BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) play a large role in central nervous system (CNS) activity and in different tissue throughout the body. They are known to be involved in functions, including, but not limited to, cognition, learning, mood, emotion, and neuroprotection. There are several types of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and each one appears to have a different role. Some nicotinic receptors regulate CNS function, including, but not limited to, attention, learning and memory; some regulate pain, inflammation, cancer, and diabetes by controlling tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-oc) ; and some regulate vascular angiogenesis; for example, the binding of nicotine to the alpha-7 nAChR stimulates DNA synthesis and proliferation of vascular endothelial cells in vitro (Villablanca, A. C. , 1998, J. Appl. Playsiol., 84 (6): 2089-2098) and induces angiogenesis in vivo (Heeschen C. , et al. 2002, J. Clin.

Invest., 110: 527-535; Heeschen, C. , et al. 2001, Nature Medicine, 7 (7): 833-839).

Nicotine affects all such receptors, and has a variety of activities. Unfortunately, not all of the activities are desirable. In fact, undesirable properties of nicotine include its addictive nature and the low ratio between efficacy and safety. The compounds of the present invention activate the a7 nAChR by acting as positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of this ion channel. These molecules activate the a7 nAChR to enhance the activity of agonists at this receptor, including, but not limited to, acetylcholine (ACh) that is the endogenous neurotransmitter that activates this receptor.

Cell surface receptors are, in general, excellent and validated drug targets. nAChRs comprise a large family of ligand-gated ion channels that control neuronal activity and brain function. These receptors have a pentameric structure. In mammals, this gene family is composed of nine alpha and four beta subunits that co-

assemble to form multiple subtypes of receptors that have a distinctive pharmacology.

Acetylcholine is the endogenous regulator of all of the subtypes, while nicotine non- selectively activates all nAChRs.

The a7 nAChR is one receptor system that has proved to be a difficult target for testing. Native a7 nAChR is not routinely able to be stably expressed in most mammalian cell lines (Cooper and Millar, J. Neurochem., 1997,68 (5): 2140-51).

Another feature that makes functional assays of a7 nAChR challenging is that the receptor is rapidly (100 milliseconds) inactivated. This rapid inactivation greatly limits the functional assays that can be used to measure channel activity.

Both agonist and positive allosteric modulator activity of the oc7 nAChR are assayed using a cell-based, calcium flux assay on FLIPR. SHEP-1 cells expressing a novel, mutated form of the oc7 nAChR that permitted stable cell surface expression are used for these assays. The details of the mutated form of the ot7 nAChR are described in WO 00/73431. See, e. g. , US 6,479, 510 and US 6,492, 385 regarding a7 nAChR agonists.

US 6,410, 586 discloses modulators of protein tyrosine phosphatases.

US 6,358, 945 discloses compounds useful as anti-inflammatory agents.

US 6,262, 113 discloses IL-8 receptor antagonists.

US 5,814, 646 discloses inhibitors of amyloid beta protein production.

US 5,185, 358 discloses 3-heteroatom containing urea and thiourea ACAT inhibitors.

US 5,162, 360 discloses 2-heteroatom containing urea and thiourea ACAT inhibitors.

US 5,059, 614 discloses novel isoxazole and isoxazoline compounds with anticonvulsant activity, processes for their preparation, and therapeutic compositions containing them.

US 4,062, 861 discloses 3-isoxazolylurea derivatives.

US 3,990, 879 discloses discloses a method of controlling aquatic weeds.

Example 13 in US 3,990, 879 is p-methoxyphenyl)-3- [5-trifluormethyl)-1, 3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl] urea. Example 23 herein is N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea.

WO 02/14311 discloses discloses urea compounds and methods of use.

WO 02/00651 discloses Factor XA inhibitors.

WO 01/68568 discloses IL-8 receptor antagonists.

WO 01/68605 discloses polycyclic aryl and heteroaryl substituted benzenes useful for selective inhibition of the coagulation cascade.

WO 01/53274 discloses amide compounds for inhibiting protein kinases.

WO 01/43697 discloses analogs of galanthamine and lycoramine as modulators of nicotinic receptors.

WO 01/32620 discloses positive modulators of nicotinic receptor agonists.

WO 01/32619 discloses positive modulators of nicotinic receptor agonists.

WO 00/35455 discloses heteroaryl-aryl ureas as GF-1 receptor antagonists.

WO 00/26203 discloses 2-ureido-thiazole derivatives, process for their preparation, and their use as antitumor agents, Pharmacia and Upjohn S. P. A. is assignee. Example 29 in WO 00/26203 is N- (5-isopropyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl)-N'- (4- hydroxy-phenyl)-urea.

WO 99/56745 discloses pharmaceutical compositions comprising a positive modulator of a nicotinic receptor agonist, said positive modulator having the capacity to increase the efficacy of the said nicotinic receptor agonist.

WO 99/32106 discloses inhibition of RAF kinase using substituted heterocyclic ureas.

WO 99/28309 discloses 1,3, 4-thiadiazoles derivatives as KYN-OH inhibitors.

WO 94/14801 discloses heterocyclic urea derivatives as 5HT2c and 5HT2B antagonists.

WO 93/18028 discloses indole derivatives as 5HTc antagonists.

Eur. J. Med. Chez., 22 (1987) 467-471 discloses search for structural parameters influencing the anthelmintic activity of thiadiazolyl urea derivatives.

Example 1 (e) is N-(4-butoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl] urea, which is Example 24 herein.

A positive allosteric modulator of a7 nAChR will effectively activate the endogenous a7 nAChR if there is sufficient agonist in the brain and elsewhere within the body to at least partially stimulate this receptor. Therefore, a positive allosteric modulator of a7 nAChR can be used alone to treat, or used alone to prepare a medicament to treat, CNS diseases or conditions as discussed herein. In certain diseases, however, it is possible that the full therapeutic efficacy of a positive allosteric modulator of a7 nAChR will be limited by suboptimal levels of agonist

which in turn leads to a suboptimal activation of the endogenous a7 nAChR in the presence of a positive allosteric modulator. In such cases, the positive allosteric modulator of a7 nAChR is administered in combination with another agent that affects the level of agonist in one or more medicaments to treat the diseases or conditions discussed herein.

The activation of the a7 nAChR is also useful to treat, or used to prepare a medicament used to treat, diseases or conditions where a mammal receives symptomatic relief from the decrease of levels of TNF-a. The compounds of the present invention are useful to treat, or are used to prepare a medicament to treat, diseases or conditions where a mammal receives symptomatic relief from the stimulation of vascular angiogenesis.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention discloses compounds of the Formula I as described herein or pharmaceutical composition, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, racemic mixture, or pure enantiomer thereof. Embodiments of the invention may include one or more or combination of the following.

The compounds of Formula I are used to treat, or are used to make a medicament to treat, a mammal where the mammal receives symptomatic relief from activation of an alpha 7 nAChR; these diseases or conditions, include, but are not limited to, any one or more or combination of the following: cognitive and attention deficit symptoms of Alzheimer's, neurodegeneration associated with diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, pre-senile dementia (mild cognitive impairment), senile dementia, schizophrenia or psychosis and cognitive deficits associated therewith, attention deficit disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), mood and affective disorders, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, borderline personality disorder, traumatic brain injury, behavioral and cognitive problems associated with brain tumors, AIDS dementia complex, dementia associated with Down's syndrome, dementia associated with Lewy Bodies, Huntington's disease, depression, general anxiety disorder, age-related macular degeneration, Parkinson's disease, tardive dyskinesia, Pick's disease, post traumatic stress disorder, dysregulation of food intake including bulemia and anorexia nervosa, withdrawal symptoms associated with smoking cessation and dependant drug cessation, Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome,

glaucoma, neurodegeneration associated with glaucoma, or symptoms associated with pain. The compounds of Formula I are also useful to treat or useful to prepare a medicament to treat diseases or conditions where a mammal would receive symptomatic relief from the administration of a compound of Formula I to decrease levels of TNF-a ; these diseases or conditions, including, but are not limited to, any one or more or combination of the following: inflammation; pain; cancer; or diabetes.

Types of inflammation and/or pain that are to be treated include, but are not limited to, any one or more of the following: rheumatoid arthritis; rheumatoid spondylitis; muscle degeneration; osteoporosis; osteoarthritis; psoriasis; contact dermatitis; bone resorption diseases; atherosclerosis; Paget's disease; uveititis; gouty arthritis; inflammatory bowel disease; adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); Crohn's disease; rhinitis; ulcerative colitis; anaphylaxis; asthma; Reiter's syndrome; tissue rejection of a graft; ischemia reperfusion injury; brain trauma; stroke; multiple sclerosis; cerebral malaria; sepsis; septic shock; toxic shock syndrome; fever and myalgias due to infection; HIV-1, HIV-2, and HIV-3 ; cytomegalovirus (CMV); influenza; adenovirus; a herpes virus (including HSV-1, HSV-2); or herpes zoster.

Types of cancer that are to be treated include, but are not limited to, any one or more of the following: multiple myeloma; acute and chronic myelogenous leukemia; or cancer-associated cachexia. The compounds of the present invention can be used to treat, or be used to prepare a medicament to treat, the TNF-a aspects associated with pancreatic beta cell destruction; or type I and type lI diabetes. The compounds of the present invention are also useful to treat, or to prepare a medicament to be used to treat, diseases or conditions where a mammal would receive symptomatic relief from the increase in vascular angiogenesis ; these disease include, but are not limited to, any one or more of the following: wound healing (healing burns, and wounds in general including from surgery), bone fracture healing, ischemic heart disease, and stable angina pectoris.

In another aspect, the invention includes treating, or making medicament (s) to treat, a mammal suffering from schizophrenia or psychosis and cognitive deficits associated with them by administering compounds of Formula I in conjunction with antipsychotic drugs (also called anti-psychotic agents), and also with an agonist of the alpha 7 nAChR, especially when levels of an endogenous agonist are suboptimal.

There can be one or more than one medicament. One medicament can comprise the

compound of formula I, an antipsychotic agent, and/or an alpha 7 nAChR agonist, or there can be a separate medicament for each separately or any combination, e. g. , one medicament could have the compound of Formula I and an alpha 7 nAChR agonist and the other medicament could have the antispsychotic agent.

The compounds of the present invention can also be administered in combination with other agents, e. g. , the compound of Formula I and the other agent (s) are"co-administered"when treating diseases or conditions discussed herein. For treating the diseases or conditions discussed herein, medicament (s) and pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared comprising a compound of formula I.

The same medicament (pharmaceutical composition) or separate medicament (s) (pharmaceutical composition (s)), can be used comprising the other agent (s). For example, but not limitation, co-administration can be used to administer the compounds of the present invention and an alpha 7 nAChR agonist. The compounds of the present invention and an alpha 7 nAChR agonist can also be co-administered with the other agents dicussed herein.

Another aspect of the present invention includes for example, but not limitation, co-administration can be used when treating symptoms associated with infection, inflammation, cancer, or diabetes. The same medicament or separate medicament (s), can be used comprising a compound of Formula I and any one of the following: an antibacterial and antiviral agent for treating infection; an anticancer agent and/or antiemetic agent for treating cancer; or at least one agent to treat diabetes for treating diabetes. For example, the compound of Formula I can be co- administered with an antibacterial or antiviral agent, as one medicament or as two separate medicament, to treat an infection, for example, but not limiting, rhinitis. The compound of Formula I can also be co-administered with an anticancer agent and/or antiemetic agent when the disease or condition being treated is cancer, so there could be one medicament or separate medicaments for each agent. And, the compound of Formula I can be co-administered with agents to treat diabetes in one medicament or as separate medicaments.

In a combination therapy, the compounds of Formula I and the other agent (s) can be co-administered simultaneously or at separate intervals. When co-administered simultaneously, the compounds of Formula I and the other agent (s) can be incorporated into a single pharmaceutical composition, e. g. , a pharmaceutical

combination therapy composition. Alternatively, more than one, e. g. , two, separate compositions, i. e. , one containing a compound of Formula I and the other containing, for example, the psychostimulant, can be administered.

A pharmaceutical combination therapy composition can also be used to treat ADHD, using, for example, but not for limitation, psychostimulants and/or monoamine reuptake inhibitors. This composition can also include an alpha 7 nAChR agonist. While psychostimulants and monoamine reuptake inhibitors control the activity level, and attention, they are not effective in treating the co-morbid or concomitant deficit in cognition that is associated with ADHD. The combination therapy will be more effective at treating this disease because the ability of the mammal to regulate an a7 nAChR agonist will treat the underlying cognitive dysfunction in the disorder and the other two classes of drugs will treat the behavioral problems associated with ADHD. Psychostimulants used for these compositions include, but are not limited to: methylphenidate (Ritalin) administered at about 0.01 to about 0.85 mg/kg/day ; dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine) administered at about 0.07 to about 0.85 mg/kg/day; amphetamine (Adderall) administered at about 0.05 to about 0.6 mg/kg/day; and pemoline (Cylert) administered at about 0.1 to about 1.6 mg/kg/day. Monoamine Reuptake inhibitors for these compositions include, but are not limited to: desipramine (Norpramin) administered at about 0.5 to about 5.0 mg/kg/day; nortriptyline administered at about 0.1 to about 3.0 mg/kg/day; atomoxetine (Strattera) administered at about 0.1 to about 3.0 mg/kg/day; reboxetine administered at about 0.03 to about 3.0 mg/kg/day; fluoxetine (Prozac) administered at about 0.2 to about 20 mg/kg/day ; tomoxetine administered at about at about 0.1 to about 1.1 mg/kg/day; bupropion (Wellbutrin) administered at about at about 1.0 to about 1.1 mg/kg/day ; or modaphonil (Provigil) administered at about at about 1.0 to about 5.7 mg/kg/day. The medicament (s) used to treat ADHD can comprise any combination or single item of the following: a compound of formula I, a psychostimulant, a monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or an alpha 7 nAChR agonist, or separate medicament (s) can be prepared comprising a any combination of them.

There are also three forms of combination therapies to enhance the activity of a positive allosteric modulator in the presence of an agonist of the a7 nAChR. The first combination therapy is to use a positive allosteric modulator of the a7 nAChR with drugs such as Aricept and Reminyl that inhibit the activity of

acetylcholinesterase. Acetylcholinesterase is the enzyme that is primarily responsible for degrading ACh. Drugs such as Aricept and Reminyl which are used to treat Alzheimer's disease, increase ACh levels. The increase in ACh levels leads to an increase in the activity of a7 nAChR and other nicotinic and muscarinic receptors.

Thus treating with both acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and a positive allosteric modulator of a7 nAChR will selectively enhance the activity of the a7 nAChR which could provide significant therapeutic benefit for the patient.

The second combination therapy is to use a positive allosteric modulator of the a7 nAChR with a drug that directly activates the a7 nAChR. Drugs that act as receptor agonists and directly activate the a7 nAChR have therapeutic potential but they also carry the liability that prolonged exposure may lead to a loss of efficacy.

Using a direct acting agonist of the a7 nAChR in combination with a positive allosteric modulator of the a7 nAChR make both classes of drugs more effective.

The third combination therapy is to use a positive allosteric modulator of a7 nAChR in combination with nutritional supplements including phosphotidylserine, phosphotidylycholine, or choline that act by increasing levels of ACh in the brain. As previously mentioned, an increase in ACh leads to an increase in the activity of a7 nAChR and other nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Thus, treating with cholinergic nutritional supplements and a positive allosteric modulator of a7 nAChR will selectively enhance the activity of the a7 nAChR to provide significant therapeutic benefit for the patient.

A pharmaceutical combination therapy composition can include therapeutically effective amounts of the compounds of Formula I, and a therapeutically effective amount of the other drug (s) /agent (s). These compositions may be formulated with common excipients, diluents or carriers, and compressed into tablets, or formulated elixirs or solutions for convenient oral administration or administered by intramuscular intravenous routes. The compounds can be administered rectally, topically, orally, or sublingually.

In a combination therapy, the compounds of Formula I and the other drug (s) can be administered simultaneously or at separate intervals. When administered simultaneously the compounds of Formula I and the other drug (s) can be incorporated into a single pharmaceutical composition, e. g. , a pharmaceutical combination therapy composition. Alternatively, two or more separate compositions, i. e. , one containing

compounds of Formula I and the other containing the other drug (s), can be administered simultaneously.

When separately administered, therapeutically effective amounts of compositions containing compounds of Formula I and the other drug (s) are administered on a different schedule. One may be administered before the other as long as the time between the two administrations falls within a therapeutically effective interval. A therapeutically effective interval is a period of time beginning when one of either (a) the compounds of Formula I, or (b) the other drug (s) is administered to a human and ending at the limit of the beneficial effect in the treatment of the disease or condition using the combination of (a) and (b). The methods of administration of the compounds of Formula I and the other drug (s) may vary. Thus, either agent or both agents may be administered rectally, topically, orally, sublingually, or parenterally.

The amount of therapeutically effective compound of Formula I that is administered and the dosage regimen for treating a disease or condition with the compounds and/or compositions of this invention depends on a variety of factors, including the age, weight, sex and medical condition of the subject, the severity of the disease, the route and frequency of administration, and the particular compound (s) employed, and thus may vary widely. The compositions contain well know carriers and excipients in addition to a therapeutically effective amount of compounds of Formula I. The pharmaceutical compositions may contain the compound of Formula I in the range of about 0.001 to 100 mg/kg/day for an adult, preferably in the range of about 0.01 to about 50 mg/kg/day for an adult. A total daily dose of about 1 to 1000 mg of a compound of Formula I may be appropriate for an adult. The daily dose can be administered in one to four doses per day. These compositions may be formulated with common excipients, diluents or carriers, and compressed into tablets, or formulated elixirs or solutions for convenient oral administration or administered by intramuscular intravenous routes. The compounds of Formula I can be administered rectally, topically, orally, sublingually, or parenterally and maybe formulated as sustained relief dosage forms and the like.

The combined administration of the compounds of Formula I and the other agent (s) is expected to require less of the generally-prescribed dose for either agent when used alone and or is expected to result in less frequent administration of either

or both agents. The skilled clinician may in fact learn that behavioral problems are secondary to the cognitive problems and can be treated with lower dosages of the other agent (s). Determining such dosages and routes of administration should be a routine determination by one skilled in the art of treating patients with the diseases or conditions discussed herein.

Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where X is O or S. Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where A and B have any definition discussed herein.

Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where each RA includes any one of the following: H, halogen, methyl, ethyl, i-propyl, n-propyl, haloalkyl,-OH,-NO2,-CN,-C (alkyl) =N (O-alkyl), -O-alkyl, -O-(substituted alkyl), -O-alkenyl,-O-(heterocycloalkyl),-O-(substituted heterocycloalkyl),-S-alkyl, -SO-alkyl,-SO2-alkyl, C (=O)-(lower alkyl),-O-haloalkyl,-SO-haloalkyl, -SO-haloalkyl,-SO2-haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl. Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where each RB-1 independently includes any one of the following: H, Cl, Br, CN, methyl, ethyl, i-propyl, n-propyl, cyclopropyl, haloalkyl,-CF3,-CF2CF3,-OMe,-OCF3,-OEt,-SOMe,-SO2Me, or -SO2CF3.

Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where each RA is independently any one or more of the following: H, halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, haloalkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkynyl, substituted alkynyl, heterocycloalkyl, haloheterocycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkyl, halocycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, aryl, -N3,-SCN, -CN,-N02,-OR7,-SR8,-S (O) R8,-S (0) 2R8,-N (Rg) 2,-C (O) Rlo,-C (O) OR7, -C (O) N (R9) 2,-NRgC (O) Rlo,-C (Rio) =NOR7,-S (0) 2N (R9) 2-NR9S (0) 2rus, - N (R9) C (O) N (R9) 2, provided that at least one RA is other than H, wherein R7, R8, each Rg, and Rlo have any definition discussed herein.

Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where two RA are on adjacent carbon atoms combine to form a fused-bicyclic-ring system giving a 6-membered ring from the phenyl fused to a 5-8-membered saturated or unsaturated ring system having up to two heteroatoms selected from-O-,-S-,-N (RA-N)-, or-N= and further having substitution where valency allows on the 5-8-membered ring with

1-2 substitutents independently selected from RA-1, which can have any definition as discussed herein.

Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where each RB-1 is independently any one or more of the following: H, halogen, alkyl excluding t-butyl, haloalkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, halocycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, alkenyl, haloalkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkynyl, substituted alkynyl, heterocycloalkyl, haloheterocycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, aryl, -CN,-N3, -NO2,-CORlo,-CO2R7,-CON (Rg) 2, -C (Rio) =NOR7,-SCN,-OR7,-N (R9) 2,-SR8, -SOR8,-S02R8,-SN (Rg) 2,-SON (Rg) 2,-SO2N (Rg) 2. Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where two RB-1 are on adjacent carbon atoms may combine to form a fused-bicyclic-ring system having B fused to a 5-7-membered saturated or unsaturated ring system having up to two heteroatoms selected from-0-, -S-,-N (RB-N)-, or-N= and further having substitution where valency allows on the 5-7-membered ring with 1-2 substitutents independently selected from RB-2, which can have any definition discussed herein. Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where each RB-3 is independently any one or more of the following: H, alkyl, haloalkyl,-OH,-O-alkyl, or-O-haloalkyl.

Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where each R3 is independently any one or more or combination of the following: H, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, haloalkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkynyl, cycloalkyl, halocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, haloheterocycloalkyl, or phenyl optionally substituted with 0-3 halogens and 0-1 substituent selected from alkyl,-CF3,-CN,-NH2,-NO2, and-OH.

Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where R4 is any one or more of the following: H, alkyl, haloalkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, haloalkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, halocycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, or aryl.

Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where Rs is any one or more of the following: alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, halocycloalkyl, haloheterocycloalkyl,-CN,-NO2, -OR3,-SR3,-N (R3) 2,-C (O) R3, -C (O) N (R3) 2,-NR3C (O) R3, -S (0) 2N (R3) 2, -NR3S (0) 2R3, alkyl substituted with 1-4 substituent (s) independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, or R6, cycloalkyl substituted with 1-4 substituent (s) independently selected

from F, Cl, Br, I, or R6, or heterocycloalkyl substituted with 1-4 substituent (s) independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, or R6.

Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where R6 is any one or more of the following :-CF3,-CN,-N02,-OR3,-SR3,-N (R3) 2, -C (O) R3, -C (O) N (R3) 2, -NR3C (O) R3, -S (0) 2N (R3) 2, or-NR3S (0) 2R3.

One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that where alkyl, substituted alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, haloalkenyl are allowed, lower alkyl, lower substituted alkyl, lower haloalkyl, lower alkenyl, lower substituted alkenyl, and lower haloalkenyl, respectively, are also allowed. Therefore, alkyl would include lower alkyl, which would include, but not be limited to, methyl and ethyl. And, - 0-alkyl would inlcude-O-lower alkyl, including, but not limited to,-O-methyl or -O-ethyl, and-O-haloalkyl would allow-O-lower haloalkyl, including, but not limited to,-O-trifluoromethyl,-O-1, 1, 1-trifluoroeth-2-yl, and-O-pentafluoroethyl.

Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where each R7, R8, R9, or Rlo is independently any one or more of the following: H, alkyl, haloalkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, haloalkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, halocycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, haloheterocycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, or aryl.

Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where A is phenyl or pyridinyl, wherein WA~2 is CH or N. Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where WA-1 is C-RA, where RA is any one or more of the following: H, lower alkyl, 0-lower alkyl, S-lower alkyl, S (O)-lower alkyl, NO2, C (O)-lower alkyl, and C (=N-O-(lower alkyl))-(lower alkyl). Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where WA-3 is C-RA, where RA is any one or more of the following: H, 0-lower alkyl, O-sec-butyl,-O-(heterocycloalkyl), -O-(substituted heterocycloalkyl), and ethoxy substituted on C-2 with any one of the following: OH, OMe, OEt, SMe, SEt, S (O) Me, S (O) 2Me, NH- (lower alkyl), N- (lower alkyl) 2, NHC (O)-lower alkyl, NHS (O) 2-(lower alkyl) 2, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, 1, 1-dioxidothiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, 1H-pyrazolyl, and piperidinyl. Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where WA-4 is C-RA, where RA is any one or more of the following: H, lower alkyl, 0-lower alkyl, or halogen.

Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where WA-1 is

C-RA, where RA is any one or more of the following: H, Me, OMe, OEt, 0-isopropyl, 0-n-propyl, SMe, SOMe, SEt, S (O) Et, NO2, C (O) Me, and C (=N-OMe) CH3. Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where WA-3 is C-RA, where RA is any one or more of the following: H, 0-lower alkyl, O-sec-butyl,-O- (heterocycloalkyl),-O- (substituted heterocycloalkyl), and ethoxy substituted on C-2 with OH, OMe, OEt, SMe, SEt, S (O) Me, S (O) 2Me, NHMe, N (Me) 2, NHEt, N (Et) 2, N (Me) (Et), NHC (O) Me, NHS (O) 2 (Me), morpholin-4-yl, thiomorpholin-4-yl, 1, 1-dioxidothiomorpholin-4-yl, piperazin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, 1H-pyrazol-1-yl, and piperidin-1-yl. Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where WA-4 is C-RA, where RA is any one or more of the following: H, Me, OMe, F, Cl, and Br. Lower alkyl can include, but is not limited to, any one or more of the following: methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and i-propyl.

