Reference to Related Applications

The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Applications

61/715,833, filed on October 18, 2012 and 61/833,440 filed on June 10, 2013, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to compositions comprising graphene sheets and at least one metal having an anodic index of no higher than about -0.7 V and anti- corrosion coatings made therefrom.

Background

The corrosion of metal surfaces has a huge economic impact. For example, structures made from iron or steel or concrete reinforced by iron or steel such as buildings, bridges, and the like are susceptible to failure when iron or steel structural or supporting/reinforcing members fail. Corrosion can be a problem inc countless other areas, such as piping, maritime applications, tanks, etc. It would thus be desirable to obtain a means of improving the corrosion resistance of metals.

Summary of the Invention

Disclosed and claimed herein is a composition, comprising graphene sheets and at least one metal having an anodic index of no greater than about -0.7 V. Further disclosed and claimed are a coating, comprising a composition comprising graphene sheets and at least one metal having an anodic index of no higher than about -0.7 V; an object or structure coated at least in part with a coating comprising graphene sheets and at least one metal having an anodic index of no greater than about -0.7 V; and a method of inhibiting the corrosion of a structure or object having a surface, comprising coating at least a portion of the surface with a coating comprising graphene sheets and at least one metal having an anodic index of no greater than about -0.7 V.

Brief Description of the Drawings

Figure 1 shows a reinforced structure protected against corrosion. Detailed Description of the Invention

The compositions of the present invention comprise graphene sheets and at least one metal having an anodic index of no higher than about -0.7 V, or no higher than about -0.75 V, or no higher than about -0.8 V, or no higher than about -0.85 V, or no higher than about -0.9 V, or no higher than about -1.0 V, or no higher than about -1 .1 V, or no higher than about -1 .2 V, or no higher than about -1 .4 V, or no higher than about - 1 .7 V. The anodic index can be from about -1.9 to about -0.7 V, or from about -1 .9 to about -0.75 V, or from about -1.9 to about -0.85 V, or from about -1.9 to about -1 .0 V.

The invention also includes a method of inhibiting the corrosion of a structure or object by applying a coating comprising graphene sheets and at least one metal having an anodic index of no greater than about -0.7 V to at least a portion of the structure.

By anodic index is meant the electrochemical voltage developed between a metal electrode and a gold electrode. As used herein, the voltage is a negative number relative to 0 V for the gold electrode. Examples of metals and their approximate anodic indexes include aluminum and aluminum alloys (about -0.9 V), zinc and zinc alloys (about -1.25 V), magnesium and magnesium alloys (-1.75 V), and beryllium (-1.85 V). The metals preferably have a more negative electrochemical potential than steel.

The compositions can be used in galvanic cathodic protection systems where they can serve as sacrificial galvanic anodes to protect another metal, such as steel, iron, or the like.

The metals can be used in any suitable form, such as particles (including spherical particles, plate-like particles, needle-like particles, powders, dusts, etc.).

Metal particles can be formed using any suitable method, such as from metal salts, deposition, milling and other mechanical processing methods, electrochemically, etc.

Suitable processing methods include the mechanical processing methods, such as the use of ultrasonic devices, high-shear mixers, ball mills, attrition equipment, sandmills, two-roll mills, three-roll mills, cryogenic grinding crushers, extruders, kneaders, double planetary mixers, triple planetary mixers, high pressure homogenizers, horizontal and vertical wet grinding mills, etc.) Processing (including grinding) technologies can be wet or dry and can be continuous or discontinuous. Suitable materials for use as grinding media include metals, carbon steel, stainless steel, ceramics, stabilized ceramic media (such as cerium yttrium stabilized zirconium oxide), PTFE, glass, tungsten carbide, etc. The graphene sheets are graphite sheets preferably having a surface area of from about 100 to about 2630 m ² /g. In some embodiments, the graphene sheets primarily, almost completely, or completely comprise fully exfoliated single sheets of graphite (these are approximately < 1 nm thick and are often referred to as "graphene"), while in other embodiments, at least a portion of the graphene sheets can comprise partially exfoliated graphite sheets, in which two or more sheets of graphite have not been exfoliated from each other. The graphene sheets can comprise mixtures of fully and partially exfoliated graphite sheets. Graphene sheets are distinct from carbon nanotubes. Graphene sheets can have a "platey" (e.g. two-dimensional) structure and do not have the needle-like form of carbon nanotubes. The two longest dimensions of the graphene sheets can each be at least about 10 times greater, or at least about 50 times greater, or at least about 100 times greater, or at least about 1000 times greater, or at least about 5000 times greater, or at least about 10,000 times greater than the shortest dimension (i.e. thickness) of the sheets.

Graphene sheets are distinct from expanded, exfoliated, vermicular, etc.

graphite, which has a layered or stacked structure in which the layers are not separated from each other. The graphene sheets do not need to be entirely made up of carbon, but can have heteroatoms incorporated into the lattice or as part of functional groups attached to the lattice. The lattice need not be a perfect hexagonal lattice and may contain defects (including five- and seven-membered rings).

Graphene sheets can be made using any suitable method. For example, they can be obtained from graphite (including natural, Kish, and synthetic, annealed, pyrolytic, highly oriented pyrolytic, etc. graphites), graphite oxide, expandable graphite, expanded graphite, etc.. They may be obtained by the physical exfoliation of graphite, by for example, peeling, grinding, milling, graphene sheets. They made be made by sonication of precursors such as graphite. They may be made by opening carbon nanotubes. They may be made from inorganic precursors, such as silicon carbide. They may be made by chemical vapor deposition (such as by reacting a methane and hydrogen on a metal surface). They may be made by epitaxial growth on substrates such as silicon carbide and metal substrates and by growth from metal-carbon melts. They made by made They may be may by the reduction of an alcohol, such ethanol, with a metal (such as an alkali metal like sodium) and the subsequent pyrolysis of the alkoxide product (such a method is reported in Nature Nanotechnology (2009), 4, 30- 33). They may be made from small molecule precursors such as carbon dioxide, alcohols (such as ethanol, methanol, etc.), alkoxides (such as ethoxides, methoxides, etc., including sodium, potassium, and other alkoxides). They may be made by the exfoliation of graphite in dispersions or exfoliation of graphite oxide in dispersions and the subsequently reducing the exfoliated graphite oxide. Graphene sheets may be made by the exfoliation of expandable graphite, followed by intercalation, and ultrasonication or other means of separating the intercalated sheets (see, for example, Nature Nanotechnology (2008), 3, 538-542). They may be made by the intercalation of graphite and the subsequent exfoliation of the product in suspension, thermally, etc. Exfoliation processes may be thermal, and include exfoliation by rapid heating, using microwaves, furnaces, hot baths, etc.

Graphene sheets can be made from graphite oxide (also known as graphitic acid or graphene oxide). Graphite can be treated with oxidizing and/or intercalating agents and exfoliated. Graphite can also be treated with intercalating agents and

electrochemically oxidized and exfoliated. Graphene sheets can be formed by ultrasonically exfoliating suspensions of graphite and/or graphite oxide in a liquid (which can contain surfactants and/or intercalants). Exfoliated graphite oxide dispersions or suspensions can be subsequently reduced to graphene sheets. Graphene sheets can also be formed by mechanical treatment (such as grinding or milling) to exfoliate graphite or graphite oxide (which would subsequently be reduced to graphene sheets).

Graphene sheets may be made by the reduction of graphite oxide. Reduction of graphite oxide to graphene may be done by thermal reduction/annealing, chemical reduction, etc. and may be carried out on graphite oxide in a solid form, in a dispersion, etc. Examples of useful chemical reducing agents include, but are not limited to, hydrazines (such as hydrazine (in liquid or vapor forms, Ν,Ν-dimethylhydrazine, etc.), sodium borohydride, citric acid, hydroquinone, isocyanates (such as phenyl isocyanate), hydrogen, hydrogen plasma, etc.. A dispersion or suspension of exfoliated graphite oxide in a carrier (such as water, organic solvents, or a mixture of solvents) can be made using any suitable method (such as ultrasonication and/or mechanical grinding or milling) and reduced to graphene sheets. Reduction can be solvothermal reduction, in solvents such as water, ethanol, etc. This can for example be done in an autoclave at elevated temperatures (such as those above about 200 °C).

Graphite oxide can be produced by any method known in the art, such as by a process that involves oxidation of graphite using one or more chemical oxidizing agents and, optionally, intercalating agents such as sulfuric acid. Examples of oxidizing agents include nitric acid, nitrates (such as sodium and potassium nitrates), perchlorates, potassium chlorate, sodium chlorate, chromic acid, potassium chromate, sodium chromate, potassium dichromate, sodium dichromate, hydrogen peroxide, sodium and potassium permanganates, phosphoric acid (H ₃ P0 ₄ ), phosphorus pentoxide, bisulfites, etc. Preferred oxidants include KCI0 ₄ ; HN0 ₃ and KCI0 ₃ ; KMn0 ₄ and/or NaMn0 ₄ ;

KMn0 ₄ and NaN0 ₃ ; K ₂ S ₂ 0 ₈ and P ₂ 0 ₅ and KMn0 ₄ ; KMn0 ₄ and HN0 ₃ ; and HN0 ₃ .

Preferred intercalation agents include sulfuric acid. Graphite can also be treated with intercalating agents and electrochemically oxidized. Examples of methods of making graphite oxide include those described by Staudenmaier (Ber. Stsch. Chem. Ges.

(1898), 31, 1481 ) and Hummers (J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1958), 80, 1339).

One example of a method for the preparation of graphene sheets is to oxidize graphite to graphite oxide, which is then thermally exfoliated to form graphene sheets (also known as thermally exfoliated graphite oxide), as described in US 2007/0092432, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. The thusly formed graphene sheets can display little or no signature corresponding to graphite or graphite oxide in their X-ray diffraction pattern.

The thermal exfoliation can be carried out in a continuous, semi-continuous batch, etc. process.

Heating can be done in a batch process or a continuous process and can be done under a variety of atmospheres, including inert and reducing atmospheres (such as nitrogen, argon, and/or hydrogen atmospheres). Heating times can range from under a few seconds or several hours or more, depending on the temperatures used and the characteristics desired in the final thermally exfoliated graphite oxide. Heating can be done in any appropriate vessel, such as a fused silica, mineral, metal, carbon (such as graphite), ceramic, etc. vessel. Heating can be done using a flash lamp or with microwaves. During heating, the graphite oxide can be contained in an essentially constant location in single batch reaction vessel, or can be transported through one or more vessels during the reaction in a continuous or batch mode. Heating can be done using any suitable means, including the use of furnaces and infrared heaters.

Examples of temperatures at which the thermal exfoliation and/or reduction of graphite oxide can be carried out are at least about 150 °C, at least about 200 °C, at least about 300 °C, at least about 400 °C, at least about 450 °C, at least about 500 °C, at least about 600 °C, at least about 700 °C, at least about 750 °C, at least about 800 °C, at least about 850 °C, at least about 900 °C, at least about 950 °C, at least about 1000 °C, at least about 1 100 °C, at least about 1500 °C, at least about 2000 °C, and at least about 2500 °C. Preferred ranges include between about 750 about and 3000 °C, between about 850 and 2500 °C, between about 950 and about 2500 °C, between about 950 and about 1500 °C, between about 750 about and 3100 °C, between about 850 and 2500 °C, or between about 950 and about 2500 °C.

The time of heating can range from less than a second to many minutes. For example, the time of heating can be less than about 0.5 seconds, less than about 1 second, less than about 5 seconds, less than about 10 seconds, less than about 20 seconds, less than about 30 seconds, or less than about 1 min. The time of heating can be at least about 1 minute, at least about 2 minutes, at least about 5 minutes, at least about 15 minutes, at least about 30 minutes, at least about 45 minutes, at least about 60 minutes, at least about 90 minutes, at least about 120 minutes, at least about 150 minutes, at least about 240 minutes, from about 0.01 seconds to about 240 minutes, from about 0.5 seconds to about 240 minutes, from about 1 second to about 240 minutes, from about 1 minute to about 240 minutes, from about 0.01 seconds to about 60 minutes, from about 0.5 seconds to about 60 minutes, from about 1 second to about 60 minutes, from about 1 minute to about 60 minutes, from about 0.01 seconds to about 10 minutes, from about 0.5 seconds to about 10 minutes, from about 1 second to about 10 minutes, from about 1 minute to about 10 minutes, from about 0.01 seconds to about 1 minute, from about 0.5 seconds to about 1 minute, from about 1 second to about 1 minute, no more than about 600 minutes, no more than about 450 minutes, no more than about 300 minutes, no more than about 180 minutes, no more than about 120 minutes, no more than about 90 minutes, no more than about 60 minutes, no more than about 30 minutes, no more than about 15 minutes, no more than about 10 minutes, no more than about 5 minutes, no more than about 1 minute, no more than about 30 seconds, no more than about 10 seconds, or no more than about 1 second. During the course of heating, the temperature can vary.

Examples of the rate of heating include at least about 120 °C/min, at least about 200 °C/min, at least about 300 °C/min, at least about 400 °C/min, at least about 600 °C/min, at least about 800 °C/min, at least about 1000 °C/min, at least about 1200

°C/min, at least about 1500 °C/min, at least about 1800 °C/min, and at least about 2000 °C/min.

Graphene sheets can be annealed or reduced to graphene sheets having higher carbon to oxygen ratios by heating under reducing atmospheric conditions (e.g., in systems purged with inert gases or hydrogen). Reduction/annealing temperatures are preferably at least about 300 °C, or at least about 350 °C, or at least about 400 °C, or at least about 500 °C, or at least about 600 °C, or at least about 750 °C, or at least about 850 °C, or at least about 950 °C, or at least about 1000 °C. The temperature used can be, for example, between about 750 about and 3000 °C, or between about 850 and 2500 °C, or between about 950 and about 2500 °C.

The time of heating can be for example, at least about 1 second, or at least about 10 second, or at least about 1 minute, or at least about 2 minutes, or at least about 5 minutes. In some embodiments, the heating time will be at least about 15 minutes, or about 30 minutes, or about 45 minutes, or about 60 minutes, or about 90 minutes, or about 120 minutes, or about 150 minutes. During the course of annealing/reduction, the temperature can vary within these ranges.

The heating can be done under a variety of conditions, including in an inert atmosphere (such as argon or nitrogen) or a reducing atmosphere, such as hydrogen (including hydrogen diluted in an inert gas such as argon or nitrogen), or under vacuum. The heating can be done in any appropriate vessel, such as a fused silica or a mineral or ceramic vessel or a metal vessel. The materials being heated including any starting materials and any products or intermediates) can be contained in an essentially constant location in single batch reaction vessel, or can be transported through one or more vessels during the reaction in a continuous or batch reaction. Heating can be done using any suitable means, including the use of furnaces and infrared heaters.

The graphene sheets preferably have a surface area of at least about 100 m ² /g to, or of at least about 200 m ² /g, or of at least about 300 m ² /g, or of least about 350 m ² /g, or of least about 400 m ² /g, or of least about 500 m ² /g, or of least about 600 m ² /g., or of least about 700 m ² /g, or of least about 800 m ² /g, or of least about 900 m ² /g, or of least about 700 m ² /g. The surface area can be about 400 to about 1 100 m ² /g. The theoretical maximum surface area can be calculated to be 2630 m ² /g. The surface area includes all values and subvalues therebetween, especially including 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1 100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2500, and 2630 m ² /g.

The graphene sheets can have number average aspect ratios of about 100 to about 100,000, or of about 100 to about 50,000, or of about 100 to about 25,000, or of about 100 to about 10,000 (where "aspect ratio" is defined as the ratio of the longest dimension of the sheet to the shortest). Surface area can be measured using either the nitrogen adsorption/BET method at 77 K or a methylene blue (MB) dye method in liquid solution.

The dye method is carried out as follows: A known amount of graphene sheets is added to a flask. At least 1.5 g of MB are then added to the flask per gram of graphene sheets. Ethanol is added to the flask and the mixture is ultrasonicated for about fifteen minutes. The ethanol is then evaporated and a known quantity of water is added to the flask to re-dissolve the free MB. The undissolved material is allowed to settle, preferably by centrifuging the sample. The concentration of MB in solution is determined using a UV-vis spectrophotometer by measuring the absorption at _max = 298 nm relative to that of standard concentrations.

The difference between the amount of MB that was initially added and the amount present in solution as determined by UV-vis spectrophotometry is assumed to be the amount of MB that has been adsorbed onto the surface of the graphene sheets. The surface area of the graphene sheets are then calculated using a value of 2.54 m ² of surface covered per one mg of MB adsorbed.

The graphene sheets can have a bulk density of from about 0.01 to at least about 200 kg/m ³ . The bulk density includes all values and subvalues therebetween, especially including 0.05, 0.1 , 0.5, 1 , 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, and 175 kg/m ³ .

Graphene sheets can be used in a dry or powder form (with little or no solvent), as a blend/dispersion/etc. in one or more solvents.

The graphene sheets can be functionalized with, for example, oxygen-containing functional groups (including, for example, hydroxyl, carboxyl, and epoxy groups) and typically have an overall carbon to oxygen molar ratio (C/O ratio), as determined by bulk elemental analysis, of at least about 1 :1 , or more preferably, at least about 3:2.

Examples of carbon to oxygen ratios include about 3:2 to about 85:15; about 3:2 to about 20:1 ; about 3:2 to about 30:1 ; about 3:2 to about 40:1 ; about 3:2 to about 60:1 ; about 3:2 to about 80:1 ; about 3:2 to about 100:1 ; about 3:2 to about 200:1 ; about 3:2 to about 500: 1 ; about 3:2 to about 1000: 1 ; about 3:2 to greater than 1000: 1 ; about 10: 1 to about 30:1 ; about 80:1 to about 100:1 ; about 20:1 to about 100:1 ; about 20:1 to about 500:1 ; about 20:1 to about 1000:1 ; about 50:1 to about 300:1 ; about 50:1 to about 500:1 ; and about 50:1 to about 1000:1 . In some embodiments, the carbon to oxygen ratio is at least about 10: 1 , or at least about 15: 1 , or at least about 20: 1 , or at least about 35: 1 , or at least about 50: 1 , or at least about 75: 1 , or at least about 100: 1 , or at least about 200:1 , or at least about 300:1 , or at least about 400:1 , or at least 500:1 , or at least about 750:1 , or at least about 1000:1 ; or at least about 1500:1 , or at least about 2000:1. The carbon to oxygen ratio also includes all values and subvalues between these ranges.

The graphene sheets can contain atomic scale kinks. These kinks can be caused by the presence of lattice defects in, or by chemical functionalization of the two- dimensional hexagonal lattice structure of the graphite basal plane.

The compositions can further comprise graphite (including natural, Kish, and synthetic, annealed, pyrolytic, highly oriented pyrolytic, etc. graphites). In some cases, the graphite can be present in from about 1 to about 99 percent, or from about 10 to about 99 percent, or from about 20 to about 99 percent, from about 30 to about 99 percent, or from about 40 to about 99 percent, or from about 50 to about 99 percent, or from about 60 to about 99 percent, or from about 70 to about 99 percent, or from about 80 to about 99 percent, or from about 85 to about 99 percent, or from about 90 to about 99 percent, or from about 1 to about 95 percent, or from about 10 to about 95 percent, or from about 20 to about 95 percent, from about 30 to about 95 percent, or from about 40 to about 95 percent, or from about 50 to about 95 percent, or from about 60 to about 95 percent, or from about 70 to about 95 percent, or from about 80 to about 95 percent, or from about 85 to about 95 percent, or from about 90 to about 95 percent, or from about 1 to about 80 percent, or from about 10 to about 80 percent, or from about 20 to about 80 percent, from about 30 to about 80 percent, or from about 40 to about 80 percent, or from about 50 to about 80 percent, or from about 60 to about 80 percent, or from about 70 to about 80 percent, or from about 1 to about 70 percent, or from about 10 to about 70 percent, or from about 20 to about 70 percent, from about 30 to about 70 percent, or from about 40 to about 70 percent, or from about 50 to about 70 percent, or from about 60 to about 70 percent, or from about 1 to about 60 percent, or from about 10 to about 60 percent, or from about 20 to about 60 percent, from about 30 to about 60 percent, or from about 40 to about 60 percent, or from about 50 to about 60 percent, or from about 1 to about 50 percent, or from about 10 to about 50 percent, or from about 20 to about 50 percent, from about 30 to about 50 percent, or from about 40 to about 50 percent, or from about 1 to about 40 percent, or from about 10 to about 40 percent, or from about 20 to about 40 percent, from about 30 to about 40 percent, from about 1 to about 30 percent, or from about 10 to about 30 percent, or from about 20 to about 30 percent, or from about 1 to about 20 percent, or from about 10 to about 20 percent, or from about 1 to about 10 percent, based on the total weight of graphene sheets and graphite. The graphene sheets can comprise two or more graphene powders having different particle size distributions and/or morphologies. The graphite can also comprise two or more graphite powders having different particle size distributions and/or morphologies.

The graphene sheets (or graphene sheets and graphite, if present) can be present in the composition in from about 0.01 to about 90 weight percent, or about 0.01 to about 70 weight percent, or about 0.01 to about 50 weight percent, or about 0.01 to about 30 weight percent, about 0.01 to about 10 weight percent, or about 0.01 to about 90 weight percent, or about 0.01 to about 5 weight percent, or about 0.01 to about 3 weight percent, or about 0.01 to about 2 weight percent, or about 0.01 to about 1 weight percent, or about 0.01 to about 0.5 weight percent, or about 0.01 to about 0.3 weight percent, or about 0.01 to about 0.1 weight percent, or about 0.05 to about 5 weight percent, or about 0.05 to about 3 weight percent, or about 0.05 to about 2 weight percent, or about 0.05 to about 1 weight percent, or about 0.05 to about 0.5 weight percent, or about 0.05 to about 0.3 weight percent, or about 0.05 to about 0.1 weight percent, or about 0.1 to about 5 weight percent, or about 0.1 to about 3 weight percent, or about 0.1 to about 2 weight percent, or about 0.1 to about 1 weight percent, or about 0.1 to about 0.5 weight percent, or about 0.1 to about 0.3 weight percent, or about 0.3 to about 5 weight percent, or about 0.3 to about 3 weight percent, or about 0.3 to about 2 weight percent, or about 0.3 to about 1 weight percent, or about 0.3 to about 0.5 weight percent, where the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the metal and graphene sheets (or graphene sheets and graphite, if present).

They graphene sheets and metals can be combined with polymers to make composites (including polymer composites), etc. They can be dispersed in one or more solvents with or without a polymer binder.

The compositions can be in the form of coatings. By the terms "coating" is meant compositions that are in a form that is suitable for application to a substrate as well as the material after it is applied to the substrate, while it is being applied to the substrate, and both before and after any post-application treatments (such as evaporation, cross- linking, curing, etc.). The components of the coating compositions can vary during these stages. The coatings can optionally further comprise a polymeric binder. The term "coating" includes inks, paints, and the like.

The compositions can be made using any suitable method, including wet or dry methods and batch, semi-continuous, and continuous methods. Dispersions, suspensions, solutions, etc. of graphene sheets and metals (coatings formulations) can be made or mechanically processed (e.g., milled/ ground, blended, dispersed, suspended, etc.) by using suitable mixing, dispersing, stirring, and/or compounding techniques

For example, components of the compositions, such as one or more of the graphene sheets, metals, graphite (if used), binders, carriers, and/or other components can be processed (e.g., milled/ ground, blended, etc. by using suitable mixing, dispersing, and/or compounding techniques and apparatus, including ultrasonic devices, high-shear mixers, ball mills, attrition equipment, sandmills, two-roll mills, three-roll mills, cryogenic grinding crushers, extruders, kneaders, double planetary mixers, triple planetary mixers, high pressure homogenizers, horizontal and vertical wet grinding mills, etc.) Processing (including grinding) technologies can be wet or dry and can be continuous or discontinuous. Suitable materials for use as grinding media include metals, carbon steel, stainless steel, ceramics, stabilized ceramic media (such as cerium yttrium stabilized zirconium oxide), PTFE, glass, tungsten carbide, etc. Methods such as these can be used to change the particle size and/or morphology of the graphite, graphene sheets, metals, other components, and blends of two or more components.

Components can be processed together or separately and can go through multiple processing (including mixing/blending) stages, each involving one or more components (including blends).

There is no particular limitation to the way in which the graphene sheets, graphite (if used), metals, and other components are processed and combined. For example, graphene sheets and/or graphite can be processed into given particle size distributions and/or morphologies separately and then combined for further processing with or without the presence of additional components. Unprocessed graphene sheets and/or graphite can be combined with processed graphene sheets and/or graphite and further processed with or without the presence of additional components. Processed and/or unprocessed graphene sheets and/or processed and/or unprocessed graphite can be combined with other components, such as one or more binders and then combined with processed and/or unprocessed graphene sheets and/or processed and/or unprocessed graphite. Two or more combinations of processed and/or unprocessed graphene sheets and/or processed and/or unprocessed graphite that have been combined with other components can be further combined or processed. Graphene sheets and/or graphite can be processed (e.g. milled or ground) in the presence of the metals, or the graphene and/or graphite (if present) can be processed separately from some or all of the metals, and the components later blended. The graphene sheets and/or graphite and/or metals can be separately processed in the presence of binders and then later combined.

In one embodiment, if a multi-chain lipid is used, it can be added to graphene sheets (and/or graphite if present) before processing.

After blending and/or grinding steps, additional components can be added to the compositions, including, but not limited to, thickeners, viscosity modifiers, binders, etc. The compositions can also be diluted by the addition of more carrier.

The graphene sheets and metals can be combined with polymers using any suitable method, including melt processing (using, for example, a single or twin-screw extruder, a blender, a kneader, a Banbury mixer, etc.) and solution/dispersion blending. The polymers can be used as binders. When used, the polymers can be thermosets, thermoplastics, non-melt processible polymers, etc. Polymers can also comprise monomers that can be polymerized before, during, or after the application of the coating to the substrate. Polymeric binders can be crosslinked or otherwise cured after the coating has been applied to the substrate. Examples of polymers include, but are not limited to acrylic polymers, polyolefins (such as polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene, polypropylene, and olefin copolymers), styrene/butadiene rubbers (SBR),

styrene/ethylene/butadiene/styrene copolymers (SEBS), butyl rubbers,

ethylene/propylene copolymers (EPR), ethylene/propylene/diene monomer copolymers (EPDM), polystyrene (including high impact polystyrene), polyvinyl acetates), ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers (EVA), polyvinyl alcohols), ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymers (EVOH), polyvinyl butyral) (PVB), polyvinyl formal), poly(methyl

methacrylate) and other acrylate polymers and copolymers (such as methyl

methacrylate polymers, methacrylate copolymers, polymers derived from one or more acrylates, methacrylates, ethyl acrylates, ethyl methacrylates, butyl acrylates, butyl methacrylates, glycidyl acrylates and methacrylates and the like), olefin and styrene copolymers, acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene (ABS), styrene/acrylonitrile polymers (SAN), styrene/maleic anhydride copolymers, isobutylene/maleic anhydride copolymers, ethylene/acrylic acid copolymers, poly(acrylonitrile), polyvinyl acetate) and polyvinyl acetate) copolymers, polyvinyl pyrrolidone) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone) copolymers, vinyl acetate and vinyl pyrrolidone copolymers, polycarbonates (PC), polyamides, polyesters, liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs), poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO), PPO-polyamide alloys, polysulfones (PSU), polysulfides, polyetherketone (PEK), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyimides, polyoxymethylene (POM) homo- and copolymers, polyetherimides, fluorinated ethylene propylene polymers (FEP), polyvinyl fluoride), poly(vinylidene fluoride), poly(vinylidene chloride), and polyvinyl chloride), polyurethanes (thermoplastic and thermosetting) (including crosslinked polyurethanes such as those crosslinked with polysulfones, amines, etc.), aramides (such as Kevlar® and Nomex®), polysulfides, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polysiloxanes (including polydimethylenesiloxane, dimethylsiloxane/vinylmethylsiloxane copolymers,

vinyldimethylsiloxane terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane), etc.), elastomers, epoxy polymers (including crosslinked epoxy polymers such as those crosslinked with polysulfones, amines, etc.), decalin polymers, polyureas, alkyds, cellulosic polymers (such as nitrocellulose, ethyl cellulose, ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate propionates, and cellulose acetate butyrates), polyethers (such as poly(ethylene oxide), poly(propylene oxide),

poly(propylene glycol), oxide/propylene oxide copolymers, etc.), acrylic latex polymers, polyester acrylate oligomers and polymers, polyester diol diacrylate polymers, UV- curable resins, etc.

Examples of elastomers include, but are not limited to, polyurethanes, copolyetheresters, rubbers (including butyl rubbers and natural rubbers),

styrene/butadiene copolymers, styrene/ethylene/butadiene/styrene copolymer (SEBS), polyisoprene, ethylene/propylene copolymers (EPR), ethylene/propylene/diene monomer copolymers (EPDM), polysiloxanes, and polyethers (such as poly(ethylene oxide), poly(propylene oxide), and their copolymers).

Examples of polyamides include, but are not limited to, aliphatic polyamides (such as polyamide 4,6; polyamide 6,6; polyamide 6; polyamide 1 1 ; polyamide 12; polyamide 6,9; polyamide 6,10; polyamide 6,12; polyamide 10,10; polyamide 10,12; and polyamide 12,12), alicyclic polyamides, and aromatic polyamides (such as poly(m- xylylene adipamide) (polyamide MXD,6)) and polyterephthalamides such as

poly(dodecamethylene terephthalamide) (polyamide 12,T), poly(decamethylene terephthalamide) (polyamide 10,T), poly(nonamethylene terephthalamide) (polyamide 9,T), the polyamide of hexamethylene terephthalamide and hexamethylene adipamide, the polyamide of hexamethyleneterephthalamide, and 2- methylpentamethyleneterephthalamide), etc. The polyamides can be polymers and copolymers (i.e., polyamides having at least two different repeat units) having melting points between about 120 and 255 °C including aliphatic copolyamides having a melting point of about 230 °C or less, aliphatic copolyamides having a melting point of about 210 °C or less, aliphatic copolyamides having a melting point of about 200 °C or less, aliphatic copolyamides having a melting point of about 180 °C or less, etc. Examples of these include those sold under the trade names Macromelt by Henkel and Versamid by Cognis.

Examples of acrylate polymers include those made by the polymerization of one or more acrylic acids (including acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, etc.) and their derivatives, such as esters. Examples include methyl acrylate polymers, methyl methacrylate polymers, and methacrylate copolymers. Examples include polymers derived from one or more acrylates, methacrylates, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, butyl methacrylate, glycidyl acrylate, glycidyl methacrylates, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, acrylonitrile, and the like. The polymers can comprise repeat units derived from other monomers such as olefins (e.g. ethylene, propylene, etc.), vinyl acetates, vinyl alcohols, vinyl pyrrolidones, etc. They can include partially neutralized acrylate polymers and copolymers (such as ionomer resins).

Examples of polymers include Elvacite® polymers supplied by Lucite

International, Inc., including Elvacite® 2009, 2010, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2028, 2042, 2045, 2046, 2550, 2552,2614, 2669, 2697, 2776, 2823, 2895, 2927, 3001 , 3003, 3004, 4018, 4021 , 4026, 4028, 4044, 4059, 4400, 4075, 4060, 4102, etc. Other polymer families include Bynel® polymers (such as Bynel® 2022 supplied by DuPont) and Joncryl® polymers (such as Joncryl® 678 and 682).

Examples of polyesters include, but are not limited to, poly(butylene

terephthalate) (PBT), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(1 ,3-propylene

terephthalate) (PPT), poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN), poly(cyclohexanedimethanol terephthalate) (PCT)), etc.

In some embodiment, the polymer has a acid number of at least about 5, or at least about 10, or at least about 15, or at least about 20.

In some embodiments, the glass transition temperature of at least one polymer is no greater than about 100 °C, 90 °C, or no greater than about 80 °C, or no greater than about 70 °C, or no greater than about 60 °C, or no greater than about 50 °C, or no greater than about 40 °C.

Examples of solvents into which the graphene sheets and metal can be dispersed include water, distilled or synthetic isoparaffinic hydrocarbons (such Isopar® and Norpar® (both manufactured by Exxon) and Dowanol® (manufactured by Dow), citrus terpenes and mixtures containing citrus terpenes (such as Purogen, Electron, and Positron (all manufactured by Ecolink)), terpenes and terpene alcohols (including terpineols, including alpha-terpineol), limonene, aliphatic petroleum distillates, alcohols (such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, / ^' -propanol, n-butanol, / ^' -butanol, sec-butanol, ie f-butanol, pentanols, i-amyl alcohol, hexanols, heptanols, octanols, diacetone alcohol, butyl glycol, etc.), ketones (such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, / ^' -butyl ketone, 2,6,8,trimethyl-4-nonanone etc.), esters (such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, / ^' -propyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, / ^' -butyl acetate, ie f-butyl acetate, carbitol acetate, etc.), glycol ethers, ester and alcohols (such as 2-(2- ethoxyethoxy)ethanol, propylene glycol monomethyl ether and other propylene glycol ethers; ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, 2-methoxyethyl ether (diglyme), propylene glycol methyl ether (PGME); and other ethylene glycol ethers; ethylene and propylene glycol ether acetates, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, 1 -methoxy-2-propanol acetate (PGMEA); and hexylene glycol (such as Hexasol™ (supplied by SpecialChem)), dibasic esters (such as dimethyl succinate, dimethyl glutarate, dimethyl adipate), aromatic solvents and aromatic solvent mixtures (such as toluene, xylenes, mesitylene, cumene, etc.), petroleum distillates, naphthas (such as VM&P naphtha),

dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), 1 ,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1 H)-pyrimidinone (DMPU), imides, amides (such as dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide, etc.), cyclic amides (such as /V-methylpyrrolidone and 2-pyrrolidone), lactones (such as beta- propiolactone, gamma-valerolactone, delta-valerolactone, gamma-butyrolactone, epsilon-caprolactone), cyclic imides (such as imidazolidinones such as Ν,Ν'- dimethylimidazolidinone (1 ,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone) (DMI), aromatic solvents and aromatic solvent mixtures (such as toluene, xylenes, mesitylene, cumene, etc.), petroleum distillates, naphthas (such as VM&P naphtha), and mixtures of two or more of the foregoing and mixtures of one or more of the foregoing with other carriers. Solvents can be low- or non-VOC solvents, non-hazardous air pollution solvents, and non- halogenated solvents. The compositions can contain additives such as dispersion aids (including surfactants, emulsifiers, and wetting aids), adhesion promoters, thickening agents (including clays), defoamers and antifoamers, biocides, additional fillers, flow enhancers, stabilizers, crosslinking and curing agents, conductive additives, etc.

Examples of dispersing aids include glycol ethers (such as poly(ethylene oxide), block copolymers derived from ethylene oxide and propylene oxide (such as those sold under the trade name Pluronic® by BASF), acetylenic diols (such as 2,5,8,1 1 - tetramethyl-6-dodecyn-5,8-diol ethoxylate and others sold by Air Products under the trade names Surfynol® and Dynol®), salts of carboxylic acids (including alkali metal and ammonium salts), and polysiloxanes.

Examples of grinding aids include stearates (such as Al, Ca, Mg, and Zn stearates) and acetylenic diols (such as those sold by Air Products under the trade names Surfynol® and Dynol®).

Examples of adhesion promoters include titanium chelates and other titanium compounds such as titanium phosphate complexes (including butyl titanium phosphate), titanate esters, diisopropoxy titanium bis(ethyl-3-oxobutanoate, isopropoxy titanium acetylacetonate, and others sold by Johnson-Matthey Catalysts under the trade name Vertec.

The compositions can optionally comprise at least one "multi-chain lipid", by which term is meant a naturally-occurring or synthetic lipid having a polar head group and at least two nonpolar tail groups connected thereto. Examples of polar head groups include oxygen-, sulfur-, and halogen-containing, phosphates, amides, ammonium groups, amino acids (including a-amino acids), saccharides, polysaccharides, esters (Including glyceryl esters), zwitterionic groups, etc.

The tail groups can be the same or different. Examples of tail groups include alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic compounds, etc. They can be hydrocarbons, functionalized hydrocarbons, etc. The tail groups can be saturated or unsaturated. They can be linear or branched. The tail groups can be derived from fatty acids, such as oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, erucic acid, arachadonic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, oleic acid, etc.

Examples of multi-chain lipids include, but are not limited to, lecithin and other phospholipids (such as phosphatidylcholine, phosphoglycerides (including

phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine (cephalin), and phosphatidylglycerol) and sphingomyelin); glycolipids (such as glucosyl-cerebroside); saccharolipids; sphingolipids (such as ceramides, di- and triglycerides, phosphosphingolipids, and glycosphingolipids); etc. They can be amphoteric, including zwitterionic.

Examples of thickening agents include glycol ethers (such as poly(ethylene oxide), block copolymers derived from ethylene oxide and propylene oxide (such as those sold under the trade name Pluronic® by BASF), long-chain carboxylate salts (such aluminum, calcium, zinc, etc. salts of stearates, oleats, palmitates, etc.), aluminosilicates (such as those sold under the Minex® name by Unimin Specialty Minerals and Aerosil® 9200 by Evonik Degussa), fumed silica, natural and synthetic zeolites, etc.

The compositions can contain electrically and/or thermally conductive

components, such as conductive metal oxides, conductive carbons, polymers, metal- coated materials, etc. These components can take a variety of forms, including particles, powders, flakes, foils, needles, etc.

Examples of metal oxides include antimony tin oxide and indium tin oxide and materials such as fillers coated with metal oxides. Metal and metal-oxide coated materials include, but are not limited to metal coated carbon and graphite fibers, metal coated glass fibers, metal coated glass beads, metal coated ceramic materials (such as beads), etc.

Examples of electrically conductive polymers include, but are not limited to, polyacetylene, polyethylene dioxythiophene (PEDOT), poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS), PEDOT:PSS copolymers, polythiophene and polythiophenes, poly(3-alkylthiophenes), poly(2,5-bis(3-tetradecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophen e) (PBTTT),

poly(phenylenevinylene), polypyrene, polycarbazole, polyazulene, polyazepine, polyflurorenes, polynaphthalene, polyisonaphthalene, polyaniline, polypyrrole, poly(phenylene sulfide), polycarbozoles, polyindoles, polyphenylenes, copolymers of one or more of the foregoing, etc., and their derivatives and copolymers. The conductive polymers can be doped or undoped. They can be doped with boron, phosphorous, iodine, etc.

Examples of conductive carbons include, but are not limited to, graphite

(including natural, Kish, and synthetic, annealed, pyrolytic, highly oriented pyrolytic, etc. graphites), graphitized carbon, carbon black, carbon fibers and fibrils, carbon whiskers, vapor-grown carbon nanofibers, metal coated carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes

(including single- and multi-walled nanotubes), fullerenes, activated carbon, carbon fibers, expanded graphite, expandable graphite, graphite oxide, hollow carbon spheres, carbon foams, etc.

Coatings can be formed by blending the graphene sheets and metals with at least one solvent and/or binder, and, optionally, other additives. Blending can be done using one or more of the preceding methods.

Coatings can be applied to a wide variety of substrates, including, but not limited to, flexible and/or stretchable materials, silicones and other elastomers and other polymeric materials, metals (such as iron, steel, stainless steel, aluminum, copper, etc.), adhesives, fabrics (including cloths) and textiles (such as cotton, wool, polyesters, rayon, etc.), clothing, glasses and other minerals, ceramics, silicon surfaces, wood, paper, cardboard, paperboard, cellulose-based materials, glassine, labels, silicon and other semiconductors, laminates, corrugated materials, concrete, bricks, fiber-reinforced materials (such as glass fiber reinforced materials, glass fiber-reinforced epoxy resins, fiberglass, etc.), fiber mats, paper-reinforced phenolic resins, building materials, etc. metal reinforcement materials (e.g. rebar, etc.), and other building materials, etc.

Substrates can in the form of films, papers, wafers, larger three-dimensional objects, etc.

The substrates can have been treated with other coatings (such as paints) or similar materials before the coatings are applied. Examples include substrates (such as PET) coated with indium tin oxide, antimony tin oxide, etc. They can be woven, nonwoven, in mesh form; etc. They can be woven, nonwoven, in mesh form; etc.

The substrates can be paper-based materials generally (including paper, paperboard, cardboard, glassine, etc.). Paper-based materials can be surface treated. Examples of surface treatments include coatings such as polymeric coatings, which can include PET, polyethylene, polypropylene, acetates, nitrocellulose, etc. Coatings can be adhesives. Paper based materials may be sized.

Examples of polymeric materials include, but are not limited to, those comprising thermoplastics and thermosets, including elastomers and rubbers (including

thermoplastics and thermosets), silicones, phenolic resins, paper-reinforced phenolic resins, fluorinated polysiloxanes, natural rubber, butyl rubber, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, chlorinated polyethylene, styrene/butadiene copolymers (SBR), styrene/ethylene/butadiene/stryene copolymers (SEBS),

styrene/ethylene/butadiene/stryene copolymers grafted with maleic anhydride, styrene/isoprene/styrene copolymers (SIS), polyisoprene, nitrile rubbers, hydrogenated nitrile rubbers, neoprene, ethylene/propylene copolymers (EPR), ethylene/propylene/diene copolymers (EPDM), ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), hexafluoropropylene/vinylidene fluoride/tetrafluoroethylene copolymers,

tetrafluoroethylene/propylene copolymers, fluorelastomers, polyesters (such as poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(butylene terephthalate), poly(ethylene naphthalate), liquid crystalline polyesters, poly(lactic acid), etc).; polystyrene; polyamides (including polyterephthalamides); polyimides (such as Kapton®); aramids (such as Kevlar® and Nomex®); fluoropolymers (such as fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP),

polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinyl fluoride), poly(vinylidene fluoride), etc.);

polyetherimides; polyvinyl chloride); poly(vinylidene chloride); polyurethanes (such as thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU); spandex, cellulosic polymers (such as nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, etc.); styrene/acrylonitriles polymers (SAN);

arcrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene polymers (ABS); polycarbonates; polyacrylates;

poly(methyl methacrylate); ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers; thermoset epoxies and polyurethanes; polyolefins (such as polyethylene (including low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene, etc.), polypropylene (such as biaxially-oriented polypropylene, etc.); Mylar; etc. They may be non-woven materials, such as DuPont Tyvek®. They may be adhesive or adhesive-backed materials (such as adhesive-backed papers or paper substitutes). They may be mineral- based paper substitutes such as Teslin® from PPG Industries. The substrate can be a transparent or translucent or optical material, such as glass, quartz, polymer (such as polycarbonate or poly(meth)acrylates (such as poly(methyl methacrylate).

The coatings can be applied to the substrate using any suitable method, including, but not limited to, painting, pouring, spin casting, solution casting, dip coating, powder coating, by syringe or pipette, spray coating, curtain coating, lamination, co- extrusion, electrospray deposition, ink-jet printing, spin coating, thermal transfer

(including laser transfer) methods, doctor blade printing, screen printing, rotary screen printing, gravure printing, lithographic printing, intaglio printing, digital printing, capillary printing, offset printing, electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing (a method of which is described in WO 2007/053621 , which is hereby incorporated herein by reference), microprinting, pad printing, tampon printing, stencil printing, wire rod coating, drawing, flexographic printing, stamping, xerography, microcontact printing, dip pen

nanolithography, laser printing, via pen, via brush, via sponge, or similar means, etc. The compositions can be applied in multiple layers. After they have been applied to a substrate, the coatings can be cured using any suitable technique, including drying and oven-drying (in air or another inert or reactive atmosphere), UV curing, IR curing, drying, crosslinking, thermal curing, laser curing, IR curing, microwave curing or drying, sintering, and the like.

The cured coatings can have a variety of thicknesses. For example, they can optionally have a thickness of at least about 2 nm, or at least about 5 nm. In various embodiments, the coatings can optionally have a thickness of about 2 nm to 2 mm, about 5 nm to 1 mm, about 2 nm to about 100 nm, about 2 nm to about 200 nm, about 2 nm to about 500 nm, about 2 nm to about 1 micrometer, about 5 nm to about 200 nm, about 5 nm to about 500 nm, about 5 nm to about 1 micrometer, about 5 nm to about 50 micrometers, about 5 nm to about 200 micrometers, about 10 nm to about 200 nm, about 50 nm to about 500 nm, about 50 nm to about 1 micrometer, about 100 nm to about 10 micrometers, about 1 micrometer to about 2 mm, about 1 micrometer to about 1 mm, about 1 micrometer to about 500 micrometers, about 1 micrometer to about 200 micrometers, about 1 micrometer to about 100 micrometers, about 50 micrometers to about 1 mm, about 100 micrometers to about 2 mm, about 100 micrometers to about 1 mm, about 100 micrometers to about 750 micrometers, about 100 micrometers to about 500 micrometers, about 500 micrometers to about 2 mm, or about 500 micrometers to about 1 mm.

When applied to a substrate, the coatings can have a variety of forms. They can be present as a film or lines, patterns, letters, numbers, circuitry, logos, identification tags, and other shapes and forms. The coatings can be covered in whole or in part with additional material, such as overcoatings, varnishes, polymers, fabrics, etc.

The coatings can be applied to the same substrate in varying thicknesses at different points and can be used to build up three-dimensional structures on the substrate.

The coatings can be used for the passivation or protection (including corrosion protection (such as galvanic, cathodic, inductively coupled cathodic, anodic, protection)) of surfaces, such as metal (e.g. steel, iron, aluminum, etc.) of surfaces. They can be used to protect objects and structures, such as exterior structures, including road and highway structures, including bridges, tunnels, overpasses, underpasses, buildings, parking garages, foundations, foundation pilings, power plants, cooling towers, refineries, industrial structures, above and below ground storage tanks (including those used for water, chemicals, petroleum products, etc.), storage well casings, boats, ships, barges, dock and pier structures (such as piles), drainage systems, heat exchangers, guard rails, off-shore oil rigs and platforms, oil well casings, buoys, piping (including offshore pipelines, oil pipelines, gas pipelines, water mains and pipelines, sewage pipelines, irrigation, etc.), water heaters, reinforcing materials (such as bars, meshes, etc.), etc.

The coatings can be applied to metal structures and objects (e.g. bridges, oil rigs, pipes, etc.) for corrosion protection. They can be applied to non-metallic building materials such as concrete, cement, mortar, brick, etc., including those containing metallic reinforcing materials or members. They can be applied directly to metallic reinforcing materials or members used in construction (such as rebar, etc.), including for corrosion protection. They can be applied to surfaces (including metal and non-metallic surfaces) that are in contact (including in electrical contact) with metallic reinforcing materials or members. They can be used for galvanic and cold galvanic protection of metals (including metal structures, objects, metal reinforcing materials, pipes, etc.). The can be used on vehicles (e.g. trucks, cars, motorcycles, bicycles, etc.), farming and construction equipment, outdoor furniture, etc.

Figure 1 shows a example of a protection system. Structure (for example a concrete structure) 10 has one or more reinforcing elements (e.g. rebar) 12 embedded within it. Reinforcing element 12 is connected to an electrically conductive element (such as a metal plate) 14 on the surface 16 of the structure with an electrical conductor (such as metal wire) 18. Electrically conductive connecting element 14 is coated in whole or in part with the coating 20 of the invention. In this system, the coating can provide galvanic protection of the reinforcing element through the structure via the electrical conductor and connecting element.

Examples of other uses of the coatings include: UV radiation resistant coatings, abrasion resistant coatings, coatings having permeation resistance to liquids (such as hydrocarbon, alcohols, water, etc.) and/or gases, electrically conductive coatings, static dissipative coatings, and blast and impact resistant coatings. They can be used to make fabrics having electrical conductivity. The coatings can be used in solar cell

applications; solar energy capture applications; signage, flat panel displays; flexible displays, including light-emitting diode, organic light-emitting diode, and polymer light- emitting diode displays; backplanes and frontplanes for displays; and lighting, including electroluminescent and OLED lighting. The displays can be used as components of portable electronic devices, such as computers, cellular telephones, games, GPS receivers, personal digital assistants, music players, games, calculators, artificial "paper" and reading devices, etc.

They can be used in packaging and/or to make labels. They can be used in inventory control and anti-counterfeiting applications (such as for pharmaceuticals), including package labels. They can be used to make smart packaging and labels (such as for marketing and advertisement, information gathering, inventory control, information display, etc.). They can be used to form a Faraday cage in packaging, such as for electronic components.

The coatings can be used on electrical and electronic devices and components, such as housings etc., to provide EMI shielding properties. They made be used in microdevices (such as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices) including to provide antistatic coatings.

They can be used in the manufacture of housings, antennas, and other components of portable electronic devices, such as computers, cellular telephones, games, navigation systems, personal digital assistants, music players, games, calculators, radios, artificial "paper" and reading devices, etc.

The coatings can be used to form thermally conductive channels on substrates or to form membranes having desired flow properties and porosities. Such materials could have highly variable and tunable porosities and porosity gradients can be formed. The coatings can be used to form articles having anisotropic thermal and/or electrical conductivities. The coatings can be used to form three-dimensional printed prototypes.

The coatings can be used to make printed electronic devices (also referred to as "printed electronics) that can be in the form of complete devices, parts or sub elements of devices, electronic components, etc.

Printed electronics can be prepared by applying the coatings to the substrate in a pattern comprising an electrically conductive pathway designed to achieve the desired electronic device. The pathway can be solid, mostly solid, in a liquid or gel form, etc.

The printed electronic devices can take on a wide variety of forms and be used in a large array of applications. They can contain multiple layers of electronic components (e.g. circuits) and/or substrates. All or part of the printed layer(s) can be covered or coated with another material such as a cover coat, varnish, cover layer, cover films, dielectric coatings, electrolytes and other electrically conductive materials, etc. There can also be one or more materials between the substrate and printed circuits. Layers can include semiconductors, metal foils, dielectric materials, etc. The printed electronics can further comprise additional components, such as processors, memory chips, other microchips, batteries, resistors, diodes, capacitors, transistors, etc.

Other applications include, but are not limited to: passive and active devices and components; electrical and electronic circuitry, integrated circuits; flexible printed circuit boards; transistors; field-effect transistors; microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices; microwave circuits; antennas; diffraction gratings; indicators; chipless tags (e.g. for theft deterrence from stores, libraries, etc.); security and theft deterrence devices for retail, library, and other settings; key pads; smart cards; sensors (including gas and biosensors); liquid crystalline displays (LCDs); signage; lighting; flat panel displays; flexible displays, including light-emitting diode, organic light-emitting diode, and polymer light-emitting diode displays; backplanes and frontplanes for displays;

electroluminescent and OLED lighting; photovoltaic devices, including backplanes;

product identifying chips and devices; membrane switches, batteries, including thin film batteries; electrodes; indicators; printed circuits in portable electronic devices (for example, cellular telephones, computers, personal digital assistants, global positioning system devices, music players, games, calculators, etc.); electronic connections made through hinges or other movable/bendable junctions in electronic devices such as cellular telephones, portable computers, folding keyboards, etc.); wearable electronics; and circuits in vehicles, medical devices, diagnostic devices, instruments, etc.

The electronic devices can be radiofrequency identification (RFID) devices and/or components thereof and/or radiofrequency communication device. Examples include, but are not limited to, RFID tags, chips, and antennas. The RFID devices can be ultrahigh frequency RFID devices, which typically operate at frequencies in the range of about 868 to about 928 MHz. Examples of uses for RFIDs are for tracking shipping containers, products in stores, products in transit, and parts used in manufacturing processes; passports; barcode replacement applications; inventory control applications; pet identification; livestock control; contactless smart cards; automobile key fobs; etc.

The electronic devices can also be elastomeric (such as silicone) contact pads and keyboards. Such devices can be used in portable electronic devices, such as calculators, cellular telephones, GPS devices, keyboards, music players, games, etc. They can also be used in myriad other electronic applications, such as remote controls, touch screens, automotive buttons and switches, etc. The compositions, including those in the form of polymer composites, dispersions, coatings, etc. can be electrically and/or thermally conductive. In some embodiments, the composition can have a conductivity of at least about 10 ^"8 S/m. It can have a conductivity of about 10 ^"6 S/m to about 10 ⁵ S/m, or of about 10 ^"5 S/m to about 10 ⁵ S/m. In other embodiments of the invention, the coating has conductivities of at least about 0.001 S/m, of at least about 0.01 S/m, of at least about 0.1 S/m, of at least about 1 S/m, of at least about 10 S/m, of at least about 100 S/m, or at least about 1000 S/m, or at least about 10,000 S/m, or at least about 20,000 S/m, or at least about 30,000 S/m, or at least about 40,000 S/m, or at least about 50,000 S/m, or at least about 60,000 S/m, or at least about 75,000 S/m, or at least about 10 ⁵ S/m, or at least about 10 ⁶ S/m.

In some embodiments, the surface resistivity of the composition (including polymer composites, cured coatings, etc.) can be no greater than about 10000

Ω/square/mil, or no greater than about 5000 Ω/square/mil, or no greater than about 1000 Ω/square/mil or no greater than about 700 Ω/square/mil, or no greater than about 500 Ω/square/mil, or no greater than about 350 Ω/square/mil, or no greater than about 200 Ω/square/mil, or no greater than about 200 Ω/square/mil, or no greater than about 150 Ω/square/mil, or no greater than about 100 Ω/square/mil, or no greater than about 75 Ω/square/mil, or no greater than about 50 Ω/square/mil, or no greater than about 30 Ω/square/mil, or no greater than about 20 Ω/square/mil, or no greater than about 10 Ω/square/mil, or no greater than about 5 Ω/square/mil, or no greater than about 1

Ω/square/mil, or no greater than about 0.1 Ω/square/mil, or no greater than about 0.01 Ω/square/mil, or no greater than about 0.001 Ω/square/mil.

In some embodiments, the composition can have a thermal conductivity of about 0.1 to about 50 W/nvK, or of about 0.5 to about 30 W/nvK, or of about 0.1 to about 0.5 W/nvK, or of about 0.1 to about 1 W/nvK, or of about 0.1 to about 5 W/nvK, or of about 0.5 to about 2 W/nvK, or of about 1 to about 5 W/nvK, or of about 0.1 to about 0.5 W/nvK, or of about 0.1 to about 50 W/nvK, or of about 1 to about 30 W/nvK, or of about 1 to about 20 W/nvK, or of about 1 to about 10 W/nvK, or of about 1 to about 5 W/nvK, or of about 2 to about 25 W/nvK, or of about 5 to about 25 W/nvK, or of at least about 0.7 W/nvK, or of at least 1 W/πτΚ, or of at least 1.5 W/nvK, or of at least 3 W/nvK, or of at least 5 W/nvK, or of at least 7 W/nvK, or of at least 10 W/nvK, or of at least 15 W/nvK.