7-SUBSTITUTED-Δ4-6-AZASTEROID DERIVATIVES AS 5α-REDUCTASE INHIBITORS

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides novel compounds, novel compositions, methods of their use and methods of their manufacture, where such compounds are generally pharmacologically useful as agents in therapies whose mechanism of action rely on the sel' Λive, inhibition of the isozyme 5α-reductase 1.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Certain undesirable physiological manifestations, such as acne vulgaris, seborrhea, female hirsutism, androgenetic alopecia (also known as androgenic alopecia and which includes male pattern baldness) and benign prostatic hyperplasia, are the result of hyper-androgenic stimulation caused by an excessive accumulation of testosterone or similar androgenic hormones in the metabolic system. Early attempts to provide a chemotherapeutic agent to counter the undesirable results of hyperandrogenicity resulted in the discovery of several steroidal antiandrogens having undesirable hormonal activities of their own. The estrogens, for example, not only counteract the effect of the androgens but have a feminizing effect as well. Non-steroidal antiandrogens have also been developed, for example, 4'-nitro-3'-trifluoromethyl- isobutyranilide. See Neri, et al.. Endocrinol. 1972, 91 (2). However, these products, though devoid of hormonal effects, compete with all natural androgens for receptor sites, and hence have a tendency to feminize a male host or the male fetus of a female host and/or initiate feed-back effects which would cause hyperstimulation of the testes.

The principal mediator of androgenic activity in some target organs, e.g. the prostate, is 5α-dihydrotestosterone, formed locally in the target organ by the action of testosterone-5 -reductase. Inhibitors of testosterone-5 -reductase will serve to prevent or lessen symptoms of hyperandrogenic stimulation in these organs. It is now

known that a second 5α-reductase isozyme exists, which interacts with epidermal tissues, especially in scalp tissues. This form is convention¬ ally designated as 5α-reductase 1, while the isozyme that principally interacts with the prostatic tissues is designated as 5α-reductase 2.

In the treatment of hyperandrogenic disease conditions, e.g. benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), it would be desirable to have one drug entity which is active against both isozymes in the prostate to significantly inhibit dihydrotesterone production, while also having another drug entity which is highly selective for inhibiting the isozyme 5α-reductase 1 associated with the scalp, for use in treating conditions of the skin and scalp, e.g. acne and androgenetic alopecia and female hirsutism. Additionally, a 5α-reductase 1 inhibitor could also be used in combination with a 5α-redustase 2 inhibitor such as finasteride (PROSCAR®), which is highly selective for 5α-reductase 2, for combination therapy in the treatment of hyperandrogenic diseases. Therefore, it is an object of this invention to provide compounds that have sufficient activity in the inhibition of one or both 5α-reductase isozymes. It is an additional object of this invention to provide compounds that are useful in the treatment and/or prevention of benign prostatic hypeφlasia. It is an additional object of this invention to provide compounds that are useful in the treatment of female hirsutism, male pattern baldness, acne, seborrhea, androgenetic alopecia, and prostatic cancer. The compounds of the invention have utility in one or more of the afore-mentioned areas.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The compounds of the present invention are those of the general structural formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein: the C1-C2 bond designated as "— " represents a single or double bond;

Rl is selected from hydrogen and methyl;

R2 is methyl;

R3 is selected from hydrogen, -Alk-R4, -X-Alk, -Cl-6-X-Alk, -XCO- Alk, -CN, -CO-Alk, -CO-Ar, -CO-O-Alk, -CO-NH-Alk, -CO-NH-Ar, -CO-NH-Het and -CO-N(Alk)2;

R4 is selected from H, -CN, -XCO-Alk, -CO-Alk, -CO-Ar, -Cθ2-Alk, -CONH-Alk, -CONH-Ar, -CONH-Het, -CON(Alk)2, Ar, Het, -X-Ar, and X-Het;

Alk is Cl-12 straight or branched alkyl such as CH3CH(CH2)3CH(CH3)2; I

Ar is phenyl;

Het is selected from piperidinyl, piperizinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolyl, furanyl and thienyl; and

X is selected from the group consisting of O, N and S.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Salts encompassed within the term "pharmaceutically acceptable esters and salts" refer to non-toxic esters and salts of the compounds of this invention which are generally prepared by reacting the free base with a suitable organic or inorganic acid. Representative salts and esters include the following:

