl cellosolve 1.4

In the above list, the catalyst solution refers to a solution of 0 benzyl triphenyl phosphonium chloride (10%) in isopropanol. The

ΗNUVIN- 123 is a hindered amine; both TINUVINs are commercially available from Ciba-Geigy.

The coating composition was sprayed onto primed metal panels coated with a waterborne basecoat and cured at 265°F. The coating 5 exhibited excellent humidity resistance, chemical resistance, durability and other film properties.

EXAMPLE 9 This example illustrates another clearcoat composition 0 according to the present invention, using a methyl half ester of maleic anhydride and an epoxy crosslinker, but also with a silane component. The following components were thoroughly blended:

Parts by 5 Part i Weight

Methyl half ester of maleic anhydride

In the above list, the catalyst solution refers to a solution of benzyl triphenyl phosphonium chloride (10%) in isopropanol. The TINUVIN 123 is a hindered amine commercially available from Ciba- Geigy.

This clear is adjusted to spray at 32 sec in a #2 Zahn cup with deionized water. The pH equals 9.2. The clear is sprayed over a waterborne basecoat and cured at 265-285°F for 30 minutes. The resulting films were hard, glossy, and resistant to solvent and humidity. These films are durable and environmentally resistant.

Various modifications, alterations, additions, or substitutions of the components of the composition of this invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention. This invention is not limited to the illustrative embodiments set forth herein, but rather the invention is defined by the following claims.