HUDSON RYAN (US)
WO2023003002A1 | 2023-01-26 | |||
WO2023278438A1 | 2023-01-05 | |||
WO2023028534A1 | 2023-03-02 | |||
WO2023051761A1 | 2023-04-06 | |||
WO2023066377A1 | 2023-04-27 | |||
WO2023088856A1 | 2023-05-25 | |||
WO2022253326A1 | 2022-12-08 | |||
WO2022135567A1 | 2022-06-30 | |||
WO2020234715A1 | 2020-11-26 | |||
WO2021193897A1 | 2021-09-30 |
USPP63357916P |
"Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy", 2005, LIPPENCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS
"The United States Pharmacopeia: The National Formulary", 2013
CLAIMS A compound having structure (A): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: ring A forms a fused 5‐membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring optionally substituted by one or more R4; ring B is piperidinyl or an aryl ring; X1 is CRaRb, NR4, or O; Ra and Rb are each independently H or alkyl; R1 is halo; R2 is halo, OH, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, or cycloalkyl; R3 is H, cycloalkyl, or alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R3’; R3’ is OH, halo, alkoxy, aminyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl; each R4 is independently H, halo, or alkyl, or when attached to a carbon atom, two R4 may join together to form oxo; m is 0‐5 n is 0‐4; p is 0‐2; and q is 1 or 2. 2. The compound of claim 1, having structure (Ia): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof. 3. The compound of claim 1, having structure (Ib): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof. 4. The compound of claim 1, having structure (Ic): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof. 5. The compound of any one of claims 1‐4, wherein has one of the following structures: 6. The compound of any one of claims 1‐4, wherein B is piperidinyl. 7. The compound of claim 1, having structure (I’): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: ring A forms a fused 5‐membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring optionally substituted by one or more R4; X1 is CRaRb, NR4, or O; Ra and Rb are each independently H or alkyl; R1 is halo; R2 is halo, OH, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, or cycloalkyl; R3 is H, cycloalkyl, or alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R3’; R3’ is OH, halo, or cycloalkyl; each R4 is independently H or alkyl, or when attached to a carbon atom, two R4 may join together to form oxo; m is 0‐4; n is 0‐4; and p is 0‐2. 8. The compound of any one of claims 1‐2 or 7, having structure (I’a): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof. 9. The compound of any one of claims 1, 3, or 7, having structure (I’b): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof 10. The compound of any one of claims 1, 4, or 7, having structure (I’c): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof 11. The compound of claim 1, having structure (I’’): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: ring A forms a fused 5‐membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring optionally substituted by one or more R4; X1 is CRaRb, NR4, or O; X5 is CR5 or N; Ra and Rb are each independently H or alkyl; R1 is halo; R3 is H, cycloalkyl, or alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R3’; R3’ is OH, halo, or cycloalkyl; each R4 is independently H or alkyl, or when attached to a carbon atom, two R4 may join together to form oxo; R5 is H, halo, OH, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, or cycloalkyl; R6 is H, halo, OH, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, or cycloalkyl; R7 is H, halo, OH, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, or cycloalkyl; R8 is H, halo, OH, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, or cycloalkyl; R9 is H, halo, OH, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, or cycloalkyl; n is 0‐4; and p is 0‐2. 12. The compound of any one of claims 1 or 11, having structure (I’’): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: ring A forms a fused 5‐membered heterocyclic ring comprising nitrogen and optionally substituted by one or more R4; and R7 is CN. 13. The compound of claim 1 or 11‐12, having structure (I’’a): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: ring A forms a fused 5‐membered heterocyclic ring and optionally substituted by one or more R4; X5 is CR5 or N; R3 is H, cycloalkyl, or alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R3’; R3’ is OH, halo, or cycloalkyl; each R4 is independently H or alkyl, or when attached to a carbon atom, two R4 may join together to form oxo; R5 is H, halo, OH, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, or cycloalkyl; R6 is H, halo, OH, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, or cycloalkyl; R7 is H, halo, OH, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, or cycloalkyl; R8 is H, halo, OH, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, or cycloalkyl; and R9 is H, halo, OH, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, or cycloalkyl. 14. The compound of claim 13, wherein: ring A forms a fused 5‐membered heterocyclic ring comprising nitrogen and optionally substituted by one or more R4; X5 is CR5; and R7 is CN. 15. The compound of claim 13, wherein: X5 is N; and R7 is CN or haloalkyl. 16. The compound of any one of claims 1‐15, wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered carbocyclic ring. 17. The compound of any one of claims 1‐15, wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered heterocyclic ring. 18. The compound any one of claims 1‐15, wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered ring having one of the following structures: . 19. The compound of claim 18, wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐membered ring having one of the following structures: . 20. The compound of claim 1 or 7, having structure (I’): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: ring A forms a fused 5‐membered non‐aromatic carbocyclic ring optionally substituted by one or more R4. 21. The compound of claim 20, wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐membered carbocyclic ring having the following structure: . 22. The compound of claim 21, wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐membered carbocyclic ring having the following structure: . 23. The compound of claim 1 or 7, having structure (I’): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: ring A forms a fused 5‐membered heterocyclic ring comprising 1‐3 nitrogen atoms optionally substituted by one or more R4. 24. The compound of any one of claims 1‐17, or 23, wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐membered heterocyclic ring having one of the following structures: . 25. The compound of claim 24, wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐membered heterocyclic ring having one of the following structures: 26. The compound of claim 24, wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐membered heterocyclic ring having one of the following structures: . 27. The compound of claim 1 or 7, having structure (I’): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: ring A forms a fused 5‐membered heterocyclic ring comprising at least one oxygen atom optionally substituted by one or more R4. 28. The compound of any one of claims 1‐17, or 27, wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐membered heterocyclic ring having one of the following structures: . 29. The compound of claim 28, wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐membered heterocyclic ring having one of the following structures: 30. The compound of claim 1 or 7, having structure (I’): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: ring A forms a fused 5‐membered heterocyclic ring comprising at least one sulfur atom optionally substituted by one or more R4. 31. The compound of any one of claims 1‐17, or 30, wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐membered heterocyclic ring having one of the following structures: . 32. The compound of claim 31, wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐membered heterocyclic ring having one of the following structures: . 33. The compound of claim 1 or 7, having structure (II): (II) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: indicates an aromatic or non‐aromatic ring system; and X2, X3, and X4 are each independently =N‐, ‐NR4‐, ‐O‐, or ‐S‐, ‐C(R4)2‐, or =CR4‐. 34. The compound of any one of claims 1, 7, or 33, having structure (II): (II) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: indicates an non‐aromatic ring system; and X2, X3, and X4 are each independently ‐C(R4)2‐. 35. The compound of any one of claims 1, 7, or 33, having structure (II): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: indicates an non‐aromatic ring system; and X2, X3, and X4 are each independently ‐O‐ or ‐C(R4)2‐. 36. The compound of any one of claims 1, 7, or 33, having structure (II): (II) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: indicates an non‐aromatic ring system; and X2, X3, and X4 are each independently ‐NR4‐ or ‐C(R4)2‐. 37. The compound of any one of claims 1, 7, or 33, having structure (II): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: indicates an aromatic ring system; and X2, X3, and X4 are each independently =N‐, ‐NR4‐ or =CR4‐, wherein at least one of X2 or X3 is ‐NR4‐. 38. The compound of any one of claims 1, 7, or 33, having structure (II): (II) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: indicates an aromatic ring system; and X2, X3, and X4 are each independently ‐O‐, =CR4‐, or =N‐, wherein at least one of X2 or X3 is ‐O‐. 39. The compound of any one of claims 1, 7, or 33, having structure (II): (II) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: indicates an aromatic ring system; and X2, X3, and X4 are each independently ‐S‐, =CR4‐, or =N‐, wherein at least one of X2 or X3 is ‐S‐. 40. The compound of any one of claims 1, 7, or 33, having structure (IIa): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof. 41. The compound of any one of claims 1, 7, or 33, having structure (IIb): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof. 42. The compound of any one of claims 1, 7, or 33, having structure (IIc): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof. 43. The compound of any one of claims 1, 7, or 36, having structure (IVa‐i): (IVa‐i) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: R1 is halo; R2 is halo, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, or cycloalkyl; R3 is alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, or alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R3’; R3’ is OH, halo, alkoxy, aminyl, or cycloalkyl; each R4 is independently H, halo, or alkyl when attached to a carbon atom and H or alkyl when attached to a nitrogen atom; m is 0‐4; n is 0‐4; and p is 0‐2. . The compound of any one of claims 1, 7, or 36, having structure (Va‐i): a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: R1 is halo; R2 is halo, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, or cycloalkyl; R3 is alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, or alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R3’; R3’ is OH, halo, alkoxy, aminyl, or cycloalkyl; each R4 is independently H, halo, or alkyl when attached to a carbon atom and H or alkyl when attached to a nitrogen atom; m is 0‐4; n is 0‐4; and p is 0‐2. 45. The compound of any one of claims 1, 7, or 36, having structure (VIa‐i): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: R1 is halo; R2 is halo, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, or cycloalkyl; R3 is alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, or alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R3’; R3’ is OH, halo, alkoxy, aminyl, or cycloalkyl; each R4 is independently H, halo, or alkyl when attached to a carbon atom and H or alkyl when attached to a nitrogen atom; m is 0‐4; n is 0‐4; and p is 0‐2, wherein R3 is not ethyl. 46. The compound of any one of claims 1, 7, 11‐12, or 16‐39, wherein X1 is CRaRb. 47. The compound of claim 46, wherein Ra and Rb are both H. 48. The compound of claim 46, wherein one of Ra and Rb is H and the other is alkyl. 49. The compound of claim 46, wherein Ra and Rb are both alkyl. 50. The compound of claim 48 or 49, wherein the alkyl is methyl. 51. The compound of any one of claims 1, 7, 11‐12, or 16‐39, wherein X1 is NR4. 52. The compound of claim 51, wherein R4 is H. 53. The compound of claim 51, wherein R4 is alkyl. 54. The compound of claim 53, wherein R4 is methyl. 55. The compound of any one of claims 1, 7, 11‐12, or 16‐39, wherein X1 is O. 56. The compound of any one of claims 1‐55, wherein R1 is F. 57. The compound of any one of claims 1‐55, wherein R1 is Cl. 58. The compound of any one of claims 1‐55, wherein R1 is Br. 59. The compound of any one of claims 1‐55, wherein R1 is I. 60. The compound of any one of claims 1‐59, wherein R2 is halo. 61. The compound of claim 60, wherein R2 is F. 62. The compound of claim 60, wherein R2 is Cl. 63. The compound of any one of claims 1‐59, wherein R2 is OH. 64. The compound of any one of claims 1‐59, wherein R2 is CN. 65. The compound of any one of claims 1‐59, wherein R2 is alkyl. 66. The compound of claim 65, wherein R2 is methyl. 67. The compound of claim 65, wherein R2 is ethyl. 68. The compound of any one of claims 1‐59, wherein R2 is haloalkyl. 69. The compound of claim 68, wherein R2 is CF3. 70. The compound of claim 68, wherein R2 is CHF2. 71. The compound of any one of claims 1‐59, wherein R2 is alkoxy. 72. The compound of claim 71, wherein R2 is OCH3. 73. The compound of any one of claims 1‐59, wherein R2 is haloalkoxy. 74. The compound of claim 73, wherein R2 is OCF3. 75. The compound of any one of claims 1‐59, wherein R2 is cycloalkyl. 76. The compound of claim 75, wherein R2 is cyclopropyl. 77. The compound of any one of claims 1‐76, wherein R3 is H. 78. The compound of any one of claims 1‐76, wherein R3 is not H. 79. The compound of any one of claims 1‐76, wherein R3 is C1‐C6 alkyl. 80. The compound of claim 79, wherein R3 is methyl. 81. The compound of claim 79, wherein R3 is ethyl. 82. The compound of claim 79, wherein R3 is isopropyl. 83. The compound of any one of claims 1‐76, wherein R3 is alkyl substituted with one or more F. 84. The compound of claim 83, wherein R3 is ‐CH2CH2F. 85. The compound of claim 83, wherein R3 is ‐CH2CHF2. 86. The compound of claim 83, wherein R3 is ‐CH2CF3. 87. The compound of any one of claims 1‐76, wherein R3 is alkyl substituted with one or more cycloalkyl. 88. The compound of claim 87, wherein R3 is . 89. The compound of any one of claims 1‐76, wherein R3 is alkyl substituted with one or more OH. 90. The compound of claim 89, wherein R3 is . 91. The compound of claim 89, wherein R3 is . 92. The compound of any one of claims 1‐76, wherein R3 is alkyl substituted with one or more alkoxy. 94. The compound of any one of claims 1‐76, wherein R3 is alkyl substituted with one or more aminyl. 95. The compound of claim 94, wherein R3 is . 96. The compound of claim 94, wherein R3 is . 97. The compound of claim 94, wherein R3 is . . The compound of any one of claims 1‐76, wherein R3 is alkylsulfonyl. 99. The compound of claim 98, wherein R3 is . 100. The compound of any one of claims 1‐76, wherein R3 is cycloalkyl. 101. The compound of claim 100, wherein R3 is cyclopropyl. 102. The compound of any one of claims 1‐76, wherein R3 is aryl. 103. The compound of claim 102, wherein R3 is phenyl. 104. The compound of any one of claims 1‐76, wherein R3 is heterocyclyl. 105. The compound of claim 104, wherein R3 is . 106. The compound of any one of claims 1‐76, wherein R3 is heteroaryl. 107. The compound of claim 106, wherein R3 is pyridinyl. 108. The compound of any one of claims 1‐107, wherein has the following structure: 109. The compound of any one of claims 1‐108, wherein an R4 is H. 110. The compound of any one of claims 1‐108, wherein an R4 is alkyl. 111. The compound of claim 110, wherein an R4 is methyl. 112. The compound of any one of claims 1‐108, wherein each R4 is H or methyl. 113. The compound of any one of claims 1‐108, wherein when attached to a carbon atom, two R4 join together to form oxo. 114. The compound of any one of claims 11‐19, 24‐26, 28‐29, 31‐32, 46‐59, or 77‐ 113, wherein R5 is H or alkyl. 115. The compound of any one of claims 11‐19, 24‐26, 28‐29, 31‐32, 46‐59, or 77‐ 113, wherein R6 is H. 116. The compound of any one of claims 11‐19, 24‐26, 28‐29, 31‐32, 46‐59, 77‐113, or 115, wherein R7 is H, halo, OH, CN, alkyl, or haloalkyl. 117. The compound of any one of claims 11‐19, 24‐26, 28‐29, 31‐32, 46‐59, 77‐113, or 115‐116, wherein R8 is H, alkyl, halo, or OH. 118. The compound of any one of claims 11‐19, 24‐26, 28‐29, 31‐32, 46‐59, 77‐113, or 115‐117, wherein R9 is H, OH, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, or alkoxy. 119. The compound of any one of claims 1‐4, 6‐10, or 16‐113, wherein m is 0. 120. The compound of any one of claims 1‐4, 6‐10, or 16‐113, wherein m is 1. 121. The compound of any one of claims 1‐4, 6‐10, or 16‐113, wherein m is 2. 122. The compound of any one of claims 1‐4, 6‐10, or 16‐113, wherein m is 3. 123. The compound of any one of claims 1‐4, 6‐10, or 16‐113, wherein m is 4. 124. The compound of any one of claims 1‐4, 6‐10, or 16‐113, wherein m is 5. 125. The compound of any one of claims 1‐124, wherein n is 0. 126. The compound of any one of claims 1‐124, wherein n is 1. 127. The compound of any one of claims 1‐124, wherein n is 2. 128. The compound of any one of claims 1‐124, wherein n is 3. 129. The compound of any one of claims 1‐124, wherein n is 4. 130. The compound of any one of claims 1‐129, wherein p is 0. 131. The compound of any one of claims 1‐129, wherein p is 1. 132. The compound of any one of claims 1‐129, wherein p is 2. 133. The compound of claim 1, wherein q is 1. 134. The compound of claim 1, wherein q is 2. 135. The compound of any one of claims 1‐12 or 16‐113, wherein p is 1, n is 0, and m is 0. 136. The compound of any one of claims 1‐12 or 16‐113, wherein p is 1, n is 0, and m is 1. 137. The compound of any one of claims 1‐12 or 16‐113, wherein p is 1, n is 0, and m is 2. 138. The compound of any one of claims 1‐12 or 16‐113, wherein p is 1, n is 2, and m is 1. 139. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein the compound has a structure as found in Table 1. 140. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein the compound has the following structure: 141. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein the compound has the following structure: . 142. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of any one of claims 1‐141, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 143. A method of modulating NLRP3 inflammasome activity by contacting NLRP3 inflammasome with an effective amount of the compound of any one of claims 1‐141 or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 142. 144. A method of treating NLRP3 inflammasome dependent condition by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 142. 145. The method of claim 144, wherein the NLRP3 inflammasome dependent condition is neuroinflammation‐related disorders or neurodegenerative diseases. |
