Scope pf the Invention

This is a continuation-in-part of application Serial No. PCT/US93/06234 filed June 30, 1993, which is a continuation of Serial No. 08/025,198 filed March 2, 1993, which is a continuation-in-part of 07/906,771 filed June 30, 1992. The field of this invention is that of certain substituted pyridinyl-2-propenoates, and homologs thereof, which have been found to be useful for treating diseases arising from or related to leukotnenes, particularly leukotriene B4. As such there utility lies in antagonizing the affects of leukotnenes.

Background of the Invention The family of bioactive lipids known as the leukotnenes exert pharmacological effects on respiratory, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems. The leukotnenes are generally divided into two sub-classes, the peptidoleukotrienes (leukotrienes C4, D4 and E4) and the dihydroxyleukotrienes (leukotriene B4). This invention is primarily concerned with the hydroxyleukotrienes (LTB) but is not limited to this specific group of leukotrienes.

The peptidoleukotrienes are implicated in the biological response associated with the "Slow Reacting Substance of Anaphylaxis" (SRS-A). This response is expressed in vivo as prolonged bronchoconstriction, in cardiovascular effects such as coronary artery vasoconstriction and numerous other biological responses. The pharmacology of the peptidoleukotrienes include smooth muscle contractions, myocardial depression, increased vascular permeability and increased mucous production.

By comparison, LTB4 exerts its biological effects through stimulation of leukocyte and lymphocyte functions. It stimulates chemotaxis, chemokinesis and aggregation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs).

Leukotrienes are critically involved in mediating many types of cardiovascular, pulmonary, dermatological, renal, allergic, and inflammatory diseases including asthma, adult respiratory distress syndrome, cystic fibrosis, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) was first described by Borgeat and

Samuelsson in 1979, and later shown by Corey and co-workers to be 5(S),12(R)-dihydroxy-(Z,E,E,Z)-6,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid.

It is a product of the arachidonic acid cascade that results from the enzymatic hydrolysis of LTA4. It has been found to be produced by mast cells, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes and macrophages. LTB4 has been shown to be a potent stimulus in vivo for PMN leukocytes, causing increased chemotactic and chemokinetic migration, adherence, aggregation, degranulation, superoxide production and cytotoxicity. The effects of LTB4 are mediated through distinct receptor sites on the leukocyte cell surface that exhibit a high degree of stereospecificity. Pharmacological studies on humεm blood PMN leukocytes indicate the presence of two classes of LTB4-specific receptors that are separate from receptors specific for the peptide chemotactic factors. Each of the sets of receptors appear to be coupled to a separate set of PMN leukocyte functions. Calcium mobilization is involved in both mechanisms. LTB4 has been established as an inflammatory mediator in vivo.

It has also been associated with airway hyper-responsiveness in the dog as well as being found in increased levels in lung lavages from humans with severe pulmonary dysfunction.

By antagonizing the effects of LTB4, or other pharmacologically active mediators at the end organ, for example airway smooth muscle, the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of this invention are valuable in the treatment of diseases in subjects, including human or animals, in which leukotrienes are a factor.

Summary of the Invention In a first aspect, this invention covers a compound of formula I

Formula I or an N-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, where

A is CH2 and Z is S(O) _q where q is 0, 1 or 2, CH2, CHOH, C=0, or

NRx, or O; or

A is C=O and Z is NI^; m is 0 -5;

Rx is hydrogen or lower alkyl; R is Cj to C20-aliphatic, unsubstituted or substituted five- membered heteroaryl-Ci to Cio-aliphatic-0-, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl-Ci to Cio-aliphatic where substituted phenyl has one or more radicals selected from the group consisting of lower alkoxy, lower alkyl, trihalomethyl, and halo, or R is Ci to C2()-aliphatic-0-, or R is unsubstituted or substituted phenyl-Ci to Cio-aliphatic-0- where substituted phenyl has one or more radicals selected from the group consisting of lower alkoxy, lower alkyl, trihalomethyl, and halo;

Rl is R4, -(Ci to C5 aliphatic)R4, -(Cl to C5 aliphatic)CHO, -(Cl to C5 aliphatic)CH2OR5; R2 and R3 are independently halo, lower alkoxy, CF3, CN, or lower alkyl;

R4 is tetrazol-5-yl or COOH or an ester or amide thereof; and

R5 is H, lower alkyl, CH ₃ (CH ₂ )θ-6CO or phenyl(CH ₂ )θ-3CO.

In a further aspect, this invention relates to compositions comprising a compound of formula I, or a salt thereof, in admixture with a carrier. Included in these compositions are those suitable for pharmaceutical use and comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier and a compound of formula I which may be in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. These compounds can also be used for treating diseases, particularly psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease.

Processes for making these compounds are also included in the scope of this invention, which processes comprise: a) forming a salt, or b) forming an ester; c) oxidizing a thio ether to the sulfoxide or sulfone; or d) forming a compound of formula I by treating a 6- halomethylpyridyl compound with the appropriate mercaptan, hydroxy, or amino compound.

General Embodiments

The following definitions are used in describing this invention. "Aliphatic" is intended to include saturated and unsaturated

radicals. This includes normal and branched chains, saturated or mono or poly unsaturated chains where both double and triple bonds may be present in any combination. The phrase 'lower alkyl" means an alkyl group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms in any isomeric form, but particularly the normal or hnear form. "Lower alkoxy" means the group lower alkyl-O-. "Acyl-lower alkyl" refers to the group (O)C-lower alkyl where the carbonyl carbon is counted as one of the carbons of the 1 to 6 carbons noted under the definition of lower alkyl. "Halo" refers to and means fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo. The phenyl ring may be substituted with one or more of these radicals. Multiple substituents may be the same or different, such as where there are three chloro groups, or a combination of chloro and alkyl groups and further where this latter combination may have different alkyl radicals in the chloro/alkyl pattern.

