FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method of adapting user equipment uplink transmission power for user equipment performing soft handover in a heterogeneous wireless telecommunication network; together with a network control node and computer program product configured to perform that method.

BACKGROUND

Wireless telecommunication systems are known. In such systems, mobile

communication devices (for example, mobile telephones) are operable to communicate with base stations provided by network providers.

In known wireless telecommunication systems, radio coverage is provided to network connectable devices, such as mobile telephones, or wireless devices such as iPads or other similar tablets, within areas known as cells. A base station is located in each cell to provide radio coverage. Typically, network connectable devices in each cell are operable to receive information and data from a base station and to transmit information and data to a base station.

User equipment roam through a wireless communications system. Base stations are typically provided which support areas of radio coverage. A number of such base stations are provided and are distributed geographically in order to provide a wide area of coverage to user equipment.

When user equipment is within an area served by a base station, communications may be established between the user equipment and the base station over associated radio links. Each base station typically supports a number of sectors within the geographical area of service. Typically, a different antenna within a base station supports each associated sector. Each base station has multiple antennas.

Traditional base stations provide coverage in relatively large geographical areas and those cells are often referred to as macro cells. It is possible to provide a heterogeneous network (hetnet) where smaller sized cells are provided within macro cells. Such smaller sized cells are sometimes referred to as micro cells, pico cells or femto cells. One way to establish a small cell is to provide a small cell base station that provides coverage having a relatively limited range within the coverage area of the macro cell. The transmission power of a small cell base station is relatively low and, hence, each small cell provides a small coverage area compared to that of a macro cell and covers, for example, an office or a home. Such small cells are typically provided where the communications coverage provided by the macro cell is poor or where a user wishes to use an alternative communications link provided locally, by the small cell base station, to communicate with the core network, and/or to increase capacity within a network. Although the deployment of such small cell base stations can provide advantages, unexpected consequences can occur.

Accordingly, it is desired to provide an improved technique for the operation of heterogeneous networks.

SUMMARY

Accordingly a first aspect provides a method of adapting user equipment uplink transmission power for user equipment performing soft handover in a heterogeneous wireless telecommunication network in which at least one network access node provides a first region of radio coverage, and at least one low power network access node provides a second region of radio coverage smaller than said first region of radio coverage, the method comprising: receiving a request from said user equipment to add a new network access node or low power network access node to its active set;

determining whether addition of the new network access node or low power network access node will change the active set to a mixed active set including both at least one network access node providing a first region of radio coverage and at least one low power network access node providing a second region of radio coverage smaller than the first region of radio coverage; and, if so transmitting an indication to the user equipment to adapt its uplink transmission power by increasing the transmission power of at least one uplink communication channel if the request to add the new network access node or low power network access node to its active set is approved.

As described above, traditional base stations provide coverage in relatively large geographical areas and those cells are often referred to as macro cells. It is possible to provide a heterogeneous network (hetnet) where smaller sized cells, sometimes referred to as low power nodes, are provided within macro cells. Such smaller sized cells are sometimes also referred to as micro cells, pico cells or femto cells. One way to establish a small cell is to provide a small cell base station that provides coverage having a relatively limited range within the coverage area of the macro cell. The transmission power of a small cell base station is relatively low and, hence, each small cell provides a small coverage area compared to that of a macro cell and covers, for example, an office or a home.

Such small cells are typically provided where the communications coverage provided by the macro cell is poor or where a user wishes to use an alternative communications link provided locally, by the small cell base station, to communicate with the core network, and/or to increase capacity within a network. That is to say, in a heterogeneous network, small cells or "Low Power Nodes" (LPN) can be placed within a macro cell supported by a macro base station to increase the capacity of the network by offloading some user equipment operating within the macro cell to one of the low power nodes. In general within wireless communication networks, an uplink boundary is defined as a boundary between two cells, Cell 1 and Cell 2, where uplink pathloss between user equipment and Cell 1 is the same as uplink pathloss between user equipment and Cell 2. That is to say, a base station supporting Cell 1 and a base station supporting Cell 2 are likely to receive transmissions made by user equipment at the boundary at a similar power.

