DAIRY PRODUCT AND PROCESS

Technical field

The invention relates to a yoghurt and a method for preparing a yoghurt.

Background to invention

Yoghurt is a traditional product consumed widely since ancient times, but is now very popular as a snacking food (or beverage) and is often used as a tasty topping as part of a dessert or breakfast cereal dish. Some people do not tolerate well consuming fresh milk but find that they can digest yoghurt readily. Yoghurt has been attributed with a variety of healthful properties. Apart from the benefits of an easily digested quantity of high quality protein and the benefits attributed to the consumption of large numbers of lactic acid producing micro-organisms (and the products of their metabolism), yoghurt (along with many dairy products) is an important source of calcium in the human diet.

The texture of yoghurt can be manipulated using a variety of methods. Known methods include increasing the milk protein (solids) concentration, adding gelatine or polysaccharides (gums or starch), adding whey proteins, adding caseinates, especially sodium casemate etc.

The use of sodium caseinate in yoghurt is part of a more general art of manipulating the cations present to improve its texture. Manner et al. (WO2007/026053) disclose the preparation of a yoghurt type of product where a portion of the calcium was replaced with sodium or potassium ions (using weak ion exchange).

Modler et al. (Journal of Dairy Science [1983] 66, 422-429) disclose that the addition of sodium caseinate to yoghurt improves texture and reduces syneresis. Johnston & Murphy (Journal of Dairy Research [1992] 59, 197-208) examined the texture of acid dairy gels when various anions were added. Some of these anions are known to sequester calcium. All the added anions were as sodium salts. Some anions increased gel strength, while others did not.

Much art discloses the addition of a variety of calcium salts and minerals as a fortificant in yoghurt. Nagai & Ogawa (JP2006238868) teach the use of an alkaline calcium salt (calcium hydroxide) to reduce the acidity of foodstuffs, including yoghurt. Goodner (US20060073237) discloses the use of calcium malate in yoghurt. Bouman et al. (US20050153021) disclose the use of the complex salt calcium (lactate) gluconate citrate. Kubota et al (WO2004039178)

disclose the fortification of yoghurt with calcium carbonate as well as calcium phosphate and ferric salts. Clark & Clark (US20030228347) disclose the fortification of foodstuffs, including milk-based beverages and yoghurts, with calcium picolinate. Yang et al. (US20010051197) disclose the use of calcium citrate malate to fortify yoghurt.

Carr, Munro & Campanella (International Dairy Journal, 12, 487-492 [2002]) found that CaCl ₂ when added to a solution of sodium casemate increased its viscosity up to a certain point but continued doses caused a decline in viscosity.

Fleury et al. in US5820903 disclose a means of preparing a calcium fortified yoghurt wherein finely ground calcium phosphate (tri-calcium phosphate [TCP]) is mixed into a yoghurt post fermentation. Murphy et al. (US20020068112) disclose a method of making yoghurt wherein calcium phosphate with a mean particle size <6μm is added preferably to the initial milk stream as a calcium fortifier. Other sources of particulate calcium added to foodstuffs that are known include ground eggshell, limestone and dolomite. Park in US4784871 discloses that the TCP is soluble in acid conditions and may be used to fortify a fruit flavoured yoghurt preparation.

Hansen & Fligner (US5449523) disclose a method for preparing a calcium fortified yoghurt involving the addition of a calcium source and either a calcium sequestering agent or alkaline agent, or a mixture of both. The additives are incorporated (in no particular order) prior to the heat treatment step to ensure that the calcium fortified product is stable. Hojo, Kubota & Morisaki (WO2004010795) disclose a means of preparing a calcium fortified food product that includes a hardly-soluble calcium component (calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, or dolomite) and a chelating agent (malate, succinate, a tartrate, glutamate, an EDTA salt, gluconate, and citrate). Preferred particle size is <0.8μm.

Calcium plays an important part in human health, particularly in bone health. Yoghurt is marketed with nutritional claims as permitted by the food labelling laws particular to a jurisdiction. Often a yoghurt serving is promoted as being a 'good source of calcium'.

The food labelling regulations in the United States of America allow comparative statements in precisely prescribed circumstances. 'The terms "high", "rich in", or "excellent source of may be used on the label provided the food contains 20 percent or more of the RDI (recommended daily intake) or the DRV (daily recommended value) per reference amount customarily consumed' (21CFR [Code of Federal Regulations] section 101.54 'Nutrient content claims for "good source", "high", "more", and "high potency'"). For the 2000 Calorie standard USA diet, ^■

the RDI for calcium is lOOOmg per day. The reference amount for yogurt (yoghurt) is specified in the USA as 225g (2 ICFR 101.12, 'Reference amounts customarily consumed per eating occasion').

In Australasia, different food labelling regulations apply. The recommended daily intake for calcium is set at 800mg (Schedule of Standard 1.1.1, Food Standards Code, Food Standards Australia New Zealand) and the reference quantity for yoghurt is 15Og (Standard 1.3.2, Table to clause 3, Food Standards Code, Food Standards Australia New Zealand). 'A claim to the effect that a food is a good source of a vitamin or mineral may be made if a reference quantity of the food contains no less than 25% of the RDI ... ' (section 7 of Standard 1.3.2, Food Standards Code, Food Standards Australia New Zealand). Thus in Australasia, to be able to use the term "good source" of calcium, a serving of yoghurt would have to contain 200mg calcium per 15Og of serving.

A process that removes calcium from yoghurt makes it more difficult to make a legal nutrition claim for calcium on the food label - a product that consumers traditionally expect to be rich in calcium. Alternatively, sequestered calcium may not be readily absorbed or be nutritionally available despite being declared on the nutrition label.

It is an object of the invention to provide a method for preparing a yoghurt or yoghurt drink having increased gel strength or viscosity that is also a good source of calcium.

Disclosure of invention The applicants have found surprisingly that the reincorporation of calcium into an otherwise calcium depleted yoghurt is found to result in an increase in texture in the yoghurt that is additional to the texture that could have been achieved by preparing it using regular calcium containing milk and retains the increase in texture obtained by using calcium depleted milk or increases it. The yoghurt is also found to have good organoleptic qualities.

In one aspect the invention provides a method for preparing a yoghurt or a yoghurt drink, comprising:

(a) providing a casein source that has been treated to remove a proportion of its divalent cations including at least a proportion of its calcium cations;

(b) mixing the calcium-depleted casein source with one or more other ingredients to form a yoghurt milk, if required;

(c) dispersing a substantially insoluble calcium source in the yoghurt milk;

(d) heat treating the yoghurt milk;

(e) acidifying the mixture to a pH that causes gelling of the yoghurt milk,

wherein step (c) is carried out at any time before gelling for set yoghurt and stirred yoghurt and at any time before the final packaging of drinking yoghurts.

Preferably, step (c) is carried out before the acidifying step.

The casein source that has been treated to remove a proportion of its divalent ions may itself be the yoghurt milk. Liquid calcium-depleted milk or liquid calcium-depleted skim milk and milk protein concentrates prepared from these are examples of such casein sources. Alternatively, the yoghurt milk may be prepared by adding other ingredients to a liquid calcium-depleted source, for example, by adding fat and whey protein to form the yoghurt milk.

Alternatively, the calcium-depleted casein source may be added to a liquid dairy composition comprising casein, such as milk or skim milk, so as to reduce the calcium to casein ratio.

In another alternative the yoghurt milk is prepared from a mixture of ingredients including, for example, ingredients chosen from a powdered calcium-depleted casein source, a powdered ^■ casein source, water, fat and whey proteins. Another ingredient that may be alternatively used in the mixture is a calcium-depleted casein source liquid concentrate.

A "yoghurt milk" is a liquid milk-based starting material for the preparation of yoghurt or a yoghurt drink. The yoghurt milk comprises casein and whey proteins in the weight ratios between 90:10 casein:whey protein to 20:80, preferably 90:10 to 50:50.

Yoghurt milks are converted to yoghurt or yoghurt drinks by acidification, usually using a bacterial culture.

A "yoghurt" (yogurt) is an acidic or fermented food prepared from a dairy source and viable food approved micro-organisms. Yoghurt possesses gel-like textural attributes. For the purposes of this invention, yoghurt also refers to yoghurt-like products that may include non-

dairy derived lipids, flavourings and. food-approved stabilisers, acids, plant derived additions and texturizers. Heat treated yoghurt and yoghurt-like products are also included by the term yoghurt. Petit Suisse is also contemplated when referring to yoghurt. Preferably, the yoghurt is a fermented food prepared from a dairy source and viable food approved micro-organisms.

A "yoghurt drink" is an acidic or fermented food prepared from a dairy source and viable microorganisms. Yoghurt drink possesses viscous, cream-like textural attributes and is widely known as drinking yoghurt. For the purposes of this invention yoghurt drinks also refer to yoghurt-like drinkable products that may include non-dairy derived lipids, flavourings and food-approved stabilisers, acids and texturizers. Heat treated drinking yoghurt products are also included by the term drinking yoghurt. Generally drinking yoghurts have a lower protein content that regular yoghurts. More specifically, drinking yoghurts have protein contents generally <2.5% w/w and typically about 2.0% w/w protein or less. Preferably, the yoghurt drink is a fermented food prepared from a dairy source and viable micro-organisms.

It is contemplated that products falling under the scope of the Codex standard for fermented milks (CODEX Standard 243-2003, and incorporated hereby by reference) are included as either yoghurts or yoghurt drinks.

A "substantially insoluble calcium source" is a calcium source having a solubility when dissolved in (pure) water of less than 10g/L, preferably < 5g/L and more preferably <2g/L.

The term "milk protein concentrate" (MPC) refers to a milk protein product in which greater than 40%, preferably greater than 55%, most preferably 70% of the solids-not-fat (SNF) is milk protein (by weight on a moisture-free basis) and the weight ratio of casein to whey proteins is substantially the same as that of the milk from which it was prepared. Such concentrates are known in the art. MPCs are frequently described with the % dry matter as milk protein being appended to "MPC": For example MPC70 is an MPC with 70% of the dry matter as milk protein.

The term "calcium ions" is used broadly and includes ionic calcium and colloidal calcium unless the context requires otherwise.

The term "magnesium ions" is used broadly and includes ionic magnesium and colloidal magnesium unless the context requires otherwise.

"Calcium-depleted" ingredients are those in which the calcium content is lower than the corresponding non depleted ingredients. These products generally also have a lower content of divalent cations, for example, magnesium, than corresponding non-depleted products. Additionally, the monovalent ions will be different to that of starting milk.

The term "comprising" as used in this specification means 'consisting at least in part of, that is to say when interpreting statements in this specification and claims which include that term, the features, prefaced by that term in each statement, all need to be present but other features can also be present.

In any of the methods, a homogenising step may be carried out at any stage before or after the addition of the calcium source.

The casein source and the yoghurt milk may be prepared from the milk of any lactating animal but the milk of cows, sheep and goats is preferred. The casein source and the yoghurt milk may be prepared from dried milk powders or concentrates.

Any combination of fresh milk or reconstituted milk can be used to prepare the casein source and the yoghurt milk. The protein concentration in the yoghurt milk may be adjusted by any suitable means. For instance where a protein concentration less than about 3.0% to 4.0% w/w is required (for instance for the production of drinking yoghurt) a diluent may be added, for example, water, whey or permeate. Where a protein concentration higher than about 3.0% to 4.0% w/w is required, the casein source or the yoghurt milk or both may be concentrated by any suitable means. Preferred methods of concentration are ultrafiltration or by the addition of milk powder or retentate powder, e.g., milk protein concentrate.

In a preferred embodiment, a calcium depleted casein source in powder form is mixed with other ingredients. In this embodiment the powder is a modified powder where a proportion of the calcium and magnesium ions have been replaced with sodium or potassium ions. The calcium depleted casein source may be prepared by combining a dairy stream highly depleted in divalent cations with an untreated dairy stream to provide a yoghurt milk at least 10% depleted in divalent cations.

In this specification, divalent cations refer to the elements calcium and magnesium. References to depletion of calcium also generally imply depletion of magnesium.

The term monovalent cations refers principally to sodium and potassium, but may also include ammonium and hydrogen.

In a preferred embodiment, all or part of the casein source is treated to replace a proportion of the divalent cations with monovalent cations. The calcium-depleted casein source may be a calcium-depleted milk, calcium-depleted skim milk, calcium-depleted milk protein concentrate, or a sodium casemate.

Such calcium-depleted dairy ingredients may be prepared by known methods. These methods include those disclosed in published PCT applications WOO 1/41579 and WOO 1/41578, and US Patent Applications 2003/0096036 and 2004/0197440 hereby incorporated by reference. Currently preferred are ingredients prepared by removal of calcium using cation exchange chromatography, preferably on a resin bearing strongly acidic groups (in the sodium or potassium form). Preferably, the pH of the milk material subjected to calcium depletion is _. adjusted to have a pH in the range 6.0-6.5 prior to ion exchange treatment. Preferably, the pH is adjusted if necessary to 6.3-6.9 after ion exchange treatment. Any food approved acidulant may be used, but lactic acid and sources of lactic acid or citric are preferred. The calcium-depleted product may be used as a liquid ingredient or dried to produce a dried ingredient. The extent of calcium depletion may be varied by altering the chromatography conditions, by varying the nature and volume of the resin, the nature and amount of milk material, the space velocity (ratio of volume flow rate to resin bed volume), the blending of treated milk with untreated milk, the temperature, pH, and other processing variables.

A preferred level of calcium depletion in the yoghurt milk before addition of the substantially insoluble calcium source is between 10% to 50% and more preferably between 15% and 35%. Preferably, the calcium is substituted by monovalent cations. A preferred means of replacing the divalent cations is the use of ion exchange resins and a preferred ion exchange resin is a strong cation resin with active sulphonate groups such as Rohm & Haas IMAC HP 11 IE. The art of treating dairy streams with suitable ion exchange resins is disclosed in WO01/41579, WO01/41578 and US Patent Applications 2003/0096036 and 2004/0197440.

Where the calcium-depleted casein source is the main or sole constituent of the yoghurt milk, the calcium-depleted milk will generally have essentially the same extent of calcium depletion as the yoghurt milk. Where the calcium-depleted casein source is mixed with one or more other ingredients that comprise casein without calcium depletion, the extent of calcium depletion of

the casein-depleted material is generally greater, so that the yoghurt milk prepared has one of the preferred ranges of calcium depletion. The extent of depletion will depend on the proportions of the ingredients, and calcium-depletion of over 90% will be generally used if the calcium- depleted casein source provides less than 20% of the casein of the yoghurt milk.

In one embodiment, the yoghurt milk before additional insoluble calcium addition has its calcium content reduced to 300-900 mg/kg. The optimum calcium concentration varies according to the casein concentration in the yoghurt. A concentration in the range of 500-900 mg/kg is most appropriate for a yoghurt having a protein concentration of 2.9% with a casein to whey ratio substantially that of milk.

For yoghurts with higher casein contents, higher levels of calcium are also useful. For example, a yoghurt having a protein concentration of 4.1% where the casein to whey ratio is substantially that of milk, the range may be extended from 500-900 mg/kg to 500-1300 mg/kg.

Preferably, the calcium to protein weight ratio is in the range 0.015-0.030, preferably 0.020- 0.030.

Calcium may be added using any edible source rich in calcium that is substantially insoluble as defined above. Preferred calcium salts are tri-calcium phosphate (TCP), calcium carbonate and calcium sulphate. The calcium salt may be added either before or after the. heat treatment step (iii). Other calcium sources include various naturally occurring minerals, e.g., limestone, dolomite, coral, shell, aragonite and bone. A natural product rich in calcium phosphate is ALAMIN™ sold by Fonterra Co-operative Group Limited, Auckland. Gypsum is a further useful calcium source. Preferably the calcium ingredient is ground fine enough to pass a 400# sieve, more preferably at least 60% by weight, more preferably all of the ingredient is in the form of particles are less than 10 micrometres in nominal diameter. The nominal diameter of small particles may be determined using readily available instruments typically using optical scattering techniques. One such instrument suitable for the determination of particle sizes is a Mastersizer 2000 (Malvern Instruments Ltd., Malvern, Worcestershire, United Kingdom).

The amount of substantially insoluble calcium to be added varies according to the extent of calcium depletion and the desired calcium level in the yoghurt product. Generally, the amount is selected so that the level of calcium added is either at least 10% of the calcium in the yoghurt milk or is sufficient to bring the calcium concentration in the yoghurt milk up to the level of the corresponding yoghurt milk where the calcium-depleted casein source was not calcium-depleted.

Heat treatment of the material to be fermented is preferred, prior to acidification. In addition to assisting with microbiological control, it causes denaturation.of whey proteins and improves gel strength of the yoghurt. Preferably, the heat treatment is carried out 70-95 °C. The preferred times vary according to the temperature. For temperatures of 80-85°C, typically used, 5-20 minutes is generally used.

Following heat treatment, the mixture is cooled. Conventional yoghurt manufacture procedures can be followed. Inoculation with yoghurt starters is well known to those skilled in the art. The method of the invention is applicable to the preparation of both stirred yoghurts and set yoghurts. The fermentation is carried out until the yoghurt has been formed. The fermentation may be allowed to proceed until a target pH, e.g., pH 4.5, has been reached.

Alternatively, acidification may be by chemical acidification, e.g., by adding glucono-delta- lactone.

Brief description of the drawings

Figure 1 shows a schematic drawing of the process steps for production of set, stirred and drinking yoghurts.

Figure 2 shows the viscosities of stirred yoghurt samples.

Figure 3 shows the texture of set yoghurt samples.

Figure 4 shows texture results of yoghurts prepared with various calcium treatments.

Figure 5 shows the effect of fat on firmness.

Figure 6 shows the effect of fat on viscosity.

Error bars indicate ± cov. where the bar value is the average of 3 or more samples

EXAMPLES

The following examples further illustrate the invention.

The Examples illustrate the effects of the addition of partially soluble sources of calcium, ALAMIN™ and TCP on yoghurt texture prepared using a calcium depleted yoghurt milk (dairy source).

Background

The use of calcium depleted yoghurt milks result in lower calcium levels in the final product but enhanced textural properties. This is undesirable from a nutritional point of view.

