The subject of the invention is a method of erecting a building and a prefabricated wall element for carrying out this method. The disclosed solution is particularly applicable in the construction of multi-storey buildings, e.g. single and multi-family, service and public utility buildings.

In recent years, in construction, especially housing construction, emphasis has been placed on industrialization, energy efficiency and environmental friendliness, both in the production and operation phases. Requirements for the energy performance of buildings are increasing, especially with consideration given to the fact that housing is responsible for around 40 percent of total energy consumption and CO ₂ emissions in the European Union.

The technology of prefabricated houses is widely known, in which walls delivered as ready-made components from factories, in addition to the load-bearing structure, are often equipped with thermal insulation layers, acoustic layers, and sometimes also pre-finished external surfaces. The main advantage of this technology is the possibility of erecting the buildings all year round, regardless of the weather.

There are solutions that combine the technology of prefabricated houses with the technology of a stay-in-place shuttering. In such solutions, prefabricated wall elements have profiled side edges, which in combination with other elements of the system form the shuttering. Thanks to this technology, after setting the concrete mixture, a load-bearing framework (reinforced concrete core) is created, most often surrounded by thermal insulation material. In addition to the possibility of implementing them all year round, this solution speeds up the construction process and ensures high insulation parameters of the building.

Solutions are also known where the stay-in-place shuttering is made of prefabricated forms in order to open the framework structure, and walls constitute a separate prefabricated element, so-called curtain walls. Such walls are attached to ceilings, transverse walls or structural columns and carry only their own weight and wind pressure, without participation in transferring loads from the main part of the building. This technology significantly reduces the amount of material needed to implement a building structure.

A number of solutions are known for prefabricated wall elements providing the stay-in-place shuttering. Methods of erecting buildings using such prefabricated wall elements are also known.

The patent application FR2357695 Al describes a prefabricated building structure system using cast concrete elements to create insulated external load- bearing walls, which are one type of element. Some links can be used as the stay- in-place shutering, in order to incorporate reinforced concrete reinforcements, absorbing vertical and lateral movements caused by earth tremors. In order to create door and window openings, the application of a classic lintel is required.

A method presented in the patent application DE3614329A1 is known from the state of the art, where the erection of a building structure begins with embedding ready-made ground piles in the ground or casting them on site, then concrete supports are poured on site on pile heads, on which piles the prefabricated shutering is laid from a column to a column and connected to it, after which the prefabricated shells are poured with concrete. Prefabricated cassettes are placed on top, over which a cast-in-place concrete pressure plate is placed, on which further cast-in-place concrete supports can be erected, coaxially poured with bottom supports in order to support further floors.

The solution disclosed in the German patent No. DE2430635A1 presents a method of erecting buildings, where the building structure consists of a reinforced concrete framework, load-bearing columns and beams, and a non-load-bearing concrete external wall resistant to weather conditions. The outer wall consists of prefabricated concrete elements with the shuttering and supporting ribs extending along their entire height on the vertical faces. After the columns have been assembled, the columns are cast-in-place in shuttering shapes provided by adjacent ribs of two adjacent concrete elements previously closed with an additional board (prefabricated elements form the incomplete shuttering). In order to close the structure with a ceiling/roof, an additional structure is made of load-bearing beams, which enable transfer of ceiling loads to the columns.

From the patent application P.396140 relating to a system of monolithic and prefabricated concrete construction, intended for the construction of multi- family and single-family residential buildings in detached, semi-detached, terraced or carpet buildings, a filling, external wall panel with a built-in external load- bearing beam at the upper edge, preferably equipped with reinforcement and having an internal protrusion profiled at the outer upper edge and the outer side edge, is known. The essence of this solution is the use of the load-bearing beam in the upper part of the wall panel, to enable the creation of wall openings anywhere in the wall panel without the need for additional load-bearing beams, which significantly improves the adaptation of designs to individual needs. The beam is not connected to the column to transfer shear forces, so it was not adapted to suspend the wall panel. The system according to the invention allows for quick assembly of the building on construction sites, which shortens the implementation cycle. It allows for the reduced consumption of materials, and additionally allows for the free planning of the building space and the free shaping of the facade and openings in wall panels.

Prefabrication technology of the buildings, which is known from the state of the art, has a significant disadvantage related to the use of repetitive prefabricated elements on all building floors. Constructing the buildings in brick technology, in the case of multi-storey houses, enables simple adjustment of the construction and load-bearing capacity of the walls of subsequent floors to the anticipated loads. In prefabrication technology, there is a conflict between the need to erect multi-storey buildings, and the environmental and economic need to minimize materials. As a result, prefabricated structures are limited to a few floors, or more material is effectively used when compared to at least brick technology, and the entire building is heavier, which should also be considered a disadvantage. The aim of the invention is to develop a technology of erecting a building based on prefabricated wall elements, combining all the advantages of known solutions, enabling the erection of multi-storey buildings, with a significant reduction in the amount of materials (especially concrete and reinforcing steel).

According to the invention, the method of erecting a building, where the building structure consists of a reinforced concrete column-and-lintel load bearing structure of the building and prefabricated wall elements, which are first assembled by creating the stay-in-place shuttering, and then the columns are poured in the shuttering formed by adjacent prefabricated wall elements, is characterized in that the prefabricated wall element is positioned on at least one spacer. This solution allows for the transfer of loads over the load-bearing beam to the associated columns, and a curtain wall remains unsupported, thus changing the distribution of forces in the building structure, enabling the reduction of the prefabricated walls' thickness. In classical structures, it can be simply assumed that the weight is transferred evenly through wall prefabricated elements to the foundations in the form of continuous footings. As a result of the use of spacers, a compensation space is left in the proposed solution, which prevents direct loading of the lower floors, which results in the weight of the wall elements being "suspended" and transferred from the beam directly to the columns, and through the columns the building weight is transferred to the foundation footings. This means that only columns are loaded with higher floors, and not the walls underneath. The columns of each lower floor accumulate the load. Such a procedure enables the use of the same structure and load-bearing capacity of the wall elements on each floor of the building. The technology presented above enabled the reduction of energy-intensive materials by 30% compared to classical systems, and the erection of buildings with a much larger number of floors compared to the patent application P.396140. Moreover, this solution remains adapted to the standards of passive construction, with simultaneously minimize cost and time of implementation by a simplified construction process, reduced number of finishing works, and thus no need to employ deficit workers, such as bricklayers, plasterers or carpenters.

Preferably, adjacent prefabricated wall elements are assembled by a shaped connection of the shuttering profiles of adjacent prefabricated wall elements. The use of shaped connections between prefabricated wall elements shortens the time and simplifies assembly.

Preferably, the prefabricated wall is placed on two spacers, in particular having the shape of the shuttering profiles, under the shuttering profiles of the prefabricated wall.

Preferably, the supplementary stay-in-place shuttering, in particular made of a material with insulating properties, is positioned next to the shuttering formed by adjacent prefabricated wall elements. Such solutions creates the possibility of forming the shuttering, and thermal bridges in the comers of the building are avoided.

The columns are preferably poured in the shuttering formed by adjacent prefabricated wall elements. In this way, the curtain wall is suspended with the load-bearing beam on the columns.

Preferably, prefabricated floor slabs are placed on the combined walls of the floor, preferably chamfered at the side edges, and concrete is poured into the joints of the prefabricated floor slabs with prefabricated wall elements. In this way, the elements of the ceiling are connected to form ring beams, which increases the rigidity of the building structure.

Preferably, prefabricated wall elements of the upper floor are mounted on the combined prefabricated floor slabs, similarly to the first floor, connecting prefabricated wall elements with columns above the columns of the previous floor. Placing the columns of successive floors above each other minimizes the loads transferred by the load-bearing beams to the forces resulting from the pressure of floor slabs placed on the wall beams of one floor. Preferably, compensation spaces under the prefabricated walls are filled with highly flexible material. As a result, the filled space under the prefabricated wall element retains its compensating character.

According to the invention, the prefabricated wall element comprising the load-bearing beam along its upper edge is characterized in that the load-bearing beam is connected to the curtain wall. This construction solution allows for a significant reduction of the materials and energy needed to produce the wall, while at the same time leaving the freedom in designing the building in terms of window and door openings, or modernizing the space of the finished building with such openings, with consideration to the fact that none of the walls is a load-bearing wall.

Preferably, the load-bearing beam protrudes beyond side surfaces of the curtain wall at least in sections. This solution guarantees the support of the beam with the load-bearing column, significantly increasing the shear forces that can be transferred by the connection between the beam and the column.

Preferably, the side surfaces of the curtain wall form shuttering profiles. The use of prefabricated wall elements as the ready-made stay-in-place shuttering simplifies the assembly, significantly reduces the implementation time and does not require special qualifications from employees.

Preferably, shuttering profiles include a long projection and a short projection extending at the height of the curtain wall. Such a solution of the shuttering area allows for the assembly of prefabricated wall elements with the use of shaped connections, which contributes to the simplified assembly.

Preferably, the prefabricated wall element has an outer thermal insulation layer that extends between the extreme edges of the outer side surfaces of the prefabricated wall and at the height of the prefabricated wall. By creating prefabricated wall elements with a layer of thermal insulation, an optimal quality of insulation is ensured, which is created and controlled in industrial conditions, ensuring the absence of thermal bridges. Preferably, the load-bearing beam is made of concrete, preferably reinforced concrete.

Preferably, the curtain wall is made of concrete and is thinner at sections than the load-bearing beam, preferably has a layer of acoustic insulation.

In another preferred embodiment, at least one spacer tab is provided on the underside of the wall panel. Spacer tabs, after installation of the wall elements, create the compensation space that ensures a favourable distribution of loads in the building by separating the curtain walls of subsequent floors. When using a single narrow tab, even of the same material as the curtain wall, this element is still unable to transmit the gravity forces of the upper curtain wall to the lower wall element, in a way that poses a threat of warping it.

In a particularly advantageous embodiment of the solution, on the underside of the wall panel, there are two spacer tabs under shuttering profiles and with a shape consistent with shuttering profiles. As a result of such arrangement of the spacer tabs, the continuity of the shuttering and the separation of the curtain walls along the entire length is ensured, and the assembly of the wall element is facilitated by providing a more stable base on two extremely spaced tabs.

The subject of the invention is illustrated by examples which do not limit its scope. The device according to the invention is shown in the drawing: fig. 1 - shows the method of erecting the first floor of the building - assembly of walls fig. 2 - shows the method of erecting the first floor of the building - assembly of floor slabs fig. 3 - shows the method of erecting the next floor of the building - assembly of walls fig. 4 - shows the prefabricated external wall element fig. 5 - shows the prefabricated external wall element - cross-section fig. 6 - shows the prefabricated internal wall element fig. 7 - shows the prefabricated internal wall element - cross-section fig. 8 - shows the process of erecting prefabricated wall elements in two views fig. 9 - shows prefabricated wall elements positioned on single spacers fig. 10 - the comparison of the distribution of forces between buildings without compensation spaces and buildings with compensation spaces.

As disclosed in fig. 1, there is a method of erecting buildings, where a building structure consists of the reinforced concrete column-and-lintel load bearing structure of the building and prefabricated wall elements, which are first assembled by creating the stay-in-place shuttering, and then the columns are poured in the shuttering formed by adjacent prefabricated wall elements. A prefabricated wall element 1 is positioned on two spacers 2. Adjacent prefabricated wall elements 1 are assembled by shaped connection of shuttering profiles 3 of adjacent prefabricated wall elements 1, the prefabricated wall element 1 is placed on two spacers 2 having a shape of shuttering profiles 3, under shuttering profiles 3 of the prefabricated wall element. The supplementary stay-in-place shuttering 4, made of a material with insulating properties, is positioned next to the shuttering formed by adjacent prefabricated wall elements 1. Columns 5 are poured in the stay-in-place shuttering 4 formed by adjacent prefabricated wall elements 1.

As disclosed in fig. 2, the prefabricated floor slabs 7 are placed on the combined walls of a floor 6, chamfered at the side edges, and concrete is poured into the joints of the prefabricated floor slabs 7. As disclosed in fig. 3, prefabricated wall elements 1 are mounted on the combined prefabricated floor slabs 7, similarly to the first floor, by connecting prefabricated wall elements 1 above the columns 5 of the previous floor 6. The compensation spaces 8 under prefabricated wall elements 1 are filled with a highly flexible material. Fig. 8 shows the process of positioning prefabricated wall elements 1 on two spacers 2 to form a comer of the building. The process was presented in parallel in two views. First, the spacers are placed, then the prefabricated wall panels are placed on them in such a way that the spacers are an extension for the column shuttering. The comer is closed with the stay-in-place shuttering 4. Alternatively, fig. 9 shows the assembly of two prefabricated wall elements 1 on a single spacer 2. When using the narrow spacer 2, preferably made of a styrodur-type material, prefabricated wall elements 1 are stabilized for the time of pouring the columns, by jointly supporting them on both sides. The obtained distribution of forces is very similar to the system with two extremely arranged spacers, as well as the benefits associated therewith.

The method described above enables the creation of compensation spaces between the curtain walls 10 of the upper prefabricated wall elements 1 and the lower prefabricated wall elements 1. Fig. 10 shows a comparison of the distribution of forces between buildings without compensation spaces (on the left side) and buildings with compensation spaces (on the right side). "Q" is the force of gravity of the prefabricated wall element 1 and other forces that act on it, e.g. floor slabs 7 together with screeds on the ceiling and the dynamic load of the ceiling. In classic constructions, the "Q" force is transmitted, to put it simply, uniformly throughout the entire structure. In the presented solution, the compensation space 8 is left as a result of the spacers 2 or spacer tabs 17 applied, which prevents direct loading of the lower floors, as a result of which the weight of the walls is "suspended" and transferred from the beam directly to the columns - in the simplified diagram evenly with "1/2Q" each. This means that only the columns 5 are loaded with the upper floors, and not the walls beneath. The columns 5 of each lower floor accumulate the load, as in the diagram - 3 ^rd floor: 1/2Q, 2 ^nd floor: 1/2Q+1/2Q=Q, 1 ^st floor: 1/2Q+1/2Q+ 1/2Q= 3/2Q. This procedure enables the use of the same structure and load-bearing capacity of prefabricated wall elements 1 on each floor of the building. It also enables the use of foundations in the form of foundation footings instead of continuous footings, which significantly reduces the consumption of materials (concrete and reinforcing steel) and significantly reduces the amount of work required to complete the building.

Example 1 of the prefabricated wall element

As disclosed in fig. 4, the prefabricated wall element including the load- bearing beam 9 along its upper edge is connected to the curtain wall 10, which is jointly manufactured.

As disclosed in fig. 4 and 5, the load-bearing beam 9 protrudes in sections beyond the side surfaces of the curtain wall 10.

As disclosed in fig. 5, the side surfaces 11 of the curtain wall 10 form shuttering profiles 3. Shuttering profiles 3 include a long projection 12 and a short projection 13, extending at the height of the curtain wall 10. The prefabricated wall element 1 has the thermal insulation layer 14 that extends between the extreme edges of the outer side surfaces 11 and at the height of the prefabricated wall element 1. The load-bearing beam 9 is made of reinforced concrete 15. The curtain wall 10 is also made of concrete, is thinner at sections than the load-bearing beam 9, and takes the form of a thin reinforced concrete slab with stiffening ribs.

Example 2 of the prefabricated wall element As disclosed in fig. 6, the prefabricated wall element containing the load- bearing beam 9 along its upper edge is connected to the curtain wall 10.

As disclosed in fig. 6 and 7, the load-bearing beam 9 protrudes in sections beyond the side surfaces of the curtain wall 10.

As disclosed in fig. 7, the side surfaces 11 of the curtain wall 10 form shuttering profiles 3. Shuttering profiles 3 include the long projection 12 and the short projection 13 extending at the height of the curtain wall 10. The load-bearing beam 9 is made of reinforced concrete 15. The curtain wall 10 is made of concrete and is thinner at sections than the load-bearing beam 9 and has a sound insulation layer (16).