The phrase "unsubstituted or substituted five-membered heteroaryl" means a five-membered aromatic ring which has one or more hetero atoms which are oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen. Examples of such rings are furyl, thienyl, tetrazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl or pyrazolyl. Rings may be substituted with one or more lower alkyl groups, preferably methyl.

The phrase "a pharmaceutically acceptable ester-forming group" covers all esters which can be made from the acid function(s) which may be present in these compounds. The resultant esters will be ones which are acceptable in their application to a pharmaceutical use. By that it is meant that the esters will retain the biological activity of the parent compound and will not have an untoward or deleterious effect in their application and use in treating diseases.

Amides may be formed from acid groups. The most preferred amides are those where the nitrogen is substituted by hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons. The diethylamide is particularly preferred.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the instant compounds are also intended to be covered by this invention. These salts will be ones which are acceptable in their application to a pharmaceutical use. By that it is meant that the salt will retain the biological activity of the parent compound and the salt will not have untoward or deleterious effects in its application and use in treating diseases.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are prepared in a standard manner. The parent compound, dissolved in a suitable solvent, is

treated with an excess of an organic or inorganic acid, in the case of acid addition salts of a base, or an excess of organic or inorganic base where R4 is COOH for example.

Oxides of the pyridyl ring nitrogen may be prepared by means known in the art and as illustrated herein. These are to be considered part of the invention.

If by some combination of substituents, a chiral center is created or another form of an isomeric center is created in a compound of this invention, all forms of such isomer(s) are intended to be covered herein. Compounds with a chiral center may be administered as a racemic mixture or the racemates may be separated and the individual enantiomer used alone.

As leukotriene antagonists, these compounds can be used in treating a variety of diseases associated with or attributing their origin or affect to leukotrienes, particularly LTB4. Inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease may be treated by applying or administering the compounds described herein. It is also expected that these compounds can be used to treat allergic diseases including those of a pulmonary and non-pulmonary nature. For example these compounds will be useful in antigen-induced anaphylaxis. They are useful in treating asthma, allergic rhinitis and irritable bowel disease. Ocular diseases such as uveitis, and allergic conjunctivitis can also be treated by these compounds.

These compounds show oral activity, that is they are absorbed in the gut and are active in vivo in test models. This is a unique feature as compared with other compounds of similar structure which are leukotriene antagonists. While other such compounds may be absorbed in the gut they do not demonstrate a therapeutic response in the target organ or disease state, in particular as relates to treating topical diseases such as psoriasis and the like.

Preferred compounds are those where R is Cg to C20 alkoxy, thienyl-Cito CIQ alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted thiazolyl-Ci to C10 alkoxy, phenyl-Ci to CIQ alkoxy or substituted-phenylCi to CIQ alkoxy; Ri is -(Cι-C3alkyl) 4, or -(C2-C3alkenyl) 4 and R2 and R3, are both halo. The more preferred compounds are those where R is substituted phenyl-Ci to CIQ alkoxy, particularly the unsubstituted- phenyl(CH2)2-8"0" group, ^or the p-fluoro- orp-methoxyphenyl(CH2)2-8 ^~ O- group, or CH3(CH2)7_9-O-; m is 0 - 5, most preferably 0, 1, or 2; Ri is

HO2C-CH=CH-, or HO2C-CH2CH2- or a salt, ester or amide derivative thereof. As regards A, the CH2 group is preferred. As regards Z, S(O) _Q and O are preferred, and in S(0)q q is 1, 2 or 3 . Another sub-group of preferred compounds are those where R2 and R3 are halo; methyl or methoxy, particularly where both are halo, methyl or methoxy. The 2,6- dichloro is a preferred compound. Specific preferred compounds are:

(E)-sodium 3-[3-[4-(4-methoxyphenyl)butyloxy]-6-[(2 ,6-fluoro- phenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoate,

(E)-sodium 3-[3-[4-(4-methoxyphenyl)butyloxy]-6-[(2,6-dimethyl- phenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoate,

(E)-sodium 3-[3-[4-(4-methoxyphenyl)butyloxy]-6-[(2,6-dimethoxy- phenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoate,

(E)-lithium 3-[3-[4-(4-methoxyphenyl)butyloxy]-6-[(2,6-dichloro- phenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoate, (E)-sodium 3-[3-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)butyloxy]-6-[(2,6- dichlorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoate,

(E)-sodium 3-[3-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)butyloxy]-6-[(2,6- difluorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoate,

(E)-somum 3-[3-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyloxy]-6-[(2,6- dichlorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoate,

(E)-sodium 3-[3-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyloxy]-6-[(2,6- difluorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoate,

(E)-sodium 3-[3-(4-fluorobenzyloxy)-6-[(2,6- dichlorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoate, (E)-sodium 3-[3-[4-phenylbutyloxy]-6-[(2,6- dichlorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoate,

(E)-sodium 3-[3-[2-phenylethyloxy]-6-[(2,6- dichlorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoate,

(E)-sodium 3-[3-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyloxy]-6-[(2,6- dichlorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propanoate,

(E)-sodium 3-[3-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)butyloxy]-6-[(2,6- dichlorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propanoate,

(E)-sodium 3-[3-[4-(4-methoxyphenyl)butyloxy]-6-[(2,6- dichlorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propanoate, (E)-sodium 3-[3-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyloxy]-6-[(2,6- dichlorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoate,

(E)-sodium 3-[3-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyloxy]-6-[(2,4,6- trichlorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoate,

(E)-sodium 3-[3-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyloxy]-6-[(2-chloro-6- methylphenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoate,

(E)-sodium 3-[3-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyloxy]-6-[(2,6- dichlorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propanoate, (E)-3-[3-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyloxy]-6-[(2,6- dichlorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoic acid,

(E)-3-[3-[8-(4-methoxyphenyl)octyloxy]-6-[(2,6- dichlorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoic acid,

(E)-3-[3-[2-phenethyloxy]-6-[(2,6-dichlorophenylthio)meth yl]-2- pyridinyl]-2-propenoic acid,

(E)-3-[3-[3-phenylpropyloxy]-6-[(2,6-dichlorophenylthio)m ethyl]-2- pyridinyl]-2-propenoic acid,

(E)-N,N-diethyl 3-[3-[2-phenethyloxy]-6-[(2,6- dichlorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenamide, (E)-3-[3-[2-phenethyloxy]-6-[(2,6-dichlorophenyloxy)methyl]- 2- pyridinyl]-2-propenoic acid,

(E)-3-[3-[2-(thien-2-yl)ethyloxy]-6-[(2,6- dichlorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoic acid,

(E)-3-[3-[2-(thien-3-yl)ethyloxy]-6-[(2,6- dichlorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoic acid,

(E)-3-[3-[2-(3-methylthiazol-2-yl)ethyloxy]-6-[(2,6- dichlorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoic acid,

(E)-N,N-diethyl 3-[3-[2-phenethyloxy]-6-[(2,6- dichlorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenamide, (E)-3-[3-[2- phenethyloxy]-6-[(2,6-dichlorophenylsulfinyl)methyl]-2-pyrid inyl]-2- propenoic acid,

(E)-3-[3-[2-phenethyloxy]-6-[(2,6-dichlorophenylsulfonyl) methyl]- 2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoic acid,

3-[3-[2-phenethyloxy]-6-[(2,6-dichlorophenylthio)methyl]- 2- pyridinyl]propanoic acid,

3-[3-[2-phenethyloxy]-6-[(2,6-dichlorophenylsulfinyl)meth yl]-2- pyridinyl]propanoic acid,

3-[3-[2-phenethyloxy]-6-[(2,6-dichlorophenylsulfonyl)meth yl]-2- pyridinyl]propanoic acid, 3-[3-[8-(4-methoxyphenyl)octyloxy]-6-[(2,6- dichlorophenylsulfinyl)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]propanoic acid, and

3-[3-[8-(4-methoxyphenyl)octyloxy]-6-[(2,6- dichlorophenyldioxysulfonyl)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]propanoic acid, or

a free acid thereof or another pharmaceutically acceptable salt.

Synthesis Several methods, variations on the same process, have been used for preparing these compounds. In general, the approach taken was to first make the intermediates needed to make the R group, then to prepare the phenyl intermediate needed for forming the core structure of formula I; the pyridyl intermediate was then prepared and reacted with the phenyl intermediate to form the core structure. Salts, free acids, amides, alternative esters and the like were then prepared. As noted, the first step was to make the intermediates needed for forming those R groups where the intermediates were not available commercially. This chemistry is illustrated for the case of the substituted phenyl-Ci to CiQ-aliphatic-O- groups. The same or similar chemistry has been disclosed in published patent applications, for example PCT international application numbers PCT US91/03398, PCT US91/03772, PCT/US91 03940, and PCT/US91/03399. All are incorporated herein by reference. The chemistries set out in those documents can be used in place of or in conjunction with those given here to prepare the R groups of formula I. Usually the substituted pyridylchloride is prepared next, as opposed to the thiol intermediate, but this is not critical to the practice of the invention. Making the substituted 6-chloromethylpyridyl intermediamte can begin with the starting compound and the chemistry disclosed in the PCT application PCT/US91/03772 and the other PCT cases cited above. The chemistry set out in the '03772 case can be used to convert the starting material, 2,6-lutidine-α2,3-diol, to, for example, the 2-(E-2-carboxymethylethenyl)-3-[4-(4-methoxyphenyl)butyloxy] -6- chloromethylpyridine. This is illustrated in Scheme I given below. Novel chemistry, both conditions and the reagent DBU, are then used to couple the thiophenol with the chloromethyl substituted pyridine in order to make the basic structure of formula I. Base, or acid, can then be used to hydrolyze any ester group, if so desired. A free acid can be obtained from the salt by acidifying a solution of the salt. Esters and amides can be prepared using standard reaction conditions and reagents. Tetrazoles are prepared from the corresponding acid halide, e.g., the acid chloride, by literature methods.

Using the precursors prepared as per the noted PCT applications or which have been purchased from a commercial source, and the steps

outlined in Scheme I, can be used to prepare compounds of formula I.