Heterocycloalkyl can include, but is not limited to, any one or more of the following: 0-tetrahydrofuranyl, 0-oxetanyl, 0-1, 1-dioxidothietanyl, and O-azetidinyl with the bond between O and the heterocycloalkyl being at any atom where valency allows.

Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where B is isoxazol-3-yl optionally substituted at C-5 with any one or more of the following: lower alkyl, lower haloalkyl, lower cycloalkyl, halogen, and CN. Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where B is isoxazol-3-yl is optionally substituted at C-5 with any one or more of the following: CH3, CF3, CH2F, CHF2, CH20CH3, CH2CH3, CF2CF3, cyclopropyl, Cl, Br, or CN. Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where B is isoxazol-5-yl substituted at C-3 with any one or more of the following: lower alkyl, lower haloalkyl, CN, and halogen. Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where B is isoxazol-5-yl substituted at C-3 with any one or more of the following: CH3, CF3, CH2F, CHF2, CF2CF3, CN, Cl, and Br. Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where B is 1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl substituted at C-5 with any one or more of the following: lower alkyl, lower haloalkyl, CN, and halogen. Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where B is 1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl substituted at C-5 with any one or more of the following: CH3, CF3, CH2F, CHF2, CF2CF3, CN, Cl, and Br.

Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where B is any one of the following: isothiazol-3-yl and 1, 3-thiazol-2-yl, either of which is

optionally substituted at C-5, 1, 3-thiazol-5-yl optionally substituted at C-2 and also pyridin-3-yl optionally substituted at C-6, where the optional substitutent is any one or more of the following: methyl, trifluoromethyl, chloro, bromo, and cyano. Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where WA-1 is C-RA, where RA is any one or more of the following: H, methyl, OMe, OEt, SMe, nitro, or C (O) Me.

Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where WA~2 is N or CH. Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where WA-3 is C-RA, where RA is any one or more of the following: H, methoxy, ethoxy, 0-allyl, and 2-methoxyethoxy. Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where WA-4 is C-RA, where RA is any one or more of the following: H, methyl, methoxy, fluoro, chloro, and bromo.

Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where B is any one of the following: thiazolyl, 3-trifluorophenyl, and 3-phenyl-1, 2,4-thiadiazolyl where the phenyl off of the thiadiazolyl is optionally substituted with up to 3 substituents being lower alkyl, lower haloalkyl, O- (lower alkyl) and halogen. Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where B is thiazol-2-yl substituted at C-4 with any one of the following: methyl, trifluoromethyl, ethyl, and pentafluoroeth-1-yl.

Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where A includes, but is not limited to, compounds wherein up to four of WA-1, Wu~2, WA-3, WA-4, and WA-5 can be N to include the following moieties: optionally substituted as valency allows and as RA is defined herein.

Another group of compounds of Formula I includes all compounds except compounds wherein when Wu-1, WA-2, WA-3, WA-4, and WA-5 are all CRA-1, and the RA'S of WA-3 and WA-4 form a 5-membered ring to make an indol-5-yl moiety and wherein the RA of WA-5 is H or alkyl and wherein B is a mono-cyclic 5-membered ring.

Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds where B includes, but is not limited to, compounds wherein WB-1, WB-2, WB-3, WB-4, and WB-5 can be N or CRIB 1 to include the following moieties:

optionally substituted as valency and the definition of Formula I allow and with any definition of Rob-1 as discussed herein.

Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds wherein B includes, but is not limited to, the following moieties that one of ordinary skill in the art can recognize as fitting within the scope of the structures drawn for B:

where each RB-1, and RB-2 have any definition discussed herein and can occur at any carbon where valency allows, and where RB-N has any definition discussed herein and can occur at any nitrogen where valency allows.

Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds wherein B is thiadiazolyl, and when A is phenyl, at least one RA is selected from other than H, methyl, isopropyl,-NO2,-CF3, methoxy, -OH, -CN, or halogen.

Another group of compounds of Formula I includes compounds wherein B is benzimidazolyl and benzthiazolyl, provided that A is not a phenyl moiety optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents selected from halogen.

Another group of compounds for Formula I includes compounds wherein B is isoxazol-3-yl optionally substituted at the four position with trifluoromethyl,

O-Cl-4alkyl, or alkyl substituted with hydroxy, provided that A is not phenyl substituted in each ortho position with alkyl, trifluoromethyl or halo.

The present invention includes, but is not limited to, the examples provided herein, the compounds identified in the tables provided herein and compounds named herein as the free base or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt there.

The present invention also includes isotopically labeled compounds, which are identical to those recited in Formula I, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the present invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, fluorine iodine, and chlorine, such as 2H, 3H, 13C, 11C, 14C, 15N, 18O, 17O, 31P, 32P, 35S, 18F, 123I, and 36Cl, respectively.

Compounds of the present invention, prodrugs thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said compounds or of said prodrugs which contain the aforementioned isotopes and/or other isotopes of other atoms are within the scope of this invention. Certain isotopically labeled compounds of the present invention, for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as 3H and 14C are incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution assays. Tritiated, i. e., 3H, and carbon-14, i. e., 14C, isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability. Further, substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium, i. e., 2H, can afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased ion vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements and, hence, may be preferred in some circumstances.

Isotopically labeled compounds of Formula I can generally be prepared by carrying out the synthetic procedures described herein by substituting an isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent. Isotopically labeled reagents are described, for example, by Langstrom in Acta Chem. Scafzd. S37 : 147 (1990).

Introducing 11C-labeled agonists of nAChR has been described in Dolle, Frederic, et al, J. Labelled Cps Radioplla777z., 2001; 44: 785-795. For a general discussion of nuclear imaging, see, "Nuclear Imaging in Drug Discovery, Development, and Approval, H. D. Burns, et al. (Eds).

The present invention also includes compounds for use in photoaffinity labeling experiments. One technique for the biochemical characterization of receptors

is photoaffinity labeling using a photolabile molecule, or probe, which binds with high affinity to a receptor and can be irreversibly incorporated into the receptor under the influence of ultraviolet light. In order to have an effective and useful photoaffinity probe, several requirements must be met. First, the probe must have good biological activity at the same target protein relative to the parent compounds of interest.

Second, it must have a reactive group which can covalently bond to the target site upon photoactivation. For example, the azido group is chemically inert until photoactivated by UV light. Upon photolysis it generates a highly reactive nitrene which inserts into either the peptide backbone or the amino acid side chains of the protein to which it is bound. This insertion forms a covalent linkage between the photoprobe and the protein allowing it to be permanently tagged for identification.

Further aspects and embodiments of the invention may become apparent to those skilled in the art from a review of the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the examples and the appended claims. While the invention is susceptible of embodiments in various forms, described hereafter are specific embodiments of the invention with the understanding that the present disclosure is intended as illustrative, and is not intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiments described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION Surprisingly, we have found that compounds of Formula I: wherein X is O or S ; A is wherein each WA W, W, W, and WA-5 are independently N or CRA, provided that no more than four of WA~1, WA~2, WA-3, WA-4, or WA-5 are simultaneously N; Each RA is independently H, halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, haloalkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkynyl, substituted alkynyl,

heterocycloalkyl, haloheterocycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkyl, halocycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, aryl,-N3,-SCN,-CN,-N02,-OR7,-SR8, - S (O) Rs,-S (O) 2Rs,-N (R9) 2,-C (O) Rlo,-C (O) OR7,-C (O) N (R9) 2,-NR9C (O) Rlo, -C(R10)=NOR7, -S(O) 2N (R9) 2,-NR9S (O) 2R8,-N (R9) C (O) N (R9) 2, provided that at least one RA is other than H; or when two RA are on adjacent carbon atoms, the two RA may combine to form a 5-8-membered ring fused to the 6-membered ring, wherein the 5-8-membered ring is saturated or unsaturated having up to two heteroatoms selected from-O-,-S-, -N (RA-2)-, or-N= and further having substitution where valency allows on the 5-8- membered ring with up to 2 substitutents independently selected from RA-1 ; Each RA-1 is independently H, F, Cl, Br, I, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, halocycloalkyl, haloheterocycloalkyl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, -CN, -NO2, -OR7, -SR8, -S(O02R8, - S (O) R8,-OS (O) 2R8,-N (R9) 2,-C (O) Rio,-C (S) R10, -C9O02R7, -C(O) N (R9) 2, - NR9C (O) Rlo,-S (O) 2N (R9) 2, -NR9S (0) 2R8, -N (R9) C (O) N (R9) 2, or aryl; RA-2 is H, alkyl, haloalkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, haloalkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, halocycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, haloheterocycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, or aryl; B is a five or six-membered aromatic ring having up to 4 heteroatoms selected from-O-,-N (RB-3)-, =N-, or-S-, wherein B is wherein Bl is N, or C; B2, B3, B4, and B5 are independently N, O, S, C, provided that when valency allows, the N can have a third bond to RB-3, and further provided that when valency allows, the C can have a fourth bond to RB-1 ; Each RB-1 is independently H, halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, halocycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, alkenyl, haloalkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkynyl, substituted alkynyl, heterocycloalkyl, haloheterocycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, aryl,-CN,-N3,-N02,-CORIO,

-CO2R7,-CON (R9) 2, -C (Rio) =NOR7S-SCN,-OR7,-N (R9) 2,-SRs,-SORs,-S02R8, - SN (R9) 2,-SON (R9) 2,-S02N (R9) 2; when two RB-1 are on adjacent carbon atoms, the two RB-1 may combine to form a 5-7-membered ring fused to the 5 or 6 membered ring giving a fused-bicyclic- ring system; wherein the 5-7-membered ring is saturated or unsaturated having up to two heteroatoms selected from-O-,-S-,-N (RB-3)-, or-N= and further having substitution where valency allows on the 5-7-membered ring with up to 2 substitutents independently selected from RB-2 ; Each RB-2 is independently H, F, Cl, Br, I, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, halocycloalkyl, haloheterocycloalkyl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl,-CN,-N02,-OR7,-SR8,-S (O) 2Rs, - S (O) Rs,-OS (O) 2Rs,-N (R9) 2,-C (O) R10, -C (S) R10, -C (O) 2R7, -C (O) N (R9) 2, -NR9C(O)R10, -S(O) 2N (R9) 2,-NR9S (O) 2Rs,-N (R9) C (O) N (R9) 2, or aryl; RB-3 is H, alkyl, haloalkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, haloalkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, halocycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, haloheterocycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, or aryl; Each WB-1, WB-2, WB-3, WB-4, and WB-5 are independently N or Crib-1, provided that no more than 4 of WB-1, WB-2, WB-3, WB-4, or WB-5 are simultaneously N; Halogen (used interchangeably with"halo") is F, Br, Cl, or I ; Alkyl is both straight-and branched-chain moieties having from 1-6 carbon atoms, provided that when alkyl is a substituent off of B, then alkyl does not include t-butyl; Lower alkyl is both straight-and branched-chain moieties having from 1-4 carbon atoms, provided that when lower alkyl is a substituent off of B, then lower alkyl does not include t-butyl; Haloalkyl is an alkyl moiety having from 1-6 carbon atoms and having 1 to (2n+1) substituent (s) independently selected from F, Cl, Br, or I, where n is the maximum number of carbon atoms in the moiety; Lower haloalkyl is lower alkyl having 1 to (2n+1) substituent (s) independently selected from F, Cl, Br, or I, where n is the maximum number of carbon atoms in the

moiety; Substituted alkyl is an alkyl moiety from 1-6 carbon atoms and having 0-3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, or I, and further having 1 substituent selected from-CN,-NO2,-OR3,-SR3,-N (R3) 2,-C (O) R3,-C (O) N (R3) 2, - NR3C (O) R3, -S (O) 2N (R3) 2,-NR3 (0) 2R3, phenyl, or substituted phenyl; Lower substituted alkyl is lower alkyl having 0-3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, or I, and further having 1 substituent selected from-CN, - NO2,-OR3-SR3,-N (R3) 2,-C (O) R3-C (O) N (R3) 2,-NR3 (0) R3-S (O) 2N (R3) 2, -NR3 (0) 2R3, phenyl, or substituted phenyl; Alkenyl is straight-and branched-chain moieties having from 2-6 carbon atoms and having at least one carbon-carbon double bond; Lower alkenyl is straight-and branched-chain moieties having from 2-4 carbon atoms and having at least one carbon-carbon double bond; Haloalkenyl is an alkenyl moiety having from 2-6 carbon atoms and having 1 to (2n-1) substituent (s) independently selected from F, Cl, Br, or I where n is the maximum number of carbon atoms in the moiety; Lower haloalkenyl is lower alkenyl having 1 to (2n-1) substituent (s) independently selected from F, Cl, Br, or I where n is the maximum number of carbon atoms in the moiety; Substituted alkenyl is an unsaturated alkenyl moiety having from 2-6 carbon atoms and having 0-3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, or I, and further having 1 substituent selected from-CN,-N02,-OR3,-SR3,-N (R3) 2,-C (O) R3, - C (O) N (R3) 2,-NR3C (O) R3,-S (O) 2N (R3) 2,-NR3C (0) 2R3, phenyl, or substituted phenyl; Lower substituted alkenyl is lower alkenyl having 0-3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, or I, and further having 1 substituent selected from-CN,-N02,-OR3,-SR3,-N (R3) 2,-C (O) R3,-C (O) N (R3) 2,-NR3C (O) R3, -S (O) 2N (R3) 2,-NR3C (O) 2R3, phenyl, or substituted phenyl; Alkynyl is straight-and branched-chained moieties having from 2-6 carbon atoms and having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond; Haloalkynyl is an alkynyl moiety having from 2-6 carbon atoms and having 1 to (2n-3) substituent (s) independently selected from F, Cl, Br, or I where n is the maximum number of carbon atoms in the moiety;

Substituted alkynyl is an unsaturated alkynyl moiety having from 2-6 carbon atoms and having 0-3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, or I, and further having 1 substituent selected from-CN,-N02,-OR3,-SR3,-N (R3) 2, -C (O) R3, - C (O) N (R3) 2,-NR3C (O) R3,-S (O) 2N (R3) 2,-NR3C (0) 2R3, phenyl, or substituted phenyl; Cycloalkyl is a cyclic alkyl moiety having from 3-6 carbon atoms; Lower cycloalkyl is a cyclic alkyl moiety having from 3-4 carbon atoms; Halocycloalkyl is a cyclic moiety having from 3-6 carbon atoms and having 1-4 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, or I ; Substituted cycloalkyl is a cycloalkyl moiety from 3-6 carbon atoms and having 0-3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, or I and further having 1 substituent selected from-CN,-N02,-OR3,-SR3,-N (R3) 2,-C (O) R3,-C (O) N (R3) 2, - NR3C (O) R3,-S (O) 2N (R3) 2,-NR3C (0) 2R3, phenyl, or substituted phenyl; Heterocycloalkyl is a cyclic moiety having 4-7 atoms with 1-2 atoms within the ring being-S-, -N (R4)-, or-0- ; Haloheterocycloalkyl is a cyclic moiety having from 4-7 atoms with 1-2 atoms within the ring being-S-, -N (R4)-, or-O-, and having 1-4 substituents independently selected from F, Br, Cl, or I ; Substituted heterocycloalkyl is a cyclic moiety having from 4-7 atoms with 1-2 atoms within the ring being-S-, -N (R4)-, or-O-and having 0-3 substituents independently selected from F, Br, Cl, or I, further having up to 2 oxo (=O) on separate carbon atoms with sufficient valency, and further having 1 substituent selected from-CN,-N02,-OR3,-SR3,-N (R3) 2,-C (O) R3,-C (O) N (R3) 2,-NR3C (O) R3, - S (0) 2N (R3) 2,-NR3C (O) 2R3, phenyl, or substituted phenyl; Aryl is phenyl, substituted phenyl, naphthyl, or substituted naphthyl; Substituted phenyl is a phenyl either having 1-4 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, or I, or having 1 substituent selected from R5 and 0-3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, or I ; Substituted naphthyl is a naphthalene moiety either having 1-4 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, or I, or having 1 substituent selected from R5 and 0-3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, or I, where the substitution can be independently on either only one ring or both rings of said naphthalene moiety; Each R3 is independently H, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, haloalkenyl, alkynyl,

haloalkynyl, cycloalkyl, halocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, haloheterocycloalkyl, or phenyl optionally substituted with 0-3 halogens and 0-1 substituent selected from alkyl,-CF3,-CN,-NH2,-N02, and-OH; R4 is H, alkyl, haloalkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, haloalkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, halocycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, or aryl; Rs is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, halocycloalkyl, haloheterocycloalkyl,-CN,-NO2,-OR3, <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> -SR3,-N (R3) 2,-C (O) R3, -C (O) N (R3) 2,-NR3C (O) R3,-S (O) 2N (R3) 2, -NR3S (O) 2R3, alkyl substituted with 1-4 substituent (s) independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, or R6, cycloalkyl substituted with 1-4 substituent (s) independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, or R6, or heterocycloalkyl substituted with 1-4 substituent (s) independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, or R6; R6 is-CF3,-CN,-N02,-OR3,-SR3,-N (R3) 2,-C (O) R3, -C (O) N (R3) 2, -NR3C (O) R3,-S (0) 2N (R3) 2, or-NR3S (O) 2R3 ; R7 is H, alkyl, haloalkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, haloalkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, halocycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, haloheterocycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, or aryl; R8 is H, alkyl, haloalkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, haloalkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, halocycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, haloheterocycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, or aryl; Each Rg is independently H, alkyl, haloalkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, haloalkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, halocycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, haloheterocycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, or aryl; Rio is H, alkyl, haloalkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, haloalkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, halocycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, haloheterocycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, or aryl; or pharmaceutical composition, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, racemic mixture, or pure enantiomer thereof useful to treat any one of or combination of

cognitive and attention deficit symptoms of Alzheimer's, neurodegeneration associated with diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, pre-senile dementia (mild cognitive impairment), senile dementia, schizophrenia or psychosis including the cognitive deficitis associated therewith, attention deficit disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), mood and affective disorders, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, borderline personality disorder, traumatic brain injury, behavioral and cognitive problems associated with brain tumors, AIDS dementia complex, dementia associated with Down's syndrome, dementia associated with Lewy Bodies, Huntington's disease, depression, general anxiety disorder, age-related macular degeneration, Parkinson's disease, tardive dyskinesia, Pick's disease, post traumatic stress disorder, dysregulation of food intake including bulemia and anorexia nervosa, withdrawal symptoms associated with smoking cessation and dependant drug cessation, Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome, glaucoma, neurodegeneration associated with glaucoma, symptoms associated with pain; pain and inflammation (rheumatoid arthritis; rheumatoid spondylitis; muscle degeneration; osteoporosis; osteoarthritis; psoriasis; contact dermatitis; bone resorption diseases; atherosclerosis; Paget's disease; uveititis; gouty arthritis; inflammatory bowel disease; adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); Crohn's disease; rhinitis; ulcerative colitis; anaphylaxis; asthma; Reiter's syndrome; tissue rejection of a graft; ischemia reperfusion injury; brain trauma; stroke; multiple sclerosis; cerebral malaria; sepsis; septic shock; toxic shock syndrome; fever and myalgias due to infection; HIV-1, HIV-2, and HIV-3; cytomegalovirus (CMV); influenza; adenovirus ; a herpes virus (including HSV-1, HSV-2); or herpes zoster); cancer (multiple myeloma; acute and chronic myelogenous leukemia; or cancer-associated cachexia); diabetes (pancreatic beta cell destruction; or type I and type II diabetes); wound healing (healing burns, and wounds in general including from surgery); bone fracture healing; ischemic heart disease, or stable angina pectoris.

In another aspect, the invention includes a combination therapy for treating a mammal or preparing a medicament to treat a mammal as discussed herein. The compounds of Formula I and the other drug (s)/agent (s) can be administered simultaneously or at separate intervals. When administered simultaneously the compounds of Formula I and the other drug (s) /agent (s) can be incorporated into a single pharmaceutical composition. Alternatively, separate compositions, i. e. , one

containing compounds of Formula I and one or more containing the other drug (s), can be administered during a therapeutic interval.

A positive allosteric modulator of a7 nAChR will effectively activate the endogenous oc7 nAChR if there is sufficient agonist in the brain to at least partially stimulate this receptor. Therefore, a positive allosteric modulator of a7 nAChR can be administered alone to treat the disease or conditions discussed herein. In certain diseases, however, it is possible that the full therapeutic efficacy of a positive allosteric modulator of a7 nAChR will be limited by suboptimal levels of agonist which in turn leads to a suboptimal activation of the endogenous oc7 nAChR in the presence of a positive allosteric modulator. In such cases, the positive allosteric modulator of a7 nAChR is administered in combination with another agent that affects the level of agonist.

The present invention includes the intermediates, the processes to make them and the compounds of the present invention and salts thereof, pharmaceutical compositions containing the active compounds of the present invention, and methods to treat the identified diseases.

The compounds of Formula I exist in tautomeric or enantiomeric forms, all of which are included within the scope of the invention. The various optical isomers may be isolated by separation of a racemic mixture of the compounds using conventional techniques, e. g. , fractional crystallization, or chiral HPLC.

Alternatively, the individual enantiomers may be made by reaction of the appropriate optically active starting materials under reaction conditions which will not cause racemization.

Abbreviations which are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art may be used (e. g. ,"Ph"for phenyl, "Me"for methyl, "Et"for ethyl,"h"or"hr"or"hrs"for hour or hours,"min"for minute or minutes, and"rt"for room temperature).

All temperatures are in degrees Centigrade.

Room temperature is within the range of 15-25 degrees Celsius.

Pre-senile dementia is also known as mild cognitive impairment.

ACh refers to acetylcholine.

AChR refers to acetylcholine receptor. nAChR refers to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. mAChR refers to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor.

PAM refers to positive allosteric modulator.

5HT3R refers to the serotonin-type 3 receptor. a-btx refers to a-bungarotoxin.

FLIPR refers to a device marketed by Molecular Devices, Inc. designed to precisely measure cellular fluorescence in a high throughput whole-cell assay.

(Schroeder et. al., J. Biomolecular Screening, 1 (2), p 75-80,1996).

MLA refers to methyllycaconitine.

TLC refers to thin-layer chromatography.

HPLC refers to high pressure liquid chromatography.

MeOH refers to methanol.

EtOH refers to ethanol.

IPA refers to isopropyl alcohol.

THF refers to tetrahydrofuran.

DMSO refers to dimethylsulfoxide.

DMF refers to N, N dimethylformamide.

EtOAc refers to ethyl acetate.

TMS refers to tetramethylsilane.

TEA refers to triethylamine.

DIEA refers to diisopropylethylamine.

NaHMDS refers to sodium bis (trimethylsilyl) amide.

KHMDS refers to potassium bis (trimethylsilyl) amide.

DMAP refers to 4- (dimethylamino) pyridine.

PTFE-lined cap is a cap made from polytetrafluoroethylene material.

Ether refers to diethyl ether.

50% saturated 1: 1 NaCl/NaHCO3 means a solution made by making a solution of 1: 1 saturated NaCl/NaHCO3 and adding an equal volume of water.

The carbon atom content of various hydrocarbon-containing moieties is indicated by a prefix designating the minimum and maximum number of carbon atoms in the moiety, i. e. , the prefix Ci-j indicates a moiety of the integer'i"to the integer"j"carbon atoms, inclusive. Thus, for example, C16 alkyl refers to alkyl of one to six carbon atoms.

Mammal denotes human and other mammals.

Brine refers to an aqueous saturated sodium chloride solution.

Equ means molar equivalents.

IR refers to infrared spectroscopy.

Lv refers to leaving groups within a molecule, including Cl, OH, or mixed anhydride.

Parr refers to the name of the company who sells the jars used for conducting reactions under pressure.

PSI means pound per square inch.

NMR refers to nuclear (proton) magnetic resonance spectroscopy, chemical shifts are reported in ppm (8) downfield from TMS.

MS refers to mass spectrometry expressed as m/e or mass/charge unit. HRMS refers to high resolution mass spectrometry expressed as m/e or mass/charge unit.

[M+H] + refers to an ion composed of the parent plus a proton. [M-H]-refers to an ion composed of the parent minus a proton. [M+Na] + refers to an ion composed of the parent plus a sodium ion. [M+K] + refers to an ion composed of the parent plus a potassium ion. EI refers to electron impact. ESI refers to electrospray ionization. CI refers to chemical ionization. FAB refers to fast atom bombardment.