General Methods

Yoghurt Preparation

Yoghurt milk bases were prepared by either combining fresh milk or recombined milk with a fat source such as cream or anhydrous milk fat (AMF) (if desired), dairy or other ingredients, and a calcium source, as required.

The yoghurt milk base was stirred for at least 30 min, then heated to 65°C and homogenised (two stage, 150/50 bar) followed by heating to 90 ⁰ C for 10 min. After cooling to the desired fermentation temperature, the yogurt milk base was inoculated with an appropriate starter culture (see below). Yoghurt milk base for set yoghurts was filled into separate 125 ml cups and incubated until the target pH was reached. The yoghurt was then chilled to 5°C and held at the temperature. Yoghurt milk base for stirred yoghurt was incubated in bulk until the target pH was reached. The yoghurt was then cooled to about 20°C then passed through a back pressure valve at a pressure appropriate to give a smooth final product. The smoothed yoghurt was then packed into 125 niL cups and chilled to 5 ⁰ C. Analyses were carried out after seven days storage at 5°C.

Figure 1 shows possible process steps for the production of three generic types of yoghurt - set, stirred and drinking yoghurts. The manufacture of Petit Suisse is similar to that of stirred yoghurt, with the differences noted above.

Starter Cultures

Yoghurt starter culture MY 800, supplied by Danisco A/S, Langebrogade 1 DK-1001 Copenhagen, Denmark, was added at an addition rate of 0.002%

Preparation of starter culture

The amount of freeze-dried starter necessary for inoculation was calculated as addition rate (e.g., 0.002% starter culture) x volume of milk per yoghurt sample (e.g., 10 L) x number of samples. The required amount of starter culture was weighed out and added to warm (40 ⁰ C) skim milk (10

mL milk per yoghurt sample). The milk was agitated to disperse/dissolve the starter culture and held at 40°C for 30 minutes before inoculation.

Materials

Low heat skim milk powder [SMP] (Fonterra Co-operative Group Limited, Auckland).

Functional skim milk powder (FSMP) (Fonterra Co-operative Group Limited, Auckland).

Details of the preparation of specific samples of FSMP are detailed below and are coded as 1761 and 2108.

80% protein whey protein concentrate (WPC 392) (Fonterra Co-operative Group Limited, Auckland).

80% protein whey protein concentrate (WPC 132) (Fonterra Co-operative Group Limited, Auckland).

Sodium caseinatel80 (Fonterra Co-operative Group Limited, Auckland).

Anhydrous milk fat [AMF] (Fonterra Co-operative Group Limited, Auckland).

Lactose (lactose monohydrate) (Fonterra Co-operative Group Limited, Auckland)

ALAMIN™997 Fine #(50% < 5.3 μm, 90% < 11.5 μm & 100% < 22.4 μm and typically 69.4% w/w calcium phosphate) (Fonterra Co-operative Group, Limited, Auckland).

Tri-calcium phosphate (TCP) micro-fine powders (Tri-CAFOS MF), CFB Budenheim (median particle size 3.3 μm, 99.9% < 4.5 μm).

WPC 34 — prepared from cheese whey as follows. Fresh cheese whey was ultrafϊltered to attain a protein to solids ratio of about 36% w/w. The retentate was concentrated by evaporation and spray dried using known art techniques to about 3.5% moisture.

Calcium depleted fresh milks

Calcium depleted fresh milk samples were prepared using the general procedure given in Example 2 of WO01/41579. Details and slight modifications of the procedure are noted below.

Clean and regenerated ion exchange resin in the sodium form (Amberlite SRlL-Rohm&Haas) was added with stirring to chilled Anchor Trim milk (pH 6.7, 5 -10°C). The ratio of regenerated resin and milk was adjusted according to the level of calcium removal that was required.

The milk/resin mixtures were gently stirred until the pH of the milk was stable (about one hour). The level of calcium in the milk was determined by back titration forming a complex with EDTA and Patton-Reeder indicator.

The ion exchange resin was removed by straining the mixture through a cheese cloth. The pH of the milk was adjusted back to 6.7 with IM HCl prior to yoghurt making.

Amberlite SRlL-Rohm&Haas Ion Exchange Resin Cleaning and Regeneration

The resin was cleaned by passing four bed volumes of 1% NaOH solution through it, followed by flushing with at least four bed volumes of RO water until the conductivity was less than 50μS.

The resin was regenerated between runs by passing four bed volumes of 2M NaCl through it, followed by flushing with at least two bed volumes of RO water until the conductivity was less than 50μS..

The IX treatments resulted in:

• A calcium depleted fresh milk sample was prepared where 17% of the initial calcium was removed (measured by ICP)

• A calcium depleted fresh milk sample was prepared where 75% of the initial calcium was removed (measured by ICP).

Functional skim milk powders

Functional skim milk powders depleted in calcium were prepared using the procedure given in Example 2 of WOO 1/41579. Details and slight modifications of the procedure are noted below.

1000 L of skim milk was adjusted to a pH of 5.8 using dilute citric acid (e.g., 3.3%). 100 L of the cation-exchange resin (IMAC HPl 1 IE, Rohm & Haas, bearing the sulphonate group in potassium form) was filled in a stainless steel vessel of about 40 cm diameter and a height of 100 cm or a total volume of 140 L. One hundred litres of resin formed a bed with a depth of 80 cm. The skim was then passed through the resin bed at 4 bed volumes per hour. The resulting skim milk was evaporated and spray dried to produce calcium-depleted skim milk powder. Two

different batches (#1761 and #2108) with compositions of (30.7% protein, 0.7% fat, 59.8% lactose, 8.3% ash, 3.8% moisture and 0.03% calcium), and (35.9% protein, 0.8% fat, 51.4% lactose, 9.4% ash, 3.8% moisture and 0.19% calcium) respectively, were made.

Fresh 40% fat cream (Anchor), Fonterra Brands (NZ) Ltd, Auckland.

Trim milk (Anchor Trim Milk), Fonterra Brands (NZ) Ltd, Auckland.

Gelatine 240 Bloom, Gelita AG, Eberbach, Germany.

Starch Novation 2300, National Starch Food Innovation.

Yoghurt Testing

Set, stirred and drinking yoghurts and Petit Suisse were evaluated 7 days after manufacture.