A downlink boundary is defined as a boundary between two cells, Cell 1 and Cell 2, at which user equipment will typically receive a transmission made by each base station supporting Cell 1 and Cell 2, for example, a pilot signal transmission, at the same received signal power.

Typically, user equipment is operable to request a change to its serving cell when it determines, via measurement at the user equipment of received pilot signal strength, that a downlink boundary has been crossed. In a typical macro cell network

deployment in which all macro cell base stations are operable to transmit at

substantially the same pilot transmission power, it is likely that the uplink boundary and downlink boundary will be approximately the same.

The transmission powers of access nodes in a HetNet comprising macro cell base stations and LPN are typically significantly different. As a result, the uplink and downlink boundary between a macrocell base station and a LPN are likely to no longer substantially coincide. For example, as a consequence of HetNet implementations involving low power nodes an uplink and downlink power "imbalance" may occur. That is to say, user equipment uplink transmissions may be received more strongly at a base station other than its serving base station, whilst downlink transmissions from the serving base station may still be the most strongly received at the user equipment. The uplink-downlink imbalance region typically occurs between the uplink and downlink boundary.

In wireless telecommunications networks, user equipment can move between geographical base station coverage areas. Services provided to user equipment are typically overseen by a radio network controller (RNC). The RNC communicates with user equipment and base stations and determines which base station each user equipment may be primarily connected to. Furthermore, the RNC acts to control and communicate with a base station and user equipment when user equipment moves from a geographical area served by one base station to a geographical area served by another base station, or between geographical areas served by the same base station.

In some cellular systems, for example, in a UMTS system, functionality known as "soft handover" (SHO) can be implemented. That functionality allows data traffic transmitted by user equipment or other mobile terminals using uplink channels to be received and decoded by multiple base stations. Those base stations may also be known in a UMTS system as "node Bs". Furthermore, if utilizing soft handover techniques, a user equipment may receive and combine data and control signals from multiple base stations in the downlink. That is to say, the user equipment can receive or listen to transmissions from multiple base stations and multiple base stations may listen to transmissions made by user equipment. This has several advantages including that transmissions made by user equipment are not seen as interference by adjacent cells. In order that such soft handover techniques can be implemented, it is necessary for user equipment and the relevant nodeBs to known that they are allowed and expecting to communicate with one another. User equipment is typically informed by the network of those nodeBs by which its transmissions can be heard and to which it may listen. That list of base stations is referred to as the "active set" of that user equipment.

Typically, if implementing a soft handover regime, a radio link is first set up between user equipment and a single base station. If it is determined that entry to a soft handover regime is desirable and possible, necessary information about the configuration of existing uplink transmissions from the user equipment to the single base station, including for example, scrambling code being used, can be passed from a first base station via a radio network controller (RNC) to a second base station to be added to the active set of the user equipment. That information passed to a second base station enables the second base station to synchronize its operation to the user equipment's uplink transmissions. Once a second node B has obtained uplink synchronization, the second base station can set up a new downlink with the user equipment such that its transmission timing is likely to be successfully received at the user equipment close to the reception timing of the existing downlink between the first base station and the user equipment.

Use of soft handover techniques can lead to improved network performance, since by allowing more than one base station to communicate with user equipment it is possible to obtain a degree of selective combination gain through macro diversity and soft combinations leading to gain. Soft handover functionality also allows an opportunity to minimise interference caused between cells by user equipment operating at the edge of geographical coverage regions supported by adjacent base stations.

The first aspect recognises that a typical soft handover region in a heterogeneous network will fall within the region in which it is likely that there will be an uplink- downlink power imbalance. Typical soft handover operation of user equipment means that, unless all cells are of substantially the same size, there is likely to be

communication imbalance for user equipment performing soft handover techniques. If all cells in a user equipment active set are of substantially the same size, then typical operation remains effective and efficient, but the inclusion of one or more cells of a different size in a user equipment active set introduces the likelihood of user equipment performing soft handover failing to be able to communicate with a serving base station. The first aspect recognizes that by identifying that user equipment may be subject to an uplink-downlink imbalance, the user equipment may be configured to take appropriate ameliorative action, for example, by increasing uplink transmission power.