In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein has one of the following structures: f the following structures: In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein has one of the following structures: In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein B is piperidinyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (I’): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: ring A forms a fused 5‐membered carbocyclic or het erocyclic ring optionally substituted by one or more R 4 ; X 1 is CR a R b , NR 4 , or O; R a and R b are each independently H or alkyl; R 1 is halo; R 2 is halo, OH, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, ha loalkoxy, or cycloalkyl; R 3 is H, cycloalkyl, or alkyl optionally substitu ted with one or more R 3’ ; R 3’ is OH, halo, or cycloalkyl; each R 4 is independently H or alkyl, or when attached to a carbon atom, two R 4 may join together to form oxo; m is 0‐4; n is 0‐4; and p is 0‐2. In other embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (I’): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: ring A forms a fused 5‐membered carbocyclic or het erocyclic ring optionally substituted by one or more R 4 ; X 1 is CR a R b , NR 4 , or O; R a and R b are each independently H or alkyl; R 1 is halo; R 2 is halo, OH, alkyl, or haloalkyl; R 3 is alkyl; each R 4 is independently H or alkyl, or when attached to a carbon atom, two R 4 may join together to form oxo; m is 0‐2; n is 0‐2; and p is 1. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided hav ing structure (I’a): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein A, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In further embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (I’b): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein A, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided hav ing structure (I’c): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein A, B, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R a , R b , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (I’’): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: ring A forms a fused 5‐membered carbocyclic or het erocyclic ring optionally substituted by one or more R 4 ; X 1 is CR a R b , NR 4 , or O; X 5 is CR 5 or N; R a and R b are each independently H or alkyl; R 1 is halo; R 3 is H, cycloalkyl, or alkyl optionally substitu ted with one or more R 3’ ; R 3’ is OH, halo, or cycloalkyl; each R 4 is independently H or alkyl, or when attached to a carbon atom, two R 4 may join together to form oxo; R 5 is H, halo, OH, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, or cycloalkyl; R 6 is H, halo, OH, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, or cycloalkyl; R 7 is H, halo, OH, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, or cycloalkyl; R 8 is H, halo, OH, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, or cycloalkyl; R 9 is H, halo, OH, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, or cycloalkyl; n is 0‐4; and p is 0‐2. In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (I’’): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: ring A forms a fused 5‐membered heterocyclic ring comprising nitrogen and optionally substituted by one or more R 4 ; and R 7 is CN. In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (I’’a): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: ring A forms a fused 5‐membered heterocyclic ring optionally substituted by one or more R 4 ; X 5 is CR 5 or N; R 3 is H, cycloalkyl, or alkyl optionally substitu ted with one or more R 3’ ; R 3’ is OH, halo, or cycloalkyl; each R 4 is independently H or alkyl, or when attached to a carbon atom, two R 4 may join together to form oxo; R 5 is H, halo, OH, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, or cycloalkyl; R 6 is H, halo, OH, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, or cycloalkyl; R 7 is H, halo, OH, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, or cycloalkyl; R 8 is H, halo, OH, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, or cycloalkyl; and R 9 is H, halo, OH, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, or cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (I’’a): (I’’a) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: ring A forms a fused 5‐membered heterocyclic ring comprising nitrogen and optionally substituted by one or more R 4 ; X 5 is CR 5 ; R 7 is CN. In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (I’’a): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: ring A forms a fused 5‐membered heterocyclic ring comprising nitrogen and optionally substituted by one or more R 4 ; X 5 is CR 5 ; and R 5 is H, halo, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hal oalkoxy, or cycloalkyl; R 7 is CN; and R 9 is H, halo, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hal oalkoxy, or cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (I’’a): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: X 5 is N; and R 7 is CN or haloalkyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (I’’a): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: X 5 is N; R 5 is H, halo, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hal oalkoxy, or cycloalkyl; R 7 is CN or haloalkyl; and R 9 is H, halo, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hal oalkoxy, or cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered carbocyclic ring. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐membered heterocyclic ring. In cert ain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐membered ring havin g one of the following structures:
. In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered ring having one of the following structures:
. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered ring having one of the following structures: . In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered ring having one of the following structures:
. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered ring having one of the following structures:
. In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered ring having one of the following structures:
. In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided hav ing structure (I’): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐membered carbocyclic ring optionally substituted by one or more R 4 and wherein A, X 1 , R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐membere d non‐aromatic carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered carbocyclic ring having the following structu re: . In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered carbocyclic ring having the following structu re: . In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered carbocyclic ring having the following structu re: . In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered carbocyclic ring having the following structu re: . In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered carbocyclic ring having the following structu re: . In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered carbocyclic ring having the following structu re: . In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (I’): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐membered heterocycli c ring and wherein A, X 1 , R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In certain embodiment s, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐membered heterocyclic ring comprising 1‐3 nitrogen atoms optionally substituted by one or more R 4 . In certain embodiments, a compound is provide d wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐membered heterocyclic ring optionall y substituted by one or more R 4 , wherein the heteroatoms consist of 1‐3 nitrogen atoms. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐membered heterocyclic ring having one of the following structures: . In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered heterocyclic ring having one of the followin g structures:
. In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered heterocyclic ring having one of the followin g structures:
. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered heterocyclic ring having one of the followin g structures: . In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered heterocyclic ring having one of the followin g structures:
In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered heterocyclic ring having one of the followin g structures:
. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered heterocyclic ring having one of the followin g structures: . In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered heterocyclic ring having one of the followin g structures: . In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (I’): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐membered heterocyclic ring comprising at least one oxygen atom optionally substituted by one or more R 4 wherein A, X 1 , R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered heterocyclic ring optionally substituted by o ne or more R 4 , wherein the heteroatoms comprise oxygen and nitrogen atoms. In certain embodi ments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐membered heterocyclic ring optionally substituted by one or more R 4 , wherein the heteroatoms consist of oxygen and nitrogen atoms. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5 ‐membered heterocyclic ring optionally substituted by one or more R 4 , wherein the heteroatoms consist of 1 nitrogen atom and 1‐2 oxygen atoms. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐membered heterocyclic ring optionally substituted by one or more R 4 , wherein the heteroatoms consist of 1‐2 oxygen atoms. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐membered heterocyclic ring having one of the following structures: . In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered heterocyclic ring having one of the followin g structures: In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered heterocyclic ring having one of the followin g structures: . In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered heterocyclic ring having one of the followin g structures: . In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered heterocyclic ring having one of the followin g structures: . In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered heterocyclic ring having one of the followin g structures: . In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered heterocyclic ring having one of the followin g structures: . In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered heterocyclic ring having one of the followin g structures: . In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered heterocyclic ring having one of the followin g structures: . In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered heterocyclic ring having one of the followin g structures: . In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (I’): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐membered heterocycli c ring comprising at least one sulfur atom optionally substituted by one or more R 4 wherein A, X 1 , R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered heterocyclic ring optionally substituted by o ne or more R 4 , wherein the heteroatoms comprise sulfur and nitrogen atoms. In certain embodi ments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐membered heterocyclic ring optionally substituted by one or more R 4 , wherein the heteroatoms consist of sulfur and nitrogen atoms. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5 ‐membered heterocyclic ring optionally substituted by one or more R 4 , wherein the heteroatoms consist of 1 nitrogen atom and 1 sulfur atoms. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered heterocyclic ring optionally substituted by o ne or more R 4 , wherein the heteroatoms consist of 1 sulfur atom. In some embodiments, a co mpound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐membered heterocyclic ring having one of the following structures: . In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered heterocyclic ring having one of the followin g structures: . In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered heterocyclic ring having one of the followin g structures: . In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered heterocyclic ring having one of the followin g structures: . In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered heterocyclic ring having one of the followin g structures: . In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein ring A forms a fused 5‐ membered heterocyclic ring having one of the followin g structures: . In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (II): (II) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: indicates an aromatic or non‐aromatic ring system; and X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are each independently =N‐, ‐NR 4 ‐, ‐O‐, or ‐S‐, ‐C(R 4 ) 2 ‐, or =CR 4 ‐. X 1 is CR a R b , NR 4 , or O; R a and R b are each independently H or alkyl; R 1 is halo; R 2 is halo, OH, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, ha loalkoxy, or cycloalkyl; R 3 is H, cycloalkyl, or alkyl optionally substitu ted with one or more R3’; R3’ is OH, halo, or cycloalkyl; each R 4 is independently H or alkyl, or when attached to a carbon atom, two R 4 may join together to form oxo; m is 0‐4; n is 0‐4; and p is 0‐2. In other embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (II): (II) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: indicates an aromatic or non‐aromatic ring system; and X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are each independently =N‐, ‐NR 4 ‐, ‐O‐, or ‐S‐, ‐C(R 4 ) 2 ‐, or =CR 4 ‐. X 1 is CR a R b , NR 4 , or O; R a and R b are each independently H or alkyl; R 1 is halo; R 2 is halo, OH, alkyl, or haloalkyl; R 3 is alkyl; each R 4 is independently H or alkyl, or when attached to a carbon atom, two R 4 may join together to form oxo; m is 0‐2; n is 0‐2; and p is 1. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided hav ing structure (II): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein X 1 , R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein, and whe rein: indicates an non‐aromatic ring system; and X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are each independently ‐C(R 4 ) 2 ‐. In further embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (II): (II) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein X 1 , R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein, and whe rein: indicates an non‐aromatic ring system; and X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are each independently ‐O‐ or ‐C(R 4 ) 2 ‐. In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided hav ing structure (II): (II) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein X 1 , R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein, and whe rein: indicates an non‐aromatic ring system; and X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are each independently ‐NR 4 ‐ or ‐C(R 4 ) 2 ‐. In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (II): (II) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein X 1 , R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein, and whe rein: indicates an aromatic ring system; and X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are each independently =N‐, ‐NR 4 ‐ or =CR 4 ‐, wherein at least one of X 2 or X 3 is ‐NR 4 ‐. In other embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (II): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein X 1 , R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein, and whe rein: indicates an aromatic ring system; and X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are each independently ‐O‐, =CR 4 ‐, or =N‐, wherein at least one of X 2 or X 3 is ‐O‐. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided hav ing structure (II): (II) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein X 1 , R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein, and whe rein: indicates an aromatic ring system; and X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are each independently ‐S‐, =CR 4 ‐, or =N‐, wherein at least one of X 2 or X 3 is ‐S‐. In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (IIa): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In other embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (IIb): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided hav ing structure (IIc): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R a , R b , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (IIIa‐i): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In other embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (IIIa‐ii): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided hav ing structure (IIIa‐iii): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In further embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (IIIb‐i): (IIIb‐i) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (IIIb‐ii): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In other embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (IIIb‐iii): (IIIb‐iii) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided hav ing structure (IIIc‐i): (IIIc‐i) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R a , R b , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In further embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (IIIc‐ii): (IIIc‐ii) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R a , R b , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (IIIc‐iii): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R a , R b , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In other embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (IVa‐i): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In other embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (IVa‐i): (IVa‐i) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: R 1 is halo; R 2 is halo, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalk oxy, or cycloalkyl; R 3 is alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl , or alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 3’ ; R 3’ is OH, halo, alkoxy, aminyl, or cycloalkyl; each R 4 is independently H, halo, or alkyl when attac hed to a carbon atom and H or alkyl when attached to a nitrogen atom; m is 0‐4; n is 0‐4; and p is 0‐2. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided hav ing structure (IVa‐ii): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In further embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (IVa‐iv): (IVa‐iv) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (IVa‐v): (IVa‐v) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In other embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (IVa‐vi): (IVa‐vi) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided hav ing structure (IVa‐vii): (IVa‐vii) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In further embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (IVa‐ix): (IVa‐ix) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (IVb‐i): (IVb‐i) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In other embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (IVb‐ii): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided hav ing structure (IVb‐iv): (IVb‐iv) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In further embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (IVb‐v): (IVb‐v) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (IVb‐vi): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In other embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (IVb‐vii): (IVb‐vii) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided hav ing structure (IVb‐ix): (IVb‐ix) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In further embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (IVc‐i): (IVc‐i) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R a , R b , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (IVc‐ii): (IVc‐ii) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R a , R b , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In other embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (IVc‐iv): (IVc‐iv) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R a , R b , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided hav ing structure (IVc‐v): (IVc‐v) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R a , R b , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In further embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (IVc‐vi): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R a , R b , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (IVc‐vii): (IVc‐vii) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R a , R b , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In other embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (IVc‐ix): (IVc‐ix) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R a , R b , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided hav ing structure (Va‐i): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided hav ing structure (Va‐i): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate , solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: R 1 is halo; R 2 is halo, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, or cycloalkyl; R 3 is alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl , or alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 3’ ; R 3’ is OH, halo, alkoxy, aminyl, or cycloalkyl; each R 4 is independently H, halo, or alkyl when attac hed to a carbon atom and H or alkyl when attached to a nitrogen atom; m is 0‐4; n is 0‐4; and p is 0‐2. In further embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (Va‐ii): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (Va‐iii): (Va‐iii) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In other embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (Va‐iv): (Va‐iv) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided hav ing structure (Vb‐i): (Vb‐i) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In further embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (Vb‐ii): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (Vb‐iii): (Vb‐iii) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In other embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (Vb‐iv): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided hav ing structure (Vc‐i): (Vc‐i) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R a , R b , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In further embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (Vc‐ii): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R a , R b , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (Vc‐iii): (Vc‐iii) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R a , R b , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In other embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (Vc‐iv): (Vc‐iv) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R a , R b , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided hav ing structure (VIa‐i): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided hav ing structure (VIa‐i): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: R 1 is halo; R 2 is halo, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalk oxy, or cycloalkyl; R 3 is alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl , or alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 3’ ; R 3’ is OH, halo, alkoxy, aminyl, or cycloalkyl; each R 4 is independently H, halo, or alkyl when attac hed to a carbon atom and H or alkyl when attached to a nitrogen atom; m is 0‐4; n is 0‐4; and p is 0‐2, wherein R 3 is not ethyl. In further embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (VIa‐ii): (VIa‐ii) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (VIa‐iii): (VIa‐iii) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In other embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (VIa‐iv): (VIa‐iv) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided hav ing structure (VIb‐i): (VIb‐i) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In further embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (VIb‐ii): (VIb‐ii) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (VIb‐iii): (VIb‐iii) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In other embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (VIb‐iv): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided hav ing structure (VIc‐i): (VIc‐i) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R a , R b , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In further embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (VIc‐ii): (VIc‐ii) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R a , R b , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (VIc‐iii): (VIc‐iii) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R a , R b , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In other embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (VIc‐iv): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R a , R b , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided hav ing structure (VIIa‐i): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In further embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (VIIa‐ii): (VIIa‐ii) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (VIIa‐iii): (VIIa‐iii) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In other embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (VIIb‐i): (VIIb‐i) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided hav ing structure (VIIb‐ii): (VIIb‐ii) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In further embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (VIIb‐iii): (VIIb‐iii) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (VIIc‐i): (VIIc‐i) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R a , R b , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In other embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (VIIc‐ii): (VIIc‐ii) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R a , R b , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided hav ing structure (VIIc‐iii): (VIIc‐iii) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R a , R b , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In further embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (VIIIa‐i): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (VIIIa‐ii): (VIIIa‐ii) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In other embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (VIIIa‐iii): (VIIIa‐iii) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided hav ing structure (VIIIa‐iv): (VIIIa‐iv) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In further embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (VIIIb‐i): (VIIIb‐i) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (VIIIb‐ii): (VIIIb‐ii) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In other embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (VIIIb‐iii): (VIIIb‐iii) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate , solvate or isotope thereof. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided hav ing structure (VIIIb‐iv): (VIIIb‐iv) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In further embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (VIIIc‐i): (VIIIc‐i) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R a , R b , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (VIIIc‐ii): (VIIIc‐ii) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R a , R b , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In other embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (VIIIc‐iii): (VIIIc‐iii) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R a , R b , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided hav ing structure (VIIIc‐iv): (VIIIc‐iv) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R a , R b , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In further embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (IXa‐i): (IXa‐i) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (IXa‐ii): (IXa‐ii) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In other embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (IXa‐iii): (IXa‐iii) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided hav ing structure (IXa‐iv): (IXa‐iv) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In further embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (IXb‐i): (IXb‐i) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (IXb‐ii): (IXb‐ii) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In other embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (IXb‐iii): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided hav ing structure (IXb‐iv): (IXb‐iv) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In further embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (IXc‐i): (IXc‐i) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R a , R b , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In some embodiments, a compound is provided having s tructure (IXc‐ii): (IXc‐ii) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R a , R b , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In other embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (IXc‐iii): (IXc‐iii) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R a , R b , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided hav ing structure (IXc‐iv): (IXc‐iv) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R a , R b , m, n, and p are as defined herein. In more specific embodiments, each of the structures listed herein, as appropriate, include the following more specific embodiments. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein has one of the following structures:
In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein the following structures:
In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein the following structures: In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein has one of the following structures: In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein X is CR a R b . In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R a and R b are both H. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein one of R a and R b is H and the other is alkyl. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R a and R b are both alkyl. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R a and R b are both C 1 ‐C 6 alkyl. In specific embodiments, a compound is provided wherein the alkyl is methyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein the alkyl is ethyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein the alkyl is propyl. In yet other embodiment s, a compound is provided wherein the alkyl is isopropyl. In additional embodiments, a compound i s provided wherein the alkyl is n‐butyl. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein the alkyl is sec‐butyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein the alkyl is iso‐butyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein the alkyl is tert‐buty l. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein X is NR 4 . In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 4 is H. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 4 is alkyl. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 4 is C 1 ‐ C 6 alkyl. In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 4 is methyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 4 is ethyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 4 is propyl. In yet other embodiments, a compou nd is provided wherein R 4 is isopropyl. In additional embodiments, a compound i s provided wherein R 4 is n‐butyl. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 4 is sec‐butyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 4 is iso‐butyl. In other embodiments, a compou nd is provided wherein R 4 is tert‐butyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein X is O. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 1 is F. In other embodiments, a compound is provided, wherein R 1 is Cl. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 1 is Br. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 1 is I. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 2 is halo. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 2 is F. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 2 is Cl. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 2 is Br. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 2 is I. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 2 is OH. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 2 is CN. In specific embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 2 is alkyl. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 2 is C 1 ‐C 6 alkyl. In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 2 is methyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 2 is ethyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 2 is propyl. In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 2 is isopropyl. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 2 is n‐butyl. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 2 is sec‐butyl. In some embodiments, a compoun d is provided wherein R 2 is iso‐butyl. In other embodiments, a compou nd is provided wherein R 2 is tert‐butyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 2 is haloalkyl. In specific embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 2 is C 1 ‐C 6 haloalkyl. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 2 is CF 3 . In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 2 is CHF 2 . In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 2 is alkoxy. In specific embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 2 is C 1 ‐C 6 alkoxy. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 2 is OCH 3 . In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 2 is haloalkoxy. In specific embodiments, a comp ound is provided wherein R 2 is C 1 ‐C 6 haloalkoxy. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 2 is OCF 3 . In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 2 is cycloalkyl. In specific embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 2 is C 3 ‐C 8 cycloalkyl. In other embodiments, a compound i s provided wherein R 2 is cyclopropyl. In yet other embodiments, a c ompound is provided wherein R 2 is cyclobutyl. In additional embodiments, a co mpound is provided wherein R 2 is cyclopentyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 3 is H. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 3 is not H. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 3 is alkyl. In specific embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 3 is C 1 ‐C 6 alkyl. In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided whe rein R 3 is methyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 3 is ethyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 3 is propyl. In yet other embodiments, a compou nd is provided wherein R 3 is isopropyl. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 3 is n‐butyl. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 3 is sec‐butyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 3 is iso‐butyl. In other embodiments, a compou nd is provided wherein R 3 is tert‐butyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 3 is alkyl substituted with one or more F. In certain embodiments, a compound is pr ovided wherein R 3 is ‐CH 2 CH 2 F. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 3 is ‐CH 2 CHF 2 . In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 3 is ‐CH 2 CF 3 . In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 3 is alkyl substituted with one or more cycloalkyl. In certain embodiments, a compoun d is provided wherein R 3 is . In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 3 is alkyl substituted with one or more OH. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 3 . In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 3 is . In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 3 is alkyl substituted with one or more alkoxy. In certain embodiments, a compound i s provided wherein R 3 is . In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 3 is alkyl substituted with one or more aminyl. In certain embodiments, a compound i s provided wherein R 3 is . In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 3 is . In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 3 is alkylsulfonyl. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 3 is cycloalkyl. In specific embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 3 is C 3 ‐C 8 cycloalkyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 3 is cyclopropyl. In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 3 is cyclobutyl. In additional embodiments, a co mpound is provided wherein R 3 is cyclopentyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 3 is aryl. In specific embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 3 is phenyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 3 is heterocyclyl. In specific embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 3 is saturated heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 3 is . In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 3 is heteroaryl. In specific embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 3 is piperidinyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein following structure: In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein an R 4 is H. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein an R 4 is alkyl. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein an R 4 is C 1 ‐C 6 alkyl. In specific embodiments, a compound is provided wherein an R 4 is methyl. In additional embodiments, a compou nd is provided wherein an R 4 is ethyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein each R 4 is H or methyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein each R 4 is H or ethyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein when attached to a carb on atom, two R 4 join together to form oxo. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein X 5 is CR 5 . In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein X 5 is N. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 5 is H. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 5 is halo. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 5 is OH. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 5 is CN. In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 5 is alkyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 5 is haloalkyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 5 is alkoxy. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 5 is haloalkoxy. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 5 is cycloalkyl. In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 5 is H or alkyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 6 is H. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 6 is halo. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 6 is OH. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 6 is CN. In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 6 is alkyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 6 is haloalkyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 6 is alkoxy. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 6 is haloalkoxy. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 6 is cycloalkyl. In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 6 is H or halo. In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 6 is H or Cl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 7 is H. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 7 is halo. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 7 is OH. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 7 is CN. In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 7 is alkyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 7 is haloalkyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 7 is alkoxy. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 7 is haloalkoxy. In further embodiments, a compound is pro vided wherein R 7 is cycloalkyl. In specific embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 7 is CN or haloalkyl. In specific embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 7 is CN or CF 3 . In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 7 is H, halo, OH, CN, alkyl, or haloalkyl. In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 7 is H, F, Cl, OH, CN, methyl, or CF 3 . In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 8 is H. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 8 is halo. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 8 is OH. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 8 is CN. In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 8 is alkyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 8 is haloalkyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 8 is alkoxy. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 8 is haloalkoxy. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 8 is cycloalkyl. In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 8 is H, alkyl, halo, or OH. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 8 is H or alkyl. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 8 is H or methyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 8 is H, methyl, F, Cl, or OH. In other embodi ments, a compound is provided wherein R 8 is H, methyl, Cl, or OH. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 9 is H. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 9 is halo. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 9 is OH. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 9 is CN. In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 9 is alkyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 9 is haloalkyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 9 is alkoxy. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 9 is haloalkoxy. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 9 is cycloalkyl. In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 9 is H, OH, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, or alkoxy. In yet other embodiments, a compound is prov ided wherein R 9 is H, OH, Cl, CHF 2 , methyl, or methoxy. In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 9 is H, OH, F, Cl, CHF 2 , CF 3 , methyl, or methoxy. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 10 is halo. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 10 is OH. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 10 is CN. In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 10 is alkyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 10 is haloalkyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 10 is alkoxy. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 10 is haloalkoxy. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 10 is aminyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 10 is alkylsulfonyl. In other embodiments, a compound is pr ovided wherein R 10 is carbocyclyl. In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 10 is cycloalkyl. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 10 is aryl. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 10 is heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, a compou nd is provided wherein R 10 is saturated heterocyclyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R 10 is heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, a compound is pro vided wherein R 10 is N(CH 3 ) 2 . In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein m is 0. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein m is 1. In additional embodiment s, a compound is provided wherein m is 2. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein m is 3. In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein m is 4. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein m is 5. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein n is 0. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein n is 1. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein n is 2. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein n is 3. In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein n is 4. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein p is 0. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein p is 1. In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein p is 2. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein q is 1. In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein q is 2. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein y is 1. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein y is 2. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein y is 3. In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein y is 4. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein y is 5. In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein y is 6. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein p is 1, n is 0, and m is 0. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein p is 1, n is 0, and m is 1. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein p is 1, n is 0, and m is 2. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein p is 1, n is 2, an d m is 1. In one embodiment, a compound is selected from one of the compounds listed in Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, i somer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof. Table 1 Representative compounds having Structure (I)
Pharmaceutical Compositions In certain embodiments, the invention provides a phar maceutical composition comprising a compound of structure (I), or a pharmac eutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, together with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient. For example, the active compou nd will usually be mixed with a carrier, or diluted by a carrier, or enclosed within a carrier which can be in the form of an ampoule, capsule, sachet, paper, or other container. When the active compound is mixed with a carrier, or when the carrier serves as a diluent, it can be solid, semi‐solid, or liquid material that acts as a vehi cle, excipient, or medium for the active compound. The active compound can be adso rbed on a granular solid carrier, for example contained in a s achet. Some examples of suitable carriers are water, salt solutions, alcohols, polyethylene glycols, polyhydroxy ethoxylated castor oil, peanut oil, olive oil, gelatin, lactose, terra alba, sucrose, dextrin, magnesium carbonate, sugar, cyclodextrin, amylose, magnesium stearate, talc, gelatin, agar, pectin, acacia, stearic acid, or lower alkyl ethers of cellulose, silicic acid, fatty acids, fatty acid amines, fatty acid monoglycerides and diglycerides, pentaerythritol fatty acid esters, polyoxymethylene, hydroxymethylcellulose, and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Similar ly, the carrier or diluent can include any sustained release material known in the art, such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate, alone or mixed with a wax. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutical composition ” refers to a composition containing one or more of the compounds described he rein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope or salt t hereof, formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, which can also include other addi tives, and manufactured or sold with the approval of a governmental regulatory agency as part of a therapeutic regimen for the treatment of disease in a mammal. Pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated, for example, for oral administration in unit dosage form (e.g., a tablet, capsule, caplet, gelcap, or syrup); for topical administration (e.g., as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment); for intravenous administration (e.g., as a sterile solution free of particulate emboli and in a solvent system suitable for intravenous use); for administration to a pediatric subject (e.g., solution, syrup, suspension, elixir, powder for reconstitution as suspe nsion or solution, dispersible/effervescent tablet, chewable tablet, lollipop, freezer pops, troches, oral thin strips, orally disintegrating tablet, orally disintegrating strip, and sprinkle oral powder or granules); or in any other formulation described herein. Conventional procedures a nd ingredients for the selection and preparation of suitable formulations are described, fo r example, in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st Ed., Gennaro, Ed., Lippenc ott Williams & Wilkins (2005) and in The United States Pharmacopeia: The National Formulary (US P 36 NF31), published in 2013. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of structure (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient further comprises a second therapeutic agent. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to any ingredient other than the disclosed compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope or salt thereof (e.g., a carrier capable of suspending or dissolving the active compound) and having the properties of being nontoxic and non‐ inflammatory in a patient. Excipients may include, for example: antiadherents, antioxidants, binders, coatings, compression aids, disintegrants, dye s (colors), emollients, emulsifiers, fillers (diluents), film formers or coatings, flavors, fragrances, glidants (flow enhancers), lubricants, preservatives, printing inks, sorbents, suspending or dispersing agents, sweeteners, or waters of hydration. Exemplary excipients include, but are not limited to: butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate (dibasic), calcium stearate, croscarmellose, crosslinked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, citric acid, crospovidone, cysteine, ethylcellulose, gelatin, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, lactose, magnesium stearate, maltitol, mannitol, methionine, methylcellulose, methyl paraben, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, povidone, pregelatinized starch, propyl paraben, retinyl palmitate, shellac, silicon dioxide, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium citrate, sodium starch glycolate, sorbitol, starch (corn), stea ric acid, stearic acid, sucrose, talc, titanium dioxide, vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin C, and xylito l. The formulations can be mixed with auxiliary agents which do not deleteriously react with the active compounds. Such additives can include wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, salt for influencing osmotic pressure, buffers and/or coloring substances, preserving agents, sweetening agents, or flavoring agents. The compositions can also be sterilized if desired. The route of administration can be any route which effectively transports the active compound of the invention to the appropriate or desired site of action, such as oral, nasal, pulmonary, buccal, subdermal, intradermal, transdermal, or parenteral, including intravenous, subcutaneous and/or intramuscular. In one embodiment, the route of administration is oral. In another embodiment, the route of administration is to pical. Dosage forms can be administered once a day, or mor e than once a day, such as twice or thrice daily. Alternatively, dosage forms can be administered less frequently than daily, such as every other day, or weekly, if found to be advisable by a prescribing physician or drug’s prescribing information. Dosing regimens include, for example, dose titration to the extent necessary or useful for the indication to be treated, thus allowing the patient’s body to adapt to the treatment, to minimize or avoid unwanted side effects associated with the treatment, and/or to maximize the therapeutic effect of the present compounds. Other dosage forms include delayed or controlled‐release forms. Suitable dosage regimens and/or forms include those set out, for example, in the latest edition of the Physicians' Desk Reference, incorporated herein by reference. In one embodiment, the invention provides an oral ph armaceutical composition comprising structure (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, together with at least one pharmaceu tically acceptable oral carrier, diluent, or excipient. In another embodiment, the invention provid es a topical pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of structure (I) or a pharmace utically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, together with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable topical carrier, diluent, or excipient. In another embodiment, there are provided methods of making a composition of a compound described herein including formulating a compound of the invention with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent is suitable for oral a dministration. In some such embodiments, the methods can further include the step of formulating the composition into a tablet or capsule. In other embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent is suitable for parenteral administration. In some such embodiments, t he methods further include the step of lyophilizing the composition to form a lyophilized preparation. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated into a pediatric dosage for m suitable for treating a pediatric subject. In certain embodiments, the invention provides a comp ound having structure (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof. Such compounds can be synthesized using standard synthetic techniques known to those skilled in the art. For example, compounds of the present invention can be synthesized using appropriately modified synthetic procedures set forth in the following Examples and Reaction Schemes. To this end, the reactions, processes, and synthetic methods described herein are not limited to the specific conditions described in the following experimental section, but rather are intended as a guide to one with suitable skill in this field. For example, reactions may be carried out in any suitable solvent, or other reagents to perform the transformation[s] necessary. Generally, suitable solvents are protic or aprotic solvents which are substantially non‐reactive with the reactants, the intermediates or products at the temperatures at whic h the reactions are carried out (i.e., temperatures whi ch may range from the freezing to boiling temperatures). A given reaction may be carried out i n one solvent or a mixture of more than one solvent. Depending on the particular reaction, su itable solvents for a particular work‐up following the reaction may be employed. All reagents, for which the synthesis is not describ ed in the experimental part, are either commercially available, or are known compo unds or may be formed from known compounds by known methods by a person skilled in t he art. The compounds and intermediates produced according to the methods of the invention m ay require purification. Purification of organic compounds is well known to a person skilled in the art and there may be several ways of purifying the same compound. In some cases, no purification may be necessary. In some cases, the compounds may be purified by crystallization. In some cases, impurities may be stirred out using a suitable solvent. In some cases, the compounds may be purified by chromatography, particularly flash column chromatography , using purpose‐made or prepacked silica gel cartridges and eluents such as gradients of solvents such as heptane, ether, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, ethanol and the like. In some cases, the compounds may be purified by preparative HPLC using methods as described. Purification methods as described herein may provide compounds of the present invention which possess a sufficiently basic or acidic functionality in the form of a salt, such as, in the case of a compound of the present invention which is sufficiently basic, a trifluoroacetate or formate salt, or, in the case of a compound of the present invention, which is sufficiently acidic, an ammonium salt. A salt o f this type can either be transformed into its free base or free acid form, respectively, by variou s methods known to a person skilled in the art, or be used as salts in subsequent biological a ssays. It is to be understood that the specific form of a compound of the present invention as isolated and as described herein is not necessarily the only form in which said compound can be applied to a biological assay in order to quantify the specific biological activity. Chemical names were generated using the ChemDraw naming software (Version 17.0.0.206) by PerkinElmer Informatics, Inc. In some cases, generally accepted names of commercially available reagents were used in place of names generated by the naming software. Methods of Treatment In some embodiments, the invention provides a method for treating an NLRP3 inflammasome dependent condition, wherein “treatment” refers to an intervention that ameliorates a sign or symptom of a disease or patho logical condition. As used herein, the terms “treatment”, “treat” and “treating,” with reference to a disease, pathological condition or symptom, also refers to any observable beneficial eff ect of the treatment. The beneficial effect can be evidenced, for example, by a delayed onset of clinical symptoms of the disease in a susceptible subject, a reduction in severity of some or all clinical symptoms of the disease, a slower progression of the disease, a reduction in the number of relapses of the disease, an improvement in the overall health or well‐being of the subject, or by other parameters well known in the art that are specific to the particular disease. A prophylactic treatment is a treatment administered to a subject who does not exh ibit signs of a disease or exhibits only early signs, for the purpose of decreasing the risk of developing pathology. A therapeutic treatment is a treatment administered to a subject after signs and symptoms of the disease have developed. In some embodiments, the invention provides a method for treating an NLRP3 inflammasome dependent condition in a subject, wherein “subject” refers to an animal (e.g., a mammal, such as a human). A subject to be treated according to the methods described herein may be one who has been diagnosed with a NLRP3 inf lammasome dependent condition, such as inflammation, an inflammatory disease, an immune d isease, cancer, infections including viral infections; central nervous system diseases, metabolic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, liver diseases, renal diseases, ocular diseases, skin diseases, psychological diseases or blood diseases. Diagnosis may be performed by any method or techniqu e known in the art. One skilled in the art will understand that a subject t o be treated according to the present disclosure may have been subjected to standard tests or may ha ve been identified, without examination, as one at risk due to the presence of one or more risk factors associated with the disease or condition. The term “patient” may be used inter changeably with the term “subject.” A subject may refer to an adult or pediatric subject. The route of administration can be any route which effectively transports the active compound of the invention to the appropriate or desired site of action, such as oral, nasal, pulmonary, buccal, subdermal, intradermal, transdermal, or parenteral, including intravenous, subcutaneous and/or intramuscular. In one embodiment, the route of administration is oral. In another embodiment, the route of administration is to pical. Dosage forms can be administered once a day, or mor e than once a day, such as twice or thrice daily. Alternatively, dosage forms can be administered less frequently than daily, such as every other day, or weekly, if found to be advisable by a prescribing physician or drug’s prescribing information. Dosing regimens include, for example, dose titration to the extent necessary or useful for the indication to be treated, thus allowing the patient’s body to adapt to the treatment, to minimize or avoid unwanted side effects associated with the treatment, and/or to maximize the therapeutic effect of the present compounds. Other dosage forms include delayed or controlled‐release forms. Suitable dosage regimens and/or forms include those set out, for example, in the latest edition of the Physicians' Desk Reference, incorporated herein by reference. In one embodiment, the invention provides an oral ph armaceutical composition comprising a compound of a structure as described he rein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, together with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable oral carrier, diluent, or excipient. In an other embodiment, the invention provides a topical pharmaceutical composition comprising a compoun d of a structure as described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate , solvate or isotope thereof, together with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable topical carrier, diluent, or excipient. In another embodiment, the invention provides an parenteral pharmaceutical composi tion comprising a compound of a structure as described herein, or a p harmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, together with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable topical carrier, diluent, or excipient. In some embodiments, the invention provides a method for treating an NLRP3 inflammasome dependent condition, wherein modulating NL RP3 provides a medical benefit to the patient or subject. In some embodiments, the NLRP3 inflammasome dependent condition is inflammation, an inflammatory disease, an immune disease, cancer, infections including viral infections; central nervous system diseases, metabolic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, liver diseases, renal diseases, ocular diseases, skin diseases, psychological diseases or blood diseases. In one embodiment, the NLRP3 inflammasome dependent condition is neuroinflammation‐related disorders or neurodegenerativ e diseases. In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome with an effective amount of a pharmaceut ical composition as described herein. In another embodiment, the invention provides a metho d of treating a NLRP3 inflammasome dependent condition by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition as described h erein. In certain embodiments, the NLRP3 inflammasome dependent condition is a neuroinflammation‐related disorder(s) or a neurodegenerative disease(s). In another embodiment, the invention provides a metho d of treating a NLRP3 inflammasome dependent condition including inflammation occurring as a result of an inflammatory disorder, e.g. an autoinflammatory disease , inflammation occurring as a symptom of a non‐inflammatory disorder, inflammation occurrin g as a result of infection, or inflammation secondary to trauma, injury or autoimmunity. Examples of inflammation that may be treated or prevented include inflammatory responses occurring in connection with, or as a result of: (a) a skin condition such as contact hypersensitivity, bullous pemphigoid, sunburn, psoriasis, atopical dermatitis, contact dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, seborrhoetic dermatitis, lichen planus, scleroderma, pemphigus, epidermolysis bullosa, urticaria, erythemas, or alopecia; (b) a joint condition such as osteoarthritis, systemi c juvenile idiopathic arthritis, adult‐onset Still's disease, relapsing polychondritis, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile chronic arthritis, crystal induced arthropathy (e.g. pseudo‐gout, gout), or a seronegative spondyloarthropathy (e.g. ankylosing spondylitis, psoria tic arthritis or Reiter's disease); (c) a muscular condition such as polymyositis or mya sthenia gravis; (d) a gastrointestinal tract condition such as inflammatory bowel disease (including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), gastric ulcer, coeliac disease, proctitis, pancreatitis, eosinopilic gastro‐enteritis, mastocytosi s, antiphospholipid syndrome, or a food‐ related allergy which may have effects remote from t he gut (e.g., migraine, rhinitis or eczema); (e) a respiratory system condition such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma (including bronchial, allergic, intrinsic, extrinsic or dust asthma, and particularly chronic or inveterate asthma, such as late asthma and airways hyper‐ responsiveness), bronchitis, rhinitis (including acute rhinitis, allergic rhinitis, atrophic rhinitis, chronic rhinitis, rhinitis caseosa, hypertrophic rhinit is, rhinitis pumlenta, rhinitis sicca, rhinitis medicamentosa, membranous rhinitis, seasonal rhinitis e .g. hay fever, and vasomotor rhinitis), sinusitis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), sarcoidosis, farmer's lung, silicosis, asbestosis, adult respiratory distress syndrome, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, or idiopathic interstitial pneumonia; (f) a vascular condition such as atherosclerosis, Beh cet's disease, vasculitides, or Wegener's granulomatosis; (g) an immune condition, e.g. autoimmune condition, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjogren's syndrome, systemic sclerosis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, type I diabetes, idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura, or Grave s disease; (h) an ocular condition such as uveitis, allergic conjunctivitis, or vernal conjunctivitis; (i) a nervous system condition such as multiple scle rosis or encephalomyelitis; (j) an infection or infection‐related condition, such as Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), acute or chronic bacterial infection, acute or chronic parasitic infection, acute or chronic viral infection, acute or chronic fungal infection, meningitis, hepatitis (A, B or C, or other viral hepatitis), pe ritonitis, pneumonia, epiglottitis, malaria, dengue hemorrhagic fever, leishmaniasis, streptococcal myositis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium intracellulare, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, orchitis/epidydimitis, legionella, Lyme disease, influenza A, epstein‐barr virus, viral encephalitis/aseptic meningitis, or pelvic inflammatory disease; (k) a renal condition such as mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, nephritis, glomerular nephritis, ac ute renal failure, uremia, or nephritic syndrome; (l) a lymphatic condition such as Castleman's disease ; (m) a condition of, or involving, the immune system, such as hyper IgE syndrome, lepromatous leprosy, familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, or graft versus host disease; (n) a hepatic condition such as chronic active hepatitis, non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), alcohol‐induced hepatitis, non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD), alcoholic steato hepatitis (ASH) or primary biliary cirrhosis; (o) a cancer, including those cancers listed herein below; (p) a burn, wound, trauma, haemorrhage or stroke; (q) radiation exposure; and/or (r) obesity; (s) pain such as inflammatory hyperalgesia; and/or (t) neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, or amyotrophic lateral sc lerosis. In another embodiment, the invention provides a metho d of treating a NLRP3 inflammasome dependent condition such as an inflammatory disease. For example, inflammation occurring as a result of an inflammatory disorder, e.g. an autoinflammatory disease, such as cryopyrin‐associated periodic syndromes (CAPS), Muckle‐Wells syndrome (MWS), familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome (FCAS), familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), neonatal onset multisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID), Majeed syndrome, pyogenic arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum and acne syndrome (PAP A), adult‐onset Still's disease (AOSD), haploinsufficiency of A20 (HA20), pediatric granulomatous arthritis (PGA), PLCG2‐associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation (PLAID), PLCG2‐associated autoinflammatory, antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation (APLAID), or sideroblastic anaemia with with B‐ cell immunodeficiency, periodic fevers and developmenta l delay (SIFD). In another embodiment, the invention provides a metho d of treating a NLRP3 inflammasome dependent condition such as an immune disease. For example, auto‐immune diseases, such as acute disseminated encephalitis, Addison's dis ease, ankylosing spondylitis, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS), anti‐synthetase syndrome, aplastic anemia, autoimmune adrenalitis, autoimmune hepatitis, autoimmune oophoritis, autoimmune polyglandular failure, autoimmune thyroiditis, Coeliac disease, Crohn's disease, type 1 diabetes (T1D), Goodpasture's syndrome, Graves' disease, Guillai n‐Barre syndrome (GBS), Hashimoto's disease, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Kawasaki's disease, lupus erythematosus including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS) including primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS), secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) and relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), myasthenia gravis, opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (OMS), optic neuritis, Ord's thyroiditis, pem phigus, pernicious anaemia, polyarthritis, primary biliary cirrhosis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis or Still's disease, refractory gouty arthritis, Reiter's syndrome, Sjogren's syndrome, systemic sclerosis a systemic connective tissue disorder, Takayasu's arteritis, temporal arteritis, warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Wegener's granulomatosis, alopecia universalis, Beliefs disease, Chagas' disease, dysautonomia, endometriosis, hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), interstitial cystitis, neuromyotonia, psoriasis, sarcoidosis, scleroderma, ulcerative colitis, Schnitzler syndrome, macrophage activation syndrome, Blau syndrome, giant cell arteritis, vitiligo or vulvodynia. In another embodiment, the invention provides a metho d of treating a NLRP3 