CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/020,470, filed July 3, 2014 entitled "Systems and Methods For Controlling Cells and Biological Systems Remotely" which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND Thermal sensitive ion channels have been studied for several years. In certain instances, heat can alter ion flow or membrane potential in membranes that comprise thermal sensitive ion channels. This alteration can, under some circumstances, provide a change in the intracellular environment; if that cell is in an animal (e.g., human) then the alteration can sometimes provide a change in the animal physiology.

Ferritin is a ubiquitous intracellular protein that stores iron and has been studied for several years. Ferritin is produced by many animals (e.g., humans) and can be found in many biological tissues as a cytosolic protein (e.g., in the cytosol of a cell). In some circumstances, ferritin can be heated by radiofrequency fields. SUMMARY

[0002] Certain embodiments of the invention include polypeptides that comprise (a) a thermal sensitive ion channel or a variant thereof linked to (b) a domain 5 of kininogen 1 or a variant or fragment thereof. Other embodiments include nucleic acid molecules that encode the polypeptide. In additional embodiments, compositions can comprise the polypeptide or compositions can comprise the nucleic acid molecule. In further embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions can comprise the polypeptide or compositions can comprise the nucleic acid molecule.

[0003] Other embodiments of the invention include methods for modulating a cell comprising administering a composition comprising a nucleic acid molecule to at least one cell and applying a static magnetic field or an electromagnetic field, where the cell is modulated upon applying the static magnetic field or the electromagnetic field. Yet other embodiments include methods for modulating at least one cell in an animal (e.g., human) comprising administering a composition comprising a nucleic acid molecule to the animal (e.g., human) and applying a static magnetic field or an electromagnetic field, where the at least one cell is modulated upon applying the static magnetic field or the electromagnetic field.

[0004] Some embodiments of the invention include methods for treating an animal (e.g., human) for a disease or disorder, comprising administering a composition comprising a nucleic acid molecule to the animal and applying a static magnetic field or an electromagnetic field, where at least one cell in the animal (e.g., human) is modulated upon applying the static magnetic field or the electromagnetic field, and the modulation treats the disease or disorder.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0005] The following drawings form part of the present specification and are included to further demonstrate certain embodiments of the present invention. The invention may be better understood by reference to one or more of these drawings in combination with the description of specific embodiments presented herein.

[0006] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of some embodiments of the methods and/or systems disclosed herein. In some instances, cells and organ systems can be modified through genetic techniques. In certain embodiments, the static magnetic field(s) or electromagnetic field(s) can be applied by any suitable system (referred to as "EM system"). Observables can include but are not limited to cellular, physiological, behavioral and therapeutic events.

[0007] FIG. 2 is an example of block diagram of a system for applying static magnetic field(s) or electromagnetic field(s) (referred to as "EM system") with real time monitoring.

[0008] FIG. 3 is an example of a LC circuit that could be used with a system for applying static magnetic field(s) or electromagnetic field(s) (referred to as "EM system"). [0009] FIG. 4 is an example of a live cell imaging system with microscope and real time system for applying static magnetic field(s) or electromagnetic field(s) (referred to as "EM system").

[0010] FIG. 5 is an example of a system for applying static magnetic field(s) or electromagnetic field(s) (referred to as "EM system") for animal studies. The cage sits inside a RF coil. [0011] FIG. 6 is an example of MRI used to measure animal neural activities induced by static magnetic fields or by electromagnetic fields (e.g., via the "EM system" shown) in an animal after being delivered an inventive polypeptide (e.g., via a lentivector). In some embodiments, the static magnetic field(s) or electromagnetic field(s) can be programmed and/or controlled by the operator (e.g., via a pre-existing system in the MRI or by additional systems not originally found in the MRI).

[0012] FIG. 7 provides illustrations of some embodiments of the inventive polypeptide and its modulation of the cell membrane upon application of RF. FIG. 7a is an illustration of recruitment of ferritin to TRPV1 channel through domain 5 that is expressed at the c-terminal of the channel. FIG. 7b shows a cartoon representation of an exemplary embodiment of the inventive polypeptide. The left and center pictures show that the inventive polypeptide (via D5) interacts with endogenous ferritin. The right picture provides an embodiment such that application of RF, which provides heat, can modulate ion flow (e.g., Ca ²⁺ ). [0013] FIG. 8 shows an example of a construction map. FIG. 8 is a TRPVl. D5 fusion gene cloned into pLVX. Expression is driven by the EFla promoter. There is an IRES site downstream of TRPVl. D5 to drive expression of mCherry.

[0014] FIG. 9 shows ferritin distribution to membranes in HEK293 cells and demonstrates interaction of ferritin with TRPVl. D5 but not TRPVl. Confocal images of ferritin (white) in TRPVl (FIG. 9a) and TRPVl. D5 (FIG. 9b) cells. TEM images of membranes in TRPVl (FIG. 9c) and TRPVl. D5 (FIG. 9d) cells. The bar under FIG. 9d is the scale for FIG. 9c and FIG. 9d and represents a length of 0.1 microns. FIG. 9e shows immunoprecipitation experiments;

Ferritin-mCherry co-immunoprecipitates with Flag-TRPV1.D5 (i.e., labeled with Flag) but not Flag-TRPVl.

[0015] FIG. 10 demonstrates the increased GCAMP3 intensity after the application of EM fields compared to the baseline intensity without EM fields. The red fluorescence indicates the cells that expressed TRPVl. D5.

[0016] FIG. 11 quantifies the fluorescence intensity at three levels of oscillating electromagnetic fields (RF frequency). Red fluorescence increased by less than 6.5% at the end of experiments. Green fluorescence without TRPVl increased by less than 6.9%. Green fluorescence of all cells with TRPVl increased by 9.0% at low magnetic field (62 G) and 22.2% at high magnetic field (132 G). Green fluorescence with TRPVl that visually became brighter increased by 48.3% at low magnetic field and 151.3% at high magnetic field RF. [0017] FIG. 12 shows that application of RF to HEK cells with TRPV1.D5 increases Ca ⁺ ion modulation.

[0018] FIG. 13 shows that application of RF to HEK cells with TRPV1.D5 induces p-CaMKii.

[0019] FIG. 14 shows that RF induces phosphorylation of CaMKii in neural crest cells in vivo. FIG. 14a is the control (no RF applied). FIG. 14b and FIG. 14c show the increased

immunoreactivity with anti phospho-specific CaMKii antibody after stimulation with RF.

[0020] FIG. 15 shows RF activated TRPV1.D5 in the cardiac neural crest cells results in heart defects which can be rescued by pretreatment with a TRPV1 inhibitor. Normal outflow vessel alignment with the base aorta (Ao) wedged behind the pulmonary trunk (Pa) (FIG. 15a) from a chick embryo not activated with RF. Rightward displaced aorta (Ao) positioned over the right ventricle (DORV) in an embryo exposed to RF for 10 minutes in (FIG. 15b - arrowheads). FIG. 15c and FIG. 15d show H&E stained cross section of hearts in FIG. 15a and FIG. 15b showing the associated ventricular septal defect (VSD) (arrow in FIG. 15d) in the DORV heart. FIG. 15e shows that TRPV1 inhibitor rescues RF induced defects.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0021] Disclosed herein are inventive polypeptides (e.g., comprising a thermal sensitive ion channel or variant thereof and a domain 5 of kininogen 1 or variant or fragment thereof) and nucleic acid molecules encoding inventive polypeptides. Also disclosed are methods for modulating a cell comprising administering certain compositions (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions of the nucleic acid molecule) and applying static magnetic field(s) or

electromagnetic field(s). Methods for treating diseases or disorders in an animal (e.g., human) comprising administering certain compositions (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions of the nucleic acid molecule) and applying a static magnetic field or an electromagnetic field, are further disclosed. Some embodiments of the invention are illustrated in FIG. 7.

[0022] In certain embodiments, administration of a nucleic acid molecule results in expression of the encoded inventive polypeptide. In other embodiments, the thermal sensitive ion channel or variant thereof portion of the inventive polypeptide resides in the membrane of a cell and the domain 5 of kininogen 1 or variant or fragment thereof portion of the inventive polypeptide resides in a cell space or compartment that comprises ferritin (e.g., the cytosol). In certain embodiments, and without being bound by theory, ferritin (e.g., endogenous ferritin) is in close proximity to the inventive polypeptide (e.g., because, in some embodiments, ferritin binds to or is associated with the domain 5 of kininogen 1 or variant or fragment thereof portion of the inventive polypeptide). Without being bound by theory, the close proximity of ferritin can sometimes permit the application of heat (e.g., by application of an electromagnetic field) or mechanical force (e.g., by the application of a static magnetic field) to the inventive polypeptide (and by implication the membrane of cell in which the inventive polypeptide resides) via the iron in ferritin. Thus, in some embodiments and without being bound by theory, the close proximity of ferritin to the inventive polypeptide permits modulation of certain aspects of the cell membrane and/or cell.

[0023] Inventive Polypeptides, Nucleic Acid Molecules, and Compositions

[0024] Some embodiments of the inventive polypeptides comprise (a) a thermal sensitive ion channel or a variant thereof and (b) domain 5 of kininogen 1 or a variant or fragment thereof.

[0025] Any suitable thermal sensitive ion channel can form the basis of the thermal sensitive ion channel or a variant thereof of the inventive polypeptide. In certain embodiments, thermal sensitive ion channels encompass any ion channel that can be modulated by temperature.