The resistance of the gel to penetration was measured using Universal TA-XT2 texture analyser (Universal TA-XT2 Texture Analyser with a real time graphics and data acquisition software package (XTRA Dimension) from Stable Micro Systems, Godalming, United Kingdom) using 13 mm diameter probe that was driven into the sample (at 5 ⁰ C) at 1 mm/s for a distance of 20 mm and withdrawn at the same rate. The response was measured as the area under the force versus displacement curve to give the gel penetration effort (work expended during sample deformation, g x mm).

The apparent viscosity of stirred and drinking yoghurts and Petit Suisse was measured at a shear rate of 50s ^"1 at 10°C using a Haake VT500 viscometer (Haake Mess-Technik, GmbH., Karlsruhe, Germany).

The drained syneresis of stirred yoghurts and Petit Suisse was assessed by placing a sample of approximately 38 g of product at 5°C on a 150# stainless steel gauze. The material that drained through the mesh was collected over a period of 2 h at 5°C (yoghurt) or 2 h at 32°C (Petit Suisse) and weighed. The percentage syneresis was the ratio of drained weight/original sample weight x 100.

Experiment 1 Examination of the effect of partially soluble calcium additions to calcium depleted yoghurt milk

Experimental Plan/Variables

Design Final calcium level 1200 mg/kg (equivalent to the calcium level in untreated skim milk control)

Protein level 3.4% w/w (TN x 6.38)

Total solids 10.2% w/w

The formulations are summarised in Table 1.

Table 1 Formulations used in initial comparison (quantities [g])

SMP

Run IX Control IX + ALAMIN™ IX + TCP Control

Skim milk powder (SMP) 661 494 494 494

FSMP #1761 0 182 182 182

Lactose 28 12.4 5.9 7.2

ALAMIN™ 997 (Fine) 0 0 6.8 0

TCP 0 0 0 5.2

MY800 (Danisco) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Water 5810.9 5811.5 5811.2 5811.5

Total 6500 6500 6500 6500

Procedure

The gross compositions of the yoghurt samples are summarised in Tables 2&3.

Evaluation of Texture

Yoghurts were tested at 7 and 21 days after manufacture.

Results

Table 2 gives a summary of the properties of the sample yoghurts. IX = Functional SMP.

Table 2 Summary for stirred yoghurt samples

Estimate

PH Viscosity Syπeresis Calcium for

Protein:Lactose Solids

(7 (mPaxs) (% : %) (%) (ICP) uniform (%) day) (7 day) (7 day) (mg/kg) dispersion

(mg/kg)

SMP control 3.5 : 5.93 10.38 4.37 420 44 1260

1260

Replicate 3.5 : 5.93 10.38 4.33 370 41

IX control 3.41 : 5.97 10.17 4.38 520 40 945

950

Replicate 3.41 : 5.97 10.17 4.39 510 39

IX + ALAMIN™ 3.45 : 5.88 10.08 4.40 580 39 1260

1260

Replicate 3.45 : 5.88 10.08 4.44 520 39

IX + TCP 3.36 : 5.90 10.14 4.43 530 39 1100

1?fiO

Replicate 3.36 : 5.90 10.14 4.46 490 40

Table 3 Summary for set yoghurt samples

Fracture Estimate for

Calcium

Protein Solids pH effort uniform (ICP) (%) (%) (7 day) (gxmm) dispersion (mg/kg) (7 day) (mg/kg)

SMP control 4.35 390 1260

10.33 - 1260

Replicate 4.27 390 1280

IX control Q λ λ 4.36 480 945

10.22 - 950

Replicate 4.3 460 952

IX + ALAMIN™ 4.44 530 1260

^Q Ap, 10.29 - 1260

Replicate A.Aλ 510 1310

IX + TCP 4.45 490 1100

10.21 - 1260

Replicate 4.42 500 1380

Drained Syneresis

Addition of calcium did not detrimentally affect drained syneresis. Table 2 shows that there was less syneresis compared with the controls.

Calcium Addition

The measured calcium results (ICP - measured by inductively coupled plasma technique) in Table 3 shows that the partially soluble added calcium concentrations agreed very closely with the overall inferred calcium concentrations from the formulated ingredients if assumed to be dispersed uniformly in the product. The amounts of fine calcium added apparently remain dispersed in the milk sufficiently for the yoghurt gel to form (set) or dissolve as the pH decreases with the production of acid by the culture.

Texture

Stirred Yoghurt

Addition of partially soluble calcium did not have a negative effect on yoghurt viscosity as shown in Figure 2 (data from Table 2).

Addition of partially soluble calcium in the form of fine ALAMIN™ had a positive effect on yoghurt viscosity. Irrespective of the final state of the added calcium, it did not impair the properties of the yoghurt.

Set yoghurt

Surprisingly, the addition of the partially soluble calcium salt tended to increase the firmness of set yoghurt compared with the controls as shown in Figure 3 (data from Table 3). Fine ALAMIN™ had a greater effect on set yoghurt texture than TCP.

Sensory

Yoghurts made with FSMP and FSMP fortified with either ALAMIN™ or TCP were perceived to have a similar visual viscosity and mouthfeel. The results for "Smoothness" varied between trials. All yoghurts in the first trial were perceived as having a similar smoothness. There was no detection of grittiness with the samples containing the added partially soluble sources of calcium.

Calcium in the form of finely particulate ALAMIN™ or TCP can be added to calcium-depleted yoghurt milks to restore natural calcium levels without impairing yoghurt textural quality.

Experiment 2 Addition of soluble calcium (CaCl ₂ ) to calcium depleted yoghurt milk

In this experiment, the effect of the addition of a fully soluble calcium salt on yoghurt properties was examined. The same SMP and FSMP control samples of Table 1 were prepared (in triplicate). In addition, two further FSMP samples (single batches) were prepared in which CaCl ₂ was either added (and dissolved) prior to the heat treatment of the yoghurt milk or following the heat treatment. The culture was added post the heat treatment (and cooled) in the usual way. The formulations used are summarised in Tables 4&5.