Acetate Lactobionate

Benzenesulfonate Laurate

Benzoate Malate

Bicarbonate Maleate

Bisulfate Mandelate

Bitartrate Mesylate

B orate Methylbromide

Bromide Methylnitrate

Calcium Edetate Methylsulfate

Camsylate Mucate

Carbonate Napsylate

Chloride Nitrate

Clavulanate N-methylglucamine

Citrate ammonium salt

Dihydrochloride Oleate

Edetate Oxalate

Edisylate Pamoate (Embonate)

Estolate Palmitate

Esylate Pantothenate

Fumarate Phosphate/diphosphate

Gluceptate Polygalacturonate

Gluconate Salicylate

Glutamate Stearate

Glycollylarsanilate Sulfate

Hexylresorcinate Subacetate

Hydrabamine Succinate

Hydrobromide Tannate

Hydrochloride Tartrate

Hydroxynaphthoate Teoclate

Iodide Tosylate

Isothionate Triethiodide

Lactate Valerate

The heterocyclic ring represented by the term "Het" may be attached to structural formula I at any heteroatom (N, O or S) or carbon atom in the ring which results in the creation of a stable structure.

The term "pharmacologically effective amount" shall mean that amount of a drug or pharmaceutical agent that will elicit the biological or medical response of a tissue, system, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher or clinician; this includes alleviation of the symptoms of the disorder being treated. The novel methods of treatment of this invention are for disorders known to those skilled in the art. The term "mammal" includes humans.

The term "alkyl" shall mean straight or branched chain alkanes of one to twelve total carbon atoms, or any specified numbers within this range.

Whenever the term "alkyl" or "aryl" or their prefix root appears in a name of a substituent (e.g. aralkoxyaryloxy) it shall be interpreted as including those limitations given above for "alkyl" or "aryl".

The present invention has the objective of providing methods of treating hyperandrogenic conditions including androgenic alopecia, male pattern baldness, acne vulgaris, seborrhea, and female hirsutism by oral, systemic, parenteral or topical administration of the novel compounds of formula I either alone or in combination with a 5α-reductase 2 inhibitor, or a potassium channel opener, or a retinoic acid or derivative thereof.

Alternatively, treatment may encompass administration of a combination of a compound of formula I with a 5 -reductase 2 inhibitor and another active agent such as a potassium channel opener, or a retinoic acid or derivative therof. The term "treating androgenic alopecia" is intended to include the arresting and/or reversing of androgenic alopecia, and the promotion of hair growth.

The present invention has the further objective of providing methods of treating benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis, and treating and/or preventing prostatic carcinoma by oral, systemic or parenteral administration of the novel compounds of formula I either alone or in combination with a 5α-reductase 2 inhibitor. Alternatively, treatment may encompass administration of a combination of a compound of formula I with a 5α-reductase 2 inhibitor and another active agent such as an αl or an αlc adrenergic receptor antagonist.

The present invention also has the objective of providing suitable topical, oral, systemic and parenteral pharmaceutical formulations for use in the novel methods of treatment of the present invention. The compositions containing the present compounds as the active ingredient for use in the treatment of the above-noted conditions can be administered in a wide variety of therapeutic dosage forms in conventional vehicles for systemic administration. For example, the compounds can be administered in such oral dosage forms as tablets, capsules (each including timed release and sustained release formulations), pills, powders, granules, elixirs, tinctures, solutions, suspensions, syrups and emulsions, or by injection. Likewise, they may also be administered in intravenous (both bolus and infusion), intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, topical with or without occlusion, or intramuscular form, all using forms well known to those of ordinary skill in the pharmaceutical arts.

The daily dosage of the products may be varied over a range from 0.05 to 1,000 mg per adult human/per day. For oral administration, the compositions are preferably provided in the form of tablets containing 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0,

25.0, and 50.0 milligrams of the active ingredient for the symptomatic adjustment of the dosage to the patient to be treated. An effective amount of the drug is ordinarily supplied at a dosage level of from about 0.002 mg./kg. to about 50 mg./kg. of body weight per day. The range is more particularly from about 0.01 mg./kg. to 7 mg./kg. of body weight per day.