Scheme I

HCl Cl

SPh

A general description of the conditions and reagents which can be used for converting the diol to the 6-(chloromethyl)pyridine compound can be found in PCT application number PCT/US91/03772. That description of the generalized case for each step is incorporated herein by reference along with the specific chemistry set out in the Examples of that application. A number of thiophenols and thioalkylphenyl compounds useful for making the right hand portion of formula I can be purchased from commercial sources. A list, not intended to be exhaustive, is as follows: 2,5-dichlorothiophenol, 2,6-dimethylthiophenol, 2,4-dichlorothiophenol, 2-chloro-6-methylthiophenol, 2-chloro-4-fluorothiophenol, 2,4- dichlorobenzyl thiol, 2-chloro-6-fluorobenzyl mercaptan, and 2,4-

difluorobenzyl thiol. Other thiols can be made by published chemistry; that chemistry involves converting a haloalkylphenyl (the bromo form is preferred) compound to the corresponding mercaptan by treating the bromo compound with thiourea followed by base hydrolysis. Alternatively the thiophenols can be prepared by thermal rearrangement of the corresponding thiocarbamate followed by hydrolysis.

Coupling the thiol with the chloromethylpyridyl compound using a novel method which employs l,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) and an appropriate solvent, for example CH3CN. Moisture is excluded from the system and an inert gas is used, for example argon. A slightly elevated temperature is preferred, one that is about 50° C or so; the coupling reaction is complete in about 3 hours.

Once the core structure is prepared any ester can be hydrolyzed with acid or base, base is preferred, or that acid can be converted to another ester, an amide or another salt.

Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprise a pharmaceutical carrier or diluent and some amount of a compound of the formula (I). The compound may be present in an amount to effect a physiological response, or it may be present in a lesser amount such that the user will need to take two or more units of the composition to effect the treatment intended. These compositions may be made up as a solid, liquid or in a gaseous form. Or one of these three forms may be transformed to another at the time of being administered such as when a solid is delivered by aerosol means, or when a liquid is delivered as a spray or aerosol.

Included within the scope of this disclosure is the method of treating a disease mediated by LTB4 which comprises administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I, preferably in the form of a pharmaceutical composition. For example, inhibiting the symptoms of an allergic response resulting from a mediator release by administration of an effective amount of a compound of formula I is included within the scope of this disclosure. The administration may be carried out in dosage units at suitable intervals or in single doses as needed. Usually this method will be practiced when rehef of symptoms is specifically required. However, the method is also usefully carried out as continuous or prophylactic treatment. It is within the skill of the art to determine by routine experimentation the effective dosage to be administered from the dose range set forth above, taking

into consideration such factors as the degree of severity of the condition or disease being treated, and so forth.

The nature of the composition and the pharmaceutical carrier or diluent will, of course, depend upon the intended route of administration, for example parenterally, topically, orally or by inhalation.

For topical administration the pharmaceutical composition will be in the form of a cream, ointment, liniment, lotion, pastes, aerosols, and drops suitable for administration to the skin, eye, ear, or nose.

For parenteral administration the pharmaceutical composition will be in the form of a sterile injectable liquid such as an ampule or an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid suspension.

For oral administration the pharmaceutical composition will be in the form of a tablet, capsule, powder, pellet, atroche, lozenge, syrup, liquid, or emulsion. When the pharmaceutical composition is employed in the form of a solution or suspension, examples of appropriate pharmaceutical carriers or diluents include: for aqueous systems, water; for non-aqueous systems, ethanol, glycerin, propylene glycol, corn oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, liquid parafins and mixtures thereof with water; for solid systems, lactose, kaolin and mannitol; and for aerosol systems, dichlorodifluoromethane, chlorotrifluoroethane and compressed carbon dioxide. Also, in addition to the pharmaceutical carrier or diluent, the instant compositions may include other ingredients such as stabilizers, antioxidants, preservatives, lubricants, suspending agents, viscosity modifiers and the like, provided that the additional ingredients do not have a detrimental effect on the therapeutic action of the instant compositions.

The pharmaceutical preparations thus described are made following the conventional techniques of the pharmaceutical chemist as appropriate to the desired end product.

In these compositions, the amount of carrier or diluent will vary but preferably will be the major proportion of a suspension or solution of the active ingredient. When the diluent is a solid it may be present in lesser, equal or greater amounts than the solid active ingredient. Usually a compound of formula I is administered to a subject in a composition comprising a nontoxic amount sufficient to produce an inhibition of the symptoms of a disease in which leukotrienes are a factor. Topical formulations will contain between about 0.01 to 5.0% by

weight of the active ingredient and will be applied as required as a preventative or curative agent to the affected area. When employed as an oral, or other ingested or injected regimen, the dosage of the composition is selected from the range of from 50 mg to 1000 mg of active ingredient for each admimstration. For convenience, equal doses will be administered 1 to 5 times daily with the daily dosage regimen being selected from about 50 mg to about 5000 mg.

No unacceptable toxicological effects are expected when these compounds are administered in accordance with the present invention. Bioassays

The specificity of the antagonist activity of a number of the compounds of this invention is demonstrated by relatively low levels of antagonism toward agonists such as potassium chloride, carbachol, histamine and PGF2. The receptor binding affinity of the compounds used in the method of this invention is measured by the ability of the compounds to bind to [ ³ H]-LTB4 binding sites on human U937 cell membranes. The LTB4 antagonist activity of the compounds used in the method of this invention is measured by their ability to antagonize in a dose dependent manner the LTB4 elicited calcium transient measured with fura-2, the fluorescent calcium probe. The methods employed have been disclosed in prior published PCT application PCT/US91/03772 which was filed 31 May 1991. The assays disclosed there are incorporated herein by reference. Specific Embodiments

The following examples are given to illustrate how to make and use the compounds of this invention. These Examples are just that, examples, and are not intended to circumscribe or otherwise limit the scope of this invention. Reference is made to the claims for defining what is reserved to the inventors.