Table 4 Formulation of samples (% w/w)

FSMP + CaCI ₂ FSMP + CaCI ₂

SMP control FSMP control before heat after heat

FSMP #1761 0.0 2.8 2.8 2.8

SMP . - 10.17 7.60 7.60 7.60

Lactose 0.43 0.19 0 0

Calcium chloride 0 0 0.11 0.11

Culture: MY800 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002

Water 89.82 89.60 89.49 89.49

Sum 100 100 100 100

Table 5 Formulation of samples - continued (% w/w)

FSMP + ALAMIN™ FSMP + TCP

FSMP #1761 2.8 2.8

SMP 7.6 7.6

Lactose 0.09 0.11

ALAMI N ™ 0.105 0

TCP 0 0.08

Culture: MY800 0.002 0.002

Water 89.4 89.41

Sum 100 100

Results

The texture, viscosity and syneresis results are summarised in Table 6.

Table 6 Summary of sample properties

Stirred

Set Stirred Viscosity

Firmness (gxmm) Syneresis ( (mPaxs @ 50 1/s) %)

Evaluation at day 7 28 7 28 7 28

SMP control 369 406 392 415 41 38

FSMP* control 506 518 445 470 39 36

FSMP* CaCI ₂ before heat 347 NA 351 NA 47 NA

FSMP* CaCI ₂ after heat 289 NA 338 NA 46 NA

FSMP* + ALAMIN™ 524 531 508 538 39 36

FSMP* + TCP 487 541 497 514 40 36

FSMP is denoted IX in Figure 4 NA - not analysed

The texture results are shown in Figure 4 (data from Table 6).

The addition of a fully soluble calcium salt (CaCl ₂ ) to the yoghurt formulation resulted in no improvement to the texture relative to the controls (SMP and FSMP Control). This is in marked contrast to the surprising increase in texture when a partially soluble source of calcium was added to the decalcified yoghurt formulation (comparison of FSMP + ALAMIN™ and FSMP + TCP, with FSMP Control).

Trials adding partially and fully soluble calcium ingredients back to the otherwise calcium depleted yoghurt milks showed -

• Partially soluble calcium did not have an adverse effect on texture. Surprisingly, the texture gains from the functional decalcified ingredients were not lost, but can be enhanced. >

• A soluble calcium salt such as CaCl ₂ did not contribute to texture.

• The nutritional quality of yoghurt prepared using decalcified ingredients can be restored without loss of the texture when using calcium depleted yoghurt milk.

Experiment 3 Comparison of partially soluble calcium additions to yoghurts with and without fat

Table 7 Formulations (% w/w)

FSMP #2108 ALAMIN™

Sample No. SMP (%) AMF (%) TCP (%) (%) (%)

1 9.7 3.5 0.11

2 9.7 3.5 0.14

3 7.6 2.65 3.45 0.10

4 7.6 2.7

5 7.6 2.7 0.08

6 9.7 3.5 3.45 0.11

7 9.7 3.5 3.45 0.14

8 Control 10.5

9 9.7 3.5

10 7.6 2.7 3.45 0.08

11 9.7 3.5 3.45

12 7.6 2.7 3.45 0.08

13 7.6 2.7 0.1

The whole design was repeated twice. The 4.5% protein, 3.5% fat runs were repeated a third time on another day.

Table 8 Composition (% w/w)

Calcium Calcium

Milk Total Calcium

Sample (actual (actual

Protein Fat (%) solids (calc) No. set) stirred) (mg/100g) (mg/100g) (mg/1 OfJg)

1 4.5 0.1 12.6 170 180 150

2 4.5 0.1 12.6 170 210 140

3 3.5 3.5 13.2 130 150 110

4 3.5 0.1 9.8 100 100 100

5 3.5 0.1 9.8 130 130 110

6 4.5 3.5 16.1 170 180 150

7 4.5 3.5 16.1 170 250 150

8 Control 3.5 0.1 9.9 130 130 130

9 4.5 0.1 12.5 130 130 130

10 3.5 3.5 13.2 130 130 120

11 4.5 3.5 16.0 130 130 130

12 3.5 3.5 13.3 100 100 100

13 3.5 0.1 9.8 130 140 120

Results

Table 9 summarises the averaged results.

Table 9 Texture of yoghurt samples with and without fat

S oewti Y T ougyhπuuriti Stirred Yoghurt

Milk

^Run _Drrs t _o i _n j=→ _/ o _{/ \} Calcium Apparent

Nos. ,° ^tf ! ^{in haU /oJ} source _nH Firmness Viscosity syneresis

(%) PH _(gχmm) PH (mPaxs _(%)

@ 50 1/s)

FSMP

1 4.5 0.1 4.4 960 4.4 730 28 +TCP

FSMP

2 4.5 0.1 4.5 920 4.4 640 28 +ALA

FSMP

3 3.5 3.5 4.4 990 4.3 950 24 +ALA

4 3.5 0.1 FSMP 4.3 480 4.3 490 ^• 40

FSMP

5 3.5 0.1 4.3 514 4.4 490 40 +TCP

FSMP

6 4.5 3.5 4.4 1360 4.4 1170 17 +TCP

FSMP

7 4.5 3.5 4.4 1330 4.4 1280 18 +ALA

8 3.5 0.1 Control 4.3 420 4.3 380 41

9 4.5 0.1 FSMP 4.4 770 4.4 830 27

FSMP

10 3.5 3.5 4.4 900 4.4 1070 22 +TCP

11 4.5 3.5 FSMP 4.4 1250 4.4 1360 18

12 3.5 3.5 FSMP 4.3 920 4.4 1000 22

FSMP

13 3.5 0.1 4.4 630 . 4.4 490 39 +ALA

Note in Figures 5 & 6 FSMP is denoted as IX.

Figure 5 shows the firmness results from Table 9.

Texture

Figure 5 shows that the firmness of set yoghurts increased as protein and fat levels increased. At 3.5% protein and 0.1% fat yoghurt made from calcium-depleted milk was approximately 15% firmer than the undepleted control.

Adding a partially soluble calcium source to the calcium-depleted milk did not negatively affect set yoghurt firmness, compared with the calcium-depleted yoghurt at the protein and fat levels tested. Overall, there is a trend for the addition of calcium to increase firmness.

Figure 6 shows that the viscosity of the stirred yoghurts increased as protein and fat levels increased. At 3.5% protein and 0.1% fat yoghurt made from calcium-depleted milk was approximately 25% more viscous than the undepleted control.