Non-inclusive examples of heterocycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, oxetano, tetrahydrofurano, tetrahydropyrano, pyrrolidino, piperidino, piperazino, morpholino, thiomorpholino, pyrazolo, 1, 1-dioxidothietano, 1, 1-dioxidothio- morpholino, azetidino, azetidinono, oxindolo, dihydroimidazolo, and pyrrolidinono.

The compounds of the present invention are useful in treating, or preparing medicaments to treat, diseases or disorders as described herein in mammals.

Typically, the mammal is a human being, but the compounds of the present invention can be used to treat, or to prepare medicaments to treat, other mammals, such as food animals (e. g. , cows, pigs, sheep, goats, deer, poultry, etc. ), companion animals (e. g., dogs, cats, horses, birds, and fish), or other mammals. The compounds may be administered in their native form, or with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

The compounds may also be administered as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.

Compounds of the present invention may be in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts. The term"pharmaceutically acceptable salts"refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases including inorganic bases and organic bases, and salts prepared from inorganic acids, and organic acids. Salts derived from inorganic bases include aluminum, ammonium, calcium, ferric, ferrous,

lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, zinc, and the like. Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases include salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines, such as arginine, betaine, caffeine, choline, N, N- dibenzylethylenediamine, diethylamine, 2-diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylamino- ethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-ethylmorpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucamine, glucosamine, histidine, hydrabamine, isopropylamine, lysine, methylglucamine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, polyamine resins, procaine, purines, theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, tripropylamine, and the like.

Salts derived from inorganic acids include salts of hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid and the like.

Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic acids include salts of Cul-6 alkyl carboxylic acids, di-carboxylic acids, and tri-carboxylic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, adipic acid, and citric acid, and aryl and alkyl sulfonic acids such as toluene sulfonic acids and the like.

By the term"effective amount"of a compound as provided herein is meant a nontoxic but sufficient amount of the compound (s) to provide the desired effect. As pointed out below, the exact amount required will vary from subject to subject, depending on the species, age, and general condition of the subject, the severity of the disease that is being treated, the particular compound (s) used, the mode of administration, and the like. Thus, it is not possible to specify an exact"effective amount. "However, an appropriate effective amount may be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using only routine experimentation.

The amount of therapeutically effective compound (s) that is administered and the dosage regimen for treating a disease condition with the compounds and/or compositions of this invention depends on a variety of factors, including the age, weight, sex and medical condition of the subject, the severity of the disease, the route and frequency of administration, and the particular compound (s) employed, and thus may vary widely. The compositions contain well know carriers and excipients in addition to a therapeutically effective amount of compounds of Formula I. The pharmaceutical compositions may contain active ingredient in the range of about 0.001 to 100 mg/kg/day for an adult, preferably in the range of about 0.01 to about 50

mg/kg/day for an adult. A total daily dose of about 1 to 1000 mg of active ingredient may be appropriate for an adult. The daily dose can be administered in one to four doses per day.

In addition to the compound (s) of Formula I, the composition for therapeutic use may also comprise one or more non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable carrier materials or excipients. The term"carrier"material or"excipient"herein means any substance, not itself a therapeutic agent, used as a carrier and/or diluent and/or adjuvant, or vehicle for delivery of a therapeutic agent to a subject or added to a pharmaceutical composition to improve its handling or storage properties or to permit or facilitate formation of a dose unit of the composition into a discrete article such as a capsule or tablet suitable for oral administration. Excipients can include, by way of illustration and not limitation, diluents, disintegrants, binding agents, adhesives, wetting agents, polymers, lubricants, glidants, substances added to mask or counteract a disagreeable taste or odor, flavors, dyes, fragrances, and substances added to improve appearance of the composition. Acceptable excipients include lactose, sucrose, starch powder, cellulose esters of alkanoic acids, cellulose alkyl esters, talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, magnesium oxide, sodium and calcium salts of phosphoric and sulfuric acids, gelatin, acacia gum, sodium alginate, polyvinyl- pyrrolidone, and/or polyvinyl alcohol, and then tableted or encapsulated for convenient administration. Such capsules or tablets may contain a controlled-release formulation as may be provided in a dispersion of active compound in hydroxypropyl- methyl cellulose, or other methods known to those skilled in the art. For oral administration, the pharmaceutical composition may be in the form of, for example, a tablet, capsule, suspension or liquid. If desired, other active ingredients may be included in the composition.

In addition to the oral dosing, noted above, the compositions of the present invention may be administered by any suitable route, in the form of a pharmaceutical composition adapted to such a route, and in a dose effective for the treatment intended. The compositions may, for example, be administered parenterally, e. g., intravascularly, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, or intramuscularly. For parenteral administration, saline solution, dextrose solution, or water may be used as a suitable carrier. Formulations for parenteral administration may be in the form of aqueous or non-aqueous isotonic sterile injection solutions or suspensions. These solutions and

suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders or granules having one or more of the carriers or diluents mentioned for use in the formulations for oral administration.

The compounds may be dissolved in water, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, EtOH, corn oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, benzyl alcohol, sodium chloride, and/or various buffers. Other adjuvants and modes of administration are well and widely known in the pharmaceutical art.

Compounds of the present invention can enhance the efficacy of agonists at nicotinic receptors, and, are, therefore, referred to as"positive allosteric modulators." Cholinergic receptors normally bind the endogenous neurotransmitter ACh. AChRs in the mammalian central nervous system can be divided into mAChR and nAChR subtypes based on the agonist activities of muscarine and nicotine, respectively. The nAChRs are ligand-gated ion channels containing five subunits. Members of the nAChR gene family have been divided into two groups based on their sequences: oc and ß. Three of the oc subunits (oc7, oc8, and a9) form functional receptors when expressed alone and presumably form homooligomeric receptors. a7 nAChR is a ligand-gated Ca++ channel formed by a homopentamer of a7 subunits. Previous studies have established that in the central nervous system oc-btx binds selectively to this homopetameric, oc7 nAChR subtype, and that a7 nAChR has a high affinity binding site for both oc-btx and MLA. a7 nAChR is expressed at high levels in the hippocampus, ventral tegmental area and ascending cholinergic projections from nucleus basilis to thalamocortical areas. a7 nAChR agonists increase neurotransmitter release, and increase cognition, arousal, attention, learning and memory.

The serotonin type 3 receptor (5HT3R) is a member of a superfamily of ligand- gated ion channels, which includes the muscle and neuronal nAChR, the glycine receptor, and the y-aminobutyric acid type A receptor. Like the other members of this receptor superfamily, the 5HT3R exhibits a sequence homology with oc7 nAChR but functionally the two ligand-gated ion channels are very different. For example, a7 nAChR is rapidly desensitized, is highly permeable to calcium and is activated by acetylcholine and nicotine. 5HT3R is desensitized slowly, is relatively impermeable to calcium and is activated by serotonin. The pharmacology of the a7 nAChR and 5HT3R channels is very different. For example, Ondansetron, a highly selective 5HT3R antagonist, has little activity at the a7 nAChR. The converse is also true. For

example, GTS-21, a highly selective a7 nAChR agonist, has little activity at the 5HT3R.

An allosteric transition state model of the nAChR involves at least a resting state (closed), an activated state (open), and a"desensitized"closed channel state (Changeux, J. and Edelstein, S. J., Curr. Opi7z. Neurobiolo. 2001 11 (3): 369-77; Itier, V. and Bertrand, D., FEBS Lett 2001,504 (3): 118-25). Different nAChR ligands can, therefore, differentially stabilize the conformational state to which they preferentially bind. For example, the agonists ACh and (-) -nicotine drive the nAChR to a desensitized state.

Data from human and animal pharmacological studies establish that nicotinic cholinergic neuronal pathways control many important aspects of cognitive function including attention, learning and memory (Levin, E. D., Psychopharmacology, 108: 417-31,1992 ; Levin, E. D. and Simon B. B., Psychopharnwacology, 138: 217-30, 1998). For example, it is well known that nicotine increases cognition and attention in humans. ABT-418, a compound that activates o4p2 and a7 nAChR, improves cognition and attention in clinical trials of Alzheimer's disease and attention-deficit disorders (Potter, A. et. al., Psychopharmacology (Berl)., 142 (4): 334-42, Mar. 1999; Wilens, T. E. et. al., Am. J. Psychiatry, 156 (12): 1931-7, Dec. 1999). It is also clear that nicotine and selective but weak a7 nAChR agonists increase cognition and attention in rodents and non-human primates.

However, treatment with nicotinic receptor agonists which act at the same site as ACh is problematic because ACh not only activates, but also blocks receptor activity through processes which include desensitization and uncompetitive blockade (open-channel block). Forman & Miller (1988) Biophysical J. 54 (1) : 149-158.

Furthermore, prolonged activation may up regulate receptor expression and induce a long-lasting inactivation (Olale, F. , et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1997,283 (2): 675- 83; Kuryatov, A. et al., Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2000,393 (1-3): 11-21; Kawai, H. and Berg, D. K., J. Neurochem. 2001,78 (6): 1367-78; Buisson, B. and Bertrand, D., J. Neurosci.

2001,21 (6): 1819-29). Therefore, agonists of nAChRs can be expected to reduce activity as well as enhance it. At nicotinic receptors in general, and, of particular note, at the o*7-nicotinic receptor, desensitization limits the duration that the channel remains in the active state during agonist application.

The present invention provides a means to increase a7 nAChR function in the brain and other organs, tissues and cells of the body by making these receptors more sensitive to activation by an agonist, including, but not limited to, ACh which is the endogenous agonist. Galantamine, an alkaloid originally obtained from bulbs of snowdrops, is a weak cholinesterase inhibitor and is reported to be a positive allosteric modulator of some nicotinic receptors (Santos, M. D. , et al, Mol. Pharmacol. 2002, 61 (5): 1222-1234). The advantage of this invention is that a drug that works as a PAM of the oc7 nAChR will provide long-lasting therapeutic value and will have a minimal risk of loss of therapeutic efficacy because of receptor desensitization. A PAM will also be a relatively safe drug because it acts to amplify the actions of an endogenous neurotransmitter.

Schizophrenia is a complex multifactorial illness caused by genetic and non- genetic risk factors that produce a constellation of positive and negative symptoms.

The positive symptoms include delusions and hallucinations and the negative symptoms include deficits in affect, attention, cognition and information processing.

No single biological element has emerged as a dominant pathogenic factor in this disease. Indeed, it is likely that schizophrenia is a syndrome that is produced by the combination of many low penetrance risk factors. Pharmacological studies established that dopamine receptor antagonists are efficacious in treating the overt psychotic features (positive symptoms) of schizophrenia such as hallucinations and delusions. Clozapine, an"atypical"antipsychotic drug, is novel because it is effective in treating both the positive and some of the negative symptoms of this disease.

Clozapine's utility as a drug is greatly limited because continued use leads to an increased risk of agranulocytosis and seizure. No other antipsychotic drug is effective in treating the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. This is significant because the restoration of cognitive functioning is the best predictor of a successful clinical and functional outcome of schizophrenic patients (Green, M. F., Am J Psychiatry, 153 : 321- 30,1996). By extension, it is clear that better drugs are needed to treat the cognitive disorders of schizophrenia in order to restore a better state of mental health to patients with this disorder.

One aspect of the cognitive deficit of schizophrenia can be measured by using the auditory event-related potential (P50) test of sensory gating. In this test, electroencepholographic (EEG) recordings of neuronal activity of the hippocampus

are used to measure the subject's response to a series of auditory"clicks" (Adler, L. E. et. al. , Biol. Psychiatry, 46: 8-18,1999). Normal individuals respond to the first click with greater degree than to the second click. In general, schizophrenics and schizotypal patients respond to both clicks nearly the same (Cullum, C. M. et. al., Schizophr. Res., 10: 131-41, 1993). These data reflect a schizophrenic's inability to "filter"or ignore unimportant information. The sensory gating deficit appears to be one of the key pathological features of this disease (Cadenhead, K. S. et. al., Am. J.

Psychiatry, 157 : 55-9,2000). Multiple studies show that nicotine normalizes the sensory deficit of schizophrenia (Adler, L. E. et. al., Am. J. Psychiatry, 150: 1856-61, 1993). Pharmacological studies indicate that nicotine's effect on sensory gating is via the oc7 nAChR (Adler, L. E. et. al., Schizophr. Bull., 24: 189-202,1998). Indeed, the biochemical data indicate that schizophrenics have 50% fewer of a7 nAChR receptors in the hippocampus, thus giving a rationale to partial loss of a7 nAChR functionality (Freedman, R. et. al., Biol. Psychiatry, 38: 22-33,1995). Interestingly, genetic data indicate that a polymorphism in the promoter region of the a7 nAChR gene is strongly associated with the sensory gating deficit in schizophrenia (Freedman, R. et. al., Proc.

Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA, 94 (2): 587-92,1997 ; Myles-Worsley, M. et. al., Am. J. Med.

Genet, 88 (5): 544-50,1999). To date, no mutation in the coding region of the a7 nAChR has been identified. Thus, schizophrenics express the same oc7 nAChR as non-schizophrenics.

Selective oc7 nAChR agonists may be found using a functional assay on FLIPR (see WO 00/73431 A2). FLIPR is designed to read the fluorescent signal from each well of a 96 or 384 well plate as fast as twice a second for up to 30 minutes. This assay may be used to accurately measure the functional pharmacology of a7 nAChR and 5HT3R. To conduct such an assay, one uses cell lines that expressed functional forms of the oc7 nAChR using the a7/5-HT3 channel as the drug target and cell lines that expressed functional 5HT3R. In both cases, the ligand-gated ion channel was expressed in SH-EP1 cells. Both ion channels can produce robust signal in the FLIPR assay.

A positive allosteric modulator of oc7 nAChR will effectively activate the endogenous a7 nAChR if there is sufficient agonist in the brain to at least partially stimulate this receptor. Therefore, a positive allosteric modulator of oc7 nAChR can be administered alone to treat the disease or conditions discussed herein.

In certain diseases, however, it is possible that the full therapeutic efficacy of a positive allosteric modulator of a7 nAChR will be limited by suboptimal levels of agonist which in turn leads to a suboptimal activation of the endogenous oc7 nAChR in the presence of a positive allosteric modulator. For example but not limitation, it is well established that in Alzheimer's disease, there is a loss of ACh from the brains of the patients with this disease and this loss is correlated with disease progression. In this case, the primary role of combination therapy is to treat patients with therapeutic agents that directly activate the endogenous of oc7 nAChR in combination with a positive allosteric modulator of a7 nAChR to achieve maximal efficacy. Thus, in Alzheimer's disease, it is likely that the full therapeutic efficacy of a positive allosteric modulator of a7 nAChR could be enhanced if combination therapy is used. This combination therapy applies to other diseases or conditions discussed herein where there is a loss of ACh. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize for which disease or conditions this combination therapy would be useful.

The compounds of the present invention are oc7 nAChR PAMs and may be used to treat a wide variety of diseases. For example, they may be used in treating schizophrenia, or psychosis.

Schizophrenia is a disease having multiple aspects. Currently available drugs are generally aimed at controlling the positive aspects of schizophrenia, such as delusions. One drug, Clozapine, is aimed at a broader spectrum of symptoms associated with schizophrenia. This drug has many side effects and is thus not suitable for many patients. Thus, there is a need for a drug to treat the cognitive and attention deficits associated with schizophrenia. Similarly, there is a need for a drug to treat the cognitive and attention deficits associated with schizoaffective disorders, or similar symptoms found in the relatives of schizophrenic patients.

Psychosis is a mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in the patient's perception of reality. The patient may suffer from delusions, and hallucinations, and may be incoherent in speech. His behavior may be agitated and is often incomprehensible to those around him. In the past, the term psychosis has been applied to many conditions that do not meet the stricter definition given above. For example, mood disorders were named as psychoses.

There are a variety of antipsychotic drugs. The conventional antipsychotic drugs include Chlorpromazine, Fluphenazine, Haloperidol, Loxapine, Mesoridazine, Molindone, Perphenazine, Pimozide, Thioridazine, Thiothixene, and Trifluoperazine.

These drugs all have an affinity for the dopamine 2 receptor.

These conventional antipsychotic drugs have several side effects, including sedation, weight gain, tremors, elevated prolactin levels, akathisia (motor restlessness), dystonia and muscle stiffness. These drugs may also cause tardive dyskinesia. Unfortunately, only about 70% of patients with schizophrenia respond to conventional antipsychotic drugs. For these patients, atypical antipsychotic drugs are available.

Atypical antipsychotic drugs generally are able to alleviate positive symptoms of psychosis while also improving negative symptoms of the psychosis to a greater degree than conventional antipsychotics. These drugs may improve neurocognitive deficits. Extrapyramidal (motor) side effects are not as likely to occur with the atypical antipsychotic drugs, and thus, these atypical antipsychotic drugs have a lower risk of producing tardive dyskinesia. Finally these atypical antipsychotic drugs cause little or no elevation of prolactin. Unfortunately, these drugs are not free of side effects. Although these drugs each produce different side effects, as a group the side effects include: agranulocytosis ; increased risk of seizures, weight gain, somnolence, dizziness, tachycardia, decreased ejaculatory volume, and mild prolongation of QTc interval.

In a combination therapy to treat multiple symptoms of diseases such as schizophrenia, the compounds of Formula I and the anti-psychotic drugs can be administered simultaneously or at separate intervals. When administered simultaneously the compounds of Formula I and the anti-psychotic drugs can be incorporated into a single pharmaceutical composition, e. g. , a pharmaceutical combination therapy composition. Alternatively, two separate compositions, i. e. , one containing compounds of Formula I and the other containing anti-psychotic drugs, can be administered simultaneously. Examples of anti-psychotic drugs, in addition to those listed above, include, but are not limited to, Thorazine, Mellaril, Trilafon, Navane, Stelazine, Permitil, Prolixin, Risperdal, Zyprexa, Seroquel, ZELDOX, Acetophenazine, Carphenazine, Chlorprothixene, Droperidol, Loxapine, Mesoridazine, Molindone, Ondansetron, Pimozide, Prochlorperazine, and Promazine.

A pharmaceutical combination therapy composition can include therapeutically effective amounts of the compounds of Formula I, noted above, and a therapeutically effective amount of anti-psychotic drugs. These compositions may be formulated with common excipients, diluents or carriers, and compressed into tablets, or formulated elixirs or solutions for convenient oral administration or administered by intramuscular intravenous routes. The compounds can be administered rectally, topically, orally, sublingually, or parenterally and maybe formulated as sustained relief dosage forms and the like.

When separately administered, therapeutically effective amounts of compositions containing compounds of Formula I and anti-psychotic drugs are administered on a different schedule. One may be administered before the other as long as the time between the two administrations falls within a therapeutically effective interval. A therapeutically effective interval is a period of time beginning when one of either (a) the compounds of Formula I, or (b) the anti-psychotic drugs is administered to a human and ending at the limit of the beneficial effect in the treatment of schizophrenia or psychosis of the combination of (a) and (b). The methods of administration of the compounds of Formula I and the anti-psychotic drugs may vary. Thus, either agent or both agents may be administered rectally, topically, orally, sublingually, or parenterally.

As discussed, the compounds of the present invention are a7 nAChR PAMs.

Therefore, as another aspect of the present invention, the compounds of the present invention may be used to treat a variety of diseases including cognitive and attention deficit symptoms of Alzheimer's, neurodegeneration associated with diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, pre-senile dementia (also known as mild cognitive impairment), and senile dementia.

Alzheimer's disease has many aspects, including cognitive and attention deficits. Currently, these deficits are treated with cholinesterase inhibitors. These inhibitors slow the break down of acetylcholine, and thereby provide a general nonspecific increase in the activity of the cholinergic nervous system. Since the drugs are nonspecific, they have a wide variety of side effects. Thus, there is a need for a drug that stimulates a portion of the cholinergic pathways and thereby provides improvement in the cognitive and attention deficits associated with Alzheimer's

disease without the side effects created by nonspecific stimulation of the cholinergic pathways.

Neurodegeneration is a common problem associated with diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. While the current drugs treat some of the symptoms of this disease, they do not control the underlying pathology of the disease. Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a drug that can slow the progress of Alzheimer's disease.

Pre-senile dementia (mild cognitive impairment) concerns memory impairment rather than attention deficit problems and otherwise unimpaired cognitive functioning. Mild cognitive impairment is distinguished from senile dementia in that mild cognitive impairment involves a more persistent and troublesome problem of memory loss for the age of the patient. There currently is no medication specifically identified for treatment of mild cognitive impairment, due somewhat to the newness of identifying the disease. Therefore, there is a need for a drug to treat the memory problems associated with mild cognitive impairment.

Senile dementia is not a single disease state. However, the conditions classified under this name frequently include cognitive and attention deficits.

Generally, these deficits are not treated. Accordingly, there is a need for a drug that provides improvement in the cognitive and attention deficits associated with senile dementia.

As discussed, the compounds of the present invention are oc7 nAChR PAMs.

Therefore, other diseases to be treated with compounds of the present invention include treating the cognitive and attention deficits as well as the neurodegeneration associated with attention deficit disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), mood and affective disorders, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, borderline personality disorder, traumatic brain injury, behavioral and cognitive problems associated with brain tumors, AIDS dementia complex, dementia associated with Down's syndrome, dementia associated with Lewy Bodies, Huntington's disease, depression, general anxiety disorder, age-related macular degeneration, Parkinson's disease, tardive dyskinesia, Pick's disease, post traumatic stress disorder, dysregulation of food intake including bulemia and anorexia nervosa, withdrawal

symptoms associated with smoking cessation and dependant drug cessation, Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome, glaucoma, or symptoms associated with pain.

Attention deficit disorder is generally treated with methylphenidate, an amphetamine-like molecule that has some potential for abuse. Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a drug that treats attention deficit disorder while having fewer side effects than the currently used drug.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, otherwise known as ADHD, is a neurobehavioral disorder affecting 3-5% of all American children. ADHD concerns cognitive alone or both cognitive and behavioral actions by interfering with a person's ability to stay on a task and to exercise age-appropriate inhibition. Several types of ADHD exist: a predominantly inattentive subtype, a predominantly hyperactive- impulsive subtype, and a combined subtype. Treatment may include medications such as methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine, or pemoline, which act to decrease impulsivity and hyperactivity and to increase attention. No"cure"for ADHD currently exists. Children with the disorder seldom outgrow it; therefore, there is a need for appropriate medicaments.

The compounds of the present invention can also be combined with a psychostimulant or a monoamine reuptake inhibitor and optionally combined with an alpha7 nAChR agonist, especially when endogenous agonist is suboptimal.

By combination is meant the administration of the two agents within a month or two or less of each other, preferably within a week and more preferably at about the same time or within a day or two or less of each other.

In a combination therapy to treat ADHD, the compounds of Formula I and the psychostimulant or inhibitor can be administered simultaneously or at separate intervals. When administered simultaneously the compounds of Formula I and the psychostimulants or monoamine reuptake inhibitors can be incorporated into a single pharmaceutical composition, e. g. , a pharmaceutical combination therapy composition.

Alternatively, two separate compositions, i. e. , one containing compounds of Formula I and the other containing the psychostimulants or monoamine reuptake inhibitors.

A pharmaceutical combination therapy composition can include therapeutically effective amounts of the compounds of Formula I, noted herein, and a therapeutically effective amount of the psychostimulants or monoamine reuptake inhibitors. While psychostimulants and monoamine reuptake inhibitors control the

activity level, and attention, they are not effective in treating the co-morbid or concomitant deficit in cognitive that is associated with ADHD. The combination therapy will be more effective at treating this disease because a PAM and optionally an a7 nAChR agonist will treat the underlying cognitive dysfunction in the disorder and the other two classes of drugs will treat the behavioral problems associated with ADHD. The combined administration of the compounds of Formula I and optionally an agonist and the psychostimulant or monoamine reuptake inhibitor is expected to require less of the generally-prescribed dose for either agent when used alone and or is expected to result in less frequent administration of either or both agents. The skilled clinician may in fact learn that behavioral problems are secondary to the cognitive problems and can be treated with lower dosages of the inhibitors. Determining such dosages should be a routine determination by one skilled in the art of treating patients with ADHD.

Mood and affective disorders fall within a large group of diseases, including monopolar depression and bi-polar mood disorder. These diseases are treated with three major classes of compounds. The first group is the heterocyclic antidepressant (HCA's). This group includes the well-known tricyclic antidepressants. The second group of compounds used to treat mood disorders is the monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI's) that are used in particular types of diseases. The third drug is lithium.

Common side effects from HCA's are sedation and weight gain. In elderly patients with organic brain disease, the side effects of HCA's can also include seizures and behavioral symptoms. The main side effects from using MAOI's occur from dietary and drug interactions. Benign side effects from the use of lithium include, but are not limited to, weight gain, nausea, diarrhea, polyuria, polydipsia, and tremor. Toxic side effects from lithium can include persistent headache, mental confusion, and may reach seizures and cardiac arrhythmias. Therefore, agents with less side effects or interactions with food or other medications would be useful.