Example 1 2-(E-2-Carboxymethylethenyl)-3-r4-(4-methoxyphenyl)butyloxyl -6- chloromethylpyridine hydrochloride 1A l-Iodo-4-(4-methoχyphenyl)butane. To a stirred solution of 4-(4- methoxyphenyl)butan-l-ol (9.37g, 52mmol, Aldrich) in dry toluene (185mL) under an argon atmosphere was added triphenylphosphine (17.8g, 67.6mmol) and imidazole (10.6g, 156mmol). After ten minutes I2

(17. Ig, 67.6mmol) was added. The reaction was then heated at 65 °C for 30 minutes. Upon cooling to room temperature the reaction was concentrated to 1/4 volume. The remaining solution was diluted with Et2θ and washed with H2O and brine and dried (MgSO_ι). The solvent was removed and the resulting residue was dissolved in CH2CI2 and applied to a flash chromatography column (silica). Elution with 2% EtOAc in hexane provided a colorless oil: -B. NMR (250MHz, CDCI3) δ 7.08 (d, J=8.7Hz, 2H, phenyl), 6.82 (d, J=8.7Hz, 2H, phenyl), 3.78 (s, 3H, OMe), 3.17 (t, J=7.4Hz, 2H, I-CH ₂ ), 2.54 (t, J=7.2Hz, 2H, benzylic), 1.85 (m, 2H, CH ₂ ), 1.60 (m, 2H, CH ₂ ).

IB 3-Hvdroxy-6-methyl-2-pyridine carboxaldehvde. 2,6-Lutidine- α ² ,3-diol (15g, 107.8mmol, Aldrich) was suspended in dry CH2CI2 (200mL) and treated with Mnθ2 (47g, 539mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 6h. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite and the solvent was evaporated. The crude aldehyde was obtained as a tan solid and was used directly for the next step: -B. NMR (250MHz, CDCI3) δ 10.65 (s, IH, OH), 10.30 (s, IH, aldehyde), 7.30 (m, 2H, 4,5-pyridyl), 2.55 (s, 3H, methyl).

IC 3-r4-(4-Methoxvphenvl)hutvloxvl-β-methyl-2-pyridine carboxaldehvde. To a solution of l-iodo-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)butane (12.6g, 43.4mmol) in dry DMF (45mL) under an argon atmosphere was added 3-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-pyridine carboxaldehvde (7.2g, 52.5mmol) and anhydrous K2CO3 (30g, 217mmol). The reaction was vigorously stirred at 90 °C for 2.5h. Upon cooling to room temperature the reaction was diluted with EtOAc and washed with H2O, aq NH4CI, and brine and dried (MgSO-i). Evaporation provided crude aldehyde as a dark oil that was used without further purification.

ID 2-(E-2-CarboxymethylethenvD-3-r4-(4-methoxyDhenyl)butyloxyl- 6- methylpyridine. 3-[4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)butyloxy]-6-methyl-2-pyridine carboxaldehvde obtained above was dissolved in dry toluene (lOOmL) under an argon atmosphere and treated with methyl (triphenylphosphoranylidene)acetate (14.5g, 43.4mmol). The reaction was heated for lh at 50 °C. Upon cooling to room temperature the reaction was diluted with EtOAc and washed with H2O and brine and dried (MgSO_i). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica,

20% EtOAc in hexane) gave a pale yellow oil: -Η. NMR (250MHz, CDCI3) δ 8.07 (d, J=15.7Hz, IH, vinyl), 7.10 (m, 4H, phenyl, 4,5-pyridyl), 7.07 (d, J=15.7Hz, IH, vinyl), 6.81 (d, J=8.7Hz, 2H, phenyl), 3.97 (t, J=6.1Hz, 2H, O-CH ₂ ), 3.79 (s, 3H, OMe), 3.78 (s, 3H, methyl ester), 2.54 (t, J=7.2Hz, 2H, benzylic), 2.48 (s, 3H, methyl), 1.85 (m, 2H, CH ₂ ), 1.60 (m, 2H, CH ₂ ); MS (ES): 356.4 (M+H).

E 2-(E-2-Carboxymethylethenyl)-3-r4-(4-methoxyDhenyl)butyloxy1 -6- methylpyridine N-oxide. 2-(E-2-Carboxymethylethenyl)-3-[4-(4- methoxyphenyl)butyloxy]-6-methylpyridine (13.6g, 38.2mmol) was dissolved in dry CH2CI2 (lOOmL) and cooled to 0 °C. To this was added 50% mCPBA (13.2g, 38.3mmol) in three portions over 10 minutes. The cooling bath was removed and the reaction was stirred for 15h at room temperature. The reaction was poured into aqueous NaHCO3 and the product extracted into CH2CI2. The organic extract was washed with

H2O and brine and dried (MgSO_ι). The crude product was obtained as a yellow solid and was used without further purification.