In other words, telecommunications networks operating in accordance with aspects and embodiments described may be operable to communicate an indication of a likely uplink-downlink boundary imbalance to user equipment. Such an indication may be communicated to user equipment in various ways, including, for example, in an Active Set Update message. Such an indication is needed only if the network suspects that there is likely to be an uplink-downlink boundary imbalance issue. Criteria indicative of such an imbalance, may, for example, include that a new non-serving cell is a LPN. Such an approach recognizes that the weakening of uplink control signal to a macro serving cell is likely to occur for user equipment operating in a SHO region.

In one embodiment, the at least one uplink communication channel is configured to carry serving cell control messaging. Accordingly, the information required by a serving cell is more likely to be received by the serving cell in a situation in which likelihood of an uplink-downlink imbalance has been identified.

In one embodiment, the at least one uplink communication channel comprises an uplink feedback channel. In one embodiment, the at least one uplink communication channel comprises a channel configured to carry scheduling information control messaging. Accordingly, it is possible to instruct user equipment to operate such that the power of the key channels of relevance to a serving base station, for example, the HS-DPCCH and SI channel, are sent with a higher offset power relative to the pilot power, that higher power offset being chosen such that it is likely that the key channels are still received at a serving base station, even if user equipment is in the power imbalance region between a downlink and uplink boundary.

In one embodiment, the indication to adapt user equipment uplink transmission power further comprises an indication of the increase to uplink transmission power. The network may, for example, also be operable to specify an additional power offset to be applied. The network may, for example, define the level of the offset to be applied. The level of offset applied may also be communicated to user equipment, that offset to be applied in relation to, for example, a HS-DPCCH and/or SI messaging. The level of offset to be applied may be communicated to user equipment together with an indicator that uplink-downlink boundary issues may be an issue.

In one embodiment, the indication to adapt user equipment uplink transmission power comprises an indication of said increase to uplink transmission power in relation to each said at least one uplink communication channel. In some embodiments, a separate, or different, power offset may be signaled to user equipment to implement in relation to HS-DPCCH transmissions and SI transmissions. It will be appreciated that an adaptation of transmission power can be set in relation to only those channels of interest, and, in some embodiments, only to those channels carrying information of interest to a serving cell. Furthermore, an adaptation can be set to be different in relation to each channel of interest, or may be set to be the same for each channel of interest. In one embodiment, the increase of the transmission power of at least one uplink communication channel comprises a configurable power offset in relation to the at least one uplink communication channel. In one embodiment, the increase of the transmission power of at least one uplink communication channel comprises an indication of a minimum transmission power in relation to the at least one uplink communication channel. Typically only one power offset is required in the case where user equipment has one or more than one LPN in its Active Set whilst being served by a macro base station. In some embodiments, the power offset may need updating if a new LPN non-serving cell is added to the Active Set. It will be appreciated that LPN (serving cell) to LPN (non-serving cell) operation may not require a significant power offset to be implemented, since, in some network arrangements, there may be coincidence of uplink and downlink boundaries between low power nodes. It will be appreciated that, in some embodiments, SI can be sent by user equipment using an E-DCH channel and thus it may be "piggy backed" onto data traffic. If the data traffic is sent with sufficient power offset, then an additional power offset may not be required. The additional power offset may only be required if SI, when piggybacked onto user traffic, is transmitted by user equipment at a power level below an indicated power offset required to reach the serving base station.