inflammasome dependent condition such as cancer. For example, lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, non‐small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), myeloproliferative neoplams (MPN), pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), leukaemia including acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), promyelocytic leukemia (APML, or APL), adrenal cancer, anal cancer, basal and squamous cell skin cancer, bile duct cancer, bla dder cancer, bone cancer, brain and spinal cord tumours, breast cancer, cervical cancer, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML), colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, oesophagus cancer, Ewing family of tumours, eye cancer, gallbladder cancer, gastrointestinal carcinoid tumours, gastrointest inal stromal tumour (GIST), gestational trophoblastic disease, glioma, Hodgkin lymphoma, Kaposi sarcoma, kidney cancer, laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer, liver cancer, lung carcinoid tu mour, lymphoma including cutaneous T cell lymphoma, malignant mesothelioma, melanoma skin cancer, Merkel cell skin cancer, multiple myeloma, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, neuroblastoma, non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, non‐small cell lung cancer, oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer, osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, pen ile cancer, pituitary tumours, prostate cancer, retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, salivary gland cancer, skin cancer, small cell lung cancer, small intestine cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, stomach cancer, testicular cancer, thymus cancer, thyroid cancer including anaplastic thyroid cancer, uterine sarcoma, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, and Wilms tumour. In another embodiment, the invention provides a metho d of treating a NLRP3 inflammasome dependent condition such as an infection, including viral infections. For example, viral infections (e.g. from influenza virus, human im munodeficiency virus (HIV), alphavirus (such as Chikungunya and Ross River virus), flaviviruses (s uch as Dengue virus and Zika virus), herpes viruses (such as Epstein Barr Virus, cytomegalovirus, Varicella‐zoster virus, and KSHV), poxyiruses (such as vaccinia virus (Modified vaccinia virus Ankara) and Myxoma virus), adenoviruses (such as Adenovirus 5), or papillomavirus), bacterial infections (e.g. from Staphylococcus aureus, Helicobacter pylori, Bacillus anthracis, Bordatella pertussis, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Corynebacterium diptheriae, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium botulinum, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Listeria monocytogenes, Hemophilus influenzae, Pasteurella multicida, Shigella dysenteriae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, Mycoplasma pneumonia e, Mycoplasma hominis, Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Rickettsia rickettsii, Legionella pneumophila, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Propionibacterium acnes, Treponema pallidum, Chlamydia trachomatis, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella typhi, Borrelia burgdorferi or Yersinia pestis), fungal infections (e.g. from Candida or Aspergillus species), protozoan infections (e.g. from Plasmodium, Babesia, Giardia, Entamoeba, Leishmania or Trypanosomes), helminth infections (e.g. from schistosoma, roundworms, tapeworms or flukes), and prion infections. In another embodiment, the invention provides a metho d of treating a NLRP3 inflammasome dependent condition such as a central ne rvous system disease. For example, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Frontotemporal dementia, dementia, motor neuron disease, Huntington's disease, cerebral malaria, brain injury from pneumococcal meningitis, intracranial aneurysms, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In another embodiment, the invention provides a metho d of treating a NLRP3 inflammasome dependent condition such as a neuroinflam mation‐related disease. For example, multiple sclerosis, brain infection, acute injury, neu rodegenerative disease, Parkinson’s disease or Alzheimer’s disease. In another embodiment, the invention provides a metho d of treating a NLRP3 inflammasome dependent condition such as a neurodegenerative disease. For example, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In one embodiment, neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by deep involvement of cell mediating neuroinflammatory process es. In another embodiment, the invention provides a metho d of treating a NLRP3 inflammasome dependent condition such as a metabolic disease. For example, type 2 diabetes (T2D), atherosclerosis, obesity, gout, and pseudo‐gou t. In another embodiment, the invention provides a metho d of treating a NLRP3 inflammasome dependent condition such as a cardiovascular disease. For example, hypertension, ischaemia, reperfusion injury including post‐MI ischemic reperfusion injury, stroke including ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, myocardial infarction including recurrent myocardial infarction, heart failure includin g congestive heart failure and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, embolism, aneurysms including abdominal aortic aneurysm, cardiovascular risk reduction (CvRR), and pericarditis including Dressler's syndrome. In another embodiment, the invention provides a metho d of treating a NLRP3 inflammasome dependent condition such as a respiratory disease. For example, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), asthma such as allergic asthma and steroid‐resistant asthma, asbestosis, silicosis, nanoparticle induced inf lammation, cystic fibrosis, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In another embodiment, the invention provides a metho d of treating a NLRP3 inflammasome dependent condition such as a liver disease. For example, non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) including advanced fibrosis stages F3 and F4, alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFL D), and alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH). In another embodiment, the invention provides a metho d of treating a NLRP3 inflammasome dependent condition such as a renal dise ase. For example, acute kidney disease, hyperoxaluria, chronic kidney disease, oxalate nephropathy, nephrocalcinosis, glomerulonephritis, and diabetic nephropathy; In another embodiment, the invention provides a metho d of treating a NLRP3 inflammasome dependent condition such as an ocular di sease. For example, diseases of the ocular epithelium, age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) (dry and wet), uveitis, corneal infection, diabetic retinopathy, optic nerve damage, d ry eye, and glaucoma. In another embodiment, the invention provides a metho d of treating a NLRP3 inflammasome dependent condition such as a skin disease. For example, dermatitis such as contact dermatitis and atopic dermatitis, contact hypersensitivity, sunburn, skin lesions, hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), other cyst‐causing ski n diseases, and acne conglobate. In another embodiment, the invention provides a metho d of treating a NLRP3 inflammasome dependent condition such as a psychologic al disease. For example, depression, and psychological stress. In another embodiment, the invention provides a metho d of treating a NLRP3 inflammasome dependent condition such as a blood dise ase. For example, sickle cell disease. EXAMPLES General Methods Proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR, 400 MHz) spectra were obtained in solution of deuterochloroform (CDCl 3 ), deuteromethanol (CD 3 OD) or dimethyl sulfoxide – D 6 (DMSO – D 6 ). High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) retention times, purities, and mass spectra (LCMS) were obtained using Shimadzu LCMS 2010 (Shim‐pack XR‐ODS 3.0*30 mm 2.2 μm) operating in ES (+) ionization mode. Flow rate: 0.8 mL/min, acquire time: 3 min, wavelength: UV220, oven, temperature: 50 °C. The following additional abbreviations are used: aceti c acid (AcOH), ammonia (NH 3 ), 2,2′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl (BINAP), n‐butyllithium (n‐BuLi), cesium carbonate (Cs 2 CO 3 ), degree Celsius (°C), dichloromethane (DCM), (2‐dicyclohexylphosphino‐ 2′,4′,6′‐triisopropyl‐1,1′‐biphenyl)[2‐(2′ ‐amino‐1,1′‐biphenyl)]palladium(II) methanesulfonate (XPhosPdG3), N,N‐diisopropylethylamine (DIEA), dimethylformamide (DMF), ethanol (EtOH), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), formaldehyde (HCHO), gram (g), hour (h), hydrazine hydrate (NH 2 NH 2 .H 2 O), hydrochloric acid (HCl), iodomethane (CH 3 I), manganese dioxide (MnO 2 ), methanol (MeOH), N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP), milligram (mg), milliliter (mL), millimole (mmol), minute (min), molar (M), normal (N), palladium II acetate (Pd(OAc) 2 ), percent (%), petroleum ether (PE), phosphoryl chloride (POCl 3 ), potassium carbonate (K 2 CO 3 ), potential of hydrogen (pH), preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography (prep‐HPLC), silver carbonate (Ag 2 CO 3 ), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ), sodium cyanoborohydride (NaBH 3 CN), sodium hydride (NaH), sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 ), tetrahydrofuran (THF), tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA), triethylamine (Et 3 N), trimethylsilyldiazomethane (TMSCHN 2 ), 2‐(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl chloride (SEMCl ), water (H 2 O).
EXAMPLE 1 GENERAL SYNTHETIC ROUTE A General Scheme 1 Synthesis of (R)‐N‐(1‐methylpiperidin‐3‐yl)‐4 (4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐ d]pyridazin‐7‐amine (Compound 1) and (R)‐N‐(1‐ methylpiperidin‐3‐yl)‐7‐(4‐ (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐ 4‐amine (Compound 2) Synthesis of diethyl 1H‐pyrrole‐2,3‐dicarboxylate To a mixture of ethyl 2‐isocyanoacetate (13.84 g, 122.3 mmol) and Ag 2 CO 3 (3.37 g, 12.2 mmol) in dioxane (450 mL) was slowly added ethyl prop‐2‐ynoate (18.0 g, 183 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 80 °C for 2 h. The mixture was then concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude residue. The crude residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (20% ethyl acetate in petro leum ether) to afford desired product diethyl 1H‐pyrrole‐2,3‐dicarboxylate (22.06 g, 85% yield) as a yellow oil. Synthesis of 1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazine‐4,7‐diol A solution of diethyl 1H‐pyrrole‐2,3‐dicarboxylate (11.0 g, 52.1 mmol) in NH 2 NH 2 .H 2 O (61.8 g, 1.21 mmol) was stirred at 120 °C for 16 h under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was then concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude residue. The crude residue was triturated in EtOH (20 mL), f iltered and dried to afford desired product 1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazine‐4,7‐diol (8.98 g) as a yellow solid. The desired product was used in the next step without further purification. Synthesis of 4,7‐dichloro‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridaz ine A mixture of 1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazine‐4,7‐diol (1.53 g, 10.1 mmol) in POCl 3 (15 mL) was stirred at 110 °C for 6 h under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mix ture was poured into water (100 mL) and a saturated NaHCO 3 aqueous solution was added to adjust pH to 7. The mixture was then extracted with EtOAc (3 x 70 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressu re to afford the crude residue. The crude residue was purified by sil ica gel column chromatography (DCM:MeOH 1:0 to 5:1) to afford desired product 4,7‐dichloro‐1H‐pyrrolo[ 2,3‐d]pyridazine (978 mg, 51% yield) as a yellow solid. ridin‐3‐yl)‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐7‐amine and ridin‐3‐yl)‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d] zin‐4‐amine A mixture of 4,7‐dichloro‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrida zine (300 mg, 1.60 mmol) and (3R)‐1‐methylpiperidin‐3‐amine (364 mg, 3.19 mmo l) was degassed and purged with nitrogen for 10 min. The mixture was stirred at 140 °C for 16 h under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting crude residue was purified by silica gel column chro matography (24% MeOH in DCM with 1% Et 3 N) to afford a mixture of desired products (R)‐4‐chloro‐N‐(1‐methylpiperidin‐3‐yl)‐1H pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐7‐amine and (R)‐7‐chloro‐N‐(1‐methylpiperidin‐3‐yl)‐1H pyrrolo[2,3‐ d]pyridazin‐4‐amine (150 mg, 13% yield) as a yell ow solid. Synthesis of (R)‐N‐(1‐methylpiperidin‐3‐yl)‐4 (4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐ d]pyridazin‐7‐amine (Compound 1) and (R)‐N‐(1‐ methylpiperidin‐3‐yl)‐7‐(4‐ (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐ 4‐amine (Compound 2) To a mixture of (4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)boronic ac id (429 mg, 2.26 mmol) in 1,4‐dioxane (3 mL) and H 2 O (0.6 mL) were added a mixture of (R)‐4‐c hloro‐N‐(1‐methylpiperidin‐ 3‐yl)‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐7‐amine and (R)‐7‐chloro‐N‐(1‐methylpiperidin‐3‐yl)‐1H pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐4‐amine (400 mg, 1.51 mmol ), K 2 CO 3 (1.47 mg, 4.52 mmol) and XPhos‐ Pd‐G3 (191 mg, 0.226 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 100 °C for 16 h under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was then concentrated under r educed pressure to afford the crude residue. The crude residue was purified by silica ge l column chromatography (DCM:MeOH 5:1 with 1% Et 3 N) to afford a mixture of desired products (R)‐N‐(1‐methylpiperidin‐3‐yl)‐4‐(4‐ (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐ 7‐amine and (R)‐N‐(1‐methylpiperidin‐3‐ yl)‐7‐(4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3 d]pyridazin‐4‐amine (232 mg). The mixture of desired products was repurified by prep‐HPLC (0.05% NH 3 .H 2 O as additive) to afford desired products (R)‐N‐(1‐methylpiperidin‐3‐yl)‐7‐(4‐(trifluo romethyl)phenyl)‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐ d]pyridazin‐4‐amine (Compound 2, 28 mg, 5% yield, peak 1) as an off‐white solid and (R)‐N‐(1‐ methylpiperidin‐3‐yl)‐4‐(4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl )‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐7‐amine (Compound 1, 5.5 mg, 1% yield, peak 2) as an off white solid. EXAMPLE 2 GENERAL SYNTHETIC ROUTE B General Scheme 2 Synthesis of (R)‐2‐(1‐methyl‐7‐((1‐methylpiperidin‐3‐yl)a mino)‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐4‐ yl)phenol and (Compound 17) (R)‐2‐(1‐methyl‐4‐((1‐methylpiperidin‐3‐yl)a mino)‐1H‐ pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐7‐yl)phenol (Compound 67)
Synthesis of 4,7‐dichloro‐1‐methyl‐1H‐pyrrolo[2, 3‐d]pyridazine To a solution of Intermediate A (2 g, 11 mmol) in DMF (8 mL) were added methyl 4‐methylbenzenesulfonate (5.94 g, 31.9 mmol) and K 2 CO 3 (8.82 g, 63.8 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h und er nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was then diluted with H 2 O (40 mL) and extracted with DCM (3 X 30 mL) . The organic layers were combined, dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressu re to afford the crude residue. The crude residue was puri fied by silica gel column chromatography (PE:EtOAc, 10:1 to 1:1) to afford desired product 4,7‐dichloro‐1‐methyl‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐ d]pyridazine (690 mg, 31%) as an off‐white solid. Synthesis of (R)‐4‐chloro‐1‐methyl‐N‐(1‐methylpiperidin‐3 ‐yl)‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐7‐ amine and (R)‐7‐chloro‐1‐methyl‐N‐(1‐methylpiperidin‐3 ‐yl)‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐4‐ amine A mixture of 4,7‐dichloro‐1‐methyl‐1H‐pyrrolo[2 ,3‐d]pyridazine (200 mg, 0.990 mmol) and (3R)‐1‐methylpiperidin‐3‐amine (227 mg , 1.98 mmol) was stirred at 140 °C for 16 h under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting crude residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (DCM:MeOH, 10:1 to 5:1) to afford a m ixture of desired products (R)‐4‐chloro‐ 1‐methyl‐N‐(1‐methylpiperidin‐3‐yl)‐1H‐pyrro lo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐7‐amine and (R)‐7‐chloro‐1‐ methyl‐N‐(1‐methylpiperidin‐3‐yl)‐1H‐pyrrolo[2 ,3‐d]pyridazin‐4‐amine (70 mg) as a colorless oil. Synthesis of (R)‐2‐(1‐methyl‐7‐((1‐methylpiper idin‐3‐yl)amino)‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐4‐ yl)phenol (Compound 17) and (R)‐2‐(1‐methyl‐4‐ ((1‐methylpiperidin‐3‐yl)amino)‐1H‐ pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐7‐yl)phenol (Compound 67) To a solution of a mixture of (R)‐4‐chloro‐1‐ methyl‐N‐(1‐methylpiperidin‐3‐yl)‐ 1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐7‐amine and (R)‐7‐chloro‐1‐methyl‐N‐(1‐methylpiperidin‐3 ‐yl)‐1H‐ pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐4‐amine (70 mg, 0.3 mmol) in 1,4‐dioxane (2 mL) and H 2 O (0.5 mL) were added 2‐(4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolan‐2 ‐yl)phenol (95 mg, 0.43 mmol), Cs 2 CO 3 (350 mg, 1.07 mmol) and XPhosPdG3 (31 mg, 0.036 mmol). T he resulting mixture was stirred at 100 °C for 5 h under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was then diluted with H 2 O (30 mL) and extracted with DCM (3 X 20 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude residue. The crude residue was purified by prep‐HPLC (0.05% NH 3 .H 2 O as additive) to afford desired products (R)‐2‐(1‐methyl‐7‐((1‐methylpiperidin‐3‐yl)a mino)‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐4‐yl)phenol (Compound 17, 4.5 mg, 4%, peak 1) and (R)‐2‐(1 methyl‐4‐((1‐methylpiperidin‐3‐yl)amino)‐1H‐ pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐7‐yl)phenol (Compound 67, 1 7.4 mg, 14%, peak 2) as white solids.