IF 2-(E-2-Carboxymethylethenyl)-3-r4-(4-methoxyphenyl)butyloxy1 -6- hvdroxymethylpyridine. 2-(E-2-Carboxymethylethenyl)-3-[4-(4- methoxyphenyl)butyloxy]-6-methylpyridine N-oxide obtained above was suspended in dry DMF (lOOmL) and cooled to 0 °C under an argon atmosphere. To this was slowly added trifluoroacetic anhydride (54mL, 380mmol). The reaction was maintained at 0 °C for 20 minutes followed by 18h at room temperature. The reaction solution was slowly added to a solution of saturated aqueous Na2CO ₃ and stirred for lh. The product was then extracted into EtOAc; the combined organic extracts were washed with H2O and brine and dried (MgSθ4). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica, EtOAc:hexane:CH2Cl2, 25:25:50) gave a waxy solid: -Η. NMR (250MHz, CDCI3) δ 8.08 (d, J=15.7Hz, IH, vinyl), 7.23 (d, J=8.4Hz, IH, 5-pyridyl), 7.16 (d, J=8.4Hz, IH, 4-pyridyl), 7.09 (d, J=8.7Hz, 2H, phenyl), 7.03 (d, J=15.7Hz, IH, vinyl), 6.82 (d, J=8.7Hz, 2H, phenyl), 4.69 (d, J=4.1Hz, 2H, CH ₂ -OH), 4.01 (t, J=6.1Hz, 2H, O- CH ₂ ), 3.82 (s, 3H, OMe), 3.78 (s, 3H, methyl ester), 3.62 (t, J=4.1Hz, IH, OH), 2.55 (t, J=7.2Hz, 2H, benzylic), 1.85 (m, 2H, CH ₂ ), 1.58 (m, 2H, CH ₂ ); MS (CD: 374.3 (M+H).

1Ω. 2-(E-2-Carboxvmethvlethenvl)-3-r4-(4-methoxvphenvl)butvloxvl -6- chloromethvlpvridine hydrochloride. 2-(E-2-Carboxymethylethenyl)-3- [4-(4-methoxyphenyl)butyloxy]-6-hydroxymethylpyridine ( l.OOg, 2.69mmol) was added to a cooled (0 °C) solution of SOCI2 (1.96mL, 26.9mmol) in anhydrous toluene (20mL) under an argon atmosphere. The cooling bath was removed and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 4.5h. The solvent and excess SOCI2 were evaporated. The resulting crude product (tan solid) was used without further purification. This material served as the starting material for the preparation of the compounds set out in the following examples.

Example 2 (E)-Lithium 3-r3-r4-(4-methoxyDhenyl)butyloxy1-6-r(2.6- dichlorophenvlthio)methvn-2-Dvridinvl1-2-propenoate

2Δ (E)-Methyl 3-r3-r4-(4-methoxyphenyl)butyloxyl-6-r(2.6- dichlorophenylthio)methyll-2-pyridinyll-2-propenoate. 2,6- Dichlorothiophenol (53mg, 0.297mmol, Aldrich) was dissolved in dry MeCN (0.60mL) and treated with 2-(E-2-carboxymethylethenyl)-3-[4-(4- methoxyphenyl)butyloxy]-6-chloromethylpyridine hydrochloride (llδmg, 0.270mmol) and l,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU, 0.142mL, 0.949mmol). The reaction was stirred under an atmosphere of argon at 50° C for 3h. The reaction solution was diluted with EtOAc and washed with H2O and brine and dried (MgSO ₄ ). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica, EtOAc: CH2CI2: hexane, 10: 15: 75) gave a colorless waxy solid: -B. NMR (250MHz, CDCI3) δ 7.94 (d, J=15.7Hz, IH, vinyl), 7.31 (d, J=7.6Hz, 2H, aryl), 7.13 (m, 4H, aryl, pyridyl), 7.11 (d, J=8.4Hz, IH, pyridyl), 6.86 (d, J=8.7Hz, 2H, phenyl), 6.69 (d, J=15.7Hz, IH, vinyl), 4.14 (s, 2H, CH ₂ -S), 3.97 (t, J=6.1Hz, 2H, CH ₂ -O), 3.80 (s, 3H, OMe), 3.78 (s, 3H, methyl ester), 2.63 (t, J=7.2Hz, 2H, benzylic), 1.81 (m, 4H, CH2CH2); analysis calcd. for C27H27CI2NO ₄ S: C, 60.90; H, 5.11; N, 2.63; found: C, 60.61; H, 5.01; N, 2.57; MS (ES+): 532.0 (M+H).

2B (E Lithium 3-r3-r4-(4-methoxyphenyl)butyloxyl-6-r(2.6- dichlorophenylthio)methyll-2-pyridinyll-2-propenoate. (E)-Methyl 3-[3- [4-(4-methoxyphenyl)butyloxy]-6-[(2,6-dichlorophenylthio)met hyl]-2- pyridinyl]-2-propenoate (65mg, 0.122mmol) was dissolved in THF

(l.OmL) and MeOH (0.50mL) and treated with 1.0M LiOH (0.25mL, 0.25mmol). The reaction was stirred under an argon atmosphere for 20h. The solvent was evaporated and the product purified by Reversed Phased MPLC (RP-18 silica, H ₂ O-MeOH gradient). Lyophilization yielded a colorless amorphous solid: -R NMR (250MHz, d ⁴ -MeOH) δ 7.68 (d, J= 15.7Hz, IH, vinyl), 7.37 (d, J=7.6Hz, 2H, aryl), 7.13 (m, 4H, aryl, pyridyl), 7.02 (d, J=8.4Hz, IH, pyridyl), 6.82 (d, J=15.7Hz, IH, vinyl), 6.81 (d, J=8.7Hz, 2H, phenyl), 4.13 (s, 2H, CH ₂ -S), 4.00 (t, J=6.1Hz, 2H, CH ₂ -O), 3.75 (s, 3H, OMe), 2.62 (t, J=7.2Hz, 2H, benzylic), 1.80 (m, 4H, CH2CH2); analysis calcd. for C26H24Cl2N0 ₄ SLi • ¹ 5/ ₈ H ₂ 0: C, 55.95; H, 5.01; N, 2.51; found: C, 55.75; H, 4.58; N, 2.36; MS (ES+): 518.0 (M+H, free acid).