In one embodiment, the indication to adapt user equipment uplink transmission power further comprises an indication of operational criteria to be met by access nodes in the user equipment active set before implementation of the increase to uplink transmission power. In some embodiments the network may be operable to indicate to user equipment when it should apply an additional power offset. Various implementation triggers may be chosen by the network. For example, the additional power offset (or power offsets if separate offsets are used for HS-DPCCH and SI) can be applied when a received LPN signal power measured by user equipment is within X dB that of the serving macro cell base station. That is to say, in one embodiment, the indication of operational criteria comprises an indication of a threshold difference between received pilot signal strength from a serving cell and received pilot signal strength from the new network access node or low power network access node. In one embodiment, the method further comprises receiving a notification from the user equipment that network access node or low power network access node is to be removed from its active set; determining whether removal of the new network access node or low power network access node will change the active set to an active set including only at least one network access node providing a first region of radio coverage or only at least one low power network access node providing a second region of radio coverage smaller than the first region of radio coverage; and, if so

transmitting an indication to the user equipment to remove any currently implemented adaptation its uplink transmission power to increase the transmission power of at least one uplink communication channel. According to such embodiments, the additional power offset to be implemented in the case of a likely uplink-downlink boundary discrepancy can be "removed" when all LPN cells are absent from a user equipment Active Set. Since there are no low power nodes supporting cells which could cause a potential uplink-downlink power imbalance, there would be no need to apply an additional power offset.

A computer program product operable, when executed on a computer, to perform the method of the first aspect.

A second aspect provides a network control node operable to adapt user equipment uplink transmission power for user equipment performing soft handover in a heterogeneous wireless telecommunication network in which at least one network access node provides a first region of radio coverage, and at least one low power network access node provides a second region of radio coverage smaller than the first region of radio coverage, the network control node comprising: reception logic configured to receive a request from the user equipment to add a new network access node or low power network access node to its active set; determination logic configured to determine whether addition of the new network access node or low power network access node will change the active set to a mixed active set including both at least one network access node providing a first region of radio coverage and at least one low power network access node providing a second region of radio coverage smaller than the first region of radio coverage; and, if so, transmission logic configured to transmit an indication to the user equipment to adapt its uplink transmission power by increasing the transmission power of at least one uplink communication channel if the request to add the new network access node or low power network access node to its active set is approved. The network control node may comprise a serving base station, low power node gateway or RNC as appropriate. It will be appreciated that decisions made in relation to the level of configurable appropriate power offsets and similar features may be made at a RNC level yet communicated to user equipment via signalling between user equipment and a base station, low power node, or other similar network access node.

In one embodiment, the at least one uplink communication channel is configured to carry serving cell control messaging.

In one embodiment, the at least one uplink communication channel comprises an uplink feedback channel. In one embodiment, the at least one uplink communication channel comprises a channel configured to carry scheduling information control messaging.

In one embodiment, the indication to adapt user equipment uplink transmission power further comprises an indication of the increase to uplink transmission power.

In one embodiment, the indication to adapt user equipment uplink transmission power comprises an indication of the increase to uplink transmission power in relation to each at least one uplink communication channel. In one embodiment, the increase of the transmission power of at least one uplink communication channel comprises a configurable power offset in relation to the at least one uplink communication channel.

In one embodiment, the increase of the transmission power of at least one uplink communication channel comprises an indication of a minimum transmission power in relation to the at least one uplink communication channel.

In one embodiment, the indication to adapt user equipment uplink transmission power further comprises an indication of operational criteria to be met by access nodes in the user equipment active set before implementation of the increase to uplink transmission power.

In one embodiment, the indication of operational criteria comprises an indication of a threshold difference between received pilot signal strength from a serving cell and received pilot signal strength from a new network access node or low power network access node. In one embodiment, the network control node comprises: reception logic further configured to receive a notification from the user equipment that a network access node or low power network access node is to be removed from its active set; the

determination logic is configured to further determine whether removal of the new network access node or low power network access node will change the active set to an active set including only at least one network access node providing a first region of radio coverage or only at least one low power network access node providing a second region of radio coverage smaller than the first region of radio coverage; and, if so the transmission logic is further operable to transmit an indication to the user equipment to remove any currently implemented adaptation its uplink transmission power to increase the transmission power of at least one uplink communication channel.