Advantageously, compounds of the present invention may be administered in a single daily dose, or the total daily dosage may be administered in divided doses of two, three or four times daily. Furthermore, compounds for the present invention can be administered in intranasal form via topical use of suitable intranasal vehicles, or via transdermal routes, using those forms of transdermal skin patches well known to those of ordinary skill in that art. To be administered in the form of a transdermal delivery system, the dosage administration will, of course, be continuous rather than intermittent throughout the dosage regimen.

For the treatment of androgenic alopecia, male pattern baldness, acne vulgaris, seborrhea, and female hirsutism, the compounds of the present invention may be administered in a pharmaceutical composition comprising the active compound in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier adapted for topical administration. Topical pharmaceutical compositions may be, e.g., in the form of a solution, cream, ointment, gel, lotion, shampoo or aerosol formulation adapted for application to the skin. These topical pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds of the present invention ordinarily include about 0.1% to 15% by weight, and particularly about 5%, of the active compound in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.

For the treatment of acne vulgaris, androgenic alopecia, male pattern baldness, seborrhea, female hirsutism, benign prostatic hypeφlasia, prostatitis and the prevention and/or treatment of prostatic cancer, the compounds of the instant invention can be combined with a therapeutically effective amount of another 5α- reductase inhibitor, such as finasteride, or other 5α-reductase

inhibitor compounds having type 2 activity or dual activity for both isozymes, in a single oral, systemic, or parenteral pharmaceutical dosage formulation. Alternatively, a combined therapy can be employed wherein the compound of formula I and the other 5α- reductase inhibitor are administered in separate oral, systemic, or parenteral dosage formulations. Also, for the skin and scalp related disorders of acne vulgaris, androgenic alopecia, male pattern baldness, seborrhea, and female hirsutism, the compounds of the instant invention and another 5α-reductase inhibitor such as finasteride can be formulated for topical administration. For example, a compound of formula I and finasteride can be administered in a single oral or topical dosage formulation, or each active agent can be administered in a separate dosage formulation, e.g., in separate oral dosage formulations, or an oral dosage formulation of finasteride in combination with a topical dosage formulation of a compound of formula I. See, e.g., U.S. Patent No.'s 4,377,584 and 4,760,071 which describe dosages and formulations for 5α-reductase inhibitors.

Furthermore, administration of a compound of the present invention in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of a potassium channel opener, such as minoxidil, cromakalin, pinacidil, a compound selected from the classes of S- triazine, thiane-1 -oxide, benzopyran, and pyridinopyran derivatives or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may be used for the treatment of androgenic alopecia including male pattern baldness. Therapy may further comprise the administration of a 5α-reductase type 2 inhibitor such as finasteride, or a type 1 and type 2 dual inhibitor, in combination with a compound of the present invention and a potassium channel opener such as minoxidil. The active agents can be administered in a single topical dosage formulation, or each active agent can be administered in a separate dosage formulation, e.g., in separate topical dosage formulations, or an oral dosage formulation of a compound of formula I in combination with a topical dosage formulation of, e.g., minoxidil, or a single oral

dosage formulation of a compound of formula I and another 5 - reductase inhibitor, in combination with a topical dosage formulation of, e.g., minoxidil. See, e.g., U.S. Patent No.'s 4,596,812, 4,139,619 and WO 92/02225, published 20 February 1992, for dosages and formulations of calcium channel openers.

Furthermore, for the treatment of acne vulgaris, a combined therapy can be used by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of retinoic acid or a derivative thereof, e.g. an ester or amide derivative thereof, such as e.g., tretinoin or isotretinoin. Optionally, this combined therapy for acne vulgaris may further include a 5α-reductase type 2 inhibitor such as finasteride, or a dual type 1 and type 2 inhibitory compound.

Also, for the treatment of benign prostatic hypeφlasia, a combined therapy comprising a administration of a compound of formula I with a 5 -reductase type 2 inhibitor, such as e.g., finasteride, and an alpha- 1 adrenergic receptor antagonist, such as e.g., terazosin, doxazosin, prazosin, bunazosin, indoramin or alfuzosin, may be employed. More particularly, the combined therapy can comprise administering a compound of formula I with a 5α-reductase type 2 inhibitor, such as e.g., finasteride, and an alpha- lc adrenergic receptor antagonist. Compounds which are useful as alpha- l _c adrenergic receptor antagonists can be identified according to the procedures described in PCT/US93/09187 (WO94/08040, published April 14, 1994).

For combination treatment with more than one active agent, where the active agents are in separate dosage formulations, the active agents can be administered concurrently, or they each can be administered at separately staggered times.