"Modulate" (or any variation thereof) as generally used herein is defined as change, such as, but limited to an increase or a decrease, or change of state (e.g., conformational change in a protein). "Modulation of a cell" (or any variation thereof), as used herein, is defined as any change in a cell, such as, but not limited to, an increase, a decrease, a reversal, a starting or a stopping of the flow of one or more ions and/or a change of state (e.g., polarization of a membrane,

repolarization of a membrane, depolarization of a membrane or hyperpolarization of a membrane) that can influence of one or more molecules or one or more cell systems. For example, modulation of the thermal sensitive ion channel can modulate the membrane potential, the ion flow, or both. Modulation of the membrane potential can, in some instances, result in polarization, repolarization, depolarization, or hyperpolarization (e.g., in a neuron, a glial cell, a cancer cell, an airway epithelial cell, or an immune cell). For example, modulation of the inventive polypeptide (e.g., the thermal sensitive ion channel portion of the inventive polypeptide) can open, partially open, close, partially close or reverse ion flow in the ion channel when the temperature is increased or when the temperature is decreased. The inventive polypeptide (e.g., the thermal sensitive ion channel portion of the inventive polypeptide) can include, but is not limited to, ion channels that can modulate the flow of Ca ²⁺ , Mg ²⁺ , Ba ²⁺ , Be ²⁺ , Γ, Br ^" , CI ^" , F, Tl ⁺ , Cs ⁺ , Rb ⁺ , K ⁺ , Na ⁺ , Li ⁺ , H ⁺ , or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the inventive polypeptide (e.g., the thermal sensitive ion channel portion of the inventive polypeptide) can include, but is not limited to, ion channels that can modulate the flow of Ca ²⁺ , Mg ²⁺ , Γ, CI ^" , Tl ⁺ , K ⁺ , Na ⁺ , or combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the inventive polypeptide (e.g., the thermal sensitive ion channel portion of the inventive polypeptide) can modulate the flow of one or more ions (e.g., it can modulate two ions, such as both K ⁺ and Tl ⁺ ). Modulation of ion flow by an inventive polypeptide (e.g., the thermal sensitive ion channel portion of the inventive polypeptide) can include, but is not limited to increasing ion flow, decreasing ion flow, starting ion flow, stopping ion flow, or reversing the direction of ion flow. [0026] In some embodiments, the thermal sensitive ion channel can encompass any known wild type thermal sensitive ion channel (i.e., as found in nature). In other embodiments, the thermal sensitive ion channel is natively found in an animal, such as but not limited to mammals, primates, monkeys (e.g., macaque, rhesus macaque, or pig tail macaque), humans, canine, feline, bovine, porcine, avian (e.g., chicken), mice, rabbits, and rats. In certain embodiments, thermal sensitive ion channel can be any thermal sensitive channel from the transient receptor potential channel (such as any thermal sensitive ion channel from the subfamilies of TRPC, TRPV, TRPA, TRPM, TRPP, TRPML, or TRPN). In some embodiments, the thermal sensitive channel can be TRPV1 (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1), TRPV4 (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4), ANOl (Anoctamin-1 also known as Transmembrane member 16A), or TREK-1 (also known as Potassium channel subfamily K member 2). In some embodiments, variants of the thermal sensitive ion channel can include one or more conservative mutations as defined herein, and can encompass known, functionally competent thermal sensitive ion channels (e.g., SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO: 10, or SEQ ID NO: 12). In some embodiments, variants of thermal sensitive ion channel can include amino acid sequences that have at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, or at least about 95% sequence identity to the thermal sensitive ion channel. Examples of such sequence identity include about 80, about 81, about 82, about 83, about 84, about 85, about 86, about 87, about 88, about 89, about 90, about 91, about 92, about 93, about 94, about 95, about 96, about 97, about 98, about 99, and about 100%. [0027] Any suitable domain 5 of kininogen 1 can form the basis of the domain 5 of kininogen 1 or fragment or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the domain 5 of kininogen 1 is natively found in an animal, such as but not limited to mammals, primates, monkeys (e.g., macaque, rhesus macaque, or pig tail macaque), humans, canine, feline, bovine, porcine, avian (e.g., chicken), mice, rabbits, and rats. In certain embodiments, domain 5 of kininogen 1 encompasses any known wild type domain 5 of kininogen 1 (i.e., as found in nature), such as V384-K502 (with amino acid numbering defined with respect to the full kininogen 1 protein - See, for example Coffman et al, PNAS (2009) Vol. 106, No. 2, pp. 570-575). In some embodiments, domain 5 of kininogen, its fragments, or its variants encompass such amino acid sequences which have some capacity to bind ferritin (e.g., endogenous ferritin, mammalian ferritin, primate ferritin, murine ferritin, or human ferritin), such as mammalian domain 5 of kininogen 1 including but not limited to human domain 5 of kininogen 1 (SEQ ID NO: 14). In some embodiments, fragments of domain 5 of kininogen 1 can include at least about 5, at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35, at least about 40, at least about 45, at least about 50, at least about 55, at least about 60, at least about 65, at least about 70, at least about 75, at least about 80, at least about 85, at least about 90, at least about 95, at least about 100, at least about 105, at least about 110, at least about 115, or at least about 120 consecutive amino acids from a wild type domain 5 of kininogen 1 (e.g., the wild type domain 5 of kininogen 1 can be SEQ ID NO: 14). In some embodiments, fragments of domain 5 of kininogen 1 can include about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24, about 25, about 26, about 27, about 28, about 29, about 30, about 31, about 32, about 33, about 34, about 35, about 36, about 37, about 38, about 39, about 40, about 41, about 42, about 43, about 44, about 45, about 46, about 47, about 48, about 49, about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 90, about 100, about 110, or about 120 consecutive amino acids from a wild type domain 5 of kininogen 1 (e.g., the wild type domain 5 of kininogen 1 can be SEQ ID NO: 14). In some embodiments, fragments of domain 5 of kininogen 1 include human portions of domain 5 kininogen 1 such as the following peptide segments (with amino acid numbering defined with respect to the full kininogen 1 protein - See, for example Coffman et al., PNAS (2009) Vol. 106, No. 2, pp. 570- 575): G440-L473 (SEQ ID NO: 15); D474-K502 (SEQ ID NO: 16); D474-K487 (SEQ ID NO: 17); H481-G496 (SEQ ID NO: 18); H488-K502 (SEQ ID NO: 19); and H481-K502 (SEQ ID NO: 20). In some embodiments, the fragment of domain 5 of kininogen 1 is not D474-K487. In some embodiments, fragments of domain 5 of kininogen 1 include portions of domain 5 kininogen 1 that are rich in one or more (e.g., 1, 2 or all three) of histidine, glycine, or lysine. In some embodiments, mutations, truncations, additions, deletions, substitutions (e.g., conservative substitutions), or other alterations of the sequence are included in the definition of fragment, provided some degree of ferritin binding is preserved. In other embodiments, variants of domain 5 of kininogen 1 can include one or more mutations, truncations, deletions, additions, or substitutions (e.g., conservative substitutions) from a wild type domain 5 of kininogen 1 (e.g., a wild type domain 5 of kininogen 1 can be SEQ ID NO: 14). Variants of domain 5 of kininogen 1 include amino acid sequences that have at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, or at least about 95% sequence identity to the domain 5 of kininogen 1. Examples of such sequence identity include about 80, about 81, about 82, about 83, about 84, about 85, about 86, about 87, about 88, about 89, about 90, about 91, about 92, about 93, about 94, about 95, about 96, about 97, about 98, about 99, and about 100%. [0028] In some embodiments, the inventive polypeptide is a fusion protein that uses a linker to connect the thermal sensitive ion channel or variant thereof to the domain 5 of kininogen 1 or a variant or fragment thereof. In certain embodiments, the linker can be a covalent bond or is no more than 50 amino acids. In some embodiments, the linker is about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, no more than 20, no more than 10, from about 1 to about 50, from about 1 to about 20, from about 1 to about 10, from about 1 to about 6, from about 2 to about 6, from about 2 to about 5, or from about 3 to about 4 amino acids. In some embodiments, the linker comprises AAAT, SR, CSR, or WSR (i.e., in single letter amino acid notation). The linker can be any suitable linker and occur at the n-terminus, c- terminus, or anywhere within the sequence (which could require two linkers) of the thermal sensitive ion channel or variant thereof, so long as the domain 5 of kininogen 1 or variant or fragment thereof is in a place (e.g., compartment) in the cell or organelle that comprises ferritin (e.g., the cytoplasm, cytosol, or endoplasmic reticulum). [0029] Some embodiments of the inventive polypeptide include, but are not limited to mouse TRPVl linked to human domain 5 of kininogen 1 (SEQ ID NO:2) (also referred to herein as TRPVl. D5 or TRPvl.D5), human TRPVl linked to human domain 5 of kininogen 1 (SEQ ID NO: 4), TRPVl (e.g., from human, murine, or a mammal) fused to a domain 5 of kininogen 1 or variant or fragment thereof (e.g., from human, murine, or a mammal), TRPVl variant (e.g., from human, murine, or a mammal) fused to a domain 5 of kininogen 1 or variant or fragment thereof (e.g., from human, murine, or a mammal), TRPV4 (e.g., from human, murine, or a mammal) fused to domain 5 of kininogen 1 or variant or a fragment thereof (e.g., from human, murine, or a mammal), TRPV4 variant (e.g., from human, murine, or a mammal) fused to domain 5 of kininogen 1 or variant or fragment thereof (e.g., from human, murine, or a mammal), ANOl (e.g., from human, murine, or a mammal) fused to domain 5 of kininogen 1 or variant or fragment thereof (e.g., from human, murine, or a mammal), ANOl variant (e.g., from human, murine, or a mammal) fused to domain 5 of kininogen 1 or variant or fragment thereof (e.g., from human, murine, or a mammal), TREKl (e.g., from human, murine, or a mammal) fused to a domain 5 of kininogen 1 or variant or fragment thereof variant (e.g., from human, murine, or a mammal), or TREKl (e.g., from human, murine, or a mammal) fused to a domain 5 of kininogen 1 or variant or fragment thereof (e.g., from human, murine, or a mammal). In some instances, the animal origin of the thermal sensitive ion channel or variant thereof is different from the animal origin of the domain 5 of kininogen 1 or a variant or fragment thereof. In other instances, the animal origin of the thermal sensitive ion channel or variant thereof is the same as the animal origin of the domain 5 of kininogen 1 or a variant or fragment thereof.

[0030] Some embodiments of the inventive polypeptide include variants of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO:4, or SEQ ID NO:6. For example, some embodiments include amino acid sequences that have at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, or at least about 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO:4, or SEQ ID NO:6. Examples of such sequence identity include about 80, about 81, about 82, about 83, about 84, about 85, about 86, about 87, about 88, about 89, about 90, about 91, about 92, about 93, about 94, about 95, about 96, about 97, about 98, about 99, and about 100%.

[0031] In certain embodiments, administration of a nucleic acid molecule results in expression of the encoded inventive polypeptide. In other embodiments, the thermal sensitive ion channel or variant thereof portion of the inventive polypeptide resides in the membrane of a cell and the domain 5 of kininogen 1 or variant or fragment thereof portion of the inventive polypeptide resides in a cell space or compartment that comprises ferritin (e.g., the cytosol). In certain embodiments, and without being bound by theory, ferritin (e.g., endogenous ferritin) is in close proximity to the inventive polypeptide (e.g., because, in some embodiments, ferritin binds to or is associated with the domain 5 of kininogen 1 or variant or fragment thereof portion of the inventive polypeptide). Without being bound by theory, the close proximity of ferritin can sometimes permit the application of heat (e.g., by application of an electromagnetic field) or mechanical force (e.g., by the application of a static magnetic field) to the inventive polypeptide (and by implication the membrane of cell in which the inventive polypeptide resides) via the iron in ferritin. Thus, in some embodiments and without being bound by theory, the close proximity of ferritin to the inventive polypeptide permits modulation of certain aspects of the cell membrane and/or cell.

[0032] In some embodiments, the inventive polypeptide can be modulated by temperature (e.g., directly or indirectly). For example, modulation of the inventive polypeptide can modulate the membrane potential, the ion flow, or both. Modulation of the membrane potential can, in some instances, result in polarization, repolarization, depolarization, or hyperpolerization (e.g., in a neuron, a glial cell, a cancer cell, an airway epithelial cell, or an immune cell). For example, modulation of the inventive polypeptide can open, partially open, close, partially close, or reverse ion flow in the ion channel portion of the inventive polypeptide when the temperature is increased (e.g., directly or indirectly, such as with application of RF or static magnetic field) or when the temperature is decreased. In some embodiments, the inventive polypeptide can modulate the flow of Ca ²⁺ , Mg ²⁺ , Ba ²⁺ , Be ²⁺ , I ^" , Br ^" , CI ^" , F ^" , ΤΓ, Cs ⁺ , Rb ⁺ , K ⁺ , Na ⁺ , Li ⁺ , H ⁺ , or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the inventive polypeptide can modulate the flow of Ca ²⁺ , Mg ²⁺ , Γ, CI ^" , Tl ⁺ , K ⁺ , Na ⁺ , or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the inventive polypeptide can modulate the flow of one or more ions (e.g., it can modulate both K ⁺ and Na ⁺ ). Modulation of ion flow by an inventive polypeptide includes, but is not limited to increasing ion flow, decreasing ion flow, starting ion flow, stopping ion flow, or reversing the direction of ion flow. [0033] Some embodiments of the invention include a nucleic acid molecule that encodes the inventive polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a vector or a plasmid. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a transcription regulator, including but not limited to promoter sequences or enhancer sequences. In other embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises tissue specific promoter, a cell-specific promoter, UAS promoter, or sensory neuron promoter etl01.2. In still other embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a gene delivery vector, including, but not limited to, a lentivirus, an adenovirus, an adeno-associated virus, a retrovirus, herpes simplex virus, vaccinia virus, or a self inactivating viral vector. In other embodiments, the genome can be edited with CRISPR-Cas9. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is in a cell, such as an insect (e.g., Sf9), a mammalian cell (e.g., CHO or HEK), or an avian cell (e.g., primary cell culture or EB66(R)).

[0034] Some embodiments of the nucleic acid molecules include variants of SEQ ID NO: l, SEQ ID NO:3, or SEQ ID NO:5. For example, some embodiments include nucleic acid sequences that have at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, or at least about 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO:3, or SEQ ID NO:5. Examples of such percent sequence identity include about 80, about 81, about 82, about 83, about 84, about 85, about 86, about 87, about 88, about 89, about 90, about 91, about 92, about 93, about 94, about 95, about 96, about 97, about 98, about 99, and about 100%.

[0035] The amino acid sequence identity or nucleic acid sequence identity (e.g., percent identity) can be determined by any suitable method, such as using BLAST, BLAST-2, ALIGN, ALIGN-2, or Megalign software. Unless otherwise indicated, the amino acid sequence identity (e.g., percent identity) or nucleic acid sequence identity (e.g., percent identity) is determined using BLAST-2. [0036] As modifications or changes may be made in the structure of the nucleic acid molecules and/or inventive polypeptides of the present invention, while obtaining molecules having similar or improved characteristics, such biologically functional equivalents are also encompassed within some embodiments of the present invention. In certain instances, the biological functional equivalent may comprise a nucleic acid that has been engineered to contain distinct sequences while at the same time retaining the capacity to encode the desired inventive polypeptide. This can be accomplished owing to the degeneracy of the genetic code (i.e., the presence of multiple codons) which encode for the same amino acids. In one example, one of ordinary skill in the art may wish to introduce a restriction enzyme recognition sequence into a nucleic acid sequence while not disturbing the ability of that polynucleotide to encode a protein.

[0037] In another example, a nucleic acid molecule can be engineered to contain certain sequences that result in (and encode) a biological functional equivalent with more significant changes. In some embodiments, certain amino acids may be substituted for other amino acids in a protein structure without appreciable loss of desired function such as, for example, the thermal sensitivity or ferritin binding. So-called "conservative" changes do not disrupt the desired biological activity of the protein, as the structural change is not one that impinges on the protein's ability to carry out its desired functions. Some embodiments of the present invention encompass various changes that may be made in the sequence of nucleic acid molecules and in the sequence of inventive polypeptides disclosed herein. [0038] In terms of functional equivalents, it is well understood by the skilled artisan that, inherent in the definition of a "biologically functional equivalent" polypeptide or polynucleotide, is the concept that there is a limit to the number of changes that may be made within a defined portion of the molecule while retaining a molecule with an acceptable level of desired biological activity, such as, for example, the thermal sensitivity or ferritin binding. Biologically functional equivalents are thus defined herein as those polypeptides (and nucleic acid molecules) in which selected amino acids (or codons) may be substituted.

[0039] In general, the shorter the length of the molecule, the fewer the changes that can be made within the molecule while retaining function. Longer domains may have an intermediate number of changes. The full-length protein will have the most tolerance for a larger number of changes. However, certain molecules or domains that are highly dependent upon their structure may tolerate little or no modification.

[0040] Amino acid substitutions are generally based on the relative similarity of the amino acid side-chain substituents, for example, their hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, charge, size, or the like. An analysis of the size, shape or type of the amino acid side-chain substituents reveals that arginine, lysine or histidine are all positively charged residues; that alanine, glycine or serine are all of similar size; or that phenylalanine, tryptophan or tyrosine all have a generally similar shape. Therefore, based upon these considerations, arginine, lysine or histidine; alanine, glycine or serine; or phenylalanine, tryptophan or tyrosine; are defined herein as biologically functional equivalents. Although not grouped here, other amino acids may provide functionally equivalent polypeptides.

[0041] The hydropathic index of amino acids may also be considered. Each amino acid has been assigned a hydropathic index on the basis of their hydrophobicity or charge characteristics, these are: isoleucine (+4.5); valine (+4.2); Leucine (+3.8); phenylalanine (+2.8); cysteine/cystine (+2.5); methionine (+1.9); alanine (+1.8); glycine (-0.4); threonine (-0.7); serine (-0.8);

tryptophan (-0.9); tyrosine (-1.3); proline (-1.6); histidine (-3.2); glutamate (-3.5); glutamine (-3.5); aspartate (-3.5); asparagine (-3.5); lysine (-3.9); or arginine (-4.5). Hydropathic amino acid index can be used to confer interactive biological function on a protein. In some instances, certain amino acids may be substituted for other amino acids having a similar hydropathic index or score or still retain a similar biological activity. In making changes based upon the hydropathic index, the substitution of amino acids with hydropathic indices can be within +2 or within +1, or within +0.5.

[0042] The substitution of like amino acids can also be made on the basis of hydrophilicity, particularly where the biological functional equivalent polypeptide or peptide thereby created is intended for use in immunological embodiments, as in certain embodiments of the present invention. U.S. Patent 4,554,101 states that the greatest local average hydrophilicity of a polypeptide, as governed by the hydrophilicity of its adjacent amino acids, can correlate with its immunogenicity or antigenicity (i.e., with a biological property of the polypeptide). [0043] As detailed in U.S. Patent 4,554,101, the following hydrophilicity values have been assigned to amino acid residues: arginine (+3.0); lysine (+3.0); aspartate (+3.0 + 1); glutamate (+3.0 + 1); serine (+0.3); asparagine (+0.2); glutamine (+0.2); glycine (0); threonine (-0.4); proline (-0.5 + 1); alanine (-0.5); histidine (-0.5); cysteine (-1.0); methionine (-1.3); valine (-1.5); leucine (-1.8); isoleucine (-1.8); tyrosine (-2.3); phenylalanine (-2.5); tryptophan (-3.4). In making changes based upon similar hydrophilicity values, the substitution of amino acids with hydrophilicity values can be within +2, or within +1, or within +0.5.

[0044] Conservatively substituted sequence indicates that a given amino acid residue is replaced by a residue having similar physiochemical characteristics. Examples of conservative substitutions include substitution of one aliphatic residue for another, such as lie, Val, Leu, or Ala for one another, or substitutions of one polar residue for another, such as between Lys and Arg; Glu and Asp; or Gin and Asn. Other such conservative substitutions include, for example, substitutions of entire regions having similar hydrophobicity characteristics.

[0045] While discussion has focused on functionally equivalent polypeptides arising from amino acid changes, it will be appreciated that these changes may be effected by alteration of the encoding DNA; taking into consideration also that the genetic code is degenerate and that two or more codons may code for the same amino acid. A table of amino acids and their codons is presented below for use in such embodiments, as well as for other uses, such as in the design of probes and primers and the like. Tables A and B. Amino acid designations and codon table

Table A - Amino Acid Designations Table B - Codons for Amino Acids

Alanine Ala A GCA GCC GCG GCU

Cysteine Cys C UGC UGU

Aspartic acid Asp D GAC GAU

Glutamic acid Glu E GAA GAG

Phenylalanine Phe F UUC UUU

Glycine Gly G GGA GGC GGG GGU

Histidine His H CAC CAU

Isoleucine He I AUA AUC AUU

Lysine Lys K AAA AAG

Leucine Leu L UUA UUG CUA CUC CUG CUU

Methionine Met M AUG

Asparagine Asn N AAC AAU

Proline Pro P CCA CCC CCG CCU

Glutamine Gin Q CAA CAG

Arginine Arg R AGA AGG CGA CGC CGG CGU

Serine Ser S AGC AGU UCA UCC UCG UCU

Threonine Thr T ACA ACC ACG ACU

Valine Val V GUA GUC GUG GUU

Tryptophan Trp W UGG

Tyrosine Tyr Y UAC UAU [0046] The term "functionally equivalent codon" is used herein to refer to codons that encode the same amino acid, such as the six codons for arginine or serine, and also refers to codons that encode biologically equivalent amino acids (see Codon Table, above).

[0047] It will also be understood that amino acid and nucleic acid sequences may include additional residues, such as additional N- or C-terminal amino acids or 5' or 3' sequences, and yet still be essentially as set forth in one of the sequences disclosed herein, so long as the sequence meets the criteria set forth above, including the maintenance of biological activity where polypeptide expression is concerned. The addition of terminal sequences particularly applies to nucleic acid sequences that may, for example, include various non-coding sequences flanking either of the 5' or 3' portions of the coding region or may include various internal sequences, (i.e., introns) which are known to occur within genes.

[0048] The present invention, in some aspects, relies on the synthesis of peptides and polypeptides in cyto, via transcription and translation of appropriate polynucleotides. These peptides and polypeptides will include the twenty "natural" amino acids, and post-translational modifications thereof. However, in vitro peptide synthesis permits the use of modified or unusual amino acids. A table of exemplary, but not limiting, modified or unusual amino acids is provided in Table C. Table C - Modified or Unusual Amino Acids

Abbr. Amino Acid Abbr. Amino Acid

Aad 2-Aminoadipic acid EtAsn N-Ethylasparagine

BAad 3- Aminoadipic acid Hyl Hydroxylysine

BAla beta-alanine, beta- Amino-propionic acid AHyl allo-Hydroxylysine

Abu 2-Aminobutyric acid 3Hyp 3-Hydroxyproline

4Abu 4- Aminobutyric acid, piperidinic acid 4Hyp 4-Hydroxyproline

Acp 6-Aminocaproic acid Ide Isodesmosine

Ahe 2-Aminoheptanoic acid Aile allo-Isoleucine

N-Methylglycine,

Aib 2-Aminoisobutyric acid MeGly

sarcosine

BAib 3-Aminoisobutyric acid Melle N-Methylisoleucine

Apm 2-Aminopimelic acid MeLys 6-N-Methyllysine

Dbu 2,4-Diaminobutyric acid MeVal N-Methylvaline

Des Desmosine Nva Norvaline

Dpm 2,2'-Diaminopimelic acid Nle Norleucine

Dpr 2,3-Diaminopropionic acid Orn Ornithine

EtGly N-Ethylglycine

[0049] The presently-disclosed subject matter further includes a method of producing an inventive polypeptide. Eukaryotic expression systems include plant-based systems; insect cell systems via recombinant baculoviruses; whole insect systems via recombinant baculoviruses; genetically engineered yeast systems, including but not limited to Saccharomyces sp. and Picchia spp.; and mammalian cell systems, including but not limited to Chinese hamster ovary cells or other cell lines commonly used for industrial scale expression of recombinant proteins. In some embodiments, useful plant-based expression systems can include transgenic plant systems. In some embodiments, useful plant-based expression systems can include transplastomic plant systems.

[0050] In some embodiments, a method of producing the inventive polypeptide includes providing a host cell comprising a nucleic acid molecule, as disclosed herein, operatively linked to a promoter operable under conditions whereby the encoded polypeptide is expressed; and recovering the polypeptide from the host cell.

[0051] One or more inventive polypeptides or nucleic acid molecules can be part of a composition and can be in an amount (by weight of the total composition) of at least about 0.0001%, at least about 0.001%, at least about 0.10%, at least about 0.15%, at least about 0.20%, at least about 0.25%, at least about 0.50%, at least about 0.75%, at least about 1%, at least about 10%, at least about 25%, at least about 50%, at least about 75%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 99%, at least about 99.99%, no more than about 75%, no more than about 90%, no more than about 95%, no more than about 99%, or no more than about 99.99%, from about 0.0001% to about 99%, from about 0.0001% to about 50%, from about 0.01% to about 95%, from about 1% to about 95%, from about 10% to about 90%, or from about 25% to about 75%. [0052] One or more inventive polypeptides or nucleic acid molecules can be purified or isolated in an amount (by weight of the total composition) of at least about 0.0001%, at least about 0.001%, at least about 0.10%, at least about 0.15%, at least about 0.20%, at least about 0.25%, at least about 0.50%, at least about 0.75%, at least about 1%, at least about 10%, at least about 25%, at least about 50%, at least about 75%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 99%, at least about 99.99%, no more than about 75%, no more than about 90%, no more than about 95%, no more than about 99%, no more than about 99.99%, from about 0.0001% to about 99%, from about 0.0001% to about 50%, from about 0.01% to about 95%, from about 1% to about 95%, from about 10% to about 90%, or from about 25% to about 75%. Some embodiments of the present invention include compositions comprising one or more inventive polypeptides or one or more nucleic acid molecules. In certain embodiments, the composition is a pharmaceutical composition, such as compositions that are suitable for administration to animals (e.g., mammals, primates, monkeys, humans, canine, porcine, mice, rabbits, or rats).

[0053] Compositions including Pharmaceutical Compositions

[0054] One or more inventive polypeptides or nucleic acid molecules can be part of a composition and can be in an amount (by weight of the total composition) of at least about 0.0001%, at least about 0.001%, at least about 0.10%, at least about 0.15%, at least about 0.20%, at least about 0.25%, at least about 0.50%, at least about 0.75%, at least about 1%, at least about 10%, at least about 25%, at least about 50%, at least about 75%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 99%, at least about 99.99%, no more than about 75%, no more than about 90%, no more than about 95%, no more than about 99%, or no more than about 99.99%, from about 0.0001% to about 99%, from about 0.0001% to about 50%, from about 0.01% to about 95%, from about 1% to about 95%, from about 10% to about 90%, or from about 25% to about 75%.

[0055] One or more inventive polypeptides or nucleic acid molecules can be purified or isolated in an amount (by weight of the total composition) of at least about 0.0001%, at least about 0.001%, at least about 0.10%, at least about 0.15%, at least about 0.20%, at least about 0.25%, at least about 0.50%, at least about 0.75%, at least about 1%, at least about 10%, at least about 25%, at least about 50%, at least about 75%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 99%, at least about 99.99%, no more than about 75%, no more than about 90%, no more than about 95%, no more than about 99%, no more than about 99.99%, from about 0.0001% to about 99%, from about 0.0001% to about 50%, from about 0.01% to about 95%, from about 1% to about 95%, from about 10% to about 90%, or from about 25% to about 75%.

[0056] Some embodiments of the present invention include compositions comprising one or more inventive polypeptides or one or more nucleic acid molecules. In certain embodiments, the composition is a pharmaceutical composition, such as compositions that are suitable for administration to animals (e.g., mammals, primates, monkeys, humans, canine, feline, porcine, mice, rabbits, or rats). In some instances, the pharmaceutical composition is non-toxic, does not cause side effects, or both. In some embodiments, there may be inherent side effects (e.g., it may harm the patient or may be toxic or harmful to some degree in some patients).

[0057] In some embodiments, one or more inventive polypeptides or one or more nucleic acid molecules can be part of a pharmaceutical composition and can be in an amount of at least about 0.0001%, at least about 0.001%, at least about 0.10%, at least about 0.15%, at least about 0.20%, at least about 0.25%, at least about 0.50%, at least about 0.75%, at least about 1%, at least about 10%, at least about 25%, at least about 50%, at least about 75%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 99%, at least about 99.99%, no more than about 75%, no more than about 90%, no more than about 95%, no more than about 99%, no more than about 99.99%, from about 0.001% to about 99%, from about 0.001% to about 50%, from about 0.1% to about 99%, from about 1% to about 95%, from about 10% to about 90%, or from about 25% to about 75%. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition can be presented in a dosage form which is suitable for the topical, subcutaneous, intrathecal, intraperitoneal, oral, parenteral, rectal, cutaneous, nasal, vaginal, or ocular administration route. In other embodiments, the

pharmaceutical composition can be presented in a dosage form which is suitable for parenteral administration, a mucosal administration, intravenous administration, subcutaneous

administration, topical administration, intradermal administration, oral administration, sublingual administration, intranasal administration, or intramuscular administration. The pharmaceutical composition can be in the form of, for example, tablets, capsules, pills, powders granulates, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, gels (including hydrogels), pastes, ointments, creams, plasters, drenches, delivery devices, suppositories, enemas, injectables, implants, sprays, aerosols or other suitable forms.

[0058] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition can include one or more formulary ingredients. A "formulary ingredient" can be any suitable ingredient (e.g., suitable for the drug(s), for the dosage of the drug(s), for the timing of release of the drugs(s), for the disease, for the disease state, or for the delivery route) including, but not limited to, water (e.g., boiled water, distilled water, filtered water, pyrogen-free water, or water with chloroform), sugar (e.g., sucrose, glucose, mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, or syrups made therefrom), ethanol, glycerol, glycols (e.g., propylene glycol), acetone, ethers, DMSO, surfactants (e.g., anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, zwitterionic surfactants, or nonionic surfactants (e.g., polysorbates)), oils (e.g., animal oils, plant oils (e.g., coconut oil or arachis oil), or mineral oils), oil derivatives (e.g., ethyl oleate , glyceryl monostearate, or hydrogenated glycerides), excipients, preservatives (e.g., cysteine, methionine, antioxidants (e.g., vitamins (e.g., A, E, or C), selenium, retinyl palmitate, sodium citrate, citric acid, chloroform, or parabens, (e.g., methyl paraben or propyl paraben)), or combinations thereof.

[0059] In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated to release the active ingredient (e.g., one or more inventive polypeptides or one or more or nucleic acid molecules) substantially immediately upon the administration or any substantially predetermined time or time after administration. Such formulations can include, for example, controlled release formulations such as various controlled release compositions and coatings.

[0060] Other embodiments of the invention can include methods of administering an organism. In some embodiments, the composition or pharmaceutical composition comprises at least one inventive polypeptide or at least one nucleic acid molecule which can be administered to an animal (e.g., mammals, primates, monkeys, or humans) in an amount of about 0.01 to about 15 mg/kg body weight, about 0.1 to about 10 mg/kg body weight, about 0.5 to about 7 mg/kg body weight, about 0.01 mg/kg, about 0.05 mg/kg, about 0.1 mg/kg, about 0.5 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg, about 3 mg/kg, about 5 mg/kg, about 5.5 mg/kg, about 6 mg/kg, about 6.5 mg/kg, about 7 mg/kg, about 7.5 mg/kg, about 8 mg/kg, about 10 mg/kg, about 12 mg/kg, or about 15 mg/kg. In regard to some conditions, the dosage can be about 0.5 mg/kg human body weight or about 6.5 mg/kg human body weight. In some instances, some animals (e.g., mammals, mice, rabbits, feline, porcine, or canine) can be administered a dosage of about 0.01 to about 15 mg/kg body weight, about 0.1 to about 10 mg/kg body weight, about 0.5 to about 7 mg/kg body weight, about 0.01 mg/kg, about 0.05 mg/kg, about 0.1 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg, about 5 mg/kg, about 10 mg/kg, about 20 mg/kg, about 30 mg/kg, about 40 mg/kg, about 50 mg/kg, about 80 mg/kg, about 100 mg/kg, or about 150 mg/kg. Of course, those skilled in the art will appreciate that it is possible to employ many concentrations in the methods of the present invention, and using, in part, the guidance provided herein, will be able to adjust and test any number of concentrations in order to find one that achieves the desired result in a given circumstance. In other embodiments, the compounds of the invention can be administered in combination with one or more other therapeutic agents for a given disease or disorder.

[0061] In some embodiments, the compositions can include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and, in addition, can include other medicinal agents, pharmaceutical agents, carriers, adjuvants, diluents, liposomes, and excipients. In certain embodiments, the carrier, vehicle or excipient can facilitate administration, delivery and/or improve preservation of the composition. In other embodiments, the one or more carriers, include but are not limited to, saline solutions such as normal saline, Ringer's solution, PBS (phosphate-buffered saline), and generally mixtures of various salts including potassium and phosphate salts with or without sugar additives such as glucose. Carriers can include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions that can contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, bactericidal antibiotics, and solutes that render the formulation isotonic with the bodily fluids of the intended recipient; and aqueous and nonaqueous sterile suspensions, which can include suspending agents and thickening agents.

Carriers can also include, in certain instances, a liposome or liposome system. In other embodiments, the one or more excipients can include, but are not limited to water, saline, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol, or the like, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, liposomes are used to transport or deliver (e.g., as a carrier for) the nucleic acid molecule.

Nontoxic auxiliary substances, such as wetting agents, buffers, or emulsifiers may also be added to the composition. Oral formulations can include such normally employed excipients as, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, cellulose, and magnesium carbonate.

[0062] Parenteral administration, if used, is generally characterized by injection. Sterile injectables can be prepared in conventional forms, either as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solution or suspension in liquid prior to injection, or as emulsions.

[0063] Administration Routes

[0064] The inventive polypeptides or nucleic acid molecules can be administered to animals by any number of suitable administration routes or formulations. Animals include but are not limited to mammals, primates, monkeys (e.g., macaque, rhesus macaque, or pig tail macaque), humans, canine, feline, bovine, porcine, avian (e.g., chicken), mice, rabbits, and rats. As used herein, the term "subject" refers to both human and animal subjects.

[0065] The route of administration can be of any suitable route. Administration routes can be, but are not limited to the oral route, the parenteral route, the cutaneous route, the nasal route, the rectal route, the vaginal route, and the ocular route. In other embodiments, administration routes can be parenteral administration, a mucosal administration, intravenous administration, subcutaneous administration, topical administration, intradermal administration, oral administration, sublingual administration, intranasal administration, or intramuscular administration.

[0066] In some embodiments, electroporation and any other similar technique (e.g., chemical- poration) can be used as an administrative route. In other embodiments, the administration route can include the use of nucleases (e.g., to administer the nucleic acid molecule) such as

Meganucleases, Zinc Finger Nucleases, Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases, and CRISPR/Cas9 systems; the use of nucleases can, for example, create specific double-strand breaks at the target locus that trigger DNA repair mechanisms; these corrections can sometimes result in two types of genome modifications: constitutive Knockouts (e.g., through non- homologous end joining) and Knockins (e.g., through homologous recombination).

[0067] In some embodiments, the choice of administration route can depend on the inventive polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule identity (e.g., the physical and chemical properties of the inventive polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule) as well as the age and weight of the animal, the particular disease or disorder, and the severity of the disease or disorder. Of course,

combinations of administration routes can be administered, as desired.

[0068] Some embodiments of the invention include a method for providing a subject with a composition comprising an inventive polypeptide or a nucleic acid molecule described herein (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition) which comprises one or more administrations of one or more such compositions; the compositions may be the same or different if there is more than one administration.

[0069] Application of a Static Magnetic Field or of an Electromagnetic Field

[0070] Some embodiments of the invention include methods that comprise application of a static magnetic field or of an electromagnetic field. In certain embodiments, a static magnetic field is applied to, for example, provide a mechanical force on the ferritin bound to the inventive polypeptide. Any suitable static magnetic field can be applied and can, in some instances, be adjusted depending on one or more factors including, but not limited to (as applicable) the inventive polypeptide, the cell that comprises the inventive polypeptide, the tissue that comprises the inventive polypeptide, the disease or disorder, the desired mechanical force, or the equipment used to apply the static magnetic field. The applied static magnetic field can be any suitable strength, such as, but not limited to, from about 0.1 μΤ to about 50 T, 0.1 μΤ to about 25 T, 0.1 μΤ to about 21 T, from about 0.1 μΤ to about 100 mT, from about 1 μΤ to about 50 T, from about 1 μΤ to about 25 T, from about 1 μΤ to about 21 T, from about 1 μΤ to about 100 mT, from about 10 μΤ to about 100 mT, from about 10 μΤ to about 50 mT, about 0.1 μΤ, 0.5 μΤ, about 1 mT, about 10 mT, about 50 mT, about 100 mT, about 500 mT, about 21 T, about 25 T, or about 50 T. The units of the static magnetic field can be Tesla or Gauss (100 G = 10 mT). The applied static magnetic field in some embodiments results in a mechanical force from about 0.01 pN to about 500 pN, 0.01 pN to about 250 pN, 0.01 pN to about 210 pN, from about 0.05 pN to about 1.5 pN, from about 0.1 pN to about 1 pN, from about 0.1 pN to about 0.5 pN, from about 0.2 pN to about 0.4 pN, about 0.01 pN, about 0.05 pN, 0.1 pN, about 0.15 pN, about 0.2 pN, about 0.25 pN, about 0.3 pN, about 0.35 pN, about 0.4 pN, about 0.45, pN, about 0,5 pN, about 0.6 pN, about 0.7 pN, about 0.8 pN, about 1 pN, about 1.2 pN, about 1.5 pN, about 2 pN, about 5 pN, about 7 pN, about 210 pN, about 250 pN, or about 500 pN. In some instances, the static magnetic field can be steady state or can be pulsed, to, for example, achieve the desired effect on the inventive polypeptide (e.g., mechanical force to open or close a channel) or cell.

[0071] In certain embodiments an electromagnetic field is applied to, for example, provide heat to the inventive polypeptide (e.g., via bound ferritin) or cell (e.g., via ferritin bound to the inventive polypeptide). Any suitable electromagnetic field (e.g., any suitable frequency (or combinations of frequencies), any suitable amplitude(s), or any suitable pulse sequence or steady state application) can be applied and can, in some instances, be adjusted depending on one or more factors including, but not limited to (as applicable) the inventive polypeptide, the cell that comprises the inventive polypeptide, the tissue that comprises the inventive polypeptide, the disease or disorder, the desired amount of heat, or the equipment used to apply the

electromagnetic field. The electromagnetic field can be any suitable frequency or amplitude. In some embodiments, the electromagnetic field frequency can be from about 0.01 Hz to about 300 GHz, from about 100 Hz to about 10 GHz, from about 1 kHz to about 10 GHz, from about 10 kHz to about 10 GHz, from about 100 Hz to about 1 GHz, from about 1 kHz to about 1 GHz, from about 10 kHz to about 1 GHz, from about 10 kHz to about 500 MHz, from about 100 kHz to about 1 GHz, or from about 100 kHz to about 500 MHz.

[0072] In some instances, the electromagnetic field can be steady state or can be pulsed, to, for example, achieve the desired effect on the inventive polypeptide (e.g., heating (e.g., with kHz range frequencies) to open an ion channel, to close an ion channel, to reverse ion flow in an ion channel, to cause membrane polarization, to cause membrane repolarization, to cause membrane depolarization, or to cause membrane hyperpolarization, or to create spatial patterns ( e.g., with GHz range frequencies)). In some embodiments, pulsed electromagnetic fields may be synchronized with imaging devices such as, but not limited to an MRI, which can use, for example, a repeated gradient echo sequence.

[0073] Any suitable machine or system can be used generate and/or deliver the static magnetic field or electromagnetic field. In some embodiments, the machine or system can comprise one or more of the following, including but not limited to, an nuclear magnetic resonance machine, a magnetic resonance imaging machine, an electromagnet, an RF coil (e.g., a surface coil, a paired saddle coil, a Helmholtz paired coil, or a birdcage coil), an RF cage (e.g., a paired saddle coil, a Helmholtz paired coil, or a birdcage coil), an antenna, a system shown in FIG. 2, a system similar to that shown in FIG. 2, a system shown in FIG. 3, a system similar to that shown in FIG. 3, a system shown in FIG. 4, a system similar to that shown in FIG. 4, a system shown in FIG. 5, a system similar to that shown in FIG. 5, a system shown in FIG. 6, or a system similar to that shown in FIG. 6.

[0074] In some embodiments, an MRI is an adequate mechanism to deliver electromagnetic fields. In other embodiments, the electromagnetic field can be delivered into cell cultures and tissues with a simple LC resonator (RF coil, such as that found in FIG. 3) or more sophisticated RF transmit systems. In certain embodiments, the temporal waveform of the electromagnetic field can be pulsed or continuous and can be programmed and controlled by a signal generator. In still other embodiments, the spatial pattern of the electromagnetic field can be manipulated with array of coils and advanced metamaterials. [0075] In one embodiment, the signal generator provides a sinusoidal wave of specific frequency and voltage to the power amplifier; the amplification is constant at 50 dBm. In this embodiment, the output of the generator is adjusted to drive the RF coil with enough current to produce the required magnetic field. Still referring to this embodiment, the output impedance of the amplifier is at 50 Ohms (purely resistive load); however the RF coil impedance is different. In certain embodiments, the power amplifier has minimum reflected power when the load impedance (the coil in this case) is matched to the impedance of the amplifier. For example, the impedance of a two-turn RF coil operating around 60 MHz is where R is on the order of 0.5 Ohms and it includes layout losses on printed circuit boards, sample loading, radiation losses and the current sense resistor; ω=2πΐ and f=60 MHz, and L = 240 nH as measured by an inductance meter. When on resonance, the output of the generator is matched to the input of the RF coil with high Q and low reflected power, in some embodiments. The matching network can include capacitors and the tuning coil. For live cell imaging, the coils can, in some instances, be made small and fitted inside a temperature controlled cell chambers under the microscope.

[0076] In some embodiments, the transmit coil can be made large to enclose a cage where animal behavior is studied. In other embodiments, the transmit coil can be wireless and wearable on the head or body of the animal.

[0077] In certain embodiments, the modulation of a cell induced by the static magnetic field or by the electromagnetic field can be monitored. For example, neuronal activities induced by the interactions between electromagnetic field and inventive polypeptide can be captured (e.g., in vivo) with an MRI, a CT or an ultrasound. In one embodiment, pulsed electromagnetic fields or pulsed static fields are transmitted to the brain while magnetic resonance images are acquired simultaneously; these RF waves can be different frequencies from the Larmor frequency and thus would, in some instances, minimize interference with the MRI.

[0078] In some instances, a certain spatial pattern of electromagnetic fields (e.g., RF fields) is desired for achieving more anatomically localized membrane channel activation. Such a gated delivery of electromagnetic field (e.g., RF field) energy can, in certain embodiments, be achieved with array of coils and/or in combination with metamaterials. In some embodiments, spatial localization can be achieved at higher frequencies, such as, for example, in the GHz range.

[0079] In certain embodiments, all electromagnetic field frequencies can be produced using an MRI machine; the electromagnetic field frequency may be produced by a separate coil that is not part of an unmodified MRI machine. In some embodiments, a separate coil may be used in an MRI machine to achieve better flexibility in controlling the duration and strength of

electromagnetic field. In certain instances, if the electromagnetic field frequency is to be produced by coils onboard the MRI machine, then the Larmor frequency can be used. For example, on a 3T MRI scanner, the Larmor frequency of a proton is about 128 MHz; the frequency scales linearly with the static field strength of the MRI scanner.

[0080] In other embodiments, the static magnetic field or electromagnetic field can be applied using a wired mechanism or using a wireless mechanism.

[0081] Methods for Modulating a Cell [0082] Some embodiments of the invention include a method for modulating at least one cell comprising administering a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., which encodes any inventive polypeptide disclosed herein) to at least one cell and applying a static magnetic field or an electromagnetic field, wherein the cell is modulated upon applying the static magnetic field or the electromagnetic field. Administering the nucleic acid molecule can include any suitable method, including those disclosed herein. Application of the static magnetic field or of the

electromagnetic field, can be any such suitable field (e.g., those disclosed herein) or by any suitable means (e.g., those disclosed herein). In certain embodiments, the electromagnetic field has a frequency from about 0.01 Hz to about 300 GHz.

[0083] In certain embodiments, administration of a nucleic acid molecule results in expression of the encoded inventive polypeptide. In other embodiments, the thermal sensitive ion channel or variant thereof portion of the inventive polypeptide resides in the membrane of a cell and the domain 5 of kininogen 1 or variant or fragment thereof portion of the inventive polypeptide resides in a cell space or compartment that comprises ferritin (e.g., the cytosol). In certain embodiments, and without being bound by theory, ferritin (e.g., endogenous ferritin) is in close proximity to the inventive polypeptide (e.g., because, in some embodiments, ferritin binds to or is associated with the domain 5 of kininogen 1 or variant or fragment thereof portion of the inventive polypeptide). Without being bound by theory, the close proximity of ferritin can sometimes permit the application of heat (e.g., by application of an electromagnetic field) or mechanical force (e.g., by the application of a static magnetic field) to the inventive polypeptide (and by implication the membrane of cell in which the inventive polypeptide resides) via the iron in ferritin. Thus, in some embodiments and without being bound by theory, the close proximity of ferritin to the inventive polypeptide permits modulation of certain aspects of the cell membrane and/or cell. [0084] In some embodiments, modulating the cell comprises modulating ion flow across a cell membrane. In certain embodiments, the ion is K ⁺ , Na ⁺ , Ca ²⁺ , Mg ²⁺ , CI ^" , or combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the ion flow into the at least one cell is increased or decreased or the ion flow is reversed. In other embodiments, modulating the cell comprises hyperpolarizing a cell membrane in the cell or polarizing a cell membrane in the cell.

[0085] In some embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule is part of a vector or a virus. In certain embodiments, the at least one cell can be in vitro or in ovo. In other embodiments, the at least one cell can be part of an organ and/or part of a multicellular organism. In still other

embodiments, the at least one cell can be part of an animal (e.g., murine, zebrafish, chicken embryo, or human). In certain embodiments, the at least one cell can be a neuron, a glial cell, a cancer cell, an airway epithelial cell, or an immune cell.

[0086] In some embodiments, the administering can be parenteral administration, a mucosal administration, intravenous administration, subcutaneous administration, topical administration, intradermal administration, oral administration, sublingual administration, intranasal

administration, or intramuscular administration.

[0087] Methods for Treating Diseases or Disorders [0088] Some embodiments of the invention include a method for treating an animal for a disease or a disorder comprising administering a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., which encodes any inventive polypeptide disclosed herein) to the animal and applying a static magnetic field or an electromagnetic field to the animal, wherein at least one cell in the animal is modulated upon applying the static magnetic field or the electromagnetic field, and the modulation treats the disease or disorder. Administering the nucleic acid molecule can include any suitable method, including those disclosed herein. Application of the static magnetic field or of the

electromagnetic field, can be any such suitable field (e.g., those disclosed herein) or by any suitable means (e.g., those disclosed herein). In certain embodiments, the static magnetic field can be from about 0.1 mT to about 50 T or the electromagnetic field can have a frequency from about 0.01 Hz to about 300 GHz.

[0089] In certain embodiments, administration of a nucleic acid molecule results in expression of the encoded inventive polypeptide. In other embodiments, the thermal sensitive ion channel or variant thereof portion of the inventive polypeptide resides in the membrane of a cell and the domain 5 of kininogen 1 or variant or fragment thereof portion of the inventive polypeptide resides in a cell space or compartment that comprises ferritin (e.g., the cytosol). In certain embodiments, and without being bound by theory, ferritin (e.g., endogenous ferritin) is in close proximity to the inventive polypeptide (e.g., because, in some embodiments, ferritin binds to or is associated with the domain 5 of kininogen 1 or variant or fragment thereof portion of the inventive polypeptide). Without being bound by theory, the close proximity of ferritin can sometimes permit the application of heat (e.g., by application of an electromagnetic field) or mechanical force (e.g., by the application of a static magnetic field) to the inventive polypeptide (and by implication the membrane of cell in which the inventive polypeptide resides) via the iron in ferritin. Thus, in some embodiments and without being bound by theory, the close proximity of ferritin to the inventive polypeptide permits modulation of certain aspects of the cell membrane and/or cell.

[0090] In some embodiments, modulating the cell comprises modulating ion flow across a cell membrane. In certain embodiments, the ion can be K ⁺ , Na ⁺ , Ca ²⁺ , Mg ²⁺ , CI ^" , or combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the ion flow into the at least one cell can be increased or decreased or the ion flow can be reversed. In other embodiments, modulating the cell comprises polarizing, depolarizing, repolarizing, or hyperpolarizing a cell membrane in the cell.

[0091] In some embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule is part of a vector or a virus. In other embodiments, the at least one cell can be part of an organ (e.g., the brain). In certain

embodiments, the at least one cell can be a neuron, a glial cell, a cancer cell, an airway epithelial cell, or an immune cell.

[0092] In some embodiments, the administering can be parenteral administration, a mucosal administration, intravenous administration, subcutaneous administration, topical administration, intradermal administration, oral administration, sublingual administration, intranasal

administration, or intramuscular administration. [0093] Diseases or disorders that can be treated in the animal (e.g., mammals, porcine, canine, avian (e.g., chicken), bovine, feline, primates, monkeys, rabbits, murine, and humans) include, but are not limited to complex regional pain syndrome, pain, chronic pain, post traumatic stress disorder, epilepsy, movement disorders, Parkinson's disease, and cystic fibrosis. Animals that can be treated include but are not limited to mammals, primates, monkeys (e.g., macaque, rhesus macaque, pig tail macaque), humans, canine, feline, porcine, avian (e.g., chicken), bovine, mice, rabbits, and rats. As used herein, the term "subject" refers to both human and animal subjects. In some instances, the animal is in need of the treatment (e.g., a prophylactic treatment).

[0094] As used herein, the term "treating" (and its variations, such as "treatment") is to be considered in its broadest context. In particular, the term "treating" does not necessarily imply that an animal is treated until total recovery. Accordingly, "treating" includes amelioration of the symptoms, relief from the symptoms or effects associated with a condition, decrease in severity of a condition, or preventing, preventively ameliorating symptoms, or otherwise reducing the risk of developing a particular condition. For example, treating pain (or a pain related disease or disorder, such as chronic pain syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome, or chronic pain) does not mean that all pain is necessary gone, but that there is at least some diminution of pain. As used herein, reference to "treating" an animal includes but is not limited to prophylactic treatment and therapeutic treatment. Any of the compositions (e.g.,

pharmaceutical compositions) described herein can be used to treat an animal. Any application of the static magnetic field (e.g., those disclosed herein) or of the electromagnetic field (e.g., those disclosed herein) can be used to treat an animal. In some embodiments, treating does not include prophylactic treatment (e.g., preventing or ameliorating future disease or disorder).

[0095] In some embodiments, the method of treatment comprises administering a nucleic acid molecule that can encode a polypeptide comprising TRPVl, TRPV4, ANOl, TREK-1, a variant of TRPV 1 , a variant of TRVP4, a variant of ANO 1 or a variant of TREK- 1. In other

embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule can encode a polypeptide comprising a domain 5 of kininogen 1 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 13) or a fragment of a domain 5 of kininogen 1 (e.g., a nucleic acid encoding SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19, or SEQ ID NO: 20). In other embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule can encode a polypeptide comprising an ANOl (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 11) or a variant of ANOl, and the disease or disorder that is treated is cystic fibrosis. In yet other embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encodes a polypeptide comprising an TRPVl (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 7 or SEQ ID NO: 9) or a variant of TRPVl, and the disease or disorder that is treated is pain, chronic pain syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome, or chronic pain. [0096] Treatment of an animal can occur using any suitable administration method (such as those disclosed herein), using any suitable amount of inventive polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule (such as those disclosed herein), and using any suitable static magnetic field (e.g., those disclosed herein) or electromagnetic field (e.g., those disclosed herein). Some embodiments of the invention include a method for administering to a subject (e.g., an animal such as a human or primate) a composition described herein (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition) which comprises one or more administrations of one or more such compositions; the compositions may be the same or different if there is more than one administration. Some embodiments of the invention include a method comprising applying any suitable static magnetic field (e.g., those disclosed herein) or electromagnetic field (e.g., those disclosed herein) to a subject (e.g., an animal such as a human or primate) which comprises one or more applications of one or more such suitable static magnetic field or electromagnetic field; the applications may be the same or different if there is more than one administration (e.g., the first application can be a static magnetic field and the second application can be an electromagnetic field or the first application can be an electromagnetic field of one frequency and the second application can be an electromagnetic field of a different frequency).

[0097] In some embodiments, the method of treatment comprises administering an effective amount of a composition (e.g., such as those compositions and pharmaceutical composition described herein). As used herein, the term "effective amount" refers to a dosage or a series of dosages sufficient to affect treatment (e.g., to treat a disease or disorder) in an animal. In some embodiments, an effective amount can encompass a therapeutically effective amount, as disclosed herein. In certain embodiments, an effective amount can vary depending on the subject and the particular treatment being affected. The exact amount that is required can, for example, vary from subject to subject, depending on the age and general condition of the subject, the particular adjuvant being used (if applicable), administration protocol, and the like. As such, the effective amount can, for example, vary based on the particular circumstances, and an appropriate effective amount can be determined in a particular case. An effective amount can, for example, include any dosage or composition amount disclosed herein. In some

embodiments, an effective amount of the inventive polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule (which can be administered to an animal such as mammals, primates, monkeys or humans) can be an amount of about 0.01 to about 15 mg/kg body weight, about 0.1 to about 10 mg/kg body weight, about 0.5 to about 7 mg/kg body weight, about 0.01 mg/kg, about 0.05 mg/kg, about 0.1 mg/kg, about 0.5 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg, about 3 mg/kg, about 5 mg/kg, about 5.5 mg/kg, about 6 mg/kg, about 6.5 mg/kg, about 7 mg/kg, about 7.5 mg/kg, about 8 mg/kg, about 10 mg/kg, about 12 mg/kg, or about 15 mg/kg. In regard to some conditions, the dosage can be about 0.5 mg/kg human body weight or about 6.5 mg/kg human body weight. In some instances, some animals (e.g., mammals, mice, rabbits, feline, porcine, or canine) can be administered a dosage of about 0.01 to about 15 mg/kg body weight, about 0.1 to about 10 mg/kg body weight, about 0.5 to about 7 mg/kg body weight, about 0.01 mg/kg, about 0.05 mg/kg, about 0.1 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg, about 5 mg/kg, about 10 mg/kg, about 20 mg/kg, about 30 mg/kg, about 40 mg/kg, about 50 mg/kg, about 80 mg/kg, about 100 mg/kg, or about 150 mg/kg.

[0098] In some embodiments, the method of treatment includes applying an effective amount of one or more applications of static magnetic field or electromagnetic field (e.g., such as those described herein). As used herein, the term "effective amount" refers to a single application or a series of applications (which may be the same or different) sufficient to affect treatment (e.g., to treat a disease or disorder) in an animal.

[0099] In some embodiments, the treatments disclosed herein can include use of other drugs (e.g., antibiotics) or therapies for treating disease. For example, antibiotics can be used to treat infections and can be combined to treat disease (e.g., infections).

[00100] The presently-disclosed subject matter is further illustrated by the following specific but non-limiting examples. The following examples may include compilations of data that are representative of data gathered at various times during the course of development and experimentation related to the present invention.

EXAMPLES

[00101] The examples and methods below should be considered to be exemplary only and not construed to be limiting upon the present disclosure. Other polypeptides and nucleic acid molecules can be designed and made. Other methods and variations of the provided methods may be used, in certain embodiments, to measure the same physical properties or characteristics. Additional examples of polypeptides, nucleic acid molecules, and methods may be found herein.

Example Set 1 - Design and Cloning of TRVP1.D5 [00102] Cloning of Transient Receptor Potential channel Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1 - also referred herein to as TRPvl) and the fusion protein TRPV1.D5 (also referred to herein as TRPvl. D5)

[00103] TRPV1: RNA was extracted from mouse spinal cord tissue and reverse transcribed into cDNA. 1 μg of cDNA was used in a PCR reaction to amplified full length TRPVl. The 5' primer used introduced an Spel restriction endonuclease site. The 3' TRPVl primer abolished the stop codon and introduced an Xbal site.

[00104] Domain 5 of Kininogen 1 1 (D5): D5 was cloned using human genomic DNA isolated from whole blood. The 5' primer introduced an Xbal site. The 5' primer introduced a new Notl site and a novel stop codon to terminate translation. The 382bp product was amplified by PCR and cloned into pZero-1 (Invitrogen). D5 was then digested out of pZero-1 using Xbal and Notl and ligated into the pLVX.TRPvl construct multiple cloning site using xbal and Notl upstream of the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) and mCherry. The final construct yielded mouse TRPvl - D5 fusion gene in the pLVX expression vector (FIG. 8a) DNA sequencing confirmed that Domain 5 was in reading frame with TRPvl and that there was a stop codon on the 3' end of Domain 5.

[00105] Expression of TRPvl. D5 in HEK cells: HEK cell expression was performed using transient transfection. Briefly, 1 μg of plasmid was mixed with Lipofectamine LTX with PLUS reagent (Life Technologies) following the manufacturer instructions. Expression was confirmed by standard western blot technique. Once expression was confirmed, pLVX. TRPvl. D5 was co- transfected with a plasmid containing GCaMP6 (addgene). GCaMP6 is a genetically encoded Calcium indicator. Its green fluorescence increases in the presence of increasing amounts of intracellular calcium. Green fluorescence was analyzed in HEK cells using MetaFluor Analyst Software (Molecular Devices) following manufacture instructions. Transfected cells were analyzed prior to RF exposure and during 10 minutes of RF exposure, as discussed below.

Example Set 2 - In Vitro Data

[00106] Visualization of and Immunoprecipitation Shows Modulation of Ferritin Interaction in HEK-293 Cells [00107] TRPV1.D5 redistributes endogenous ferritin to membranes. To visualize subcellular distribution of ferritin, we fused human ferritin with mCherry (FTHl-mCherry) at the C- terminal. Expression of FTHl-mCherry in HEK-293 yielded normal cytoplasmic distribution. FIG. 9a shows that cytoplasmic distribution was not altered with cotransfection of a flagged TRPVl (i.e., labeled with FLAG). In contrast, co-transfection of FTHl-mCherry and flagged TRPV 1.D5 redistributed FTH 1 -mCherry to cell membranes (FIG. 9b) .

[00108] FIGs. 9c and 9d show the results of electron microscopy experiments which indicated dense membranes in cells expressing TRPVl. D5, consistent with iron localization at the membranes (FIG. 9d, arrowheads). [00109] FIG. 9e shows that Ferritin-mCherry co-immunoprecipitated with Flag-TRPV1.D5 but not Flag-TRPVl. Immunoprecipitation of TRPVl. D5 successfully pulled down both ferritin- mCherry and endogenous ferritin (data not shown).

[00110] RF Modulation of Ca ⁺ Flow

[00111] FIG. 10 demonstrates the increased GCAMP3 intensity after the application of EM fields compared to the baseline intensity without EM fields. The intensity of red fluorescence protein (RFP) indicates the cells that expressed TRPVl. D5 with mCherry. With and without RF fields applied, the intensity of RFP did not change significantly (FIG. 10a and FIG. 10c), demonstrating that the RF fields did not impact mCherry. On the contrary, the intensity of GCAMP3 increased in the presence of RF, indicating an influx of Ca ²⁺ to the cells.

[00112] FIG. 11 quantifies the fluorescence intensity at three levels of applied electromagnetic fields. Red fluorescence emitted by mCherry ("Red Fluorescence") increased by less than 6.5% at the end of experiments. Green fluorescence (GCaMP3) emitted by GCAMP in cells without TRPVl. D5 ("GCAMP - TRPVl (green only, not red)") increased by less than 6.9%. Green fluorescence emitted by GCAMP in all cells with TRPVl. D5 ("GCAMP + TRPVl (both green and red)") increased by 9.0% at low RF (62 G) and 22.2% at high RF (132 G). Green

fluorescence emitted by GCAMP in the presence of TRPVl. D5 in cells that visually became brighter ("GCAMP + TRPV1 (becoming brighter)") increased by 48.3% at low RF and 151.3% at high RF. These results showed that GCAMP signal was directly correlated with the RF intensity and the increased GCAMP signal was not due to random ambient fluorescence increase as indicated by the stable red fluorescence. [00113] A Helmholtz coil (190 MHz) was placed over a petri dish loaded with HEK-293 cells. RF power was supplied by a broadband (0-400 MHz) signal generator and amplified using a 10- W linear amplifier. We used GCaMP as an intracellular calcium indicator whose intensity is proportional to the amount of bound calcium. Using widefield fluorescent microscopy, we measured the change in GCaMP fluorescence in mCherry+ cells expressing TRPV1 and

TRPV 1.D5 in response to RF stimulation. While both TRPV 1 and TRPV 1.D5 responded equally well to ΙμΜ capsaicin, only TRPV1.D5 induced a transient increase in Ca ²⁺ permeability following RF (FIG. 12).

[00114] FIG. 13 demonstrates an increase in calcium-dependent phosphorylation of CaMKii in TRPvl.D5+ HEK cells following RF stimulation. HEK cells were transiently transfected with TRPvl.D5. 36hrs after transfection, TRPvl.D5 cells were exposed to RF. At time points indicated, cells were lysed and protein analyzed by western blot for phosphorylation of CaMKii on threonine 286 (p-CaMKii) using phospho-specific antibodies (top panel). Control cells (0 min) had very little detectable p-CaMKii. As expected, Ιμιη Capsaicin (Cap +) induced

phosphorylation of CaMKii. The level of p-CaMKii increases in TRPvl.D5+ cells following RF stimulation and peak levels were observed at 10 minutes. Blotting samples for total CaMKii (phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated) reveals similar levels at all time points (bottom panel) indicating that the changes were due to phosphorylation of the target protein.

Example Set 3 - In Vivo Data

[00115] Modulation of Ca ²⁺ Flow in vivo produced congenital heart defects

[00116] To determine if Ca ²⁺ flow could be modulated in vivo, we targeted wild-type TRPV1 or TRPV1.D5 expression to pre-migratory Neural Crest Cells (NCCs) in chicken embryos. NCC migration is dependent on control of Ca ²⁺ influx. (See, Hutson et al. 2003) NCCs transverse long distances through the embryo to enable proper heart development (e.g. outflow tracts). We utilized RF to increase Ca ²⁺ flow in NCCs while these cells were migrating out of the dorsal neural tube.

[00117] TRPV1.D5 was cloned into pLVX-EFl -IRES-mCherry vectors. Plasmid DNA was then electroporated in ovo into the dorsal neural tube of chick embryos at Hamburger-Hamilton stage 9-11 to target premigratory NCCs. Twenty four hours later, expression of mCherry was confirmed and eggs were then subjected to no RF (FIG. 14a, control) or 10 minutes of RF (FIG. 14b and FIG. 14c). Immediately afterwards, embryos were removed and fixed in

paraformaldehyde. These embryos were cryosectioned and stained for mCherry to identify TRPvl.D5+ cells and phosphorylated CaMKii (p-CaMKii) using an anti-Phospho-CaMKII antibody. In control animals (FIG. 14a) we did not observe detectable levels of p-CaMKii. However, in animals exposed to RF we observed clear co-localization of the mutant channel and p-CaMKii (see right panel in FIG. 14 b and FIG. 14c)

[00118] At day 10 post experiments, -60% of the RF-treated TRPVl. D5+ embryos developed congenital heart defects such as ventricular septal defect (VSD), double outlet right ventricle and transposition of great vessels (FIG. 15). Neither the TRPVl embryos (with or without RF) nor the non-RF treated TRPVl. D5 embryos developed any defects. Further, the defects caused by TRPVl. D5+RF were replicated using wild-type human TRPVl in chick embryos exposed to capsaicin, supporting that the defects were a result of RF triggered Ca ²⁺ activity (data not shown). Additionally, the effect of RF on TRPVl. D5 was reduced by over 65% by TRPVl antagonist (FIG 15e). These data demonstrate that Ca ²⁺ flow can be modulated in vivo and have the desired effect in the targeted cells.

[00119] The headings used in the disclosure are not meant to suggest that all disclosure relating to the heading is found within the section that starts with that heading. Disclosure for any subject may be found throughout the specification.

[00120] It is noted that terms like "preferably," "commonly," and "typically" are not used herein to limit the scope of the claimed invention or to imply that certain features are critical, essential, or even important to the structure or function of the claimed invention. Rather, these terms are merely intended to highlight alternative or additional features that may or may not be utilized in a particular embodiment of the present invention.

[00121] Ranges indicated with a dash (XX-YY%) are to be interpreted as inclusive of the end points (i.e., XX and YY) of the range. For example, 5-10% should be interpreted as from 5% to 10%, indicating inclusion of the endpoints, 5% and 10%, in the range. As another example, about 5-10% should be interpreted as from about 5% to about 10%, such that the term "about" modifies both end points, here 5% and 10%.

[00122] As used in the disclosure, "a" or "an" means one or more than one, unless otherwise specified. As used in the claims, when used in conjunction with the word "comprising" the words "a" or "an" means one or more than one, unless otherwise specified. As used in the disclosure or claims, "another" means at least a second or more, unless otherwise specified. As used in the disclosure, the phrases "such as", "for example", and "e.g." mean "for example, but not limited to" in that the list following the term ("such as", "for example", or "e.g.") provides some examples but the list is not necessarily a fully inclusive list. The word "comprising" means that the items following the word "comprising" may include additional unrecited elements or steps; that is, "comprising" does not exclude additional unrecited steps or elements.

[00123] Detailed descriptions of one or more aspects, instances, or embodiments are provided herein. It is to be understood, however, that the present invention may be embodied in various forms. Therefore, specific details disclosed herein (even if designated as preferred or advantageous) are not to be interpreted as limiting, but rather are to be used as an illustrative basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to employ the present invention in any appropriate manner. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and any accompanying figures. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the claims.

[00124] A number of embodiments have been described. Nevertheless it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are included as part of the invention and may be encompassed by the attached claims. Furthermore, the foregoing description of various embodiments does not necessarily imply exclusion. For example, "some" embodiments or "other" embodiments may include all or part of "some," "other," and "further" embodiments within the scope of this invention.

[00125] What is claimed is :