A fourth aspect provides a method of operating user equipment performing soft handover in a heterogeneous wireless telecommunication network in which at least one network access node provides a first region of radio coverage, and at least one low power network access node provides a second region of radio coverage smaller than the first region of radio coverage, the method comprising: transmitting a request to a network control node to add a new network access node or low power network access node to the user equipment active set; awaiting an indication of whether the request to add said new network access node or low power network access node to its active set is approved; receiving an indication that the user equipment is to adapt its uplink transmission power by increasing the transmission power of at least one uplink communication channel; and transmitting the at least one uplink communication channel at said increased transmission power.

A fifth aspect provides a computer program product operable, when executed on a computer to perform the method of the fourth aspect. A sixth aspect provides user equipment configured to perform soft handover in a heterogeneous wireless telecommunication network in which at least one network access node provides a first region of radio coverage, and at least one low power network access node provides a second region of radio coverage smaller than said first region of radio coverage, the user equipment comprising: transmission logic configured to transmit a request to a network control node to add a new network access node or low power network access node to the user equipment active set; approval logic configured to await an indication of whether the request to add the new network access node or low power network access node to its active set is approved; adaptation logic configured to receive an indication that the user equipment is to adapt its uplink transmission power by increasing the transmission power of at least one uplink communication channel; and transmission logic configured to transmit the at least one uplink communication channel at an increased transmission power.

Further particular and preferred aspects are set out in the accompanying independent and dependent claims. Features of the dependent claims may be combined with features of the independent claims as appropriate, and in combinations other than those explicitly set out in the claims. Features and embodiments described in relation to one aspect described herein may be combined with other aspects as appropriate.

Where an apparatus feature is described as being operable to provide a function, it will be appreciated that this includes an apparatus feature which provides that function or which is adapted or configured to provide that function.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present invention will now be described further, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

Figure 1 illustrates schematically the main components of an example wireless telecommunications network;

Figure 2 illustrates schematically a network comprising a macro base station and a low power node; and

Figure 3 is a signaling diagram illustrating possible signaling between user equipment and a network control node.

DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

Figure 1 illustrates schematically the main components of a wireless

telecommunications network 10. In the UMTS network architecture illustrated, user equipment 50 roam through the wireless telecommunications system. Base stations 20 are provided which support areas of radio coverage 30. A number of such base stations 20 are provided and are distributed geographically in order to provide a wide area of coverage to user equipment 50. When user equipment is within an area served by a base station 30, communications may be established between the user equipment and the base station over associated radio links. Each base station typically supports a number of sectors within the geographical area of service 30.

Typically, a different antenna within a base station supports each associated sector. Each base station 20 has multiple antennas. It will be appreciated that Figure 1 illustrates a small subset of a total number of user equipment and base stations that may be present in a typical communication network. It will also be appreciated that different network archtectures may be implemented, including, for example a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network in which the functionality provided by network nodes described above is provided by network nodes which are named differently but have analogous functionality.

Traditional base stations provide coverage in relatively large geographical areas and those cells are often referred to as macro cells. It is possible to provide a heterogeneous network (hetnet) where smaller sized cells, sometimes referred to as low power nodes, are provided within macro cells. Such smaller sized cells are sometimes also referred to as micro cells, pico cells or femto cells. One way to establish a small cell is to provide a small cell base station that provides coverage having a relatively limited range within the coverage area of the macro cell. The transmission power of a small cell base station is relatively low and, hence, each small cell provides a small coverage area compared to that of a macro cell and covers, for example, an office or a home.

Such small cells are typically provided where the communications coverage provided by the macro cell is poor or where a user wishes to use an alternative communications link provided locally, by the small cell base station, to communicate with the core network, and/or to increase capacity within a network. That is to say, in a heterogeneous network, small cells or "Low Power Nodes" (LPN) can be placed within a macro cell supported by a macro base station to increase the capacity of the network by offloading some user equipment operating within the macro cell to one of the low power nodes.

Figure 2 illustrates schematically a network comprising a macro base station and a low power node. In the example shown, a LPN 200 supporting a low power region of coverage 210 is placed at the edge of a macrocell 230 supported by a.macro base station 220.

In general within wireless communication networks, an uplink boundary is defined as a boundary between two cells, Cell 1 and Cell 2, where uplink pathloss between user equipment and Cell l is the same as uplink pathloss between user equipment and Cell 2. That is to say, a base station supporting Cell l and a base station supporting Cell 2 are likely to receive transmissions made by user equipment at the boundary at a similar power.

A downlink boundary is defined as a boundary between two cells, Cell l and Cell 2, at which user equipment will typically receive a transmission made by each base station supporting Cell l and Cell 2, for example, a pilot signal transmission, at the same received signal power.

Typically, user equipment is operable to request a change to its serving cell when it determines, via measurement at the user equipment of received pilot signal strength, that a downlink boundary has been crossed. In a typical macro cell network

deployment in which all macro cell base stations are operable to transmit at

substantially the same pilot transmission power, it is likely that the uplink boundary and downlink boundary will be approximately the same.

The transmission powers of access nodes in a HetNet comprising macro cell base stations and LPN are typically significantly different. As a result, the uplink and downlink boundary between a macrocell base station and a LPN are likely to no longer substantially coincide. Figure 2 illustrates schematically possible positions of such an uplink boundary 240 and downlink boundary 250 in a HetNet deployment.

As a consequence of HetNet implementations involving low power nodes an uplink and downlink power "imbalance" may occur. That is to say, user equipment uplink transmissions may be received more strongly at a base station other than its serving base station. In the example shown in Figure 2, user equipment 260 is located such that low power node 200 receives its uplink transmissions more strongly than macro base station 220, despite the user equipment being likely to receive downlink pilot transmissions made by macro base station 220 more strongly than pilot transmissions made by low power node 200. The uplink-downlink imbalance region typically occurs between the uplink and downlink boundary.

In wireless telecommunications networks, user equipment can move between geographical base station coverage areas. Services provided to user equipment are typically overseen by a radio network controller (RNC). The RNC communicates with user equipment and base stations and determines which base station each user equipment may be primarily connected to. Furthermore, the RNC acts to control and communicate with a base station and user equipment when user equipment moves from a geographical area served by one base station to a geographical area served by another base station, or between geographical areas served by the same base station.

In some cellular systems, for example, in a UMTS system, functionality known as "soft handover" (SHO) can be implemented. That functionality allows data traffic transmitted by user equipment or other mobile terminals using uplink channels to be received and decoded by multiple base stations. Those base stations may also be known in a UMTS system as "node Bs". Furthermore, if utilizing soft handover techniques, a user equipment may receive and combine data and control signals from multiple base stations in the downlink. That is to say, the user equipment can receive or listen to transmissions from multiple base stations and multiple base stations may listen to transmissions made by user equipment. This has several advantages including that transmissions made by user equipment are not seen as interference by adjacent cells. In order that such soft handover techniques can be implemented, it is necessary for user equipment and the relevant nodeBs to known that they are allowed and expecting to communicate with one another. User equipment is typically informed by the network of those nodeBs by which its transmissions can be heard and to which it may listen. That list of base stations is referred to as the "active set" of that user equipment.

Typically, if implementing a soft handover regime, a radio link is first set up between user equipment and a single base station. If it is determined that entry to a soft handover regime is desirable and possible, necessary information about the configuration of existing uplink transmissions from the user equipment to the single base station, including for example, scrambling code being used, can be passed from a first base station via a radio network controller (RNC) to a second base station to be added to the active set of the user equipment. That information passed to a second base station enables the second base station to synchronize its operation to the user equipment's uplink transmissions. Once a second node B has obtained uplink synchronization, the second base station can set up a new downlink with the user equipment such that its transmission timing is likely to be successfully received at the user equipment close to the reception timing of the existing downlink between the first base station and the user equipment. Use of soft handover techniques can lead to improved network performance, since by allowing more than one base station to communicate with user equipment it is possible to obtain a degree of selective combination gain through macro diversity and soft combinations leading to gain. Soft handover functionality also allows an opportunity to minimise interference caused between cells by user equipment operating at the edge of geographical coverage regions supported by adjacent base stations.