Proceeding in a similar manner, but substituting for the 2,6- dichlorothiophenol the appropriate thiophenol or mercaptan, the following compounds were made:

(E)-sodium 3-[3-[4-(4-methoxyphenyl)butyloxy]-6-[(2,6-difluoro- phenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoate,

(E)-sodium 3-[3-[4-(4-methoxyphenyl)butyloxy]-6-[(2,6-dimethyl- phenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoate, (E)-sodium 3-[3-[4-(4-methoxyphenyl)butyloxy]-6-[(2,6-dichloro- benzylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoate,

(E)-sodium 3-[3-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)butyloxy]-6-[(2,6- dichlorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoate,

(E)-sodium 3-[3-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)butyloxy]-6-[(2,6- difluorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoate,

(E)-sodium 3-[3-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyloxy]-6-[(2,6- dichlorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoate,

(E)-sodium 3-[3-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyloxy]-6-[(2,6- difluorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoate, (E)-sodium 3-[3-(4-fluorobenzyloxy)-6-[(2,6- dichlorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoate,

(E)-sodium 3-[3-[4-phenylbutyloxy]-6-[(2,6- dichlorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoate,

(E)-sodium 3-[3-[2-phenethyloxy]-6-[(2,6- dichlorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoate, sodium 3-[3-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyloxy]-6-[(2,6- dichlorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propanoate, sodium 3-[3-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)butyloxy]-6-[(2,6-

dichlorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propanoate, sodium 3-[3-[4-(4-methoxyphenyl)butyloxy]-6-[(2,6- dichlorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propanoate,

(E)-sodium 3-[3-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyloxy]-6-[(2,6- dichlorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoate,

(E)-sodium 3-[3-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyloxy]-6-[(2-chloro-6- methylphenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoate, sodium 3-[3-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyloxy]-6-[(2,6- dichlorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propanoate, and (E)-sodium 3-[3-[4-(4-methoxyphenyl)butyloxy]-6-[(2,6-dimethoxy- phenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoate.

Example 3 Preparation of Free Acids The acid form of any of the foregoing salts were prepared by dissolving the salt in water if it is not already in solution, then acidifying that solution with an acid such as a mineral acid eg. dilute (6N) HCl. The acid was recovered by filtering out the precipitate. In that manner, and using the process disclosed in Examples 1-3, the following compounds were prepared:

(E)-3-[3-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyloxy]-6-[(2,6- dichlorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoic acid,

(E)-3-[3-[8-(4-methoxyphenyl)octyloxy]-6-[(2,6- dichlorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoic acid, (E)-3-[3-[2-phenethyloxy]-6-[(2,6-dichlorophenylthio)methyl] -2- pyridinyl]-2-propenoic acid,

(E)-3-[3-[3-phenylpropyloxy]-6-[(2,6-dichlorophenylthio)m ethyl]-2- pyridinyl]-2-propenoic acid,

(E)-3-[3-[2-phenethyloxy]-6-[(2,6-dichlorophenyloxy)methy l]-2- pyridinyl]-2-propenoic acid,

(E)-3-[3-[2-(thien-2-yl)ethyloxy]-6-[(2,6- dichlorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoic acid,

(E)-3-[3-[2-(thien-3-yl)ethyloxy]-6-[(2,6- dichlorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoic acid, (E)-3-[3-[2-(3-methylthiazol-2-yl)ethyloxy]-6-[(2,6- dichlorophenylthio)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoic acid,

(E)-3-[3-[2-phenethyloxy]-6-[(2,6-dichloroρhenylsulfinyl )methyl]-2- pyridinyl]-2-propenoic acid,

(E)-3-[3-[2-phenethyloxy]-6-[(2,6-dichlorophenylsulfonyl)met hyl]- 2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoic acid,

3-[3-[2-phenethyloxy]-6-[(2,6-dichlorophenylthio)methyl]- 2- pyridinyl]propanoic acid, 3-[3-[2-phenethyloxy]-6-[(2,6-dichlorophenylsulfinyl)methyl] -2- pyridinyl]propanoic acid,

3-[3-[2-phenethyloxy]-6-[(2,6-dichlorophenylsulfonyl)meth yl]-2- pyridinyljpropanoic acid,

3-[3-[8-(4-methoxyphenyl)octyloxy]-6-[(2,6- dichlorophenylsulfinyl)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]propanoic acid, and

3-[3-[8-(4-methoxyphenyl)octyloxy]-6-[(2,6- dichlorophenylsulfonyl)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]propanoic acid.

Example 4 (EVN.N.-Diethyl 3-r3-r2-phenethyloxy1-6-r(2.6- dichlorophenylthio)methyll-2-pyridinyll-2-propfinaτιnidpi

4A 2-(E-2-Carboxymethylethenyl)-3-(2-phenethyloxyV6- hydroxymethylpyridine. This was prepared by an analogous procedure to that described for the preparation of IF, substituting phenethyl bromide for l-iodo-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)butane.

4B 2-(E-2-CarboxyethenylV3-(2-phenethyloxy)-6- hvdroxymethylpyridine . To a stirred solution of 2-(E-2- carboxymethylethenyl)-3-(2-phenethyloxy)-6-hydroxymethylpyri dine (150mg, 0.49mmol) in 1:2 MeOH-THF (3mL) was added IM NaOH (0.98mL, 0.98mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 24h, then adjusted to pH 4.5 using 5% HCl. The solvents were evaporated and the crude carboxylic acid was dried under reduced pressure to give the noted compound: -Η. NMR (250MHz, CDCI3) δ 8.11 (d, J= 15.7Hz, IH, vinyl), 7.33-7.19 (m, 7H, aryl), 6.99 (d, J= 15.7Hz, IH, vinyl), 4.68 (s, 2H, CH ₂ -O), 4.19 (t, J= 6.1Hz, 2H, O-CH ₂ ), 3.13 (t, J= 7.2Hz, 2H, benzylic).

4C (E)- N.N.-Diethyl 3-r3-r2-phenethyloxyl-6-rhvdroxymethvn-2- pyridinyll-2-propenamide. To a solution of 2-(E-2-carboxyethenyl)-3-(2- phenethyloxy)-6-hydroxymethylpyridine (143.3mg, 0.48mmol) in DMF (lmL) under an argon atmosphere was added t- butylchlorodimethylsilane (172.8mg, l.lδmmol) and imidazole (163.2mg, 2.40mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 18h and then partitioned between EtOAc and H2O. The organic phase was

washed with aqueous NaHCO3 and dried (MgSO ₄ ).

To a cooled (0 °C) solution of the disilylated intermediate, prepared above, in CH2CI2 (lmL) was added oxalyl chloride (75mg, O.βOmmol) and catalytic DMF (1 drop). The reaction was stirred at 0 °C 5 for 1.5h, then at room temperature for 0.5h. The solvent was evaporated and the acid chloride was suspended in THF (lmL). To this solution was added diethylamine (O.δmL, 4.8mmol) in THF (lmL). The reaction solution was stirred at room temperature for 45 minutes, then partitioned between EtOAc and H2O. The organic phase was washed

10 with H ₂ 0 and dried (MgS0 ).

To a cooled (0 °C) solution of the silylether in THF (lmL) was added tetrabutylammonium fluoride (1.44mL, 1.44mmol, IM in THF). The cooling bath was removed and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1.5h. The reaction was quenched with H2O and the lδ product was extracted into EtOAc. The organic phase was washed with H2O and dried (MgSθ4). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica, 3% MeOH in CH ₂ C1 ₂ ) gave an oil: - NMR (2δOMHz, CDCI3) δ 8.09 (d, J= lδ.7Hz, IH, vinyl), 7.71 (d, J= lδ.7Hz, IH, vinyl), 7.32 (m, δH, aryl), 7.26 (s, 2H, aryl), 4.7δ (s, 2H, CH ₂ -0), 4.24 (t, J= 6.1Hz, 2H,

20 OCH ₂ ), 3.δδ (m, 4H, amide CH ₂ ), 3.19 (t, J= 7.2Hz, 2H, benzylic), 1.28 and 1.23 (triplets, J= 7.0Hz, 6H, amide Me).

42 (EVN.N-Diethvl 3-r3-r2-phenethvloxvl-6-r(2.6- dichlorophenylthio)methyll-2-pyridinvn-2-propenamide. To a cooled (0 ° C) solution of the primary alcohol (3δmg, 0. lOmmol) in toluene (O.δmL)

2δ was added thionyl chloride (119mg, l.Ommol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for l.δh. The solvent and excess reagent were evaporated giving the crude chloromethyl hydrochloride compound.

The remainder of the synthesis was completed using an identical procedure to that described for 2A by coupling with 2,6-

30 dichlorothiophenol to give the product as an oil: *H NMR (400MHz,

CDCI3) δ 7.98 (d, J= lδ.7Hz, IH, vinyl), 7.30 (m, 8H, aryl, vinyl), 7.10 (m, 2H, aryl), 6.99 (d, IH, aryl), 4.17 (s, 2H, CH ₂ -S), 4.12 (t, J= 6.1Hz, 2H, OCH ₂ ), 3.δ0 (m, 4H, amide CH ₂ ), 3.11 (t, J= 7.2Hz, 2H, benzylic), 1.25 and 1.18 (triplets, J= 7.0Hz, 6H, amide Me); Analysis calcd. for 5 C27H28CI2N2O2S • V4H2O: C, 62.37; H, 5.δ2; N, δ.39; found: C, 62.07; H, δ.13; N, δ.39; MS (ES): δlδ.O (M+H).

Example 5 Formulations for pharmaceutical use incorporating compounds of the present invention can be prepared in various forms and with numerous excipients. Means for making various formulations can be found in standard texts such as Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, and similar publications and compendia. Specific examples of formulations are given below.

OINTMENTS Hydrophyllic Petrolatum

Ingredients Amount (% Weight/weight)

Cholesterol 30.0g

Stearyl Alcohol 30.0g

White Wax 78.0g

Active Ingredient 2.0g

White Petrolatum 860.0g

The stearyl alcohol, white wax and white petrolatum are melted together (steam bath for example) and cholesterol and the active ingredient are added. Stirring is commenced and continued until the solids disappear. The source of heat is removed and the mix allowed to congeal and packaged in metal or plastic tubes.

The stearyl alcohol and white petrolatum are combined over heat. Other ingredients are dissolved in water, then this solution is added to the warm (ca δO to 100° C) alcohol/petrolatum mixture and stirred until the mixture congeals. It can then be packed in tubes or another appropriate package form.

Example 6 Inhalation Formulation A compound of formula I, 1 to 10 mg/ml, is dissolved in isotonic saline and aerosoHzed from a nebulizer operating at an air flow adjusted to deliver the desired amount of drug per use.