Adding a partially soluble calcium source to the calcium-depleted milk maintained the viscosity of the stirred yoghurt, compared with the calcium-depleted yoghurt at the protein and fat levels tested.

Drained Syneresis

Drained syneresis decreased as protein and fat levels increased. The addition of partially soluble calcium to calcium-depleted milks had no effect on the drained syneresis.

Experiment 4 Effect of partially soluble calcium additions to yoghurt milks containing gelatine and starch

The experiment was repeated twice.

Table 10 Formulations (% w/w)

FSMP

Sample Gelatine Starch ALAMIN ™ Lactose

SMP (%) #2108 TCP (%) No. (%) (%) (%) . (%) (%)

1 Control 10.48

2 Control 10.48 0.25 0.80

3 7.60 2.70 0.25 0.80 0.12

4 7.70 2.60 0.25 0.80 0.1

5 7.7 2.60 0.25 0.80 0.08

6 13.48 0.25 0.80

7 9.73 3.50 0.25 0.80 0.14 0.17

8 9.73 3.50 0.25 0.80 0.11

9 Control 9.73 3.50 0.25 0.80

Table 11 Composition (% w/w)

Calcium

Calcium

*r ^P]e Pr (stirred

(calc)

No. ,o _0/ te >in Fat( ^v %) ' so Tlidfs ³ ('%) actual) (mg/100g)

(mg/100g)

1 Control 3.5 0.1 9.9 130 130

2 Control 3.5 0.1 10.8 130 130

3 3.5 0.1 10.8 100 100

4 3.5 0.1 10.8 130 120

5 3.5 0.1 10.8 130 120

6 ^■ 4.5 0.1 13.6 170 170

7 ^• 4.5 0.1 13.6 130 120

8 4.5 0.1 13.6 170 160

9 Control 4.5 0.1 13.6 170 160

Results

Table 12 summarises the averaged results for firmness and viscosity.

Table 12 Summary of textures obtained with yoghurts containing gelatine and starch

Set Yoghurt Stirred Yoghurt

Milk Apparent

Sample No. Firmness Viscosity Syneresis Protein pH pH

I OL (gxmm) (mPaxs @ 50 1/s)

1 Control 3.5 4.3 . 430 4:3 390 40

2 Control 3.5 4.3 448 4.3 770 7

3 3.5 4.5 537 4.3 860 .7

4 3.5 4.4 523 4.4 860 ^• 8

5 3.5 4.4 529 4.4 870 7

6 4.5 4.4 760 4.4 1110 5

7 4.5 4.4 916 4.4 1270 5

8 4.5 4.4 940 4.4 1310 5

9 Control 4.5 4.4 947 4.4 1300 4 _.

Texture

Table 12 firmness results show that the addition of: • Gelatine and starch does not affect the texture benefits conferred by the addition of partially soluble calcium on the set yoghurt.

• Benefits of partially soluble calcium additions were obtained at both protein concentrations.

Table 12 firmness results show that the addition of • • Gelatine and starch does not affect the texture benefits conferred by the addition of partially soluble calcium on the stirred yoghurt.

• Benefits of partially soluble calcium additions were obtained at both protein concentrations.

Drained Syneresis

Table 12 shows that the addition of partially soluble calcium to calcium-depleted milks containing gelatine and starch had no effect on drained syneresis.

Informal Sensory

An informal sensory panel found that for both 3.5 and 4.5% protein yoghurts, those made from calcium-depleted milk with added gelatine, starch and partially soluble calcium (ether ALAMIN™ or TCP) had higher in-mouth viscosity than the controls. The samples with partially soluble calcium added were not gritty in the mouth.

Experiment 5 Effect of addition of partially soluble calcium to calcium depleted milks with altered casein to whey protein ratios

The experiment was repeated twice.

Table 13 Formulations (% w/w)

Sample FSMP #2108 WPC 80 ALAMIN™ Lactose

SMP (%) No. (%) (%) (%) (%)

1 13.48

2 9.73 3.50 0.17

3 9.7 3.5 0.14 0.06

4 8.43 3.10 _, ■ 0.72 1.1

5 8.40 3.10 0.72 0.12 1.0

6 6.9 3.0 1.4 2

7 6.9 3.0 1.4 0.11 1.9

8 3.7 2.4 3.0 4.0

9 3.7 2.4 3.0 0.2 3.9

Table 14 Composition (% w/w)

Casein: Calcium

Milk Fat Calcium Calcium

Total whey (stirred

Run Protein (calc) (set actual) solids (%) protein actual) (%) (%) (mg/100g) (mg/100g) ratio (mg/100g)

1 4.5 0.1 12.7 80:20 170 170 170 ^■

2 4.5 0.1 12.7 80:20 130 120 120

3 4.5 0.1 12.7 80:20 170 180 140

4 4.5 0.1 12.7 70:30 110 110 110

5 4.5 0.1 12.7 70:30 150 140 130

6 4.5 0.1 12.7 60:40 100 100 100

7 4.5 0.1 12.7 60:40 130 120 110

8 4.5 0.1 12.7 40:60 60 60 60

9 4.5 0.1 12.7 40:60 120 150 _. 100

Results

Table 15 summarises the averaged results for firmness and viscosity.

Table 15 Summary of yoghurt properties with altered protein compositions

Set Yoghurt Stirred Yoghur t

Sample . Apparent

Milk No. Firmness Viscosity Syneresis Protein pH pH (gxmm) (mPaxs (%) (%) @ 50 1/s)

1 4.5 4.4 770 4.4 630 29

2 4.5 4.4 900 4.4 780 26

3 4.5 4.5 1070 4.5 840 27

4 4.5 4.4 970 4.4 730 24

5 4.5 4.5 1080 4.4 920 24

6 4.5 4:4 990 4.4 810 22

7 4.5 4.4 1150 4.4 960 21

8 4.5 4.4 2200 4.4 1560 12

9 4.5 4.4 2070 4.4 1440 ^' 14

Texture

Table 15 shows that the addition of partially soluble calcium (ALAMIN™) to the 80:20 - 60:40 casein: whey protein calcium-depleted milks did not have a negative effect on stirred yoghurt viscosity. Surprisingly, the addition of calcium had a positive effect on stirred yoghurt viscosity, which increased significantly.

Drained Syneresis

Drained syneresis decreased as the proportion of whey protein in the milk increased. The addition of calcium had no effect on drained syneresis.

Experiment 6 Addition of partially soluble calcium salts to yoghurt milks fortified with sodium caseinate

Table 16 Formulations (% w/w)

1 10.5

2 7.5 0. 87 0.55 1.55

3 7.5 0. 87 0.11 0.55 1.44

4 7.5 0, ,87 0.09 0.55 1.46

In order to keep the casein:whey protein ratio constant, whey protein was added to the formulations. WPC 34 was used to add the extra whey protein and some of the additional lactose required to balance the formulation. The shortfall in total solids was made up by adding powdered lactose.

Table 17 Composition (% w/w)

1 3.5 0.1 9.9 80:20 130 130 130

2 3.5 0.1 10.0 80:20 98 100 100

3 3.5 0.1 10.0 80:20 130 150 110

4 3.5 0.1 ^• 10.0 80:20 130 130 120

The results for firmness and viscosity are summarised in Table 18.

Table 18 Summary of results of yoghurt samples prepared using caseinate

Set Yoghurt Stirred Yoghurt

Sample Apparent No. Firmness Viscosity Syneresis

Protein pH PH

(gxmm) (mPaxs (%) (%) @ 50 1/s)

1 3.5 4.3 470 4.3 420 39

2 3.5 4.3 570 4.3 490 37

3 3.5 4.5 560 4.5 550 35

4 3.5 4.5 560 4.5 510 37

Texture

The addition of partially soluble calcium did not diminish the set yoghurt firmness.

The addition of partially soluble calcium did not diminish the stirred yoghurt viscosity.

Sensory

An informal sensory panel found all the yoghurts made with sodium caseinate and partially ■ soluble calcium had a perceptibly higher in-mouth viscosity, compared with the control yoghurt. The yoghurt samples were not gritty in the mouth. ■

Drained Syneresis

Drained syneresis was not affected by either the use of sodium caseinate or the addition of partially soluble calcium.

Experiment 7 Addition of partially soluble calcium to calcium depleted milks used to prepare drinking yoghurt [DY]

Formulations

Table 19 Drinking Yoghurt formulations (% w/w)

FSMP ALAMIN ™ Lactose

Sample No. SMP (%) Cream (%) #2108 (%) (%) (%.)

1 DY control 9.6 2.4 1.4

2 DY control 7.2 - 2.4 2.1 0.6

3 DY 7.2 2.4 2.1 0.1 0.6

Composition

Table 20 Drinking Yoghurt compositions (% w/w)

Sample Milk Total Calcium Calcium Protein Fat (%) No. solids (calc) (actual) (%) (%) (mg/100g) (mg/100g)

1 DY 3.3 1.0 10.4 120 120

2 DY 3.2 1.0 9.4 90 100

3 DY 3.2 1.0 9.5 120 100

Table 21 Summary of texture results for drinking yoghurt

Actual Actual Apparent

Sample Milk Total Viscosity Syneresis pH No. Protein solids (mPaxs (%) (%) (%) @ 50 1/s)

1 DY 3.5 11.2 4.6 220 n/a

2 DY 3.3 ^■ 10.6 4.6 200 n/a

3 DY 3.6 10.8 4.6 250 n/a

Texture

Table 21 shows that there was an improvement in viscosity of the drinking yoghurt with added partially soluble calcium. An informal sensory panel perceived the calcium-depleted drinking yoghurt with added calcium to have a higher in-mouth viscosity.

Drained Syneresis

■ Drained syneresis was not earned out on the drinking yoghurts as they were liquids.

Experiment 8 Addition of partially soluble calcium to directly calcium depleted fresh milk

Calcium depleted milks

Samples of low (17%) and high (75%) calcium depleted fresh milk were prepared using the method detailed above.

Table 22 Formulations using fresh milk (% w/w)

75% calcium 17% calcium

Sample

Trim milk (%) depleted milk depleted milk ALAMI N ™ (%) TCP (%) No. (%) (%)

1 Control 100.00

2 65.00 35.00

3 64.92 35.10 0.08

:4 64.90 35.00 0.10

5 100.00

6 99.92 0.08

7 99.90 0.10

Table 23 Composition (% w/w)

Milk Total Calcium Calcium

Sample Protein Fat (%) solids (calc) (actual) No.

(%) (%) (mg/100g) (mg/100g)

1 .3.9 0.5 9.8 120 130

2 3.9 0.5 9.8 90 100

3 3.9 0.5 9.9 120 110

4 3.9 0.5 9.9 120 110

5 3.9 0.5 9.8 90 110

6 3.9 0.5 9.9 120 130

7 3.9 0.5 9.9 120 120

Results

Table 24 Summary of results of yoghurt prepared using fresh milk

Actual Actual Apparent

Sample Milk Total Viscosity Syneresis pH No. Protein solids (mPaxs (%) (%) (%) @ 50 1/s)

1 3.8 9.6 4.3 360 41

2 3.7 9.4 4.4 570 38

3 3.8 9.4 4.4 630 39

4 3.7 9.4 4.4 570 39 ^•

5 3.7 9.2 4.4 540 40

6 3.7 9.5 4.4 610 37

7 3.8 9.3 4.5 600 39

Texture

^■ Table 24 shows the viscosities of the stirred yoghurt increased about 10% with the addition of . the partially soluble calcium.

Informal sensory did not differentiate between the yoghurts.

In this specification, where reference has been made to external sources of information, including patent specifications and other documents, this is generally for the purpose of providing a context for discussing the features of the present invention. Unless stated otherwise, reference to such sources of information is not to be construed, in any jurisdiction, as an

admission that such sources of information are prior art or form part of the common general knowledge in the art.

The above examples are illustrations of the practice of the invention. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the invention can be carried out with numerous modifications and variations. For example, the calcium-depleted ingredients used can show variations in protein concentration and calcium content. The method of calcium depletion can be varied. The percentage calcium depletion and drying procedures can also be varied. Likewise, the proportions of components, the acidification method, and incubation conditions may be varied.