In a HetNet such as the one illustrated in Figure 2, a typical Soft Handover (SHO) region 270 falls within the region in which it is likely that there will be an uplink- downlink power imbalance. User equipment operating in the SHO region 270 is served by macro base station 220 and the LPN acts as a non-serving cell. Since the uplink pathloss between the user equipment and LPN is likely to be smaller than that between the user equipment and macro base station 220, since the uplink boundary 240 between the macrobase station 220 and LPN 200 has been passed, the LPN will dominate inner loop power control. That is to say, the LPN 200 is likely to instruct the user equipment to reduce its pilot transmission power. In a macro-only network, where uplink and downlink boundaries are likely to coincide, user equipment is operable to obey such an instruction since, as long as one base station can

communicate well with user equipment, SHO operation is likely to offer an

improvement in overall network operation.

In a HetNet in which the uplink-downlink boundary is unlikely to coincide, user equipment operating to power down on the instruction of the LPN operates such that the received uplink pilot transmission power at the macro base station is significantly reduced. It will be appreciated that some information transmitted on channels by the user equipment, for example, uplink feedback (HSDPA) channel, HS-DPCCH and Scheduling Information (SI) control messages for E-DCH, are only required to be received in the serving cell. In this case, the macro base station 220 is likely to receive user equipment transmissions at a poor SNIR, because the pilot transmission power has been reduced on instruction of the LPN. Such network operation impacts performance of both the downlink and uplink throughput.

It is possible to instruct user equipment to operate such that the power of the key channels of relevance to a serving base station, for example, the HS-DPCCH and SI channel, are sent with a higher offset power relative to the pilot power, that higher power offset being chosen such that it is likely that the key channels are still received at a serving base station, even if user equipment is in the power imbalance region between a downlink and uplink boundary. However, to ensure efficient network operation, such offsets should not be constantly applied. Aspects and embodiments may offer a means to determine when user equipment could apply such an additional power offset for the relevant control messages and/or channels of interest to a serving base station.

Overview

Before discussing the embodiments in any more detail, first an overview will be provided. Networks operating in accordance with aspects and embodiments described may be operable to communicate an indication of a likely uplink-downlink boundary imbalance to user equipment. Such an indication may be communicated to user equipment in various ways, including, for example, in an Active Set Update message. Such an indication is needed only if the network suspects that there is likely to be an uplink-downlink boundary imbalance issue. Criteria indicative of such an imbalance, may, for example, include that a new non-serving cell is a LPN. Such an approach recognizes that the weakening of uplink control signal to a macro serving cell is likely to occur for user equipment operating in a SHO region.

According to one embodiment, the network may also be operable to specify an additional power offset to be applied. The network may, for example, define the level of the offset to be applied. The level of offset applied may also be communicated to user equipment, that offset to be applied in relation to, for example, a HS-DPCCH and/or SI messaging. The level of offset to be applied may be communicated to user equipment together with the indicator that uplink-downlink boundary issues may be an issue. In some embodiments, a separate, or different, power offset may be signaled to user equipment to implement in relation to HS-DPCCH transmissions and SI transmissions.

Typically only one power offset is required in the case where user equipment has one or more than one LPN in its Active Set whilst being served by a macro base station. In some embodiments, the power offset may need updating if a new LPN non-serving cell is added to the Active Set. It will be appreciated that LPN (serving cell) to LPN (non- serving cell) operation may not require a significant power offset to be implemented, since, in some network arrangements, there may be coincidence of uplink and downlink boundaries between low power nodes.

It will be appreciated that, in some embodiments, SI can be sent by user equipment using an E-DCH channel and thus it may be "piggy backed" onto data traffic. If the data traffic is sent with sufficient power offset, then an additional power offset may not be required. The additional power offset may only be required if SI, when piggybacked onto user traffic, is transmitted by user equipment at a power level below an indicated power offset required to reach the serving base station.

In some embodiments the network may be operable to indicate to user equipment when it should apply an additional power offset. Various implementation triggers may be chosen by the network. For example, the additional power offset (or power offsets if separate offsets are used for HS-DPCCH and SI) can be applied when a received LPN signal power measured by user equipment is within X dB that of the serving macro cell base station.