EXAMPLE 3 GENERAL SYNTHETIC ROUTE C General Scheme 3 Synthesis of (R)‐2‐(7‐(methyl(1‐methylpiperidin‐3‐yl)amino) 1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐4‐ yl)phenol (Compound 24) and (R)‐2‐(4‐(methyl(1‐methylpiperidin‐3‐yl)amino) 1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐ d]pyridazin‐7‐yl)phenol (Compound 68)
To a solution of Intermediate A (500 mg, 2.66 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added 60% NaH in mineral oil (159 mg, 3.99 mmol) at 0 C. The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 30 min under nitrogen atmosphere. SEM‐Cl (665 mg, 3.99 mmol) was then added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for an addit ional 14 h. The mixture was diluted with H 2 O (60 mL) and extracted with DCM (3 X 50 mL) . The organic layers were combined, dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude residue. The crude residue was purified by silica ge l column chromatography (DCM:MeOH, 1:0 to 20:1) to afford desired product 4,7‐dichloro‐1‐((2‐(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)‐ 1H‐ pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazine (1.10 g, 93%) as a yellow solid. Synthesis of tert‐butyl (R)‐3‐((4‐chloro‐1‐((2‐(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)me thyl)‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐ d]pyridazin‐7‐yl)(methyl)amino)piperidine‐1‐carboxyl ate and tert‐butyl (R)‐3‐((7‐chloro‐1‐((2‐ (trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrida zin‐4‐yl)(methyl)amino)piperidine‐1‐ carboxylate A mixture of 4,7‐dichloro‐1‐((2‐(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)‐ 1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐ d]pyridazine (948 mg, 2.98 mmol) and tert‐butyl (3R )‐3‐(methylamino)piperidine‐1‐carboxylate (1.28 g, 5.96 mmol) was stirred at 140 °C for 16 h under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting crude residue was purified by silica gel column chromatogra phy (DCM:MeOH, 1:0 to 5:1) to afford a mixture of desired products tert‐butyl (R)‐3‐((4‐chloro‐1‐((2‐ (trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrida zin‐7‐yl)(methyl)amino)piperidine‐1‐ carboxylate and tert‐butyl (R)‐3‐((7‐chloro‐1‐((2‐(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)me thyl)‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐ d]pyridazin‐4‐yl)(methyl)amino)piperidine‐1‐carboxyl ate (447 mg) as a yellow solid. ynthesis of (R)‐4‐chloro‐N‐methyl‐N‐(piperidin ‐3‐yl)‐1H‐p in‐7‐amine and R)‐7‐chloro‐N‐methyl‐N‐(pip eridin‐3‐yl)‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d] zin‐4‐amine A solution of a mixture of tert‐butyl (R)‐3‐((4‐chloro‐1‐((2‐ (trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrida zin‐7‐yl)(methyl)amino)piperidine‐1‐ carboxylate and tert‐butyl (R)‐3‐((7‐chloro‐1‐((2‐(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)me thyl)‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐ d]pyridazin‐4‐yl)(methyl)amino)piperidine‐1‐carboxyl ate (447 mg, 0.901 mmol) in 4M HCl in 1,4‐dioxane (5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Th e resulting mixture was then concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a mixture of crude products (R)‐4‐chloro‐N‐ methyl‐N‐(piperidin‐3‐yl)‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyr idazin‐7‐amine and (R)‐7‐chloro‐N‐methyl‐N‐ (piperidin‐3‐yl)‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐4‐ amine (447 mg) as a yellow solid. The mixture of crude products was used in the next step without fu rther purification. Synthesis of (R)‐4‐chloro‐N‐methyl‐N‐(1‐meth ylpiperidin‐3‐yl)‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐7 amine and (R)‐7‐chloro‐N‐methyl‐N‐(1‐methylp iperidin‐3‐yl)‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐4‐ amine To a solution of a mixture of (R)‐4‐chloro‐N‐methyl‐N‐(piperidin‐3‐yl)‐1 H‐ pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐7‐amine and (R)‐7‐chloro‐N‐methyl‐N‐(piperidin‐3‐yl)‐1 H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐ d]pyridazin‐4‐amine (447 mg, 1.48 mmol) in THF (1 0 mL) and H 2 O (1 mL) were added 37% HCHO in H 2 O (144 mg, 1.77 mmol), NaBH 3 CN (139 mg, 2.22 mmol) and AcOH (8.88 mg, 0.1 48 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 50 °C for 2 h. The mixture was then poured into H 2 O (70 mL) and a saturated NaHCO 3 aqueous solution was added to adjust the pH to ~8. The mixture was then extracted with EtOAc (3 x 50 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude residue. The crude residue was purified by silica gel column chromatogra phy (DCM:MeOH, 1:0 to 5:1) to afford a mixture of desired products (R)‐4‐chloro‐N‐methyl‐N‐(1‐methylpiperidin‐3 ‐yl)‐1H‐ pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐7‐amine and (R)‐7‐chloro‐N‐methyl‐N‐(1‐methylpiperidin‐3 ‐yl)‐1H‐ pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐4‐amine (128 mg) as a yel low solid. Synthesis of (R)‐2‐(7‐(methyl(1‐methylpiperidin‐3‐yl)amino) 1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐4‐ yl)phenol (Compound 24) and (R)‐2‐(4‐(methyl(1‐methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino)-1H- pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyridazin‐7‐yl)phenol (Compound 68) To a solution of a mixture of (R)‐4‐chloro‐N‐ methyl‐N‐(1‐methylpiperidin‐3‐yl)‐ 1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐7‐amine and (R)‐7‐chloro‐N‐methyl‐N‐(1‐methylpiperidin‐3 ‐yl)‐1H‐ pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐4‐amine (80 mg, 0.29 mmol) in 1,4‐dioxane (4 mL) and H 2 O (1 mL) were added 2‐(4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolan‐2 ‐yl)phenol (69 mg, 0.31 mmol), Cs 2 CO 3 (280 mg, 0.858 mmol) and XPhosPdG 3 (24 mg, 0.028 mmol). The resulting mixture wa s stirred at 100 °C for 4 h under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was then diluted with H 2 O (30 mL) and extracted with DCM (3 X 20 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude residue. The crude residue was purified by prep‐HPLC (0.05% NH 3. H 2 O as additive) to afford desired products (R)‐2‐(4‐(methyl(1‐methylpiperidin‐3‐yl)amino) 1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐7‐yl)phenol (Compound 68, 16.9 mg, 16%, peak 1) and (R)‐2‐(7 ‐(methyl(1‐methylpiperidin‐3‐yl)amino)‐1H‐ pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐4‐yl)phenol (Compound 24, 5 mg, 5%, peak 2) as off‐white solids. EXAMPLE 4 GENERAL SYNTHETIC ROUTE D G Synthesis of (R)‐N,1‐dimethyl‐N‐(1‐methylpiperid in‐3‐yl)‐4‐(4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)‐1H‐ pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐7‐amine (Compound 27)
nthesis of tert‐butyl (R)‐3‐((4‐chloro‐1‐me zin‐7‐ amino)piperidine‐1‐carboxylate To a solution of Intermediate B (2 g, 9.9 mmol) and (R)‐tert‐butyl 3‐ aminopiperidine‐1‐carboxylate (1.98 g, 9.9 mmol) in toluene (25 mL) were added Cs 2 CO 3 (9.68 g, 29.7 mmol), Pd(OAc) 2 (111 mg, 0.50 mmol) and BINAP (617 mg, 0.99 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 110 °C for 5 h under nitro gen atmosphere. The mixture was then poured into H 2 O (40 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3 X 40 mL). The organic layers were combined, washed with brine (10 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a crude residue. The crude residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (80% EtOAc in PE) to afford desired product tert‐butyl (R)‐3‐((4‐ chloro‐1‐methyl‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐7‐y l)amino)piperidine‐1‐carboxylate (1.37 g, 37.8 %) as a yellow solid. Synthesis of tert‐butyl (R)‐3‐((4‐chloro‐1‐methyl‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]p yridazin‐7‐ yl)(methyl)amino)piperidine‐1‐carboxylate To a solution of tert‐butyl (R)‐3‐((4‐chloro‐ 1‐methyl‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐ 7‐yl)amino)piperidine‐1‐carboxylate (500 mg, 1.37 mmol) in THF (6 mL) was added 60% NaH in mineral oil (82 mg, 2.1 mmol). The mixture was stir red at room temperature for 30 min under nitrogen atmosphere. CH 3 I (233 mg, 1.64 mmol) was then added, and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for an additional 14 h. The mixture was then poured into H 2 O (40 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3 X 40 mL). The orga nic layers were combined, washed with brine (10 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a crude residue. The crude residue was purifi ed by silica gel column chromatography (60% EtOAc in PE) to afford desired product tert‐butyl (R)‐3‐((4‐chloro‐1‐methyl‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐ d]pyridazin‐7‐yl)(methyl)amino)piperidine‐1‐carboxyl ate (350 mg, 67%) as a yellow solid. Synthesis of tert‐butyl (R)‐3‐(methyl(1‐methyl‐ 4‐(4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐ d]pyridazin‐7‐yl)amino)piperidine‐1‐carboxylate To a solution of tert‐butyl (R)‐3‐((4‐chloro‐ 1‐methyl‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐ 7‐yl)(methyl)amino)piperidine‐1‐carboxylate (150 mg, 0.395 mmol) in 1,4‐dioxane (3 mL) and H 2 O (0.3 mL) were added (4‐(trifluoromethyl)pheny l)boronic acid (90 mg, 0.47 mmol), Cs 2 CO 3 (386 mg, 1.18 mmol) and XPhosPdG3 (33 mg, 0.04 mmol ). The resulting mixture was stirred at 100 °C for 14 h under nitrogen atmosphere. The mix ture was then poured into H 2 O (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3 X 20 mL). The organic layer s were combined, washed with brine (20 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a crude residue. The crude residue was purified by sil ica gel column chromatography (50% EtOAc in PE) to afford desired product tert‐butyl (R)‐3 ‐(methyl(1‐methyl‐4‐(4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)‐ 1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐7‐yl)amino)piperidine‐1 ‐carboxylate (170 mg, 88%) as a yellow solid. Synthesis of (R)‐N,1‐dimethyl‐N‐(piperidin‐3‐y l)‐4‐(4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐ d]pyridazin‐7‐amine To a solution of tert‐butyl (R)‐3‐(methyl(1‐methyl‐4‐(4‐ (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐ 7‐yl)amino)piperidine‐1‐carboxylate (170 mg, 0.347 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was added 4M HCl in 1,4‐dioxane (5 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The mixtur e was then concentrated under reduced pressure to afford desired crude product (R)‐N,1‐dimethyl‐N‐(piperidin‐3‐yl)‐4‐(4‐ (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐ 7‐amine (230 mg) as a yellow solid. The crude product was used in the next step without fur ther purification. ‐(trifluo l)‐1H‐ (R)‐N,1‐dimethyl‐N‐(piperidin‐3‐yl)‐4‐(4‐ (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐ 7‐amine (160 mg, 0.346 mmol) in THF (2 mL) were added 37% HCHO in H 2 O (34 mg, 0.42 mmol), NaBH 3 CN (33 mg, 0.52 mmol) and AcOH (48 mg, 0.35 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirre d at 50 °C for 2 h. The mixture was then concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a crude residue. The crude residue was purified by prep‐HPLC (0.05% NH3.H2O as additive) to afford desired product (R)‐N,1‐dimethyl‐N‐(1‐ methylpiperidin‐3‐yl)‐4‐(4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl )‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐7‐amine (Compound 27, 13 mg, 9%,) as a white solid.