The dosage regimen utilizing the compounds of the present invention is selected in accordance with a variety of factors including type, species, age, weight, sex and medical condition of the patient; the severity of the condition to be treated; the route of administration; the renal and hepatic function of the patient; and the

particular compound thereof employed. A physician or veterinarian of ordinary skill can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the drug required to prevent, counter or arrest the progress of the condition. Optimal precision in achieving concentration of drug within the range that yields efficacy without toxicity requires a regimen based on the kinetics of the drug's availability to target sites. This involves a consideration of the distribution, equilibrium, and elimination of a drug.

In the methods of the present invention, the compounds herein described in detail can form the active ingredient, and are typically administered in admixture with suitable pharmaceutical diluents, excipients or carriers (collectively referred to herein as "carrier" materials) suitably selected with respect to the intended form of administration, that is, oral tablets, capsules, elixirs, syrups and the like, and consistent with conventional pharmaceutical practices.

For instance, for oral administration in the form of a tablet or capsule, the active drug component can be combined with an oral, non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier such as ethanol, glycerol, water and the like. Moreover, when desired or necessary, suitable binders, lubricants, disintegrating agents and coloring agents can also be incoφorated into the mixture. Suitable binders include, without limitation, starch, gelatin, natural sugars such as glucose or beta-lactose, corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanth or sodium alginate, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, waxes and the like. Lubricants used in these dosage forms include, without limitation, sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride and the like. Disintegrators include, without limitation, starch, methyl cellulose, agar, bentonite, xanthan gum and the like.

The liquid forms in suitably flavored suspending or dispersing agents such as the synthetic and natural gums, for example, tragacanth, acacia, methyl-cellulose and the like. Other dispersing

agents which may be employed include glycerin and the like. For parenteral administration, sterile suspensions and solutions are desired. Isotonic preparations which generally contain suitable preservatives are employed when intravenous administration is desired.

Topical preparations containing the active drug component can be admixed with a variety of carrier materials well known in the art, such as, e.g., alcohols, aloe vera gel, allantoin, glycerine, vitamin A and E oils, mineral oil, PPG2 myristyl propionate, and the like, to form, e.g., alcoholic solutions, topica cleansers, cleansing creams, skin gels, skin lotions, and shampoos in cream or gel formulations. See, e.g., EP 0 285 382.

The compounds of the present invention can also be administered in the form of liposome delivery systems, such as small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles and multilamellar vesicles. Liposomes can be formed from a variety of phospholipids, such as cholesterol, stearylamine or phosphatidylcholines.

The compounds of the present invention may be coupled to a class of biodegradable polymers useful in achieving controlled release of a drug, for example, polylactic acid, polyepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy butyric acid, polyorthoesters, polyacetals, polydihydro-pyrans, polycyanoacrylates and cross-linked or amphipathic block copolymers of hydrogels.

The compounds of the present invention can be prepared readily according to the following reaction Schemes and Examples or modifications thereof using readily available starting materials, reagents and conventional synthesis procedures. In these reactions, it is also possible to make use of variants which are themselves known to those of ordinary skill in this art, but are not mentioned in greater detail.

SYNTHESIS SCHEME I

β-homo-6-aza-steroids

via Curtius reaction

SYNTHESIS SCHEME II

Ozone

SYNTHESIS SCHEME III

SYNTHESIS SCHEME III. CONTINUED

1) EtOC(0)CI/DIPEA acetone

2) NaN ₃

3) BnOH/toIuene

120°C

TPAP/sieves NMMO/CH ₂ CI ₂

30

SCHEME III. CONTINUED

Et ₃ N/Pd(OAc) ₂ /Ph ₃ P DMF/tBuNH ₂ /CO

The most preferred compounds of the invention are any or all of those specifically set forth in these examples. These compounds are not, however, to be construed as forming the only genus that is considered as the invention, and any combination of the compounds or their moieties may itself form a genus. The following examples further illustrate details for the preparation of the compounds of the present invention. Those skilled in the art will readily understand that known variations of the conditions and processes of the following preparative procedures can be used to prepare these compounds. All temperatures are degrees Celsius unless noted otherwise.

EXAMPLE 1

A solution of the known bis-acetate A (available from Sigma Chemical Company, Milwaukee, Wisconsin), methylethyl ketone, n-hydroxyphthalimide (l.leq), benzoyl peroxide (5 mol%) is warmed

to 60°C while a stream of air is slowly bubbled through the yellow reaction mixture. After 5 hours the reaction is cooled and concentrated. The concentrate is slurried in dichloromethane and filtered. The filtrate is then concentrated, dissolved in pyridine and chilled to 0°C. Acetic anhydride is added and the resulting solution stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction is concentrated, slurried with methanol, warmed to 50°C for 20 minutes, cooled and filtered to yield 1.

EXAMPLE 2

The enone product of Example 1 is taken into anhydrous THF and cooled to 0°C. Methyllithium (6.5eq, 1.5M in ether) is added dropwise and the resulting mixture stirred for 1 hour at 0°C. The reaction is quenched with 1M ammonium chloride and extracted with dichloromethane. Drying over anhydrous sodium sulfate and removal of solvent affords 2.

EXAMPLE 3

The carbinol product of Example 2 is dissolved in toluene and the resulting solution is treated with cyclohexanone and aluminum triisopropoxide and wanned to 120°C for 15 hours. The reaction is then cooled to ambient temperature and quenched with water. Extrac¬ tion with dichloromethane, drying over anhydrous sodium sulfate and removal of volatiles gives 3.

EXAMPLE 4

The dienone product of Example 3 is taken into a -50°C mixture of ammonia:THF:toluene (5:1:1) and treated with excess lithium metal for two hours. The excess lithium is then decomposed with 1,2-dibromoethane and the enolate quenched with ammonium chloride. The reaction is warmed to room temperature to remove the ammonia and diluted with more toluene. This mixture is washed with

water then brine, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Removal of solvent gives the olefin 4.

EXAMPLE 5

The olefin product of Example 4 is dissolved in ethyl acetate and cooled to -20°C and ozone is bubbled through the solution for 3 hours. The blue solution is warmed to room temperature and treated with excess 30% hydrogen peroxide and vigorously stirred for 48 hours longer. The reaction is washed with water and concentrated to remove the ethyl acetate. The residue is partitioned between ether and 2N sodium hydroxide. The ether is extracted with 2N sodium hydroxide once more and the basic extracts combined. Dichloro¬ methane is added to the aqueous base and the biphasic mixture cooled to 0°C and acidified to pH 2 with 2N sulfuric acid. The phases are separated and the aqueous extracted twice more with dichloromethane. After washing with brine, the combined organic extracts are dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated to afford the acid 5.

EXAMPLE 6

The acid product of Example 5 is dissolved in anhydrous acetone and diisopropylethylamine (1.5eq) is added. The solution is cooled to 0°C and treated with ethyl chloroformate (leq) dropwise. After stirring for 2 hours the mixture is treated, dropwise, with sodium azide (2eq) dissolved in a minimal amount of water. After stirring an additional hour, the reaction is quenched with ice water and extracted with toluene (x 6), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concen¬ trated to 1/4 original volume. This concentrate is added to a 100°C solution of benzyl alcohol (5eq) in toluene and stirred for 15 min. or until gas evolution ceases. The reaction temperature is raised to reflux and stirring is continued for an additional 3 hours. The reaction is cooled and concentrated to afford the benzyl carbamate 6.

EXAMPLE 7

The carbamate product of Example 6 is dissolved in ethanol and palladium hydroxide (10 wt %) is added. The resulting black suspension is stirred under a hydrogen balloon for 24 hours, filtered to remove the catalyst and concentrated. The residue is dissolved in benzene and crushed 3 angstrom sieves are added. Stirring is continued for 16 hours and the mixture is filtered and concentrated to afford the vinylogous amide 7.

EXAMPLE 8

The vinylogous amide product of Example 7 is taken into dichloromethane and powdered 4 angstrom sieves (500mg/g 7), N- methylmoφholine-N-oxide (1.5eq) and TPAP (5 mol%). The green mixture is stirred for 30 minutes during which time the reaction becomes black colored. The mixture is then filtered through a small pad of silica gel eluting with ethyl acetate to yield the ketone 8.

EXAMPLE 9

The ketone product of Example 8 is dissolved in anhydrous dichloromethane chilled to 0°C and treated with triflic anhydride (2.2 eq). After stirring for 2 hours the reaction is diluted with water and extracted with more dichloromethane. After washing with brine and drying over anhydrous sodium sulfate, the solvent is removed to afford triflate 9.

EXAMPLE 10

A solution of the triflate product of Example 9, triethyl- amine (2eq), palladium acetate (0.03eq), triphenylphosphine (0.06eq), t- butylamine (40eq) and DMF is purged with carbon monoxide for 5 minutes and then stirred under a balloon of CO for 24 hours. Ethyl acetate and water is added to the reaction, the phases separated and the water extracted once more with ethyl acetate. The combined organic solutions are washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated to yield the amide 10.

EXAMPLE 11

The amide product of Example 10 is dissolved in ethanol and palladium hydroxide (10 mol%) is added. The resulting black suspension is stirred under a hydrogen balloon for 20 hours. The mixture is filtered and concentrated to give 11.

BIOLOGICAL ASSAYS

5α-reductase assay

The reaction mixture contained in a final volume of 100 μl is: 40 mM buffer (human scalp, potassium phosphate, pH 6.5; human prostatic 5α-reductase, sodium citrate, pH 5.5), 0.3-10 μMl4c-T (or ³ H-T), 1 mM DTT, and 500 μM NADPH. Typically, the assay is ini¬ tiated by the addition of 50-100 μg prostatic homogenate or 75-200 μg scalp homogenate and incubated at 37°C. After 10-50 min the reaction is quenched by extraction with 250 μl of a mixture of 70% cyclohexane: 30% ethyl acetate containing 10 μg each DHT and T. The aqueous and organic layers are separated by centrifugation at 14,000 φm in an Eppendorf microfuge. The organic layer is subjected to normal phase HPLC (10 cm Whatman partisil 5 silica column equilibrated in 1 ml min 70% cyclohexane: 30% ethyl acetate; retention times DHT, 6.8-7.2 min; androstanediol, 7.6-8.0; T, 9.1-9.7 min). The HPLC system consists of

a Waters Model 680 Gradient System equipped with a Hitachi Model 655A autosampler, Applied Biosystems Model 757 variable UV detector, and a Radiomatic Model A120 radio-activity analyzer. The conversion of T to DHT is monitored using the radioactivity flow detector by mixing the HPLC effluent with one volume of Flo Scint 1 (Radiomatic). Under the conditions described, the production of DHT is linear for at least 25 min. The only steroids observed with the human prostate and scalp preparations were T, DHT and androstanediol.

Inhibition studies

Compounds were dissolved in 100% ethanol. The compound to be tested was pre-incubated with the enzyme (either 5α- reductase type 1 or 2) prior to initiation by addition of substrate testosterone. IC50 values represent the concentration of inhibitor required to decrease enzyme conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone by 50% of the control. IC50 values were determined using a 6 point titration where the concentration of the inhibitor was varied from 0.1 to 1000 nM. Representative compounds of this invention were tested in the above described assay for 5α- reductase type 1 and type 2 inhibition.

A compound referred to herein as a 5α-reductase 2 inhibitor is a compound that shows inhibition of the 5 -reductase 2 isozyme in the above-described assay, having an IC50 value of about or under 100 nM.

A compound referred to herein as a dual 5α-reductase type 1 and 2 inhibitor is a compound that shows inhibition of both the type 1 and type 2 isozymes, having an IC50 value of about or under 100 nM for each isozyme.

Human Dermal Papilla Cell Assay

The dermal papilla is a small group of cells at the base of each hair follicle, and it is presently thought that these cells are stem cells that form the basis for hair growth. These cells have been shown

to have 5 alpha reductase activity, and it is therefore possible to test inhibitors of 5 alpha reductase in these cell culture systems.

Isolated and cultured dermal papilla cells are prepared according to the methods of Messenger, A.G., "The Culture of Dermal Papilla Cells From Human Hair Follicles", Br. J. Dermatol. 110:685- 689, 1984 and Itami, S. et al., "5α-Reductase Activity In Cultured Human Dermal Papilla Cells From Beard Compared With Reticular Dermal Fibroblasts", J. Invest. Dermatol. 94:150-152, 1990. Beard dermal papilla cells and occipital scalp hair of two different individuals are used throughout the study. All experiments are performed at con- fluency after the fourth to sixth subculture. Confluent monolayers are rinsed twice with phosphate-buffered saline, scraped from dishes by rubber policemen, and collected into a centrifuge tube. The cell suspen¬ sions are centrifuged at 1,500 φm for 10 min at 4°C. The pellets are resuspended in 20 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.5, at 4°C, containing 250 mM sucrose, ImM MgCl2, and 2mM CaCl2, by vortexmg and 10 passes through a 25-gauge needle. The crude homogenate is further homo¬ genized by a teflon-glass homogenizer, and is used as the cell homogenate. For the study of subcellular localization of 5α-reductase, the cell homogenate is centrifuged at 800 x g for 10 min to yield a crude nuclear pellet. The resultant supernatant is centrifuged at 10,000 x g for 15 min to produce a crude mitochondrial pellet. The supernatant is centrifuged at 100,000 x g for 60 min to yield a microsomal pellet and cytosol. Each particulate fraction is washed twice and resuspended in the buffer.

A standard incubation mixture will consist of 50 nM [3H]- testosterone, 1 mM NADPH, 100 mM sodium citrate, pH 5.5 or 100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, and 50 μl of the cell homogenate, in a final volume of 100 μl. Each tube contains 50-100 μg of cellular protein. Incubation is carried out at 37°C for 30 min. During this incubation, the reaction is proportional to the time. For the study of optimum pH, citrate buffer is used at pH 4.5-6.5, and the Tris HC1 buffer at pH 7.0- 9.0. The protein content is determined by the method of Lowry, et al.,

"Protein Measurement With The Folin Phenol Reagent", /. Biol. Chem. 193:265-275, 1951.

After incubation, the reaction is stopped by adding 4 times volume of chloroform-methanol (2/LV/V) containing 110 μg each of carrier steroids. The extracted steroids are analyzed by thin-layer chromatographyl as previously described by Gomez, et al-, "In Vitro Metabloism Of Testosterone-4-l4c and Δ-androstene-3, 17-dione-4-14c In Human Skin", Biochem. 7:24-32, 1968, and the purity of each steroid is determined by the recrystallization method. The activity of 5α- reductase is expressed by the sum of dihydrotestosterone, andro- stanediol and androstanedione formed. [l,2-3H]-testosterone (55.2 Ci/mmol) is obtainable from New England Nuclear Coφoration (Boston, MA) and unlabeled steroids can be purchased from Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, MO). Fetal calf serum is obtainable from Hazleton (Lenaxa, Kansas). All other chemicals are of reagent grade.

Fuzzy Rat Acne Model

Adult fuzzy rats are a variety of rat that has stunted hair growth, brown colored seborrhea covering their entire back skin and abnormally increased sebum production after puberty that has been demonstrated to be due to circulating androgens. 0.1, 0.05 and 0.025% solutions of a selected 5α-reductase inhibitor of interest are prepared in a vehicle of propylene glycol, isopropanol, isopropyl myristate and water (50/30/2/18%), and is topically applied onto the backs of adult male fuzzy rats, 0.2ml per animal daily for 4 weeks. Controls receive the vehicle alone and 5 of them are castrated. After 2 weeks seborrhea will be dose-dependently depleted and after 4 weeks bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU, 200mg/kg) is intraperitoneally injected 2 hours before sacrifice. The skin tissues are incubated with EDTA (20 mM) in phosphate buffer, 1.5 hours at 37 °C. The pilo-sebaceous unit attached to the epidermis is stripped from the dermis and fixed with formalin for immuno-staining of BrdU. DNA synthesis cells showing a BrdU-positive nucleus are located in the outer glandular border. The number of S-phase cells per

lobe is determined with a micro-image apparatus. Using formalin fixed skin, frozen serial sections are stained with 1% osmium and the size of the lobes is measured. A positive inhibitor of skin 5 -reductase will induce suppression of sebum production by inhibiting the rate of glandular cell turnover, and showing reduced lobular size.

While the invention has been described and illustrated with reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various changes, modifications and substitutions can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, effective dosages other than the preferred dosages as set forth herein above may be applicable as a consequence of variations in the responsiveness of the mammal being treated for any of the indications for the compounds of the invention indicated above. Likewise, the specific pharmacological responses observed may vary according to and depending upon the particular active compound selected or whether there are present pharmaceutical carriers, as well as the type of formulation and mode of administration employed, and such expected variations or differences in the results are contemplated in accordance with the objects and practices of the present invention. It is intended, therefore, that the invention be limited only by the scope of the claims which follow and that such claims be inteφreted as broadly as is reasonable.