According to some embodiments, the additional power offset to be implemented in the case of a likely uplink-downlink boundary discrepancy can be "removed" when all LPN cells are absent from a user equipment Active Set. Since there are no low power nodes supporting cells which could cause a potential uplink-downlink power imbalance, there would be no need to apply an additional power offset.

Example l

Figure 3 is a signaling diagram illustrating possible signaling between user equipment 50 and a network control node, in this case, an RNC. As part of user equipment measurement control, the user equipment is operable to report a trigger "Event lA" when it measures that a neighbour cell's signal quality is above a threshold relative to that of its serving cell. In the scenario illustrated in Figure 3, the serving cell is a macro cell whilst the neighbour cell that caused Event lA to trigger is supported by a LPN.

The network receives measurement report for Event lA. It is operable to recognise that the cell causing the trigger event is a LPN and that uplink-downlink power imbalance may be significant. The network is therefore operable to signal an indication of likely uplink-downlink imbalance to the user equipment reporting the trigger, the indication further comprising an indication of power offset (FdB) to be applied by the user equipment to HS-DPCCH and SI.

The user equipment is operable to send an "Active Set update confirm" message and then starts applying the new power offset to HS-DPCCH and SI messages.

In the case of SI, the user equipment may be operable to apply the requested offset when the SI is not piggy backed to a data transmission, for example, a transmission on an E-DCH. Otherwise, the SI offset is applied by the user equipment if the E-DCH power offset is determined to be less than dB.

Aspects and embodiments described may, for example, avoid a scenario in a HetNet in which HS-DPCCH and SI are transmitted at a power too low to be successfully received at a serving macro cell in an uplink-downlink imbalance scenario.

A person of skill in the art would readily recognize that steps of various above- described methods can be performed by programmed computers. Herein, some embodiments are also intended to cover program storage devices, e.g., digital data storage media, which are machine or computer readable and encode machine- executable or computer-executable programs of instructions, wherein said instructions perform some or all of the steps of said above-described methods. The program storage devices maybe, e.g., digital memories, magnetic storage media such as a magnetic disks and magnetic tapes, hard drives, or optically readable digital data storage media. The embodiments are also intended to cover computers programmed to perform said steps of the above-described methods.

The functions of the various elements shown in the Figures, including any functional blocks labelled as "processors" or "logic", may be provided through the use of dedicated hardware as well as hardware capable of executing software in association with appropriate software. When provided by a processor, the functions may be provided by a single dedicated processor, by a single shared processor, or by a plurality of individual processors, some of which may be shared. Moreover, explicit use of the term

"processor" or "controller" or "logic" should not be construed to refer exclusively to hardware capable of executing software, and may implicitly include, without limitation, digital signal processor (DSP) hardware, network processor, application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), field programmable gate array (FPGA), read only memory (ROM) for storing software, random access memory (RAM), and non volatile storage. Other hardware, conventional and/or custom, may also be included. Similarly, any switches shown in the Figures are conceptual only. Their function may be carried out through the operation of program logic, through dedicated logic, through the interaction of program control and dedicated logic, or even manually, the particular technique being selectable by the implementer as more specifically understood from the context. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that any block diagrams herein represent conceptual views of illustrative circuitry embodying the principles of the invention. Similarly, it will be appreciated that any flow charts, flow diagrams, state transition diagrams, pseudo code, and the like represent various processes which may be substantially represented in computer readable medium and so executed by a computer or processor, whether or not such computer or processor is explicitly shown.

The description and drawings merely illustrate the principles of the invention. It will thus be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise various

arrangements that, although not explicitly described or shown herein, embody the principles of the invention and are included within its spirit and scope. Furthermore, all examples recited herein are principally intended expressly to be only for pedagogical purposes to aid the reader in understanding the principles of the invention and the concepts contributed by the inventor(s) to furthering the art, and are to be construed as being without limitation to such specifically recited examples and conditions.

Moreover, all statements herein reciting principles, aspects, and embodiments of the invention, as well as specific examples thereof, are intended to encompass equivalents thereof.