EXAMPLE 5 GENERAL SYNTHETIC ROUTE E General Scheme 5 Synthesis of (R)‐N‐(1‐methylpiperidin‐3‐yl)‐4 (4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)isothiazolo[4,5‐ d]pyridazin‐7‐amine (Compound 63)
Synthesis of 4‐(hydroxy(4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)meth yl)isothiazole‐5‐carboxylic acid To a solution of isothiazole‐5‐carboxylic acid (5 g, 38.7 mmol) and TMEDA (11.2 g, 96.8 mmol) in THF (50 mL) was added 2.5 M n‐ BuLi in hexanes (38.7 mL, 96.8 mmol) at ‐78 °C. The mixture was stirred at ‐78 °C for 1 h under nitrogen atmosphere. A solution of 4‐ (trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (14.2 g, 81.3 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was then added, and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for an additional 3 h. The mixture was acidified with 1 N aqueous HCl to adjust the pH to ~4, then poured into H 2 O (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3 X 100 mL). The organic laye rs were combined, washed with brine (200 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressu re to afford a crude residue. The crude residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (25% EtOAc in PE) to afford desired product 4‐(hydroxy(4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)isothiazole 5‐ carboxylic acid (1.77 g, 15%) as a yellow solid. Synthesis of methyl 4‐(hydroxy(4‐(trifluoromethyl)phe nyl)methyl)isothiazole‐5‐carboxylate To a solution of 4‐(hydroxy(4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)isothiazole 5‐ carboxylic acid (570 mg, 1.88 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) and THF (5 mL) was added 2M diazomethyl(trimethyl)silane in hexanes (1.88 mL, 3.76 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 14 h under nitrogen atmosphe re. The mixture was then acidified with AcOH to adjust the pH to ~5, then poured into H 2 O (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2 X 10 mL). The organic layers were combined, washed with brine (10 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressu re to afford a crude residue. The crude residue was purified by silica gel column chromatogra phy (25% EtOAc in PE) to afford desired product methyl 4‐(hydroxy(4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)isothiazole 5‐carboxylate (280 mg, 47%) as a yellow oil. To a solution of methyl 4‐(hydroxy(4‐ (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)isothiazole‐5‐carboxylate (280 mg, 0.883 mmol) in THF (3 mL) was added MnO 2 (767 mg, 8.83 mmol). The resulting mixture wa s stirred at 40 °C for 14 h and was then concentrated under reduced pressure to affor d a crude residue. The crude residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (25% EtO Ac in PE) to afford desired product methyl 4‐(4‐(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl)isothiazole‐5‐carboxyl ate (380 mg, >100%) as a white solid. Synthesis of 4‐(4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)isothiazolo[ 4,5‐d]pyridazin‐7(6H)‐one To a solution of methyl 4‐(4‐(trifluoromethyl)benzo yl)isothiazole‐5‐carboxylate (380 mg, 1.21 mmol) in EtOH (5 mL) was added 85% NH 2 NH 2 .H 2 O (710 mg, 12.1 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 80 o C for 12 h. The mixture was then filtered, an d the filter cake was washed with EtOH (2 mL) and dried under vacuum to afford desired product 4‐(4‐ (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)isothiazolo[4,5‐d]pyridazin‐7(6H )‐one (230 mg, 64%) as a white solid. Synthesis of 7‐chloro‐4‐(4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl )isothiazolo[4,5‐d]pyridazine A solution of 4‐(4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)isothiazolo[4,5‐d]pyridaz in‐7(6H)‐ one (230 mg, 0.774 mmol) in POCl 3 (4.4 mL) was stirred at 120 °C for 6 h under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was basified with saturated NaHCO 3 aqueous solution to adjust the pH to ~8, then poured into H 2 O (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2 X 10 m L). The organic layers were combined, washed with brine (10 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford desired crude product 7‐chloro‐4‐(4‐ (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)isothiazolo[4,5‐d]pyridazine (239 mg) as a yellow solid. The crude product was used in the next step without further p urification. Synthesis of (R)‐N‐(1‐methylpiperidin‐3‐yl)‐4 (4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)isothiazolo[4,5‐ d]pyridazin‐7‐amine (Compound 63) To a solution of 7‐chloro‐4‐(4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)isothiazolo[4, 5‐ d]pyridazine (239 mg, 0.757 mmol) in NMP (3 mL) wer e added (3R)‐1‐methylpiperidin‐3‐amine (104 mg, 0.908 mmol) and DIEA (0.4 mL, 2.27 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 130 o C for 12 h under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was then poured into H 2 O (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2 X 10 mL). The organic layer s were combined, washed with brine (10 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a crude residue. The crude residue was purified by pre p‐HPLC (0.05% NH 3 H 2 O as additive) to afford (R)‐N‐(1‐methylpiperidin‐3‐yl)‐4‐(4‐(trifluo romethyl)phenyl)isothiazolo[4,5‐d]pyridazin‐7‐ amine (Compound 63, 17 mg, 6%) as an off‐white so lid. EXAMPLE 6 SYNTHESIS OF REPRESENTATIVE COMPOUNDS The Compounds listed in Table 2 below were prepared by procedures similar to the ones described in the representative schemes found in the Examples with appropriate variations in reactants, quantities of reagents, protections and deprotections, solvents and reaction conditions. The characterization data of the compounds are also summarized herein in Table 2. Table 2
EXAMPLE 7 NLRP3 INFLAMMASOME ACTIVATION AND CELL VIABILITY ASSES SMENT IN THP1 MACROPHAGES THP1 – Human acute monocytic leukemia cells were c ultured (ATCC, cat # TIB‐ 202) in Gibco RPMI‐1640 medium (ThermoFisher cat # 72400054) supplemented with 10% Heat Inactivated FBS at density between 3‐8 x10^5 viable cells/ml. The cells were then subcultured when the cell concentration reached 8 x10 5 cells/mL (every 2‐3 days). To determine the compounds’ IC 50 , 1.75x10 4 cells/well were plated in CELLSTAR 384 well plates (Greiner cat # 781091) in 50ul /wel l DMEM (ThermoFisher, cat # 10393021), 10% FBS, 1x GlutaMax (ThermoFisher, cat # 35050038) + 20 nM PMA (Sigma, cat # P1585) and only the inner 224 wells of a 384 well plate were used. The parameter wells were filled with 50 ul PBS and incubated at 37 ^C, 5% CO 2 for 48 hrs. After 48 hrs incubation, the PMA containing media wa s removed, and changed for 40 ul/well of fresh DMEM, 10% FBS, 1x GlutaMax and incubated at 37 ^C, 5% CO 2 for 24 hrs. The following day the cells were primed with LPS (E .coli) (Sigma, cat # L3129) at 20 ng/ml in DMEM, 10%FBS, 1x GlutaMax for 3 hrs at 37 ^C, 5% CO 2. Following the LPS priming step, the cells were treat ed with compounds at 10 uM top final concentration, 1:4 dilution, 8 times: ( 10 uM, 2.5 uM, 0.625 uM, 0.156 uM, 0.039 uM, 0.0097 uM, 0.0024 uM, 0.0006 uM). DMSO was used as a vehicle control, and MCC950 (InvivoGen, cat # inh‐mcc) was used at 1 uM as a positive control, and incubated for 1 hrs at 37 ^C, 5% CO 2. Following the 1 hr compound incubation, the NLRP3 in flammasome activation step was conducted by treating cells with Nigericin (InvivoGen, cat # tlrl‐nig) at 6.7 uM final concentration for 3 hrs at 37 ^C, 5% CO 2. Thereafter, 30 ul samples of cells’ supernatants were collected for cytokine analysis which was conducted on Hu IL‐1β AlphaLISA (Perkin Elmer, cat # AL220C) and Hu IL‐6 AlphaLISA (Perkin Elmer, cat # AL220C). The cells’ viability was assessed by performing CellTiter‐ Glo Luminescent Assay (Promega, cat #G7572) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Cell viability assessment for select NLRP3 inflammasome modulators is displayed in Tables 3 and 4. For Table 3 ‐ The activity ranges are as follows: “++++++” denotes IL‐1β activity of ≤10 nM; “+++++” denotes IL‐1β activity of >10 nM an d ≤100 nM; “++++” denotes IL‐1β activity of >100 nM an d ≤500 nM; “+++” denotes IL‐1β activity of >500 nM and ≤1,000 nM; “++” denotes IL‐1β activity of >1,000 nM an d <10,000 nM; “+” denotes IL‐1β activity of ≥10,000 nM; an d “*” denotes not yet tested. Table 3
For Table 4 – The activity ranges are as follows: “++++” denotes IL‐6 activity of ≤1 μM; “+++” denotes IL‐6 activity of >1 μM and 5 μM; “++” denotes IL‐6 activity of >5 μM and &l t;10 μM; “+” denotes IL‐6 activity of ≥10 μM; and “*” denotes not yet tested. Table 4
The various embodiments described above can be combin ed to provide further embodiments. All of the U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent applicati ons and non‐patent publications referred to in this specification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet, including U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/357,916, filed on July 1, 2022, a re incorporated herein by reference, in their entirety. Aspects of the embodiments can be modifie d, if necessary, to employ concepts of the various patents, applications and publications to prov ide yet further embodiments. These and other changes can be made to the embodime nts in light of the above‐ detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disc losed in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include all possible embodimen ts along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure.