A typical drive arrangement used in trains features a traction motor attached to the train car body, a transfer gearbox mounted on a bogie, and a cardan shaft coupled to the motor and gearbox at each end to transfer power from the motor to the wheels. Fig. 1 shows a typical arrangement employing a cardan shaft. A portion of a train is shown including the underside of a car body (10) and bogie (12). A traction motor (14) is attached underneath the car body (10) via mounting arrangement (16) and a transfer gearbox (18) is mounted on the bogie (12). The gearbox (18) to connected to an inboard axle on which two wheels are mounted (not shown). A cardan shaft (20) is attached to the motor (14) and one end and the gearbox (18) at the other end via couplings (22,24). In operation, the motor (12) transmits power via the cardan shaft (20) to the gearbox (18) and to each axle of the bogie in order to drive the wheels.

A potential problem with the drive arrangement is the possibility that the cardan shaft may break or detach from the motor or the gearbox. Cardan shaft failure may be caused by excessive torque or torsional vibration resulting in structural failure of the cardan shaft, its joints or couplings, or poor assembly or maintenance of the final drive leading to separation of the couplings of the cardan shaft, the motor or the gearbox. Excessive torque on the cardan shaft may be caused by a bearing or mechanical failure in the motor resulting in a locked rotor, or a similar failure in the gearbox.

If the cardan shaft breaks or becomes detached at either end while the train is moving, the shaft may flail around and pierce the floor of the car body or cause other damage to the train and may possibly strike the ground and derail the bogie. The potential damage caused by a broken or detached cardan shaft increases considerably as the weight and

speed of the vehicle increases, because of the increased weight and rotational speed of the cardan shaft.

The difficulty in containing a broken or detached cardan shaft also increases, because the increased weight and rotational speed of the cardan shaft results in much greater forces being exerted by the flailing shaft. In addition, as the speed of the train is increased, the time required to stop the train and thus stop rotation of the cardan shaft increases and a broken cardan shaft must be contained for a longer period.

Thus there is a need for a means to contain a drive shaft that has broken or become detached at either end for use with high speed vehicles.

The present invention provides a containment bracket for a drive shaft, comprising a bracket defining an opening through which the drive shaft extends and a flexible member positioned around at least a portion of the bracket and secured at each end. The flexible member may comprise a cable, a plurality of cables, or a belt, and the flexible member is preferably maintained under tension. The flexible member may be wound around the bracket at least once, and may be secured at a first upper side of the bracket.

The bracket may comprises a flange defining the opening of the bracket and two webs positioned towards each edge of the flange, the flexible member being positioned around at least a portion of the flange between the webs. The containment bracket may also include a shaft failure detection system for detecting failure or decoupling of the drive shaft.

Another aspect of the invention provides a transmission system comprising a drive shaft coupled to a driving mechanism at one end and a driven mechanism at the other end, and a bracket as described above.

The features and advantages of the invention will be further described, by way of example only, having reference to the following drawings of embodiments of the invention, in which: Fig. 1 shows a typical traction arrangement employing a cardan shaft ; Fig. 2 shows one embodiment of a bracket for containing a cardan shaft; Fig. 3 is a plan view of the containment bracket of Fig. 2 including a cable belt wound around the bracket; Fig. 4 is a side view of the containment bracket of Fig. 3 showing details of the cable belt; Fig. 5 is a side view of a traction arrangement showing the position of the cardan shaft and the containment bracket of the present invention; Fig. 6 is a plan view of the traction arrangement of Fig. 5 showing the position of the cardan shaft and the containment bracket; Fig. 7 is a diagram showing the impact forces on the containment bracket of Fig. 3 resulting from a broken shaft; and Fig. 8 is a perspective view of the containment bracket of Fig. 3 including a broken shaft detection system.

An embodiment of a containment bracket for a drive shaft is described below. Referring initially to Fig. 2, a containment bracket (30) is shown comprising two vertical webs (34, 36) and a rectangular flange (38) defining an opening through which the cardan shaft passes. The bracket (30) may be constructed of steel, metal alloy, plastic composite, or any other material providing the required resistance to impact necessary to contain the cardan shaft in the event of a detachment or breaking of the shaft.

Angle brackets (40, 41) provide means for attachment of the bracket (30) to a suitable mounting structure to position the bracket to receive the cardan shaft. The bracket (30) may be bolted or welded to a supporting structure, or other suitable attachment means may be used, and mounting holes (42) in the angled brackets (40, 41) may be provided for this purpose. Holes (44) are provided at both ends of the bracket (30) in vertical webs

(34,36) for receiving dowels to secure the ends of the cable belt shown in Fig. 3 and described below.

A cable belt may also be used in conjunction with the bracket (30). Fig. 3 shows a bottom view of the containment bracket (30) with a cable (50) wound multiple times around the flange (38) of the bracket between the webs (34,36) of the bracket. The cable (50) is preferably maintained under tension and secured by looping each end around dowels (46,48) positioned in holes (44) in the webs (34, 36) of the bracket. In this way, the cable (50) is maintained as close as possible to the envelope of movement of the cardan shaft to accommodate the shaft's operational movements caused by the movement of the bogie and tilting displacements of the car body. The cable (50) is preferably made of a high tensile steel, kevlar, or similar material able to withstand the high tension and the shock of impacts from a detached cardan shaft. The cable could comprise a single strand or multiple strands that are woven, twisted, laid in parallel, or in any other suitable configuration.

Fig. 4 shows a side view taken through section A-A of Fig. 3. A loop is formed at each end of cable (50), each loop passing around a collar (52,54) which is positioned around the dowels (46,48), and the ends of the cable being secured by clamps (56,58). Other suitable means may also be employed to secure the ends of the cable (50) in order to hold the cable in tension around the bracket.

The cable (50) is shown in Figs. 3 and 4 wound from pin (48) along the upper edge of the flange (38) and wound clockwise around the flange, ending at pin (46). Alternatively, the cable could be wound from pin (48) down the left side edge of the flange (38) and along the bottom edge of the flange in an anticlockwise direction around the flange, ending at pin (46). In addition, although the containment bracket cable belt is described as comprising a cable wound multiple times around the containment bracket flange, the cable could be wound only once around the bracket or could be looped around the bottom edge of the flange (38) from pin (46) to pin (48) without encircling the bracket at all.

Another alternative is to use multiple cables instead of a single cable, each cable being looped or wound around the bracket once or multiple times. Although the cable is shown with round cross-section, a flat cross-section (forming a belt), square cross-section or any other suitable cross-section could be adopted.

Fig. 5 shows a side view of bracket (30) attached to a mounting bracket (32) under the train car body (10). The cardan shaft (20) is connected to the motor via coupling (22) and extends through the bracket (30) to connect to the gearbox via coupling (24). The bracket (30) is mounted in a position to provide the necessary clearance between the cardan shaft and the rectangular flange (38) defining the opening in the bracket (30) through which the cardan shaft passes.

Fig. 6 shows a plan view of the bracket (30) and cardan shaft (20). As the bogie moves with respect to the car body, the cardan shaft will also move vertically and horizontally within the opening of the bracket (30). When the bracket (30) is used on tilting trains, the movement of the cardan shaft within the opening of the bracket will be more pronounced as the train negotiates a corner and the train body tilts with respect to the bogie. The opening in the bracket (30) must be dimensioned correctly and the bracket positioned correctly to accommodate this movement of the cardan shaft.

As discussed above, failure of the cardan shaft may be caused by excessive torque resulting from seizure of the gearbox or motor. Seizure of the gearbox will cause increased slip in the traction motor which will react by developing its maximum torque.

In a worst-case situation, this sudden torque reaction may excite the drive line natural frequency and a dynamic torque of twice the maximum torque may be generated in the cardan shaft by the motor. In the event of a seized motor, the maximum torque generated in the cardan shaft is limited to the maximum wheel to rail adhesion.

A cardan shaft failure resulting in separation between the cardan shaft and the gearbox will result in a no-load situation occurring on the traction motor. The traction system will typically detect a no-load condition on the motor and the system will power down the motor. The level of stored energy in this situation is relatively low, being proportional to the rotational inertia of the motor's rotor and the cardan shaft. In this situation, the bracket must be able to contain the detached cardan shaft for the deceleration time of the motor and shaft.

A cardan shaft failure resulting in separation between the cardan shaft and the motor will result in the shaft rotating at the gearbox input shaft speed. The shaft will continue to rotate at a fixed ratio to the axle speed as long as the train continues to move. As above, the traction system will typically detect a no-load condition on the motor and the system will power down the motor. In this situation, the bracket must be able to contain the detached cardan shaft for the deceleration time of the train.

In the situation where the cardan shaft separates from the traction motor at the traction motor end, containment of the cardan shaft is required until the train is brought to a stop.

It is expected that there will be a high number of consecutive impacts of the cardan shaft against the containment bracket during this period, mostly along the bottom edge of the bracket. Although the cardan shaft is more likely to separate at the gearbox end due to higher vibration levels at this end, the containment bracket is preferably designed to sustain impacts caused by the worse case scenario. Simulations have shown that a detached cardan shaft behaves like an off-centered spinning top and that the trajectory of the shaft results from the initial velocity of the principal axis of inertia of the system and the rotation of the shaft about this axis. As a consequence, the shaft follows a cycloidal trajectory in a plane that is perpendicular to its principal axis.

A study of simulated impact cases reveals that the total force of the cardan shaft against the containment bracket is proportional to the initial speed of the cardan shaft.

Maximum stress in the web of the containment bracket increases linearly with the level

of force of impact of the cardan shaft against the containment bracket. If the cardan shaft separates at the motor end, the break detection system will typically cause the train to undergo emergency braking. During the period until the emergency braking is applied and until the train is brought to a complete stop, the containment bracket must be able to survive multiple impacts from the cardan shaft against the bracket.

Fig. 7 is a diagram showing the forces on a containment bracket (30) having a cable belt (50) due to an impact by the cardan shaft during a shaft failure. The load transferred to the bracket (30) by an impact is shown by the arrow (60). This results in a load (62) being transferred to the cable belt (50). The load (62) is transferred to the cable belt as tensile force (64,66) in each half of the cable belt. These tensile forces (64,66) are opposed by tensile forces (represented by arrows 68,70) within each winding of the cable belt caused by friction of the individual cable windings against the webs (34,36) and the flange (38) of the containment bracket and against neighbouring cable windings, and by tensile forces (represented by arrows 72,74) at the supporting pins (46,48).

A large impact may cause the containment bracket to undergo plastic deformation resulting in a permanent dent in the bracket, as shown in Fig. 7. During such an impact, the cable belt (50) is under tension and will undergo elastic deformation (and may also undergo some amount of plastic deformation resulting in the cable windings being permanently stretched by a small amount). The elastic deformation of the cable belt assists the containment bracket in resisting a succession of impacts caused by the flailing of a failed cardan shaft and preventing the bracket from breaking and releasing the cardan shaft.

Fig. 8 shows a containment bracket with a broken cardan shaft detection system. The detection system comprises a strut (80) positioned horizontally, adjacent to and slightly above the lower inside surface of flange (38). Strut (80) is fixed at one end at pivot point (82). The other end of strut (80) is positioned between a breakable tube (84) and detectors (90,92) mounted on plate (94) to facilitate correct positioning. Breakable tube

(84) is held in place by clips (86) adjacent to a cutout portion (88) of the strut (80), so the lower edge of strut (80) rests against breakable tube (84) at each end of the tube.

If the cardan shaft breaks or becomes decoupled it will move outside its permitted and normal range of movement and strike the upper edge of strut (80). The strut (80) will rotate clockwise about pivot point (82) so that pressure is exerted at each end of breakable tube (84). If the impact from the cardan shaft against strut (80) is sufficiently large, the pressure on breakable tube (84) will cause it to break, permitting strut (80) to rotate further clockwise so that the upper edge of strut (80) moves away from the detectors (90,92). Other suitable elements may be substituted for breakable tube (84), such as metal or plastic elements that bend under pressure, springs, or rubber elements.

Alternatively, this element may be omitted and strut (80) may be fixed and designed to rotate only when struck by the cardan shaft with sufficient force, or designed to bend under such force.

Detectors (90,92) generate signals when the upper edge of strut (80) moves away from the detectors to indicate that a cardan shaft failure has occurred. Detectors (90,92) may be pressure switches, position switches, magnetic sensors, or any other suitable type of proximity sensor. Two detectors (90,92) are used in the embodiment shown to provide signals for two different systems, although a single detector could be used to generate a signal for both systems, or two detectors could be used to provide redundancy. The detectors are preferably positioned so that the strut (80) is moved away from the detectors under the impact of a broken or decoupled cardan shaft. Alternatively, the detectors could be positioned alongside or underneath the strut and designed so that they detect any motion of the strut relative to the detector.

The signals generated by detectors (90,92) can be used to provide a cardan shaft failure signal to a train management system to alert the train driver to the failure, and to provide a signal to a train control system to cause the system to automatically take action.

Thus, one embodiment of a means to contain a drive shaft that has broken or become decoupled has been described. It should be noted that the embodiments described above are susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms. For example, although the containment bracket is described for use with a cardan shaft in a train, it could be used for any application where a high speed shaft is employed, in a vehicle transmission system, industrial or agricultural machinery, and where the shaft transmits power between any type of driving means to any type of driven means. Although the bracket is described mounted at the upper edge of the bracket, the bracket could be mounted at the sides or bottom. The bracket is shown as a single piece fully encircling the cardan shaft, but the bracket could alternatively be constructed as two or more pieces that are bolted or welded together to encircle the cardan shaft, or could be constructed in a"U"shape or "C"shape that does not fully encircle the cardan shaft but still provides some protection in the event of a shaft failure.