Depression is a mood disorder of varying lengths of normally several months to more than two years and of varying degrees of feelings involving sadness, despair, and discouragement. The heterocyclic antidepressants (HCA's) are currently the largest class of antidepressants, but monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI's) are used in particular types of depression. Common side effects from HCA's are sedation and weight gain. In elderly patients with organic brain disease, the side effects from

HCA's can also include seizures and behavioral symptoms. The main side effects from using MAOI's occur from dietary and drug interactions. Therefore, agents with fewer side effects would be useful.

Borderline personality disorder, although not as well known as bipolar disorder, is more common. People having borderline personality disorder suffer from a disorder of emotion regulation. Pharmaceutical agents are used to treat specific symptoms, such as depression or thinking distortions.

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) results from an infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This virus attacks selected cells and impairs the proper function of the immune, nervous, and other systems. HIV infection can cause other problems such as, but not limited to, difficulties in thinking, otherwise known as AIDS dementia complex. Therefore, there is a need to drugs to relieve the confusion and mental decline of persons with AIDS.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, belongs to a class of disorders known as motor neuron diseases wherein specific nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord gradually degenerate to negatively affect the control of voluntary movement. Currently, there is no cure for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis although patients may receive treatment from some of their symptoms and although Riluzole has been shown to prolong the survival of patients. Therefore, there is a need for a pharmaceutical agent to treat this disease.

Traumatic brain injury occurs when the brain is damaged from a sudden physical assault on the head. Symptoms of the traumatic brain injury include confusion and other cognitive problems. Therefore, there is a need to address the symptoms of confusion and other cognitive problems.

Brain tumors are abnormal growths of tissue found inside of the skull.

Symptoms of brain tumors include behavioral and cognitive problems. Surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy are used to treat the tumor, but other agents are necessary to address associated symptoms. Therefore, there is a need to address the symptoms of behavioral and cognitive problems.

Persons with Down's syndrome have in all or at least some of their cells an extra, critical portion of the number 21 chromosome. Adults who have Down's syndrome are known to be at risk for Alzheimer-type dementia. Currently, there is no

proven treatment for Down's syndrome. Therefore, there is a need to address the dementia associated with Down's syndrome.

Genetically programmed degeneration of neurons in certain areas of the brain cause Huntington's disease. Early symptoms of Huntington's disease include mood swings, or trouble learning new things or remembering a fact. Most drugs used to treat the symptoms of Huntington's disease have side effects such as fatigue, restlessness, or hyperexcitability. Currently, there is no treatment to stop or reverse the progression of Huntington's disease. Therefore, there is a need of a pharmaceutical agent to address the symptoms with fewer side effects.

General anxiety disorder (GAD) occurs when a person worries about things such as family, health, or work when there is no reason to worry and is unable not to worry. About 3 to 4% of the U. S. population has GAD during the course of a year.

GAD most often strikes people in childhood or adolescence, but can begin in adulthood, too. It affects women more often than men. Currently, treatment involves cognitive-behavioral therapy, relaxation techniques, and biofeedback to control muscle tension and medications such as benzodiazepines, imipramine, and buspirone.

These drugs are effective but all have side-effect liabilities. Therefore, there is a need of a pharmaceutical agent to address the symptoms with fewer side effects.

Dementia with Lewy Bodies is a neurodegenerative disorder involving abnormal structures known as Lewy bodies found in certain areas of the brain.

Symptoms of dementia with Lewy bodies include, but are not limited to, fluctuating cognitive impairment with episodic delirium. Currently, treatment concerns addressing the parkinsonian and psychiatric symptoms. However, medicine to control tremors or loss of muscle movement may actually accentuate the underlying disease of dementia with Lewy bodies. Therefore, there is a need of a pharmaceutical agent to treat dementia with Lewy bodies.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common eye disease of the macula which is a tiny area in the retina that helps produce sharp, central vision required for"straight ahead"activities that include reading and driving. Persons with AMD lose their clear, central vision. AMD takes two forms: wet and dry. In dry AMD, there is a slow breakdown of light-sensing cells in the macula. There currently is no cure for dry AMD. In wet AMD, new, fragile blood vessels growing beneath the macula as dry AMD worsens and these vessels often leak blood and fluid to cause

rapid damage to the macula quickly leading to the loss of central vision. Laser surgery can treat some cases of wet AMD. Therefore, there is a need of a pharmaceutical agent to address AMD.

Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder characterized by tremor, hypokinesia, and muscular rigidity. Currently, there is no treatment to stop the progression of the disease. Therefore, there is a need of a pharmaceutical agent to address Parkinson's.

Tardive dyskinesia is associated with the use of conventional antipsychotic drugs. This disease is characterized by involuntary movements most often manifested by puckering of the lips and tongue and/or writhing of the arms or legs. The incidence of tardive dyskinesia is about 5% per year of drug exposure among patients taking conventional antipsychotic drugs. In about 2% of persons with the disease, tardive dyskinesia is severely disfiguring. Currently, there is no generalized treatment for tardive dyskinesia. Furthermore, the removal of the effect-causing drugs is not always an option due to underlying problems. Therefore, there is a need for a pharmaceutical agent to address the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia.

Pick's disease results from a slowly progressive deterioration of social skills and changes in personality with the resulting symptoms being impairment of intellect, memory, and language. Common symptoms include memory loss, lack of spontaneity, difficulty in thinking or concentrating, and speech disturbances.

Currently, there is no specific treatment or cure for Pick's disease but some symptoms can be treated with cholinergic and serotonin-boosting antidepressants. In addition, antipsychotic medications may alleviate symptoms in FTD patients who are experiencing delusions or hallucinations. Therefore, there is a need for a pharmaceutical agent to treat the progressive deterioration of social skills and changes in personality and to address the symptoms with fewer side effects.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a form of anxiety triggered by memories of a traumatic event that directly affected the patient or that the patient may have witnessed. The disorder commonly affects survivors of traumatic events including sexual assault, physical assault, war, torture, natural disasters, an automobile accident, an airplane crash, a hostage situation, or a death camp. The affliction also can affect rescue workers at an airplane crash or a mass shooting, someone who witnessed a tragic accident or someone who has unexpectedly lost a loved one.

Treatment for PTSD includes cognitive-behavioral therapy, group psychotherapy, and medications such as Clonazepam, Lorazepam and selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors such as Fluoxetine, Sertraline, Paroxetine, Citalopram and Fluvoxamine.

These medications help control anxiety as well as depression. Various forms of exposure therapy (such as systemic desensitization and imaginal flooding) have all been used with PTSD patients. Exposure treatment for PTSD involves repeated reliving of the trauma, under controlled conditions, with the aim of facilitating the processing of the trauma. Therefore, there is a need for better pharmaceutical agents to treat Post traumatic stress disorder.

Dysregulation of food intake associated with eating disease, including bulemia nervosa and anorexia nervosa, involve neurophysiological pathways. Anorexia nervosa is hard to treat due to patients not entering or remaining in after entering programs. Currently, there is no effective treatment for persons suffering from severe anorexia nervosa. Cognitive behavioral therapy has helped patients suffering from bulemia nervosa; however, the response rate is only about 50% and current treatment does not adequately address emotional regulation. Therefore, there is a need for pharmaceutical agents to address neurophysiological problems underlying diseases of dysregulation of food intake.

Cigarette smoking has been recognized as a major public health problem for a long time. However, in spite of the public awareness of health hazard, the smoking habit remains extraordinarily persistent and difficult to break. There are many treatment methods available, and yet people continue to smoke. Administration of nicotine transdermally, or in a chewing gum base is common treatments. However, nicotine has a large number of actions in the body, and thus can have many side effects. It is clear that there is both a need and a demand of long standing for a convenient and relatively easy method for aiding smokers in reducing or eliminating cigarette consumption. A drug that could selectively stimulate only certain of the nicotinic receptors would be useful in smoke cessation programs.

Smoke cessation programs may involve oral dosing of the drug of choice. The drug may be in the form of tablets. However, it is preferred to administer the daily dose over the waking hours, by administration of a series of incremental doses during the day. The preferred method of such administration is a slowly dissolving lozenge, troche, or chewing gum, in which the drug is dispersed. Another drug in treating

nicotine addiction is Zyban. This is not a nicotine replacement, as are the gum and patch. Rather, this works on other areas of the brain, and its effectiveness is to help control nicotine craving or thoughts about cigarette use in people trying to quit.

Zyban is not very effective and effective drugs are needed to assist smokers in their desire to stop smoking. These drugs may be administered transdermally through the use of skin patches. In certain cases, the drugs may be administered by subcutaneous injection, especially if sustained release formulations are used.

Drug use and dependence is a complex phenomenon, which cannot be encapsulated within a single definition. Different drugs have different effects, and therefore different types of dependence. Drug dependence has two basic causes, that is, tolerance and physical dependence. Tolerance exists when the user must take progressively larger doses to produce the effect originally achieved with smaller doses. Physical dependence exists when the user has developed a state of physiologic adaptation to a drug, and there is a withdrawal (abstinence) syndrome when the drug is no longer taken. A withdrawal syndrome can occur either when the drug is discontinued or when an antagonist displaces the drug from its binding site on cell receptors, thereby counteracting its effect. Drug dependence does not always require physical dependence.

In addition drug dependence often involves psychological dependence, that is, a feeling of pleasure or satisfaction when taking the drug. These feelings lead the user to repeat the drug experience or to avoid the displeasure of being deprived of the drug.

Drugs that produce strong physical dependence, such as nicotine, heroin and alcohol are often abused, and the pattern of dependence is difficult to break. Drugs that produce dependence act on the CNS and generally reduce anxiety and tension; produce elation, euphoria, or other pleasurable mood changes; provide the user feelings of increased mental and physical ability; or alter sensory perception in some pleasurable manner. Among the drugs that are commonly abused are ethyl alcohol, opioids, anxiolytics, hypnotics, cannabis (marijuana), cocaine, amphetamines, and hallucinogens. The current treatment for drug-addicted people often involves a combination of behavioral therapies and medications. Medications, such as methadone or LAAM (levo-alpha-acetyl-methadol), are effective in suppressing the withdrawal symptoms and drug craving associated with narcotic addiction, thus reducing illicit drug use and improving the chances of the individual remaining in

treatment. The primary medically assisted withdrawal method for narcotic addiction is to switch the patient to a comparable drug that produces milder withdrawal symptoms, and then gradually taper off the substitute medication. The medication used most often is methadone, taken orally once a day. Patients are started on the lowest dose that prevents the more severe signs of withdrawal and then the dose is gradually reduced. Substitutes can be used also for withdrawal from sedatives.

Patients can be switched to long-acting sedatives, such as diazepam or phenobarbital, which are then gradually reduced.

Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome is an inherited neurological disorder. The disorder is characterized by uncontrollable vocal sounds called tics and involuntary movements. The symptoms generally manifest in an individual before the person is 18 years of age. The movement disorder may begin with simple tics that progress to multiple complex tics, including respiratory and vocal ones. Vocal tics may begin as grunting or barking noises and evolve into compulsive utterances. Coprolalia (involuntary scatologic utterances) occurs in 50% of patients. Severe tics and coprolalia may be physically and socially disabling. Tics tend to be more complex than myoclonus, but less flowing than choreic movements, from which they must be differentiated. The patient may voluntarily suppress them for seconds or minutes.

Currently simple tics are often treated with benzodiazepines. For simple and complex tics, Clonidine may be used. Long-term use of Clonidine does not cause tardive dyskinesia; its limiting adverse effect is hypotension. In more severe cases, antipsychotics, such as Haloperidol may be required, but side effects of dysphoria, parkinsonism, akathisia, and tardive dyskinesia may limit use of such antipsychotics.

There is a need for safe and effective methods for treating this syndrome.

Glaucoma is within a group of diseases occurs from an increase in intraocular pressure causing pathological changes in the optical disk and negatively affects the field of vision. Medicaments to treat glaucoma either decrease the amount of fluid entering the eye or increase drainage of fluids from the eye in order to decrease intraocular pressure. However, current drugs have drawbacks such as not working over time or causing side effects so the eye-care professional has to either prescribe other drugs or modify the prescription of the drug being used. There is a need for safe and effective methods for treating problems manifesting into glaucoma.

Ischemic periods in glaucoma cause release of excitotoxic amino acids and stimulate inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) leading to neurodegeneration. A PAM stimulates an agonist to affect the release of inhibitory amino acids such as GABA which will dampen hyperexcitablity. PAMs are also directly neuroprotective on neuronal cell bodies. Thus, PAMs have the potential to be neuroprotective in glaucoma.

Persons afflicted with pain often have what is referred to as the"terrible triad" of suffering from the pain, resulting in sleeplessness and sadness, all of which are hard on the afflicted individual and that individual's family. Pain can manifest itself in various forms, including, but not limited to, headaches of all severity, back pain, neurogenic, and pain from other ailments such as arthritis and cancer from its existence or from therapy to irradicate it. Pain can be either chronic (persistent pain for months or years) or acute (short-lived, immediate pain to inform the person of possible injury and need of treatment). Persons suffering from pain respond differently to individual therapies with varying degrees of success. There is a need for safe and effective methods for treating pain.

TNF-ocis a pro-inflammatory cytokine secreted by a variety of cells, including monocytes and macrophages, in response to many inflammatory stimuli (e. g., lipopolysaccharide--LPS) or external cellular stresses (e. g. , osmotic shock and peroxide). Elevated levels of TNF-oc over basal levels have been implicated in mediating or exacerbating a number of diseases or conditions involving inflammation, pain, cancer, and diabetes. TNF-a is upstream in the cytokine cascade of inflammation. By decreasing levels of TNF-a, not only are levels of TNF-oc minimized, but also elevated levels of other inflammatory and proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8. TNF-oc plays a role in head trauma, stroke, and ischemia. Shohami et al., J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 14,615 (1994). TNF-a promotes the infiltration of other cytokines (IL-lbeta, IL-6) and also chemokines, which promote neutrophil infiltration into the infarct area. TNF-a plays a role in promoting certain viral life cycles and disease states associated with them; for instance, TNF-a secreted by monocytes induced elevated levels of HIV expression in a chronically infected T cell clone. Clouse et al., J. Immunol., 142,431 (1989); Lahdevirte et al., Am. J. Med. 85,289 (1988). TNF-ocis associated with the HIV mediated states of cachexia due to cancer and muscle degradation.

TNF-a plays a role in pancreatic beta cell destruction and diabetes. Yoon JW, and Jun HS, Diabetologia, 44 (3), 271-285 (2001). Pancreatic beta cells produce insulin which helps mediate blood-glucose homeostasis. Deterioration of pancreatic beta cells often accompanies type I diabetes. Pancreatic beta cell functional abnormalities may occur in patients with type II diabetes. Type II diabetes is characterized by a functional resistance to insulin. Further, type II diabetes is also often accompanied by elevated levels of plasma glucagon and increased rates of hepatic glucose production.

In rheumatoid arthritis, TNF-a induces synoviocytes and chondrocytes to produce collagenase and neutral proteases, which lead to tissue destruction within the arthritic joints. In a model of arthritis (collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in rats and mice), intra-articular administration of TNF-a either prior to or after the induction of CIA led to an accelerated onset of arthritis and a more severe course of the disease.

Brahn et al., Lymphokine Cytokine Res., 11,253 (1992); and Cooper, Clin. Exp.

Immunol., 898,244 (1992). By reducing TNF-a levels, the resulting levels of synoviocytes and chondrocytes are also reduced to prevent or minimize the effects of rheumatoid arthritis.

The compounds of the present invention are useful to treat, or used to prepare a medicament used to treat, diseases or conditions where a mammal receives symptomatic relief from the decrease of levels of TNF-a ; these diseases or conditions include, but are not limited to, any one or more or combination of the following: rheumatoid arthritis; rheumatoid spondylitis; muscle degeneration; osteoporosis; osteoarthritis; psoriasis; contact dermatitis; bone resorption diseases; atherosclerosis; Paget's disease; uveititis; gouty arthritis; inflammatory bowel disease; adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); Crohn's disease ; rhinitis; ulcerative colitis; anaphylaxis; asthma; Reiter's syndrome; tissue rejection of a graft; ischemia reperfusion injury; brain trauma; stroke; multiple sclerosis; cerebral malaria; sepsis; septic shock; toxic shock syndrome; fever and myalgias due to infection; HIV-1, HIV- 2, or HIV-3; CMV; influenza, adenovirus, a herpes virus (including HSV-1, HSV-2); herpes zoster; multiple myeloma; acute and chronic myelogenous leukemia; cancer- associated cachexia; pancreatic beta cell destruction; type I or type lI diabetes.

Some nicotinic receptors regulate vascular angiogenesis; for example, the binding of nicotine to the alpha-7 nAChR stimulates DNA synthesis and proliferation

of vascular endothelial cells. Villablanca, supra. The compounds of the present invention are also useful to treat, or are used to prepare a medicament to treat, diseases or conditions where a mammal receives symptomatic relief from the stimulation of vascular angiogenesis; these diseases or conditions include, but not limited to, any one or more of the following: wound healing (healing burns, and wounds in general including from surgery), bone fracture healing, ischemic heart disease, and stable angina pectoris.

Compounds of Formula I can be prepared as shown in Scheme 1. The syntheses shown in the following schemes use intermediates where WA-1, Wu-1, WA-3, Wu-¢, and WA-5 for the final compounds would be CRA. One of ordinary skill in the art could make the corresponding compounds where up to four of WA-1, WA-2, Wa-s, WA-4, and WA-5 are N making non-critical changes to the methods discussed. The intermediates leading to the B moiety of Formula I can also be prepared by one of ordinary skill in the art with the methods discussed herein. The following discussion is not intended to limit the scope of the invention but is for exemplification only.

Methods to synthesize ureas and thioureas of Formula I are well known to one skilled in the art. For example, aryl isocyanates or aryl isothiocyanates (IT) or heteroaryl isocyanates or heteroaryl isothiocyanates (m) can be reacted with aminoheterocycles or anilines to provide the desired urea or thiourea using procedures described in J.

Med. Chem. 1996, 39,304 ; J. Med. Chem. 1999, 39, 4382 ; Pha77nazie 1999, 54, 19; J.

Chem. Soc. 1963,40, 369; J. Chem. Soc. Parkin Trans. I 1977, 1616; and Synth.

Commun. 2001, 31, 781. Alternatively, compounds of formula IV or V can be reacted with an aminoheterocycle or an aniline to provide the desired urea or thiourea using procedures described in J. Med. Chem. 1999,39, 304; J. Med. Chem. (1995) 38, 855.

Scheme 1

where G is 4-nitro-phenoxy, phenoxy, or imidazol-1-yl.

Compounds of Formula m can be prepared as shown in Scheme 2. Methods to synthesize isocyanates or isothiocyanates of Formula in are well known to one skilled in the art. For example, an aminoheterocycle can be reacted with excess phosgene (or phosgene equivalent) or thiophosgene in refluxing ethyl acetate to provide the heterocyclic isocyanate as described in US 3,759, 940. Alternatively, heterocyclic isocyanates in can be prepared from the corresponding carboxylic acid or acid derivative by treatment with an azide source such as sodium azide or diphenylphosphoryl azide (DPPA) followed by a Curtius-type rearrangement using procedures described in J. Org. Chem. 1985, 50, 5723; J. Org. Chem. 1997,62, 3013.

Compounds of Formula V can be synthesized using procedures well known to one skilled in the art (see DE 1816696; and Greene, T. W. and Wuts, P. G. M."Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis", 3rd Edition, p. 549, New York: Wiley, (1999) ). The requisite aminoheterocycles or heterocyclic carboxylic acids can be obtained from commercial sources or can be synthesized by known procedures.

Scheme 2 where G is as defined for Scheme 1 and Lv is OH, Cl, or-NH-NH2.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the aryl isocyanates or aryl isothiocyanates II can be obtained commercially or can be synthesized by known procedures. Compounds of Formula lI can be prepared in a manner exactly analogous to the procedures used for the preparation of compounds of Formula m. The requisite substituted anilines can be purchased from commercial sources or prepared using procedures outlined in J. Org. Chem. 1997,62, 6471. Alternatively, aryl isocyanates II can be prepared from the corresponding carboxylic acid or acid derivative by treatment with an azide source such as sodium azide or diphenylphosphoryl azide (DPPA) followed by a Curtius-type rearrangement using procedures described in Synth. Commun. 1993, 23, 335; or Heterocycles 1993, 36, 1305. Aryl isothiocyanates lI can be prepared according to procedures in J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 6237.

Compounds of Formula IV can be prepared in a manner exactly analogous to the procedures used for the preparation of compounds of Formula V. Scheme 3 depicts these transformations.

Scheme 3 11 where G and Lv are as previously defined, and Lv'is F, Cl, Br, S02Me.

The following examples are provided as examples and are not intended to limit the scope of this invention to only those provided examples and named compounds.

Method A Example 1 : N- (4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] urea.

To a solution of the 4-methoxy-2-methylaniline (0.100 g, 0.73 mmol) in THF (5. 0 ml) are added 3- (trifluoromethyl) phenylisocyanate (0.136 g, 0.73 mmol) and

DMAP (0.0005 g, 0.04 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at 50°C for 2 hr. The solution is concentrated under vacuum and the residue is crystallized from CH3CN to give an off white solid 0.09 g (38%). HRMS (ESI) calcd for Cl6HlsF3N202+H 325.1164, found 325.1174.

The following compounds are made according to Method A, making non- critical variations. Examples 2-47 are made from an aminoheterocycle and an aryl isocyanate. For other examples, more details are provided for preparing the intermediates. If such details are not provided, the starting materials are readily available or can be made by one of ordinary skill in organic chemistry without undue experimentation.

Example 2: N-(5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-isoxazol-3-ylurea. Yield 74%.

HRMS (FAB) calculated for Cl2Hl2ClN304+H 298.0594, found 298.0595.

Example 3 : N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- (5-methyl-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl) urea. Yield 24%. MS (ESI) for Cl2Hl3ClN403S (M-H)-fnlz 327.

Example 4 : N-(5-chloro-2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl) urea.

Yield 75%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for Cl3Hl4ClN304+H 312.0751, found 312.0751.

Example 5 : N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- (5-ethyl-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl) urea. Yield 91%. MS (ESI) for C13 HisC1N403S (M-H)-m/z 341.

Example 6: N-(5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl] urea. Yield 72%. MS (ESI) for C12H10ClF3N4O3S (M-H)- m/z 381.

Example 7 : N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- (5-cyclopropyl-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl) urea. Yield 100%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for Cl4Hl5ClN403S+H 355. 0631, found 355.0630.

Example 8 : N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (difluoromethyl)-1, 3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl] urea. Yield 83%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for Cl2HllClF2N403S+H 365.0287, found 365.0299.

Example 9 : N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- (5-methoxy-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl) urea. Yield 78%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for Cl2Hl3ClN404S+H 345.0424, found 345.0444.

Example 10: N- (5-bromo-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-N'-(5-chloro-2, 4- dimethoxyphenyl) urea. Yield 77%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for CuHioBrC1N403S+H 392.9424, found 392.9422.

Example 11 : N- (5-chloro-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-N- (5-chloro-2, 4- dimethoxyphenyl) urea. Yield 67%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C11H10Cl2N4O3S+H 348.9929, found 348.9927.

Example 12: N-(5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (2-phenylethyl)-1, 3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl] urea. Yield 47%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for Ci9HlgClN403S+H 419.0945, found 419.0949.

Example 13: N-(5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- (5-ethoxy-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl) urea. Yield 91%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C13H15ClN4O4S+H 359.0580, found 359.0590.

Example 14: N-(5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) urea.

Yield 91%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for CllHllClN403S+H 315.0319, found 315.0315.

Examples5 : N-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-N- (5-methylisoxazol-3-yl) urea. Yield 41%.

HRMS (FAB) calculated for C13Hl5N303+H 262.1191, found 262.1195.

Example 16 : N- (2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- (5-methylisoxazol-3-yl) urea. Yield 17%.

HRMS (FAB) calculated for C13H15N3O4+H 278.1140, found 278.1152.

Examples7 : N (2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl] urea. Yield 43%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for Cl2HllF3N403S+H 349.0582, found 349.0581.

Example 18: N-(5-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-N- (5-methylisoxazol-3-yl) urea. Yield 34%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C12Hi2ClN303+H 282.0645, found 282.0638.

Example 19: N-(5-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-N- (5-methyl-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) urea.

Yield 97%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C11H11ClN4O2S+H 299.0369, found 299.0373.

Example 20 : N-(4-isopropoxyphenyl)-N'-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl] urea. Yield 38%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C13Hl3F3N402S+H 347.0789, found 347.0786.

Example 21: N (2-ethoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea.

Yield 15%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C12HllF3N402S+H 332.0555, found 332.0547.

Example 22: N-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea.

Yield 71%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C12HllF3N402S+H 333.0633, found 333.0637.

Example 23: N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl] urea. Yield 36%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for CllH9F3N402S+H 319.0476, found 319.0477.

Example 24 : N-(4-butoxyphenyl)-N'-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea.

Yield 44%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C14Hl5F3N402S+ 360.0868, found 360.0855.

Example25 : N (2, 3-dihydro-1, 4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl] urea. Yield 70%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C12H9F3N403S+H 347.0425, found 347.0426.

Example 26: N (2, 3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl] urea. Yield 13%. MS (ESI) for C12H9F3N402S (M+H) + tll/z 331.2.

Example 27 : N-(4-ethyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl)-N'- (4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl) urea.

4-Ethyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-amine hydrobromide hydrate (0.1255 g, 0.553 mmol, prepared from thiourea and l-bromo-2-butanone as described in Biotechnology and Bioengineering (Combinatorial Chemistry), 2000, 71 (1), 9. ) is partitioned between EtOAc and IN NaOH. The layers are separated and the organic layer is dried (MgS04), filtered and concentrated to yield crude 4-ethyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-amine (0.0706 g). Example 27 is obtained according Method A, making non-critical changes. Yield 70%. MS (ESI+) for Cl4Hl7N302S m/z 291.9 (M+H) +.

Example 28 : N-(5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (lH-imidazol-2-yl) urea. MS (ESI) for C12Hl3ClN403 m/z 297.

Example 29 : N- (5-bromo-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl)-N'- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl) urea.

Yield 5%. HRMS (ESI) calcd for C12H11BrClN303S+H 391.9472 found 391.9487.

Example 30 : N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (5-methyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl) urea.

Yield 90%. HRMS (ESI) calcd for C13Hl4ClN303S+H 328.0522, found 328.0532.

Example 31 : N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (3-methylisoxazol-5-yl) urea.

Yield 14%. HRMS (ESI) calcd for C13Hl4ClN304+H 312.0751, found 312.0746.

Example 32 : N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (6-cyanopyridin-3-yl) urea.

Yield 30%. HRMS (ESI) calcd for C15Hi3ClN403+H 333.0754, found 333.0752.

Example 33 : N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (5-chloro-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl) urea.

Yield 60%. HRMS calcd for Cl2HllCl2N303S+H 347.9976 found 347.9984.

Example 34 : N- (5-chloro-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl)-N'- (2, 4-dimethoxy-5-methylphenyl) urea.

Yield 5%. HRMS calcd for Cl3Hl4ClN303S+H 328.0522 found 328.0518.

Example 35 : N- (5-bromo-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (5-chloro-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl) urea.

Yield 18%. HRMS calcd for Cl2HuBrClN303S+H 391.9472 found 391.9490.

Example 36 : N- (5-bromo-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl)-N'- (5-fluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl) urea.

Yield 8%. HRMS calcd for C12H,, BrFN303S+H 375.9767 found 375.9771.

Example 37 : N- (5-chloro-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl)-N'- (5-fluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl) urea.

Yield 13%. HRMS calcd for C12H11ClFN3O3S+H 332.0272 found 332.0284.

Example 38: N- (3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-N'- (5-methylisoxazol-3-yl) urea. Yield 66%. HRMS calcd for C11H9ClFN3O2+H 270.0445 found 270.0441.

Example 39: N- (3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl] urea. Yield 61%. HRMS calcd for CloHsClF4N4OS+H 340.9887 found 340.9896.

Example 40: N- (2-ethoxyphenyl)-N'- (5-methylisoxazol-3-yl) urea. Yield 20%.

HRMS calcd for Cl3HisN303+H 262.1191 found 262.1182.

Example 41 : N- (2-methoxyphenyl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl] urea. Yield 51%. HRMS calcd for CllH9F3N402S+H 319.0476 found 319.0459.

Example42 : N- (2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol- 2-yl] urea. Yield 34%. HRMS calcd for CI1HsF4N402S+H 337.0382 found 337.0374.

Example 43: N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (5-mercapto-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl) urea. Yield 23%. HRMS calcd for C11H11ClN4O3S2+H 347.0039 found 347.0045.

Example 44 : N- (4, 5-dimethoxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl] urea. Yield 35%. HRMS calcd for C13Hl3F3N403S+H 363.0739 found 363.0739.

Example 45: N- (4-hydroxy-2-nitrophenyl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol- 2-yl] urea. Yield 70%. HRMS calcd for CloH6F3N504S+H 350.0171 found 350.0162.

Example 46: N- (2, 6-dimethoxypyridin-3-yl)-N'- (5-methyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl) urea.

Yield 55%. HRMS calcd for Cl2Hl4N403S+H 295.0861 found 295.0865.

Example 47 : N- (4-ethoxy-2-nitrophenyl)-N'- (5-methylisoxazol-3-yl) urea. Yield 78%. HRMS calcd for C13Hi4N405+H 323.0814 found 323.0806.

Example 48: N- (4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [2- (trifluoromethyl) pyridin-4- yl] urea.

N- (4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [2- (trifluoromethyl) pyridin-4-yl] urea (from 1-isocyanato-4-methoxy-2-methylbenzene and 2- (trifluoromethyl) pyridin-4-amine,

(see J. Med. Chem. 1993,733-46) is prepared by following Method A, making non- critical modifications. The resulting residue is purified by silica gel chromatography (50% EtOAc/n-heptane) followed by trituration with EtOAc to afford a white solid 0.036 g (9%). MS (EI) m/z (rel intensity) 325 (M+, 76), 163 (99), 162 (51), 148 (43), 137 (48), 122 (95), 120 (28), 93 (57), 66 (33), 65 (26).

Example50 : N-(5-fluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- (5-methylisoxazol-3-yl) urea.

Sodium methoxide, prepared from sodium (1.43g, 62. 12mmol) and MeOH, is added dropwise to solution of 1, 2,4-trifluoro-5-nitrobenzene (5. 0g, 28.24mmol) dissolved in 80mL MeOH cooled to 0°C. The mixture is warmed to RT, heated under reflux for 2h, then cooled. After standing at RT for 60h, 1M citric acid is added and the solvent is removed in vacuo. The residue is taken up in ether, washed successively with 1M citric acid and brine, dried (MgS04), filtered and concentrated to provide 0.55g of 1-fluoro-2, 4-dimethoxy-5-nitrobenzene as a solid. The aqueous layer is further extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers are dried (MgS04), filtered and concentrated to provide 4.16g of additional solid; overall yield 4.71g (83% yield).

MS for C8H8FN04 (ESI) (M+H) + m/z 202. l-Fluoro-2, 4-dimethoxy-5-nitrobenzene (4.55g, 22.62mmol) and a catalytic amount of 10% Pd/C (200mg) are mixed in EtOH/EtOAc and shaken on a Parr hydrogenator apparatus in the presence of 40psi H2. After 45min, the mixture is filtered through a pad of Celite. The solvent is removed in vacuo to afford 3.84g (100% yield) of 5-fluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyaniline as a white solid. MS for C8H, OFN02 (ESI) (M+H) + 7n/z 172.

5-Fluoro-2,4-dimethoxyaniline (1.5g, 8. 76mmol), dissolved in 60mL EtOAc, is added dropwise over lh to excess phosgene (24. 7mL, 20% solution in toluene) dissolved in 25mL EtOAc. The solution is heated under reflux for 30min, cooled and concentrated in vacuo to provide 1.74g (100% yield) of 1-fluoro-5-isocyanato-2, 4- dimethoxybenzene as a solid. MS for C9H8FN03 (ESI) (M+H) + m/z 198. Example 50 is obtained from l-fluoro-5-isocyanato-2, 4-dimethoxybenzene and 3-amino-5- methylisoxazole according to Method A, making non-critical variations. Yield 68%.

HRMS (FAB) calculated for C13Hl4FN304+H 296.1046, found 296.1039.

The following compounds are made from l-fluoro-5-isocyanato-2, 4- methoxybenzene according to Method A, making non-critical variations.

Example 51: N-(5-fluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- (5-methyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl) urea.

Yield 94%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C13Hl4FN303S+H 312.0818, found 312.0827.

Example52 : N (5-fluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- (5-methyl-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl) urea. Yield 87%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C12Hl3FN403S+H 313.0771, found 313.0782.

Example 53 : N- (5-fluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl] urea. Yield 76%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for Cl2HloF4N403S+H 366.0410, found 366.0400.

Example 75 : N-(5-bromo-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- (5-methylisoxazol-3-yl) urea.

Bromine (10.6g, 66. 3mmol) dissolved in 40mL CHC13 is added dropwise to a mixture of K2C03 (20.8g, 150.5mmol) and 2,4-dimethoxyaniline (10. Og, 65.3mmol) dissolved in 60mL CHC13. After stirring the mixture for 4h, water is added. The layers are separated and the organic layer is washed with water, dried (MgS04), filtered and concentrated. The residue is purified by column chromatography (Biotage Flash 40M column, 20% EtOAc/hexanes) and recrystallized from hexanes to provide 3. 41g (23% yield) of 5-bromo-2, 4-dimethoxyaniline. MS for C8HloBrNO2 (ES1) (M+H) + 7n/z 232 and 234.

An EtOAc solution of 5-bromo-2,4-dimethoxyaniline (0.822g, 3. 54mmol) is added to excess phosgene (5. 0mL, 20% solution in toluene). The solution is heated under reflux for 30 min, cooled and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is recrystallized from heptane to provide 0.81g (89% yield) of 1-bromo-5-isocyanato- 2,4-dimethoxybenzene.

Example 75 is obtained from 1-bromo-5-isocyanato-2, 4-dimethoxybenzene according to Method A, making non-critical variations. Yield 40%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C13Hl4BrN304+H 356.0246, found 356.0256.

The following compounds are made froml-bromo-5-isocyanato-2,4- dimethoxybenzene according to Method A, making non-critical variations.

Example 76 : N- (5-bromo-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- (5-methyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl) urea.

Yield 71%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C13Hl4BrN303S+H 372.0018, found 371.0011.

Example 77 : N-(5-bromo-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- (5-methyl-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl) urea. Yield 60%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C12Hl3BrN403S+H 372. 9970, found 372.9984.

Example 78 : N-(5-bromo-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl] urea. Yield 61%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C12HIOBrF3N403S+H 426.9688, found 426.9695.

Example 90: N- (3, 5-difluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- (5-methylisoxazol-3-yl) urea.

Sodium methoxide, prepared from sodium (1.29g, 56.39mmol) and 25mL MeOH, is added dropwise to solution of 1, 2,3, 4-tetrafluoro-5-nitrobenzene (5. 0g, 25. 63mmol) dissolved in 5mL MeOH cooled to 0°C. The mixture is warmed to RT and stirred overnight. The mixture is heated at 80°C for 4h, then cooled to RT. A 1M solution of citric acid (20mL) is added and the solvent is removed in vacuo. The residue is diluted in EtOAc, washed with 1M citric acid. The aqueous layer is further extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried (MgS04), filtered and concentrated to provide 5.60g (100% yield) of 1, 3-difluoro-2,4- dimethoxy-5-nitrobenzene a light yellow oil. MS for C8H7F2NO4 (ESI) (M+H) + m/z 220.

1, 3-Difluoro-2,4-dimethoxy-5-nitrobenzene (4.96g, 22.63mmol) and a catalytic amount of 10% Pd/C (200mg) are mixed in EtOH/EtOAc and shaken on a Parr hydrogenator apparatus in the presence of 40psi H2. After 2h, the mixture is filtered through a pad of Celite. The solvent is removed in vacuo to afford 4.32g (100% yield) of 3,5-difluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyaniline as a brown oil. MS for C8H9F2N02 (ESI) (M+H) + nilz 190.

3,5-Difluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyaniline (2.17g, 11.58mmol), dissolved in 50mL EtOAc, is added dropwise over lh to excess phosgene (42.9mL, 20% solution in toluene) dissolved in 25mL EtOAc. The solution is heated under reflux for 30min, cooled and concentrated in vacuo to provide 2.40g (96% yield) of 1, 3-difluoro-5- isocyanato-2,4-dimethoxybenzene as a brown oil. MS for C9H7F2N03 (ESI) (M+H) + mlz 216. Example 90 is obtained from 1, 3-difluoro-5-isocyanato-2,4- dimethoxybenzene and 3-amino-5-methylisoxazole according to Method A, making non-critical changes. Yield 54%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C13Hl3F2N304+H 314.0952, found 314.0949.

The following compounds are made from 1, 3-difluoro-5-isocyanato-2,4- dimethoxybenzene according to Method A, making non-critical variations.

Example 91: N- (3, 5-difluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl] urea. Yield 47%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C12H9F5N403S+H 385.0394, found 385.0390.

Example 92: N- (3, 5-difluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- (5-methyl-1, 3-thiazol-2- yl) urea. Yield 75%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C13Hl3F2N303S+H 330.0724, found 330. 0731.

Example 93 : N- (3, 5-difluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- (5-methyl-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl) urea. Yield 67%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C12Hl2F2N403S+H 331.0676, found 331.0690.

Example 100: N [2, 4-dimethoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl]-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)- 1,3, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea.

Sodium methoxide, prepared from sodium (0.92g, 40. 13mmol) and 50mL MeOH, is added dropwise to solution of 1, 5-dichloro-2-nitro-4- (trifluoromethyl) benzene (5. 0g, 19. 23mmol) dissolved in 25mL MeOH cooled to 0°C.

The mixture is warmed to RT and stirred overnight. The mixture is heated under reflux for 8h, then cooled to RT. An additional amount of sodium methoxide (19. 23mmol) is added and the reaction is heated under reflux for 4h. The reaction is cooled, quenched with 1M citric and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is diluted in EtOAc and washed with 1M citric acid. The aqueous layer is extracted with EtOAc.

The combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried (MgS04), filtered and concentrated to provide 4.69g (97% yield) of 1, 5-dimethoxy-2-nitro-4- (trifluoromethyl) benzene. MS for C9H8F3NO4 (ESI) (M+H) + m/Z 252.

1, 5-Dimethoxy-2-nitro-4- (trifluoromethyl) benzene (4.24g, 16. 88mmol) and a catalytic amount of 10% Pd/C (200mg) are mixed in EtOH/EtOAc and shaken on a Parr hydrogenator apparatus in the presence of H2 (40psi). After lh, the mixture is filtered through a pad of Celite. The solvent is removed in vacuo to afford 3.47g (93% yield) of 2, 4-dimethoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) aniline as a light brown solid. MS for CgHloF3NO2 (ESI) (M+H) + m/Z 222.

2, 4-Dimethoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) aniline (1.80g, 8. 14mmol), dissolved in 50mL EtOAc, is added dropwise over lh to excess phosgene (34.4mL, 20% solution

in toluene) dissolved in 30mL EtOAc. The solution is heated under reflux for 30min, cooled and concentrated in vacuo to provide 1.70g (85% yield) of 1-isocyanato-2, 4- dimethoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzene. MS for CloH8F3NO3 (ESI) (M+H) + m/z 248.

Example 100 is obtained from 1-isocyanato-2, 4-dimethoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzene and 5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine according to Method A, making non-critical changes. Yield 49%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for Ci3H1oF6N403S+H 417.0456, found 417.0461.

The following compounds are made from l-isocyanato-2, 4-dimethoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzene according to Method A, making non-critical variations.

Example 101 : N [2, 4-dimethoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl]-N- (5-methylisoxazol-3- yl) urea. Yield 69%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C14Hl4F3N304+H 346.1014, found 346.1024.

Example 102: N [2, 4-dimethoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl]-N- (5-methyl-1, 3- thiazol-2-yl) urea. Yield 79%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C14Hl4F3N303S+H 362.0786, found 362.0783.

Example 103: N [2, 4-dimethoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl]-N- (5-methyl-1, 3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl) urea. Yield 79%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C13Hl3F3N403S+H 363.0739, found 363.0738.

Example 110: N-(5-chloro-2, 4-diethoxyphenyl)-N- (5-methylisoxazol-3-yl) urea.

Sodium ethoxide, prepared from sodium (1.12g, mmol) and EtOH, is added dropwise to solution of 1, 2,4-trichloro-5-nitrobenzene (5. 0g, 22. 08mmol) dissolved EtOH cooled to 0°C. The mixture is warmed to RT, heated under reflux for 2h, then cooled. After standing at RT for 60h, 1M citric acid is added and the solvent is removed in vacuo. The residue is diluted in CHC13 and washed successively with 1M citric acid and brine. The organic layer is dried (MgS04), filtered and concentrated to provide 5.53g (>100% yield) of 1-chloro-2, 4-diethoxy-5-nitrobenzene sufficiently pure for further use. MS for CloHi2ClN04 (ESI) (M+H) + mlz 246. l-Chloro-2, 4-diethoxy-5-nitrobenzene (g, 16. 16mmol) and a catalytic amount of 10% Pd/C (200mg) are mixed in EtOH/EtOAc and shaken on a Parr hydrogenator apparatus in the presence of 40psi H2. After 90min, the mixture is filtered through a pad of Celite and the solvent is removed in vacuo. The residue is purified by chromatography (Biotage 40S, 10% EtOAc/hexanes) followed by recrystallization

from EtOAc/hexanes to afford l. Olg (29% yield) of 5-chloro-2, 4-die. thoxyaniline.

MS for CioHl4ClN02 (ESI) (M+H) + m/z 216 and 218.

5-Chloro-2,4-diethoxyaniline (0.895g, 4. 15mmol), dissolved in 5mL EtOAc, is added dropwise over 1h to excess phosgene (17.2mL, 20% solution in toluene) dissolved in 25mL EtOAc. The solution is heated under reflux for 30min, cooled and concentrated ion vacuo to provide 1.17g (100% yield) of 1-chloro-5-isocyanato-2, 4- diethoxybenzene. MS for CnHuClNOs (ESI) (M+H) + m/z 242. Example 110 is obtained from l-chloro-5-isocyanato-2, 4-diethoxybenzene and 3-amino-5- methylisoxazole according to Method A, making non-critical changes. Yield 66%.

HRMS (FAB) calculated for C15Hl8ClN304+H 340.1064, found 340.1061.

The following compounds are made starting from corresponding aminoheterocycle and the appropriate alcohol according to the procedure of Example 110, making non-critical variations.

Example 111 : N-(5-chloro-2, 4-diethoxyphenyl)-N- (5-methyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl) urea.

Yield 60%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C15Hl8CIN303S+H 356.0836, found 356.0832.

Example 112: N-(5-chloro-2, 4-diethoxyphenyl)-N- (5-methyl-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl) urea. Yield 85%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C14H17ClN4O3S+H 357.0788, found 357.0775.

Example 113: N-(5-chloro-2, 4-diethoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl] urea. Yield 60%. C14H14ClF3N4O3S+H 410. 0427, found 410. 0444.

Example 114: N-(5-chloro-2, 4-dipropoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl] urea. Yield 25%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C16Hl8ClF3N403S+H 439.0818, found 439.0812.

Example 115: N-(5-chloro-2, 4-dipropoxyphenyl)-N- (5-methylisoxazol-3-yl) urea.

Yield 31%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C17H22CIN304+H 368.1377, found 368.1374.

Example6 : N-(5-chloro-2, 4-diisopropoxyphenyl)-N- (5-methyl-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2- yl) urea. Yield 18%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C16H2iClN403S+H 385.1101, found 385.1094.

Example 117 : N-(5-chloro-2, 4-diisoprooxyphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl] urea. Yield 12%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C16Hl8ClF3N403S+H 439. 0818, found 439. 0805.

Example 118: N-(5-chloro-2,4-diisoprooxyphenyl)-N'-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl ) urea.

Yield 39%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for Cl7H22ClN304+H 368.1377, found 368.1361.

Example 120: N (2-chloro-4-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)-N- (5-methylisoxazol-3- yl) urea.

Sodium methoxide, prepared from sodium (1.33g, mmol) and MeOH, is added dropwise to solution of l-fluoro-5-chloro-2-methyl-4-nitrobenzene (5. 0g, 26.37mmol) dissolved MeOH cooled to 0°C. The mixture is warmed to RT, heated under reflux for 1.5h. The reaction mixture is cooled, quenched with 1M citric acid and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is diluted in EtOAc and 1M citric acid. The aqueous layer is extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried (MgS04), filtered and concentrated to provide 5.32g (100% yield) of 1- chloro-5-methoxy-3-methyl-2-nitrobenzene. lH NMR (CDC13, 400MHz) 8 7.85, 6.89, 3.92, 2.23.

1-Chloro-5-methoxy-3-methyl-2-nitrobenzene (2.28g, 11. 31mmol) and sodium dithionite (6. 10g, 35.06mmol) are mixed in 5mL THF and 12mL water and heated under reflux. After 16h, additional THF is added along with 5mL EtOH. After 6h of heating, the reaction mixture is cooled and the solvent is removed in vacuo. The residue is redissolved in aqueous EtOH, treated with sodium dithionite (6. 10g, 35.06mmol) and heated for 60h. The reaction mixture is cooled. The solid is filtered, washed with water and dried (vacuum oven) to afford 0.683g (35% yield) of 2-chloro- 4-methoxy-5-methylaniline. MS for CsHloCINO (ESI) (M+H) + m/z 172.

2-Chloro-4-methoxy-5-methylaniline (0.58g, 3. 38mmol), dissolved in 15mL EtOAc, is added dropwise over lh to excess phosgene (13.4mL, 20% solution in toluene) dissolved in 25mL EtOAc. The solution is heated under reflux for 30min, cooled and concentrated in vacuo to provide 0.655g (98% yield) of 2-chloro-1- isocyanato-4-methoxy-5-methylbenzene. lH NMR (CDCl3, 400MHz) 8 6.88, 6.82, 3.80, 2.14. Example 120 is obtained from 2-chloro-1-isocyanato-4-methoxy-5- methylbenzene and 3-amino-5-methylisoxazole according to Method A, making non- critical changes. Yield 62%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C13Hl4ClN303+H 296.0802, found 296.0813.

The following compounds are made from 2-chloro-1-isocyanato-4-methoxy-5- methylbenzene according to Method A, making non-critical variations: Example 121 : m (2-chloro-4-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)-N- (5-methyl-1, 3-thiazol-2- yl) urea. Yield 74%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for Cl3Hl4ClN302S+H 312.0573, found 312.0579.

Example 122 : m (2-chloro-4-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)-N- (5-methyl-1, 3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl) urea. Yield 75%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for Cl2Hl3ClN402S+H 313.0526, found 313.0528.

Example 123: N (2-chloro-4-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)- 1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea. Yield 58%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for Cl2HIOClF3N402S+H 367.0243, found 367.0253.

Example 125: N (2, 4-dimethoxy-5-methylphenyl)-N- (5-methylisoxazol-3-yl) urea.

Sodium methoxide, prepared from sodium (0.32g, mmol) and MeOH, is added dropwise to a solution of 1-chloro-5-methoxy-3-methyl-2-nitrobenzene (2.77g, 13. 74mmol) dissolved MeOH cooled to 0°C. The mixture is warmed to RT and then heated under reflux until reaction is complete (as judged by TLC). The reaction mixture is cooled, quenched with 1M citric acid and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is diluted in EtOAc and 1M citric acid. The aqueous layer is extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried (MgS04), filtered and concentrated to provide 2.94g (>100% yield) of 1, 5-dimethoxy-2-methyl-4- nitrobenzene sufficiently pure for further use. 1H NMR (CDC13, 400MHz) b 7.85, 6.45, 3.98, 3.93, 2.16.

1,5-Dimethoxy-2-methyl-4-nitrobenzene (2.74g, mmol) and a catalytic amount of 10% Pd/C (150mg) are mixed in EtOH/EtOAc and shaken on a Parr hydrogenator apparatus in the presence of 40psi H2. After 60min, the mixture is filtered through a pad of Celite. The solvent is removed in vacuo to afford 2.35g (100% yield) of 2,4- dimethoxy-5-methylaniline. MS for C9Hl3NO2 (ESI) (M+H) + inlz 168.

2,4-Dimethoxy-5-methylaniline (1.03g, 6. 14mmol), dissolved in 125mL EtOAc, is added dropwise over lh to excess phosgene (27.7mL, 20% solution in toluene) dissolved in EtOAc. The solution is heated under reflux for 30min, cooled and concentrated in vacuo to provide 1. 21g (100% yield) of 1-isocyanato-2, 4- dimethoxy-5-methylbenzene. MS for doHuNOs (ESI) (M+H) + mXz 194. Example

125 is obtained from 1-isocyanato-2, 4-dimethoxy-5-methylbenzene and 3-amino-5- methylisoxazole according to Method A, making non-critical changes. Yield 39%.

HRMS (FAB) calculated for C14Hl7N304+H 292.1297, found 292.1288.

The following compounds are made from l-isocyanato-2, 4-dimethoxy-5- methylbenzene according to Method A, making non-critical variations.

Example 126: N (2, 4-dimethoxy-5-methylphenyl)-N- (5-methyl-1, 3-thiazol-2- yl) urea. Yield 59%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C14Hl7N303S+H 308.1069, found 308.1082.

Example 127 : N (2, 4-dimethoxy-5-methylphenyl)-N- (5-methyl-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl) urea. Yield 72%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C13Hl6N403S+H 309.1021, found 309.1032.

Example 128: N (2, 4-dimethoxy-5-methylphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl] urea. Yield 47%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C13Hl3F3N403S+H 363.0739, found 363.0740.

Example 129: N-(4-ethoxy-2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)- 1,3, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea.

Sodium ethoxide, prepared from sodium (0.12g, 5. 26mmol) and EtOH, is added dropwise to solution of 1-fluoro-5-chloro-2-methyl-4-nitrobenzene (l. Og, 5. 26mmol) dissolved in EtOH and cooled to 0°C. The mixture is warmed to RT, heated under reflux for 24h. The reaction mixture is cooled, quenched with 1M citric acid and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is diluted in CHC13 and 1M citric acid.

The aqueous layer is extracted with CHC13. The combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated to provide 1.16g (100% yield) of l-chloro-5-ethoxy-3-methyl-2-nitrobenzene. MS for C9HloClN03 (ESI) (M+H) + m/z 216.

Sodium methoxide, prepared from sodium (0.200g, 8.6mmol) and MeOH, is added dropwise to a solution of l-chloro-5-ethoxy-3-methyl-2-nitrobenzene (0.93g, 4. 3mmol) dissolved MeOH cooled to 0°C. The mixture is warmed to RT, heated under reflux until reaction is complete (as judged by TLC). The reaction mixture is cooled, quenched with 1M citric acid and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is diluted in EtOAc and 1M citric acid. The aqueous layer is extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are dried (MgS04), filtered and concentrated. The residue is

purified by chromatography (Biotage 40S, 15% EtOAc/hexanes) to provide 0. 31g (32% yield) of 1-ethoxy-5-methoxy-2-methyl-4-nitrobenzene as a white solid. MS for C1oHl3N04 (ESI) (M+H) + m/z 212. l-Ethoxy-5-methoxy-2-methyl-4-nitrobenzene (0. 31g, 1. 4mmol) and a catalytic amount of 10% Pd/C (150mg) are mixed in EtOH/EtOAc and shaken on a Parr hydrogenator apparatus in the presence of 40psi H2. After 24h, the mixture is filtered through a pad of Celite. The solvent is removed in vacuo to afford 0.29g (>100% yield) of 4-ethoxy-2-methoxy-5-methylaniline sufficiently pure for further use. lH NMR (CDC13, 400MHz) 6 6. 54,6. 44,3. 98-3.93, 3.82, 2.12, 1.40-1. 36.

4-Ethoxy-2-methoxy-5-methylaniline (0.26g, 1. 4mmol), dissolved in EtOAc, is added dropwise to excess phosgene (6.5mL, 20% solution in toluene) dissolved in EtOAc. The solution is heated under reflux for lh, cooled and concentrated in vacuo to provide 0.28g (94% yield) of 1-ethoxy-4-isocyanato-5-methoxy-2-methylbenzene.

H NMR (CDC13, 400MHz) 8 6.76, 6.41, 4.04-3. 99,3. 89,2. 10,1. 44-1. 41. Example 129 is obtained from 1-ethoxy-4-isocyanato-5-methoxy-2-methylbenzene and 5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine according to Method A, making non- critical changes. Yield 27%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C14Hl5F3N403S+H 377.0895, found 377.0878.

Example 130: N (5-acetyl-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl] urea.

Cupric nitrate (3.35g, 13. 87mmol) is added portion-wise to a solution of 2,4- dimethoxyacetophenone in 80mL acetic anhydride. After 3h, the reaction is cooled to 0°C and carefully treated with a 2: 1 mixture of NH40H/NH4C1. The green-blue solution is extracted with EtOAc. A precipitate forms on standing. The solids are filtered and air-dried to provide 1.94g (62% yield) of 1-(2, 4-dimethoxy-5- nitrophenyl) ethanone. MS for doHnNOs (ESI) (M+H)'' 226.

1-(2, 4-Dimethoxy-5-nitrophenyl) ethanone (1.87g, 8. 30mmol) and a catalytic amount of Pt-black (200mg) are mixed in EtOH/THF and shaken on a Parr hydrogenator apparatus in the presence of 40psi H2. After 24h, the mixture is filtered through a pad of Celite. The solvent is removed in vacuo to afford 1.62g (100% yield) of 1-(5-amino-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl) ethanone. MS for CloHl3NO3 (ESI) (M+H) + m/z 196.

1- (5-Amino-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl) ethanone (1.52g, mmol), dissolved in 75mL EtOAc, is added dropwise over 1h to excess phosgene (32.5mL, 20% solution in toluene) dissolved in 35mL EtOAc. The solution is heated under reflux for 30min, cooled and concentrated in vacuo to provide 1.68g (98% yield) of 1-isocyanato-2, 4- dimethoxyacetophenone. MS for CllHnN04 (ESI) (M+H) + m/z 222. Example 130 is obtained from l-isocyanato-2, 4-dimethoxyacetophenone and 5- (trifluoromethyl)- 1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2-amine according to Method A, making non-critical changes. Yield 60%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C14Hl3F3N404S+H 391.0688, found 391.0686.

The following compounds are made from l-isocyanato-2, 4- dimethoxyacetophenone according to Method A, making non-critical variations.

Example 131: N (5-acetyl-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- (5-methyl-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2- yl) urea. Yield 74%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for Cl4Hl6N404S+H 337.0970, found 337.0966.

Example 132: N-(5-acetyl-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (5-methylisoxazol-3-yl) urea.

Yield 13%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C15Hl7N305+H 320.1246, found 320.1243.

Examples35 : N (2, 4-dimethoxy-5-nitrophenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl] urea.

1, 5-Difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (10. 1g, 49mmol) is added portion-wise to a solution sodium methoxide, prepared from sodium (2.6g, 113mmol) and 100mL MeOH. After 18h, the reaction is treated with water and CHC13. The pH is adjusted to pH 4 with conc. HC1. The mixture is extracted with CHC13, dried (MgS04), filtered and concentrated to provide 9.9g (88% yield) of 1, 5-dimethoxy-2,4- dinitrobenzene as a light yellow solid. MS (ESI) for C8H8N206 (M-H) nilz 228.

A solution of sodium polysulfide, prepared from sodium sulfide nonahydrate (13. 6g, 56.6mmol) and sulfur (3.4g, 106. 1mmol) in 60mL hot water is added dropwise to a suspension of 1, 5-dimethoxy-2,4-dinitrobenzene (9.9g, 43. 4mmol) in hot water.

The yellow suspension turns dark orange upon heating under reflux. After 3h, the water is removed. The residue is taken up in hot EtOAc and filtered. The solids are washed with hot EtOAc. The combined washes are concentrated and recrystallized from EtOH to provide 8. 1g of a dark solid that is an 8: 1 mixture of 2,4-dimethoxy-5- nitroaniline and 1, 5-dimethoxy-2,4-dinitrobenzene by 1H NMR. 1H NMR (DMSO,

400MHz) 8 7.28, 6.75, 4.87, 3.93, 3.87. The mixture of compounds is sufficiently pure for further use.

A solution of the mixture of 2, 4-dimethoxy-5-nitroaniline and 1,5-dimethoxy- 2,4-dinitrobenzene (l. Og, 5. 05mmol) in 135mL EtOAc is added to excess phosgene (lOmL, 20% solution in toluene) in 30mL EtOAc. After complete addition, the solution is heated under reflux for 30 min, cooled and concentrated itz vacuo. The residue is dissolved in EtOAc and the solvent is removed (twice). Heptane is added and the solvent is removed to afford 0.90g (80% yield) of 1-isocyanato-2, 4- dimethoxy-5-nitrobenzene as a dark gray-red solid sufficiently pure for further use.

'H NMR (CDC13, 400MHz) 8 7.72, 6.53, 4.05, 4.00. l-Isocyanato-2, 4-dimethoxy-5-nitrobenzene (0. 155g, 0. 76mmol), 5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine (0.128g, 0. 78mmol), a catalytic amount of DMAP (ca. 4mg) and four 5mm glass beads are placed in a 40mL vial equipped with a PTFE-lined cap and dissolved in 5mL THF. The mixture is heated at 50°C for 60h.

The solvent is removed by vigorous nitrogen flow. The resultant solid is purified by chromatography (Biotage 40S, 100% EtOAc) and then recrystallized from CH3CN to provide 98mg (33% yield) of Example 135. HRMS (FAB) calculated for CizHioFsNsOsS+H 394.0433, found 394.0440.

The following compounds are made from the corresponding aminoheterocycles according to the procedure of Example 135, making non-critical variations.

Example 136: N (2, 4-dimethoxy-5-nitrophenyl)-N- (5-methyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl) urea.

Yield 39%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for Cl3Hl4N4Oss+H 339.0763, found 339. 0757.

Example 137: N (2, 4-dimethoxy-5-nitrophenyl)-N- (5-methylisoxazol-3-yl) urea.

Yield 20%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for Cl3Hl4N406+H 323.0992, found 323.0997.

Example 140 : N-[2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-(2, 2,2-trifluoroethoxy) phenyl]-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl) -1,3, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea.

Sodium 2,2, 2-trifluoroethoxide, prepared from sodium (0.24g, 10. 5mmol) and 2,2, 2-trifluoroethanol, is added dropwise to solution of 1-chloro-5-fluoro-4-methyl-2- nitrobenzene (2. 0g, 9. 5mmol) dissolved 2,2, 2-trifluoroethanol. The mixture is heated at 83°C. After 2 days, the mixture is cooled to RT and 1M citric acid is added. The residue is extracted with EtOAc, dried (MgS04), filtered and concentrated. The

residue is a 2: 3 mixture of product : starting material by 1H NMR analysis. The mixture is reacted with NaH (0.28g, 7. 1mmol, 60% oil dispersion (disp. )) and 2,2, 2- trifluoroethanol (0. 51mL, 7. 1mmol) in DMF at 150°C. After 1 day, the mixture is cooled, diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, dried (MgS04), filtered and concentrated. The residue is purified by chromatography (Biotage 40M, 4: 1 hexanes/EtOAc) to provide 1. 37g (53% yield) of 1-chloro-4-methyl-2-nitro-5-(2, 2,2-trifluoroethoxy) benzene. MS (ESI) for CgH7ClF3NO3 (M+H) + into 270.0.

1-Chloro-4-methyl-2-nitro-5-(2, 2,2-trifluoroethoxy) benzene (0.87g, 3.2mmol) is reacted with NaH (0.14g, 3.6mmol, 60% oil disp. ) and MeOH (0. 14mL, 3.6mmol) in DMF at 150°C. After 18 h, the mixture is cooled, diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, dried (MgS04), filtered and concentrated. The residue is purified by chromatography (Biotage 40S, 5% EtOAc/hexanes) and recrystallized from hexanes/EtOAc to provide 0. 35g (40% yield) of 1-methoxy-4-methyl-2-nitro-5- (2, 2,2-trifluoroethoxy) benzene.

MS (ESI) for CloHIoF3N04 (M+H) + m/z 266.0. l-Methoxy-4-methyl-2-nitro-5-(2, 2,2-trifluoroethoxy) benzene (0.27g, l. Ommol) and a catalytic amount of 10% Pd/C are mixed in EtOH/EtOAc and shaken on a Parr hydrogenator apparatus in the presence of 40 psi H2. After the reaction is complete, the mixture is filtered through a pad of Celite and the solvent is removed in vacuo to afford 0.24g (99% yield) of 2-methoxy-5-methyl-4- (2, 2,2- trifluoroethoxy) aniline. MS (ESI) for C9H9C1F3NO (M+H) + lll/z 236.1.

2-Methoxy-5-methyl-4- (2, 2,2-trifluoroethoxy) aniline (0.24g, 1. Ommol), dissolved in EtOAc, is added dropwise to excess phosgene (4.3mL, 20% solution in toluene) dissolved in EtOAc. The solution is heated under reflux for 30 min, cooled and concentrated in vacuum to provide 0.26g (98% yield) of 1-isocyanato-2-methoxy-5- methyl-4- (2, 2, 2-trifluoroethoxy) benzene. 1H NMR (CDC13, 400MHz) 8 6.82, 6.40, 4.46-4. 40,3. 82,2. 12. Example 140 is obtained from 1-isocyanato-2-methoxy-5- methyl-4- (2, 2,2-trifluoroethoxy) benzene and 5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- amine according to Method A, making non-critical changes. Yield 7.5%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C14Hl2F6N403S+H 431.0612, found 431.0620.

Examples41 : N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (2-methyl-1, 3-thiazol-5-yl) urea.

Ethyl dithioacetate (5.24g, 0. 044mol) and aminoacetonitrile hydrogensulfate (7.4g, 0. 048mol) are dissolved in EtOH. The pH is adjusted to pH 9 with NaOH. The reaction is stirred at RT for 24h, then heated under reflux. After 8h, the reaction is cooled, diluted with aqueous NaOH and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are dried (MgS04), filtered and concentrated. The residue is purified by chromatography (Biotage 40M, EtOAc) to provide 1.04g of 5-amino-2- methylthiazole. MS (ESI) for C4H6N2S (M+H) + rnlz 115. Example 141 is obtained from 5-chloro-2,4-dimethoxyphenyl isocyanate and 5-amino-2-methylthiazole according to Method A, making non-critical variations. Yield 17%. HRMS (FAB) calcd for Cl3Hl4ClN303S+H 328.0522, found 328.0528.

Example 142: N- (2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol- 2-yl] urea.

2-Methoxy-4-nitrophenyl isocyanate (0.19 g, 1 mmol), 2-amino-5- trifluoromethyl-1, 3,4-thiadiazole (0.17g, 1 mmol), and a catalytic amount of DMAP (2-5 mg) are dissolved in THF (5 mL) and heated at 50°C for 48 h. The solvent is removed with a stream of nitrogen and the solid recrystallized (CH3CN) to give the product as an off-white solid (0.28g, 77% yield). HRMS calcd for CllH8F3N504S+H 364.0327 found 364.0341.

Examples43 : N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N'- (2, 4,5- trimethoxyphenyl) urea.

Sodium (0.26g, 11.5 mmol) is added in small portions to MeOH (25 mL). The solution of NaOMe is added to 4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxynitrobenzene (2.27g, 10.4 mmol) in MeOH (50 mL) at 0°C. The reaction is refluxed for 48 h, cooled to RT and quenched with 1M citric acid (50 mL) and H20 (50 mL). The MeOH is removed under reduced pressure and the aqueous is extracted with EtOAc (3 X 50 mL), dried (MgS04), and the solvent is removed. The product is purified by Biotage Flash Chromatography (40M) using 30% EtOAc: hexanes as the eluent to give starting material (1.41 g) and 2,4, 5-trimethoxynitrobenzene (0.80 g, 95% based on recovered starting material) as a yellow solid.

2,4, 5-Trimethoxynitrobenzene (0.44g, 2.1 mmol) is dissolved in minimal EtOAc (5 mL) and diluted with EtOH (50 mL). 10% Pd/C catalyst is added as a

slurry in EtOAc and the mixture put on the Parr apparatus in the presence of Ha (45 psi to 33 psi) for 0.5h. The reaction mixture is filtered over celite to remove the catalyst and the solvent is removed to give 2,4, 5-trimethoxyaniline (0.34g, 86% yield) as a light pink solid.

2,4, 5-Trimethoxyaniline (0.33g, 1.8 mmol) is added dropwise as a solution in EtOAc (25 mL) to phosgene (7.6 mL, 20% in toluene) in EtOAc (50 mL). After complete addition, the reaction is heated under reflux for 0.5 h. The reaction is cooled to RT and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure to give l-isocyanato-2, 4,5- trimethoxybenzene (0.37g, 99% yield) as a light brown solid. Example 143 is obtained using the isocyanate according to Method A making non-critical variations.

Yield 44%. HRMS calcd for C13Hl3F3N404S+H 379.0688 found 379.0695.

Example 144: N- [4-methoxy-2- (methylthio) phenyl]-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl] urea.

Sodium thiomethoxide (0.75g, 10.7 mmol) is added dropwise as a solution in MeOH (25 mL) to 5-chloro-2-fluoronitrobenzene (1.9g, 10.7 mmol) in MeOH (50 mL) at RT. The yellow-green solution is stirred for 2 h and then quenched with 1M citric acid (50 mL). The MeOH is removed and the residue is dissolved in EtOAc (50 mL) and washed with 1M citric acid (50 mL), 0.5M NaOH (50 mL), and brine (50 mL). The organics are separated, dried (MgS04), and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure to give 4-chloro-2-thiomethylnitrobenzene (2.2g, 100% yield) as a yellow solid.

Sodium (0.25g, 10.7 mmol) is added in small portions to MeOH (25 mL). The solution of NaOMe is then added to 4-chloro-2-thiomethylnitrobenzene (2.2g, 10.7 mmol) in MeOH (50 mL) at RT. The reaction is heated under reflux for 24 h and cooled to RT. A second equivalent of NaOMe is added and the reaction is heated under reflux for an additional 6 h. The reaction is quenched with 1M citric acid (50 mL) and H20 (50 mL). The MeOH is removed under reduced pressure and the aqueous is extracted with EtOAc (3 X 50 mL), dried (MgS04), and the solvent is removed. A 1: 1 mixture of product : starting material remained. The material is dissolved in DMF (50 mL) and NaH (0.65 eq, 60% oil disp. ) and MeOH (0.65 eq) are added and the reaction is heated to reflux for 24 h. The work up is repeated to give 4- methoxy-2- (methylthio)-l-nitrobenzene (91.8g, 85% yield) as a dark yellow solid.

4-Methoxy-2- (methylthio)-l-nitrobenzene is dissolved in minimal EtOAc (5 mL) and diluted with EtOH (50 mL). 10% Pd/C catalyst is added as a slurry in EtOAc and the mixture put on the Parr apparatus in the presence of H2 (44 psi to 32 psi) for 0.5h. The reaction mixture is filtered over Celite to remove the catalyst and the solvent is removed to give 4-methoxy-2- (methylthio) aniline (0.26G, 61% yield) as an orange oil.

4-Methoxy-2- (methylthio) aniline (0.26g, 1.5 mmol) is added dropwise as a solution in EtOAc (25 mL) to phosgene (13.0 mL, 20% solution in toluene) in EtOAc (50 mL). After complete addition, the reaction is heated under reflux for 0.5h. The reaction is cooled to RT and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure to give 1- isocyanato-4-methoxy-2- (methylthio) benzene (0.29g, 97% yield) as a brown oil.

Example 144 is obtained using the isocyanate according to Method A, making non- critical variations. Yield 55%. HRMS calcd for Cl2HmF3N402S2+H 365.0354 found 365.0347.

Example 145: N- (4-1 [ (IR)-l-methylpropyl] oxylphenyl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)- 1,3, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea.

(R)- (-)-2-Butanol (0.75mL, 8.1 mmol) is added dropwise to NaH (0.33g, 8.1 mmol, 60% oil disp. ) in DMF (100 mL) at RT and stirred for 0.5h. 4- Fluoronitrobenzene (0.96g, 6.8 mmol) is added and the solution is heated under reflux for 6 h and cooled to RT. The reaction mixture is diluted with H2O (100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3 X 50 mL). The organics are separated, washed with H20 (50 mL), and brine (50 mL), dried (MgS04), and the solvent is removed to give (1R)-1- methylpropyl 4-nitrophenyl ether (0.95g, 71 % yield) as a yellow oil.

(lR)-l-Methylpropyl 4-nitrophenyl ether (0. 51g, 2.6 mmol) is dissolved in minimal EtOAc (5 mL) and diluted with EtOH (50 mL). 10% Pd/C catalyst is added as a slurry in EtOAc and the mixture put on the Parr apparatus in the presence of H2 (45 psi to 32 psi) for 0.5h. The reaction mixture is filtered over Celite to remove the catalyst and the solvent is removed to give 4-{ [(lR)-l-methylpropyl] oxy} aniline (90. 41g, 96% yield) as a brown oil.

4-{ [(lR)-l-methylpropyl] oxy} aniline (0.41g, 2.5 mmol) is added dropwise as a solution in EtOAc (25 mL) to phosgene (10 mL, 20% solution in toluene) in EtOAc (50 mL). After complete addition, the reaction is heated to reflux for 0.5 h. The

reaction is cooled to RT and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure to give 1- isocyanato-4-{ [(lR)-l-methylpropyl] oxy} benzene (0.48g, 99% yield) as a purple oil.

Example 145 is obtained using the isocyanate according to Method A, making non- critical variations. Yield 30%. HRMS calcd for C14Hl5F3N402S+H 361.0946 found 361.0941.

Example 146: N- [4- (allyloxy) phenyl]-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl] urea.

Allyl bromide (1.2 mL, 14.4 mmol) is added dropwise to a solution of 4- nitrophenol (2. 0g, 14.4 mmol) and K2CO3 (2. 0g, 14.4 mmol) in CH3CN at RT. The reaction is heated to 80°C for 3 h and the solids are filtered and washed with EtOAc.

The filtrate is concentrated and the residue dissolved in EtOAc and washed with 10% KOH (20 mL) and H20 (2 X 20 mL), dried (MgS04), and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure to give 1- (allyloxy)-4-nitrobenzene (2.5g, 98% yield) as a tan oil.

1- (Allyloxy)-4-nitrobenzene (0.55g, 3.1 mmol), iron powder (2.5g, 44.8 mmol), and AcOH (0.1 mL) are stirred in H20 (20 mL) at 85°C for 0.5 h. The mixture is neutralized with 2M Na2CO3. The mixture is filtered and then the filtrate is extracted with EtOAc (3 X 50 mL), dried (MgS04) and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The product is isolated from the remaining starting material by Biotage Flash Chromatography (40S) using 30% EtOAc/hexanes as the eluent to give 4- (allyloxy) aniline (0.28g, 60% yield) as a brown oil.

4- (Allyloxy) aniline (0.28g, 1.9 mmol) is added dropwise as a solution in EtOAc (25 mL) to phosgene (8 mL, 20% solution in toluene) in EtOAc (50 mL).

After complete addition, the reaction is heated under reflux for 0.5 h. The reaction is cooled to RT and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure to give 1-isocyanato- 4- (allyloxy) aniline (0.30, 91 % yield) as a brown oil. Example 146 is obtained using the isocyanate according to Method A, making non-critical variations. Yield 24%.

HRMS calcd for Cl3HllF3N402S+H 345.0633 found 345.0637.

Examples47 : N- (4-propoxyphenyl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl] urea.

1- (Allyloxy)-4-nitrobenzene (0.51g, 2.9 mmol) is dissolved in EtOH (50 mL), 10% Pd/C catalyst is added as a slurry in EtOAc and the mixture put on the Parr apparatus in the presence of H2 (38 psi to 20 psi) for 0.5h. The reaction mixture is filtered over Celite to remove the catalyst and the solvent is removed to give the 4- propyloxyaniline (423 mg, 98% yield) as a brown oil.

4-Propyloxyaniline (0.42g, 2.8 mmol) is added dropwise as a solution in EtOAc (25 mL) to phosgene (11.8 mL, 20% solution in toluene) in EtOAc (50 mL).

After complete addition, the reaction is heated under reflux for 0.5 h. The reaction is cooled to RT and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure to give 1-isocyanato- 4-propyloxybenzene (0.49g, 99% yield) as a brown oil. Example 147 is obtained using the isocyanate according to Method A, making non-critical variations. Yield 8%. HRMS calcd for C13Hl3F3N402S+H 347.0789 found 347.0786.

Examples48 : N- (2-ethoxypyridin-3-yl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl] urea.

Sodium (0.17g, 7.2 mmol) is added in small portions to EtOH (25 mL). The solution of NaOEt is added to 2-chloro-3-nitropyridine (l. Og, 6.6 mmol) in EtOH (50 mL) at RT. The reaction is heated to 75°C for 1 h, cooled to RT and quenched with 1M citric acid (50 mL) and H20 (50 mL). The EtOH is removed under reduced pressure and the aqueous is extracted with EtOAc (3 X 30 mL), dried (MgS04), and the solvent is removed to give 2-ethoxy-3-nitropyridine (1.06g, 96% yield) as an orange oil.

The 2-ethoxy-3-nitropyridine (1.05 g, 6.3 mmol) is dissolved in minimal EtOAc (5 mL) and diluted with EtOH (50 mL). 10% Pd/C catalyst is added as a slurry in EtOAc and the mixture put on the Parr apparatus in the presence of H2 (40 psi to 11 psi) for 0.5h. The reaction mixture is filtered over Celite to remove the catalyst and the solvent is removed to give 2-ethoxypyridin-3-amine (0.82 g, 95% yield) as a tan oil.

2-Ethoxypyridin-3-amine (0.21 g, 1.5 mmol) is added dropwise as a solution in EtOAc (25 mL) to phosgene (6 mL, 20% solution in toluene) in EtOAc (50 mL).

After complete addition, the reaction is heated under reflux for 0.5 h. The reaction is cooled to RT and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure to give 2-ethoxy-3- isocyanatopyridine (0.24 g, 98% yield) as a tan oil. Example 148 is obtained using the

isocyanate according to Method A, making non-critical variations. Yield 26%.

HRMS calcd for CllHloF3NsO2S+H 334.0585 found 334.0580.

Example 149 : N- (4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [4- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3-thiazol-2- yl] urea.

4-(Trifluoromethyl)-1, 3-thiazol-2-amine (0.1117 g, 0.664 mmol) is prepared from thiourea and 3-bromo-1, 1, 1-trifluoroacetone by the procedure described in Biotechnology and Bioengineering (Combirzatorial Chemistry), 2000, 71 (1), 9. The free base is obtained by the procedure described in the preparation of N-(4-ethyl-1, 3- thiazol-2-yl)-N'- (4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl) urea). The free base and DMAP (0.0041 g) are dissolved in THF (3 mL). 4-Methoxy-2-methylphenylisocyanate (0.097 mL, 0.108 g, 0.664 mmol) is added and the reaction mixture is stirred at 50°C under N2 for 6 days. The reaction mixture is cooled to RT and concentrated. The residue is taken up in CH2C12 and insoluble N, N'-bis (4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl) urea (0.0334 g) is collected by filtration. The filtrate is concentrated and the residue is chromatographed (SiO2, 8: 1 CHCl3 : EtOAc) to yield Example 149 (0.0791 g) in 36% yield. MS (ESI+) for C13Hl2F3N302S nz/z 332.1 (M+H) +.

Examples50 : N- (4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- (3-phenyl-1, 2,4-thiadiazol-5- yl) urea.

5-Amino-3-phenyl-1, 2,4-thiadiazole (0.177 g, 1 mmol) is dissolved in THF (4 mL) in a teflon capped vial. DMAP (0.0060 g) and 4-methoxy-2- methylphenylisocyanate (0.163 g, 1 mmol) are added. The vial is placed in an orbital shaker at 50°C for 16 h. After cooling to RT, the crude product is purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC (eluent: CH3CN and 0.05% HCOOH/H20 ; column: Kromasil C18) to yield Example 150 (0.0140 g) in 4% yield. MS (ESI+) for ClHIgN4O2S n ? IZ 341.3 (M+H) +.

Example 151 : N- (5-ethyl-4-phenyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl)-N'- (4-methoxy-2- methylphenyl) urea.

5-Ethyl-4-phenyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-amine hydrochloride hydrate (0.0958 g, 0.398 mmol) is partitioned between EtOAc and 1N NaOH. The layers are separated and the organic layer is dried (MgS04), filtered and concentrated to yield crude 5-ethyl-4- phenyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-amine (0.074 g, 0.362 mmol). The crude free base is dissolved

in THF (3 mL) in a teflon capped vial. DMAP (0.0020 g) and 4-methoxy-2- methylphenylisocyanate (0. 0530 mL, 0.0590 g, 0.362 mmol) are added. The vial is placed in an orbital shaker at 50°C for 16 h. After cooling to RT, the solvent is removed. The crude is dissolved in a small amount of EtOAc and the crystalline product is collected by filtration, washed with a small amount of EtOAc and dried under vacuum to yield Example 151 (0.100 g) in 75% yield. MS (ESI+) for C20H21N302S only 368.3 (M+H) +.

Example 152: N- (4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] urea.

N- (4-Hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] urea (from 4- amino-3-methylphenol and 1-isocyanato-3- (trifluoromethyl) benzene) is prepared following the Method A, making non-critical modifications. The resulting residue is diluted with MeOH (10 ml) and DOWEX 50WX2-400 ion-exchange resin (1.5 g) is added; the mixture is allowed to spin submerged in a water bath (35-40°C) for 20 min, is filtered, and the resin washed with MeOH. The product is liberated from the resin by treatment with a solution of 20% NH4OH/MeOH. The basic alcohol washes are concentrated in vacuo to give an off white solid, which is triturated with EtOAc/CH2Cl2 to give an off white solid 0.085 g (34% yield). HRMS (ESI) calcd for ClsHi3N202F3+H 311.1007, found 311.1002.

Example 153: N- (4-hydroxyphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] urea.

N- (4-Hydroxyphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] urea (from 4- aminophenol and 1-isocyanato-3- (trifluoromethyl) benzene) is prepared by following Method A, making non-critical modifications. The resulting residue is triturated with EtOAc/CH2Cl2 to afford an off white solid 0.102 g (56% yield). HRMS (ESI) calcd for Cl4HuF3N202+H 297. 0851, found 297.0849.

Examples54 : N- [2-methyl-4- (methylthio) phenyl]-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] urea.

To a solution of 3-fluoro-2-nitrotoluene (1.0 g, 6.45 mmol) in DMSO (45 ml) is added sodium thiomethoxide (0.904 g, 12.9 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at 80°C for 4 h. The mixture is diluted with H20 extracted with EtOAc, and the combined organic layers are dried (MgS04), filtered, and concentrated under vacuum.

The residue is purified by silica gel chromatography (40% CH2C12/hexane) to give a yellow solid 0.88 g (74% yield). HRMS (EI) calcd for C8H9NO2S 183.0358, found 183.0354.

A solution of 2-methyl-4- (methylthio)-1-nitrobenzene (0.20 g, 1.08 mmol) in EtOH (50 ml)/EtOAc (20 ml) is hydrogenated at RT and 40 psi, in the presence of 10% Pd-C (0.081 g, 0.076 mmol). The suspension is filtered through cellulose and washed with EtOH. The solution is concentrated under vacuum to give brown oil 0.16 g (96% yield). This compound is used without further purification in the next step. HRMS (ESI) calcd for C8HnNS+H 154.0690, found 154.0685.

N- [2-methyl-4- (methylthio) phenyl]-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] urea (from 2-methyl-4- (methylthio) aniline and 1-isocyanato-3- (trifluoromethyl) benzene) is prepared by following Method A, making non-critical modifications. The resulting residue is triturated with CH2C12 to afford an off white solid 0.047 g (24% yield).

HRMS (ESI) calcd for Cl6HlsN2osF3+H 341.0935, found 341.0948.

Example 155: N- (2-ethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] urea.

To the solution of 5-hydroxy-2-nitrobenzaldehyde (0.3 g, 1.8 mmol) in DMF (5.0 ml) are added Cs2CO3 (1.17 g, 3.6 mmol) and benzyl bromide (0.46 g, 2.7 mmol).

The reaction mixture is stirred overnight at RT. The mixture is diluted with H20 extracted with EtOAc, and the combined organic layers are dried (MgS04), filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue is triturated with hexane to give a yellow solid 0.335 g (72% yield). MS (ESI+) for Ci4HnN04 258.1 (M+H) +.

To a suspension of methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (0.51 g, 1. 4mmol) in THF (5.0 ml) is added potassium tert-butoxide (0.15 g, 1.3 mmol) and the mixture is stirred at RT for 30 min. The solution of 5- (benzyloxy)-2-nitrobenzaldehyde (0.335 g, 1.3 mmol) in THF (2.0 ml) is slowly added to the reaction mixture, which is stirred at RT for additional 2 hr. The solids are filtered and the filtrate is concentrated to give a brown oil, which is purified by silica gel chromatography (10% EtOAc/n-heptane) to afford a yellow oil 0.268 g (81% yield). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) õ 8. 09,7. 42, 7.35, 7.14, 6.98, 5.72, 5.67, 5.21.

Step 3

A solution of 4-(benzyloxy)-1-nitro-2-vinylbenzene (0.215 g, 0.84 mmol) in EtOH (50 ml)/EtOAc (50 ml) is hydrogenated at RT and 40 psi, in the presence of 10% Pd-C (0.063 g, 0.059 mmol). The suspension is filtered through cellulose and washed with EtOH. The resulting residue is triturated with CHzClz to afford a brown solid 0.066 g (57% yield). MS (ESI+) for C8H11NO m/z 138.1 (M+H) +.

N- (2-Ethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] urea (from 4- amino-3-ethylphenol and 1-isocyanato-3- (trifluoromethyl) benzene) is prepared by following Method A, making non-critical modifications. The resulting residue is purified by silica gel chromatography (50% EtOAc/n-heptane) followed by recrystallization from EtOAc/n-heptane to give a white solid 0.07 g (46% yield).

HRMS (ESI) calcd for C16Hl5N202F3+H 325.1164, found 325.1170.

Example 156 : N- (4-amino-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] urea.

N- (2-Methyl-4-nitrophenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] urea (from 3- (trifluoromethyl) aniline and 1-isocyanato-2-methyl-4-nitrobenzene) is prepared by following the Method A, making non-critical modifications. The resulting solid is crystallized from CH3CN to give a yellow solid 0.52 g (55% yield). MS (ESI-) for C15Hl2F3N303 nilz 338.1 (M-H)-.

Example 156 (from N- (2-methyl-4-nitrophenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] urea) is prepared by following Step 3 of Example 155, making non-critical modifications. The solution is concentrated under vacuum to give an off white solid 0.2 g (74% yield). HRMS (ESI) calcd for C15H14N30F3+H 310. 1167, found 310. 1177.

Example 157: N- (4-methoxyphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] urea.

Example 157 (from 4-methoxyaniline and 1-isocyanato-3- (trifluoromethyl) benzene) is prepared by following Method A, making non-critical modifications. The resulting residue is triturated with CH2C12 to afford a white solid 0.211 g (84% yield). HRMS (ESI) calcd for Cl5Hl3N202F3+H 311.1007, found 311.1010 Example 158 : N- (5-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] urea.

Example 158 (from 3-amino-4-methylphenol and 1-isocyanato-3- (trifluoromethyl) benzene) is prepared by following the Method A, making non-critical modifications. The residue is triturated with CH2C12 to afford a white solid 0.054 g (21% yield). HRMS (ESI) calcd for C15Hl3N202F3+H 311.1007, found 311.1013.

Example 159: N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- [4- (trifluoromethyl)-1H- pyrazol-1-yl] urea.

3,3, 3-Trifluoropropionic (5.64 g, 44.1 mmol) is combined with chloromethylene dimethyl ammonium chloride (11.45 g, 96.6 mmol) in 42 mL 1,2- dichloroethane, is warmed to 75°C, and is stirred for 5 hrs under N2. The reaction mixture is cooled, and volatiles removed in vacuo overnight to afford 10.82g of the intermediate, which is then combined with hydrazine monohydrate (2.72 mL, 1.2 eq) in 145 mL CH3CN, and allowed to stir for 1 hr. TFA (5.03 mL, 3 eq) is added to reaction mixture, which is then warmed to 70°C, and stirred for 1.5 hr under N2. The reaction mixture is cooled, and concentrated in vacuo, and partitioned between 30 mL H20 and 30 mL EtOAc. NaHC03 (3.6 g) is added to the vigorously stirring mixture.

The layers are then separated and the aqueous layer is washed (x 3) using EtOAc.

Organics are combined and concentrated. Product is chromatographed (Biotage 40+S) using 20% EtOAc in hexanes. Appropriate fractions are concentrated in vacuo at R. T. (to discourage sublimation) to afford 1.75 g (29% yield) of 4- (trifluoromethyl)- 1H-pyrazol-l-amine a light yellow solid. Anal. Calcd for C4H3F3N2: C, 35.31 ; H, 2.22 ; N, 20.59. Found: C, 35.34 ; H, 2.40 ; N, 20.55.

4- (Trifluoromethyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-amine (0.68 g, 5 mmol) is added to a stirring solution of hydroxyamine-o-sulfonic acid (0.679g, 6 mmol) in 20 mL 12N NaOH, and stirred overnight. The reaction mixture is extracted and washed (3x) with Et20. The organic layers are combined, dried (MgS04), and concentrated to afford 0.38g of 4- (trifluoromethyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-amine as a yellow oil.

4- (Trifluoromethyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-amine (154 mg, 1 mmol) is combined with 5-chloro-2,4-dimethoxyphenylisocyanate (213 mg, 1 mmol) in 8 mL THF, to which 5 mg DMAP is added. The reaction mixture is allowed to stir at RT for 2 days, and then concentrated to a brown solid and chromatographed (Biotage 25+S) using 50% EtOAc in hexanes to afford 66 mg (21% yield) of Example 159 as a white solid. MS (ED nVz : 364 (M) +.

Example 160: N- (4-bromo-lH-pyrazol-1-yl)-N'- (5-chloro-2, 4- dimethoxyphenyl) urea. Yield 26%. HRMS (FAB) calcd for Cl2Hl2BrClN403 373.9782, found 373.9783.

Example 161 : N- (4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] thiourea.

The crude product is triturated with CH2Cl2/hexane to give an off white solid 0.160 g. Yield 65%. HRMS (ESI) calcd for Cl6Hl5F3N2OS+H 341.0935, found 341.0924.

Example 162: N- (4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] thiourea.

N- (4-Hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] thiourea (from 4-amino-3-methylphenol and 1-isothiocyanato-3- (trifluoromethyl) benzene) is prepared by following Method A, making non-critical modifications. The resulting residue is triturated with CH2C12 to afford an off white solid 0.192 g (72% yield).

HRMS (ESI) calcd for C15Hl3F3N20S+H 327.0779, found 327.0793.

Method B Example 200: N- (2, 4-dimethoxy-5-methylphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazol-5- yl] urea.

2,4-Dimethoxy-5-methylaniline (0.22 g, 1.3 mmol) is added dropwise as a solution in EtOAc (25 mL) to a phosgene solution (5.6 mL, 20% solution in toluene) in EtOAc (50 mL). After complete addition, the reaction is heated under reflux for 0.5 h. The reaction is cooled to RT and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure to give l-isocyanato-2, 4-dimethoxy-5-methylbenzene as a light brown solid (0.25 g, 98% yield).

Sodium hydride (44 mg, 1.1 mmol, 60% oil disp. ) is added to 3- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazole-5-amine (0.17g, 1.1 mmol) in THF (5 mL) at 0°C. After 0.5 h, a THF solution (5 mL) of l-isocyanato-2, 4-dimethoxy-5-methylbenzene (0.19g, 1.0 mmol) is added dropwise. The reaction is warmed to RT. After 2h, concentrated HC1 is added until the pH<5 and the solvent is removed. The crude material is

purified by chromatography (Biotage 40S, 1: 1 EtOAc: hexanes). The solid is recrystallized (EtOAc/hexanes) to give Example 200 as an off-white solid (135 mg, 39% yield). HRMS calcd for C14Hl4F3N304+H 346.1014 found 346.1016.

The following compounds are made from an aminoheterocycle, an aryl isocyanate or aryl isothiocyanate and a base according to Method B, making non- critical variations.

Example201 : N- (4-ethoxyphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazol-5-yl] urea. Yield 16%. HRMS calcd for C13Hl2F3N303+H 316.0909 found 316.0921.

Example202 : N- (2-ethoxyphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazol-5-yl] urea. Yield 27%. HRMS calcd for Cl3Hl2F3N303+H 316.0909 found 316.0913.

Example203 : N- (2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazol-5-yl] urea.

Yield 34%. HRMS calcd for C13Hl2F3N304+H 332.0858 found 332.0851.

Example 204: N- (2, 6-dimethoxypyridin-3-yl)-N'- (3-methylisoxazol-5-yl) urea. Yield 2%. HRMS calcd for Cl2Hl4N404+H 279.1093 found 279.1081.

Example205 : N- (5-fluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (3-methylisoxazol-5-yl) urea.

Yield 23%. HRMS calcd for C13Hl4FN304+H 296.1046 found 296.1045.

Example206 : N- (2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (3-methylisoxazol-5-yl) urea. Yield 66%. HRMS calcd for Cl3Hl5N304+H 278.1140 found 278.1152.

Example 207: N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazol-5- yl] thiourea. Yield 34%. HRMS calcd for Cl3HllClF3N303S+H 382.0240 found 382.0247.

Example 208: N- (5-chloro-2, 4-diethoxyphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazol-5- yl] urea. Prepared according to Method B, except using KHMDS instead of NaH.

Yield 29%. HRMS calcd for ClsHlsclF3N3o4+H 394.0781 found 394.0787.

Example 209: N- (4-methoxy-2-nitrophenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazol-5- yl] urea. Prepared according to Method B, except using NaHMDS instead of NaH.

Yield 25%. HRMS calcd for C12H9F3N405+H 346.0525 found 346.0526.

Example 210 : N- (4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [4- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3-thiazol-2- yl] thiourea.

To a mixture of 4- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3-thiazol-2-amine (0.200 g, 1.19 mmol) and l-isothiocyanato-4-methoxy-2-methylbenzene (0.213 g, 1.19 mmol) in THF (6.0

ml) is added NaH 60% oil disp. (0.047 g, 1.19 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at 50°C for 2 hr. The mixture is neutralized with 0. 1M HC1, extracted with CH2C12 (3 x 20 ml), and the combined organic layers are dried (MgS04), filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue is triturated with CH2Cl2/hexane to afford an off white solid 0.198 g (48% yield). HRMS (ESI) calcd for Cl3Hl2F3N30S2+H 348.0452, found 348.0450.

Example 211: N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl] thiourea.

To a mixture of 2-amino-5-methyl-1, 3,4-thiadiazole (0.19 g, 1.1 mmol) in 12 mL of a 1: 1 THF/CH2C12 solvent mixture is added NaH (44 mg, 1.1 mmol, 60% oil disp. ). The mixture is stirred at rt for 20 min and then 5-chloro-2,4-dimethoxyphenyl isothiocyanate (0.25 g, 1.1 mmol) is added and the reaction stirred at 50°C for 16 h.

After cooling to rt, the mixture is treated with 5 drops (ca. 0.25 mL) of 0.1 N HC1.

Water and CH2C12 (20 mL each) are added and the layers separated. The aqueous layer is extracted with CH2C12 (2 X 20 mL). The combined organic layers are dried (MgS04), filtered, and concentrated. The crude product is subjected to flash chromatography (EtOAc: hexane gradient) to give Example 211. lu NMR (400 MHz, d6-DMSO) 8 8.69-8. 73,8. 06-8.23, 7.30, 6.61, 3.99, 3.94.

Example 212: N- (5-fluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl] thiourea.

A solution of 2,4-dimethoxy-5-fluoroaniline (0.70 g, 4.1 mmol) in 50 mL of EtOAc is cooled to 0°C and treated dropwise with thiophosgene (2.8 mL, 37 mmol).

The solution is stirred at 0°C for 2 h. The mixture is concentrated to give 5-fluoro- 2,4-dimethoxyphenyl isothiocyanate, which is immediately used without further purification.

To a mixture of 2-amino-5-methyl-1, 3,4-thiadiazole (0.69 g, 4.1 mmol) in 40 mL of THF is added NaH (160 mg, 4.1 mmol, 60% oil disp. ). The mixture is stirred at rt for 20 min. 5-Fluoro-2,4-dimethoxyphenyl isothiocyanate (0.87 g, 4.1 mmol) is then added and the reaction mixture is stirred at 50°C for 16 h. After cooling to rt, the mixture is treated with 5 drops (ca. 0.25 mL) of 0. 1N HC1. Water and CH2C12 are added and the layers separated. The aqueous layer is extracted with CH2C12. The

combined organic layers are dried (MgS04), filtered, and concentrated. The crude product is purified by flash column chromatography (EtOAc: hexane gradient) to give Example 212. lu NMR (400 MHz, d6-DMSO) 8 9.90-9. 97,8. 07,7. 63-7.75, 6.93, 3.90, 3.86.

Example 213 : N- [2-methoxy-4- (2-methoxyethoxy) phenyl]-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)- 1,3, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea.

To a cooled solution (~0°C) of 2-methoxyethanol (0.8 mL) in CH2C12 (50 mL) and TEA (2 mL) is added dropwise methanesulfonyl chloride (1.3 mL). After 5 min, the bath is removed and the reaction mixture allowed to warm to RT and stir for 1 hour at which point it is washed with 1.0 N NaOH, brine, dried (MgS04), and concentrated to give an oil. Yield quantitative. MS (ESI+) for C4H1004S nilz 155.1 (M+H) +.

To a solution of 2-methoxyethyl methanesulfonate (1.54 g) in 2-butanone (150 mL) is added cesium carbonate (6.50 g) and 3-fluoro-4-nitrophenol (1.52 g). The resulting mixture is refluxed for 19 hours, cooled, filtered, concentrated, and purified using silica gel chromatography (EtOAc/Heptanes). Yield 98%.'H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 8 7. 95,6. 82,6. 67, 4.25, 3.92, 3.68, 3.33, 3. 31.

To a mixture of 2-methoxy-4- (2-methoxyethoxy)-1-nitrobenzene (2.0 g), 10% Pd/C (1.0 g) in MeOH (200 mL) is added conc. HC1 (1.8 g). The resulting mixture is shaken at 40 psi H2 for 15 minutes. The mixture is filtered and crystallized from EtOH/Et2O to give 2-methoxy-4- (2-methoxyethoxy) aniline hydrochloride. Yield 76%. MS (ESI+) for CloHlNO3 m/z 198.1 (M+H) +.

Example 156 (from 2-methoxy-4- (2-methoxyethoxy) aniline hydrochloride and 2-isocyanato-5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazole) is prepared using Method B.

Yield 50%. HRMS (ESI) calcd for Cl4Hl5N404SF3+H 393.0844, found 393.0838.

Example 214 : N- (4-ethoxy-2-nitrophenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazol-5- yl] thiourea.

To a solution of 3- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazol-5-amine (0.77 g) in DMF (10 mL) is added NaH (60% oil disp. ). The resulting mixture is stirred for 20 min and then 4- ethoxy-l-isothiocyanato-2-nitrobenzene (see Dyson, G. M.; George, H. J.; Hunter, R.

F. J. Chem. Soc. 1927,436-445) (0.22 g) is added. The resulting mixture is stirred

for 30 min, concentrated to dryness, taken-up in EtOAc, washed with brine, and purified utilizing preparatory HPLC. Yield 9%. HRMS (EI) calcd for Ci3HnF3N404S 376.0453, found 376.0450.

Example 215 : N- (4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [4- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3-thiazol-2- yl] thiourea.

To a solution of 4-isothiocyanato-3-methylphenol (0.3 g, 1.82 mmol) and imidazole (0.132 g, 1.92 mmol) in DMF (3.5 ml) is added tert- butyl (chloro) dimethylsilane (0.289 g, 1.92 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at RT overnight. The mixture is diluted with H20, extracted with EtOAc, and the combined organic layers are dried (MgS04), filtered, and concentrated under vacuum.

The residue is purified by silica gel chromatography (40% CH2Cl2/hexane) to give tert-butyl (4-isothiocyanato-3-methylphenoxy) dimethylsilane as a clear oil 0.45 g (89% yield). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) 8 6.85, 6.48, 6.43, 2.13, 0.78, 0.01.

N- {2-Methyl-4- [ 1-methyl-1- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxy] phenyl}-N'- [4- (trifluoromethyl) -1,3-thiazol-2-yl] urea (from tert-butyl (4-isothiocyanato-3- methylphenoxy) dimethylsilane and 4- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3-thiazole-2-amine) is prepared by following Method B making non-critical modifications (0.64 g, 1.43 mmol). This is carried directly into the next step.

N- (4- { [tert-butyl (dimethyl) silyl] oxy}-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [4- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl] thiourea (0.64 g, 1.43 mmol) is dissolved in THF (7.0 ml) and 1. OM solution of tetra-butyl ammonium fluoride (4.3 ml, 4.29 mmol) is added. The reaction mixture is stirred at RT for lhr. The mixture is diluted with Ha0 extracted with CH2C12, and the combined organic layers are dried (MgS04), filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue is triturated to give Example 215 as an off white solid 0.116 g (24% yield). HRMS (ESI) calcd for Cl2HloN3OS2F3+H 334.0295, found 334.0300.

Method C Example 300 : N-(3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl] urea.

A solution of 5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine (2.82g, 16.67mmol), dissolved in 70mL EtOAc, is added dropwise over lh to excess

phosgene (71. 0mL, 20% solution in toluene) dissolved in 25mL EtOAc. The solution is heated under reflux for 30min, cooled and concentrated in vacuo to provide 2.95g (100% yield) of 2-isocyanato-5-trifluoromethylthiadiazole.

2-Isocyanato-5-trifluoromethylthiadiazole (0.175g, l. Ommol), 3-chloro-4- methoxyaniline (0.157g, l. Ommol), a catalytic amount of DMAP (ca. 4mg) and four 5mm glass beads are placed in a 40mL vial equipped with a PTFE-lined cap and dissolved in 5mL THF. The mixture is heated at 50°C for 16h. The solvent is removed in vacuo. The resultant solid is recrystallized from CH3CN to provide 90mg (26% yield) of Example 300. HRMS (FAB) calculated for CllH8ClF3N402S+H 353.0087, found 353.0086.

The following compounds are made from the corresponding aniline according to the procedure of Method C, making non-critical variations.

Example301 : N-(5-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl] urea. Yield 43%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for CllH8ClF3N402S+H 353.0087, found 353.0087.

Example 302 : N-(4-methoxy-2-nitrophenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol- 2-yl] urea. Yield 41%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for CnH8F3N504S+H 364.0327, found 364.0334.

Example 303 : N-(4-ethoxy-2-nitrophenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl] urea. Yield 27%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for Cl2HIoF3N504S+H 378.0484, found 378.0479.

Example 304 : N-(4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl] urea. Yield 43%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for Cl2HllF3N402S+H 333.0633, found 333.0630.

Example 305: N (2, 6-dimethoxypyridin-3-yl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl] urea. Yield 37%. HRMS (FAB) calculated for C11H1oF3Ns03S+H 350.0534, found 350. 0517.

Example 306: N- (4-hydroxyphenyl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl] urea. Yield 12%. HRMS (ESI) calculated for CloH7F3N402S+H 305.0320, found 305.0329.

Example307 : N- (5-ethoxypyridin-2-yl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl] urea.

2-Bromo-3-hydroxypyridine (11. 95 mmol), iodoethane (23.91 mmol), and K2C03 (21.51 mmol) are diluted in DMF (20 mL) and heated to 80°C for 2 h. The solvent is removed under reduced pressure and the residue diluted with H2O (20 mL), extracted with EtOAc (3 X 25 mL). The combined organics are washed with H20 (25 mL), brine (25 mL), dried (MgS04), and the solvent is removed to give 2-bromo-3- ethoxypyridin as an off-white solid (1.99g, 83% yield).

2-Bromo-3-ethoxypyridine (0.01 mol) is added to fuming nitric acid (8 mL) and sulfuric acid (8 mL) at 0°C. The clear yellow solution is heated to 55°C for 1 h, cooled back to RT and added dropwise to ice H20 (400 mL). The solid is filtered to give 2-bromo-3-ethoxy-6-nitropyridine as a light yellow solid (1.40 g, 57% yield).

2-Bromo-3-ethoxy-6-nitropyridine is dissolved in a minimal amount of EtOAc (10 mL) and diluted with EtOH (55 mL). 10% Pd/C catalyst is added as a slurry in EtOAc and the mixture is then put on the Parr apparatus under hydrogen for 1 h (40 psi to 18 psi). The reaction mixture is filtered over Celite to remove the catalyst and the filtrate is concentrated. The residue is diluted with 6M HC1 (50 mL), extracted with EtOAc (3 X 50 mL) and the solvent is removed. The residue is diluted with 1M NaOH (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3 X 50 mL), dried (MgS04), and the solvent is removed to give 5-ethoxypyridin-2-amine as a brown oil (722 mg, 94% yield). Example 307 is obtained according to Method C, making non-critical variations. Yield 40%. HRMS (ESI) calculated for CnHloF3Ns02S+H 335.0585 found 335.0584.

Example 308: N- (4-ethoxy-2-morpholin-4-ylphenyl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl] urea.

To a cooled (0°C) mixture of 3-fluoro-4-nitrophenol (8.28 g), potassium carbonate (13.2 g) in 2-butanone (50 mL) is added drop-wise iodoethane (7.7 mL).

The resulting suspension is heated to 40°C for 3 hours and then refluxed for 1 hour.

The reaction mixture is concentrated, suspended in CH2C12, filtered, and concentrated to give a pale yellow solid. Yield 96%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) 8 8.11, 6.75, 4.13, 1.49.

Step 2 To a mixture of 4-ethoxy-2-fluoro-1-nitrobenzene (0.86 g) and potassium carbonate (1.3 g) in DMSO (6 mL) is added morpholine (0.45 g). The mixture is heated to 100°C in a sealed tube for 1 h, cooled, filtered, extracted with water, and concentrated to give a solid. Yield 98%. MS (CI) m/z (rel intensity) 253 (M+H 21), 224 (14), 223 (99), 221 (4), 220 (9), 219 (67), 138 (6), 105 (5), 96 (4), 88 (18).

Step 3 A mixture of 4- (5-ethoxy-2-nitrophenyl) morpholine (0.75 g) and 10% Pd/C (0. 16 g) in an approiate solent (either a mixture of EtOAc/MeOH or pure MeOH) is reacted under 45 psi H2 for 2 h, and is then filtered, concentrated, and purified using silica gel chromatography. Yield 75%. HRMS (ESI) calcd for C12Hl8N202+H 223.1447, found 223.1449.

Example 308 (from 4-ethoxy-2-morpholin-4-ylaniline and 2-isocyanato-5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazole) is prepared using Method C, making non-critical modifications to give a solid crystallized from MeCN. Yield 54%. HRMS (ESI) calcd for C 16H I 8N503SF3+H 418. 1161, found 418. 1171.

Example 309: tert-butyl 4-{5-ethoxy-2-[({ [5-(trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl] amino} carbonyl) amino] phenyl} piperazine-l-carboxylate. tert-Butyl 4- (5-ethoxy-2-nitrophenyl) piperazine-l-carboxylate (from 4-ethoxy- 2-fluoro-1-nitrobenzene and tert-butyl piperazine-1-carboxylate) is prepared using Step 2 of Example 308, making non-critical modifications to give a solid purified with silica gel chromatography (40% EtOAc/heptane). Yield quantitative. HRMS (ESI) calcd for C17H25N305+H 352.1872, found 352.1880. tert-Butyl 4-(2-amino-5-ethoxyphenyl) piperazine-1-carboxylate is prepared using Step 3 of Example 308 with the following exception: no HCl is used, and the material is purified with silica gel chromatography (40% EtOAc/heptane). Yield 89%. MS (ESI+) for C12Hl8N20S 7n/z 322.3 (M+H) +.

Example 309 (from tert-butyl 4-(2-amino-5-ethoxyphenyl) piperazine-1- carboxylate and 2-isocyanato-5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazole) is prepared using Method C, making non-critical modifications to give a solid crystallized from

EtOAc/hexane. Yield 49%. HRMS (ESI) calcd for C21H27N604SF3+H 517.1844, found 517.1827.

Example 310 : N- (2-chloro-6-methoxy-pyridin-3-yl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl] urea.

A solution of 2-chloro-6-methoxy-3-nitropyridine (1.0 g, 5.3 mmol) in EtOH (50 ml) /EtOAc (50 ml) is hydrogenated at RT and 40 psi, in the presence of 10% Pd-C (0.394 g, 0.37 mmol). The suspension is filtered through cellulose and washed with EtOH. The solution is concentrated under vacuum to give a brown oil 0.58 g (69% yield) that is used without further purification in the next step. MS (ESI+) for C6H7CIN20 7n/z 159.0 (M+H) +.

Example 310 (from 2-chloro-6-methoxypyridin-3-amine and 2-isocyanato-5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazole) is prepared by following Method C, making non- critical modifications. The solid is triturated with CH2C12 to give a white solid 0.104 g (47% yield). HRMS (ESI) calcd for ClOH7N502SClF3+H 354.0039, found 354.0046.

Example 311: N- [6-methoxy-2- (methylthio) pyridin-3-yl]-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)- 1,3, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea.

To a solution of 2-chloro-6-methoxy-3-nitropyridine (2.0 g, 10.6 mmol) in DMSO (70 ml) is added sodium thiomethoxide (0.743 g, 10.6 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at 80°C for 4hr. The mixture is diluted with H, O, extracted with EtOAc, and the combined organic layers are dried (MgS04), filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue is purified by silica gel chromatography (20% EtOAc/n- heptane) followed by trituration with CH2Cl2/MeOH to afford a yellow solid 1.26 g (59% yield). HRMS (EI) calcd for C7H7N203S 200.0262, found 200.0262.

6-Methoxy-2- (methylthio) pyridin-3-amine (from 6-methoxy-2- (methylthio)-3- nitropyridine) is prepared by following Step 3 of Example 155, making non-critical modifications to afford a brown solid 0.6 g (86% yield). This compound is used without further purification in the next step. MS (ESI+) for C7HioN20S 171.0 (M+H) +.

Example 311 (from 6-methoxy-2- (methylthio) pyridin-3-amine and 2- isocyanato-5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazole) is prepared by following Method C,

making non-critical modifications. The resulting residue is purified by silica gel chromatography (50% EtOAc/n-heptane) followed by trituration with CH2C12 to give a white solid 0.265 g (62% yield). HRMS (EI) calcd for CllHioF3N502S2 365.0228, found 365.0230.

Example312 : N- [6-methoxy-2- (methylsulfonyl) pyridin-3-yl]-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl) -1,3, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea.

To a suspension of 6-methoxy-2- (methylthio)-3-nitropyridine (0.23 g, 1.14 mmol) in CH2C12 (20.0 ml), a solution of m-chloroperbenzoic acid 57-86% (0.841 g, 3.42 mmol) in CH2C12 (8.0 ml) is added dropwise via addition funnel. After stirring the reaction mixture at RT for lhr, sodium metabisulfite (0.2 g, 1.06 mmol) is added and the mixture is stirred for additional 10 min. The mixture is diluted with H20, extracted with CH2C12, and the combined organic layers are washed with IN HC1 and IN NaOH, dried (MgS04), filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue is purified by silica gel chromatography (30% EtOAc/n-heptane) to give a white solid 0.225 g (85% yield). HRMS (ESI) calcd for C7H8N205S+H 233.0232, found 233.0227.

A solution of 6-methoxy-2- (methylsulfonyl)-3-nitropyridine (0.22 g, 0.947 mmol) in EtOH (50 ml) /EtOAc (50 ml) is hydrogenated at RT and 40 psi, in the presence of 10% Pd-C (0.070 g, 0.066 mmol). The suspension is filtered through cellulose and washed with EtOH. The solution is concentrated under vacuum to give brown oil 0.18 g (94% yield). This compound is used without further purification in the next step. MS (ESI+) for C7HloN203S m/z 203.0 (M+H) +.

Example 312 (from 6-methoxy-2- (methylsulfonyl) pyridin-3-amine and 2- isocyanato-5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazole) is prepared by following Method C making non-critical modifications. The residue is purified by silica gel chromatography (50% EtOAc/n-heptane) followed by trituration with CH2C12 to afford a white solid 0.04 g (26% yield). HRMS (ESI) calcd for CnHioN504S2F3+H 398. 0204, found 398. 0218.

Example 313 : N- [2-methoxy-4- (2-methoxyethoxy) phenyl]-N'- (5-methylisoxazol-3- yl) urea.

To a cooled solution (~0°C) of 2-methoxyethanol (0.8 mL) in CHsClz (50 mL) and TEA (2 mL) is added dropwise methanesulfonyl chloride (1.3 mL). After 5 minutes, the bath is removed and the reaction mixture allowed to warm to RT and stir for 1 hour, it is washed with 1.0 N NaOH, brine, dried (MgSO4), and concentrated to give an oil. Yield quantitative. MS (ESI+) for C4H1004S iizlz 155.1 (M+H) +.

To a solution of 2-methoxyethyl methanesulfonate (1.54 g) in 2-butanone (150 mL) is added cesium carbonate (6.50 g) and 3-fluoro-4-nitrophenol (1.52 g). The resulting mixture is refluxed for 19 hours, cooled, filtered, concentrated, and purified using silica gel chromatography (EtOAc/Heptanes). Yield 98%.'H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 8 7.95, 6.82, 6.67, 4.25, 3.92, 3.68, 3.33, 3. 31.

To a mixture of 2-methoxy-4- (2-methoxyethoxy)-1-nitrobenzene (2.0 g), 10% Pd/C (1.0 g) in MeOH (200 mL) is added conc. HC1 (1.8 g). The resulting mixture is shaken at 40 psi H2 for 15 minutes. The mixture is filtered and crystallized from EtOH/Et20. Yield 76%. MS (ESI+) for C10H15NO3 m/z 198.1 (M+H) +.

Example 313 (from from 2-methoxy-4- (2-methoxyethoxy) aniline hydrochloride and phenyl 5-methylisoxazol-3-ylcarbamate) is prepared using Method C, making non-critical changes. Yield 91%. HRMS (ESI) calcd for C15Hl9N305+H 322.1403, found 322.1394 Method D Example 400: N- (4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [4- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3-thiazol-2- yl] urea.

To a solution of 4- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3-thiazol-2-amine (1 g, 5.95 mmol) in CH2C12 (150 mL) at 0°C is added drop-wise phenyl chloroformate (2.2 mL, 17.9 mmol), followed by DMAP (36 mg, 0.3 mmol) and pyridine (0.47 mL, 5.95 mmol).

After 20 min., additional pyridine (0.1 mL) is added. Upon completion of the reaction, the mixture is washed with 0. 1N HC1 followed by 5% NaHCO3, brine and concentrated. The resulting solid is recrystallized from hexane to afford phenyl-4- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl-carbamate as a white crystalline solid (1.1 g, 65% yield). HRMS (ESI) calcd for CllH7F3N202S +H 289.0258, found 289.0265.

To a solution of phenyl-4- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl-carbamate (0.23 g, 0.8 mmol) and 4-amino-m-cresol (0.1 g, 0.8 mmol) in THF (5 mL) is added TEA (0.11 mL, 0.8 mmol). The reaction is heated 50°C overnight and the solvent is

removed. The residue is purified by flash chromatography (Si02 gel, 30% EtOAc/hexanes) to afford Example 400 as a white solid (90 mg, 35% yield). HRMS (ESI) calcd for C12HoF3N302S+H 318. 0524, found 318.0517.

The following compounds are made from a phenyl carbamate and an aniline according to Method D, making non-critical variations.

Example 401 : N- (4-hydroxyphenyl)-N'- [4- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl] urea (from 4-aminophenol and phenyl 4- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3-thiazol-2-ylcarbamate). The crude product is triturated with CH2Cl2 to afford an off white solid 0.142 g (76% yield). HRMS (ESI) calcd for CIlH8N302SF3+H 304.0367, found 304.0378.

Example 402 : N- (5-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [4- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3-thiazol-2- yl] urea (from 3-amino-4-methylphenol and phenyl 4- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3-thiazol-2- ylcarbamate). The crude is triturated with CH2C12 to give a white solid 0.147 g (57% yield). HRMS (ESI) calcd for Cl2HioN302SF3+H 318.0524, found 318.0539.

Example 403: N- (3-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [4- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3-thiazol-2- yl] urea (from 3-amino-2-methylphenol and 4- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3-thiazol-2- ylcarbamate). The crude is diluted with MeOH and DOWEX 50WX2-400 ion exchange resin is added; the mixture is allowed to spin submerged in a water bath (35- 40°C) for 20 minutes, is filtered, and the resin washed with MeOH. The product is liberated from the resin by treatment with a solution of 20% NH40H/MeOH. The basic alcohol washes are concentrated in vacuo to give a brown solid, which is crystallized from CH2C12 to give a light brown solid 0.173 g (67% yield). HRMS (ESI) calcd for C12HIoN302SF3+H 318.0524, found 318.0517.

Example 404: N- (6-cyanopyridin-3-yl)-N'- (5-fluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl) urea.

To a solution of 5-amino-2-cyanopyridine (1.5 g, 12 mmol) and phenylchloroformate (1.9 mL, 15 mmol) in 100 mL of CH2C12 at 0°C is added pyridine (1.2 mL, 15 mmol) and the solution is stirred for 2 h. The reaction is diluted with 0.1 M HC1 and the organic layer is separated, washed with 5% sodium bicarbonate, brine, dried (MgS04), and the solvent is removed in vacuo to provide phenyl 6-cyanopyridin-3-ylcarbamate (0.75 g, 25% yield). 1H NMR (400 MHz,

CDC13) 8 8.63, 8.23, 7.69, 7.46-7. 40,7. 36-7.26, 7.22-7. 17. Example 404 is prepared according to Method D, making non-critical variations. Yield 61 %. HRMS (ESI) calcd for C15Hl3FN403+H 317.1050 found 317.1062.

Example 405 : N- (4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethoxy) phenyl] urea.

Step 1 To a solution of 3-trifluoromethoxy aniline (0.5 g, 2.8 mmol) in CH2C12 (70 ml) is added dropwise, phenyl chloroformate (1.06 ml, 8.5 mmol) and pyridine (0.226 ml, 2.8 mmol) at 0°C. The reaction mixture is stirred at 0°C for 30 min. The solution is washed with 0.1 N HC1, 5% NaHC03, brine, and concentrated under vacuum. The resulting solid is crystallized from n-heptane to give white needles 0.6 g (71% yield).

HRMS (EI) calcd for Cl4HloF3NO3 297.0613, found 297.0613.

Example 405 (from 4-amino-3-methylphenol and phenyl 3- (trifluoromethoxy) phenylcarbamate) is prepared by following Method D, making non- critical modifications. The resulting residue is triturated with CH3CN to give an off white solid 0.07 g (33% yield). HRMS (ESI) calcd for C15Hi3N203F3+H 327.0956, found 327.0954.

Example 406: N- (4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [4- (pentafluoroethyl)-1, 3-thiazol-2- yl] urea.

To a solution of 4-amino-3-methylphenol (4.25 g, 33.5 mmol) and imidazole (2.53 g, 36.8 mmol) in THF (100 ml) is added tert-butyl (chloro) dimethylsilane (5.78 g, 37.1 mmol) at 0°C. The reaction mixture is warmed to RT and stirred for 3hr. The mixture is concentrated under vacuum, diluted with Et20, and the combined organic layers are washed with satd. NaHC03, brine, and dried (MgS04), filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue is purified by silica gel chromatography (50% EtOAc/n-heptane) to give a brown oil 7.2 g (91 % yield). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) 8 6.93, 6.61, 6.56, 2.18, 0.98, 0.18.

Phenyl 4-{[tert-butyl (dimethyl) silyl] oxy}-2-methylphenylcarbamate (from 4- { [tert-butyl (dimethyl) silyl] oxy}-2-methylaniline and phenyl chloroformate) is prepared by following Step 1 of Example 407, making non-critical modifications.

The residue is purified by silica gel chromatography (CHxClz) followed by

recrystallization from hexane to give a white solid 3.3 g (61% yield). HRMS (ESI) calcd for C2oH27NO3Si+H 358.1838, found 358.1848.

4- (Pentafluoroethyl)-1, 3-thiazol-2-amine is prepared from thiourea and 1- bromo-3,3, 4,4, 4-pentafluoro-2-butanone by the general procedure described in Biotechnology and Bioen, gineering (Combifaatof-ial Chemistry), 2000, 71 (1), 9. The free base is obtained by the procedure described in the preparation of N- (4-ethyl-1, 3- thiazol-2-yl)-N'- (4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl) urea. Pure 4- (pentafluoroethyl)-1, 3- thiazol-2-amine may also be obtained by dissolving the crude reaction product in MeOH (150 mL) and adding Dowex 050WX2-400 acidic ion exchange resin (10 g) and stirring the mixture overnight at RT. The mixture is filtered and the resin is washed sequentially with MeOH (150 mL) and 20% aqueous NH40H in MeOH (200 mL). The 20% aqueous NH40H in MeOH wash is concentrated and the resulting light brown crystals are washed with cold hexane and dried to yield 4- (pentafluoroethyl)-1, 3-thiazol-2-amine (1.8 g).

N-(4- { [tert-butyl (dimethyl) silyl] oxy}-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [4- (pentafluoroethyl) -1,3-thiazol-2-yl] urea (from 4- (pentafluoroethyl)-1, 3-thiazol-2- amine and phenyl 4-{ [tert-butyl (dimethyl) silyl] oxy}-2-methylphenylcarbamate) is prepared by following Method D, making non-critical modifications to give a brown solid (0.3 g), which is dissolved in THF (3.0 ml) and 1. OM solution of tetra-butyl ammonium fluoride (2.0 ml, 2.0 mmol) is added. The reaction mixture is stirred at RT for 15 min. The mixture is diluted with H2O, extracted with CH2C12, and the combined organic layers are dried (MgS04), filtered, and concentrated under vacuum.

The residue is purified by silica gel chromatography (30% EtOAc/n-heptane) followed by trituration with CH2Cl2 to give Example 406 as a white solid 0.110 g (43% yield).

HRMS (ESI) calcd for Cl3HioN302SFs+H 368.0492, found 368.0490.

Example 407: N- (5-bromo-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (6-cyanopyridin-3-yl) urea.

Yield 27%. MS (ESI) for C15Hl3BrN403 (M-H)-m/z 375.

METHOD E Example 500 : N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazol-5- yl] urea.

Pyridine (5.4 mL, 0.067 mol) is added dropwise to 5-chloro-2,4- dimethoxyaniline (10.45 g, 0.056 mol) and phenyl chloroformate (8.4 mL, 0.067 mol) in CH2C12 (500 mL) at 0°C. The reaction is stirred for 1.5 h and diluted with 0. 1M HC1 (100 mL). The organics are separated, washed w/5% NaHC03 (100 mL) and brine (150 mL), dried (MgS04), and the solvent is removed. The resulting solid is recrystallized (EtOAc/hexanes) to give phenyl 5-chloro-2,4- dimethoxyphenylcarbamate (16.72 g, 97% yield) as a purple solid.

Sodium hydride (1. 82 g, 0.046 mol, 60% oil disp. ) is added to 3- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazole-5-amine (6.93 g, 0.046 mol) in DMF (350 mL) at RT.

After 0.5 h, a DMF solution (100 mL) of phenyl 5-chloro-2,4- dimethoxyphenylcarbamate (14.0 g, 0.046 mol) is added and the reaction warmed to RT. The reaction is heated at 50°C for 1 h, cooled to RT and the solvent is removed.

The residue is dissolved in EtOAc (150 mL), washed with 1M HC1 (150 mL), H20 (150 mL), and brine (150 mL). The organics are separated, dried (MgS04) and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The dark solid is dissolved in EtOH (500 mL) and stirred with Darco activated carbon (-15) for 4 h. The mixture is filtered over Celite and the solvent is removed to give a solid, which is recrystallized (EtOAc/hexanes) to give Example 500 as a tan solid (10.47g, 63% yield). HRMS (ESI) calcd for Cl3HllClF3N304+H 366.0468 found 366.0475.

The following compounds are made from an aminoheterocycle, a phenyl carbamate and a base according to Method E, making non-critical variations.

Example 501 : N- (5-fluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazol-5- yl] urea. Yield 63%. HRMS (ESI) calcd for Cl3HlF4N304+H 350.0764 found 350.0770.

Example 502 : N- (2, 6-dimethoxypyridin-3-yl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazol-5- yl] urea. Yield 47%. HRMS (ESI) calcd for Cl2HllF3N404+H 333.0811 found 333.0808.

Example503 : N- (4-ethoxy-2-nitrophenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazol-5-yl] urea.

Yield 81%. HRMS (ESI) calcd for Cl3HlF3N40s+H 360.0681 found 360.0685.

METHOD F Example 4: Alternative procedure for preparation.

A solution of 5-methylisoxazole-3-carbonyl chloride (4.9 g, 33. 3mmol) in 50mL acetone is cooled to 0°C and treated with sodium azide (2.5 g, 38.5 mmol) dissolved in 3mL water. The solution is allowed to warm to RT. After lh, the solvent is removed, suspended in water, filtered and dried in vacuo to provide 4.65g (92% yield) of 5-methylisoxazole-3-carbonyl azide. 1H NMR (CDC13, 400MHz) 8 2. 51, 6.46 ppm.

A solution of 5-methylisoxazole-3-carbonyl azide (166 mg, 1.09 mmol) and 5- chloro-2,4-dimethoxyaniline (204 mg, 1.09 mmol) in 15mL CH3CN is heated under reflux. After 16h, the reaction is cooled. The white precipitate is filtered, washed with ether and dried in vacuo to provide 264 mg (78% yield) of Example 4.

The following compounds are made from an acyl azide and an aniline according to Method F, making non-critical variations.

Example601 : N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (5-chloroisoxazol-3-yl) urea.

To a solution of ethyl chlorooximidoacetate (11.0 g, 73 mmol) in 1,1- dichloroethylene (320 mL) is added Et3N (25 mL, 181 mmol) in 1,1-dichloroethylene (90 mL) via addition funnel over 30 minutes. The reaction mixture is stirred at RT for 3 days, after which it is partitioned between water (150 mL) and CH2Cl2 (2 x 150 mL). The combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried (Na2S04) and concentrated to give crude oil. Crude product is chromatographed (Biotage 40M, EtOAc/Hex: 5/95) to yield 1. 9g (15% yield) of ethyl 5-chloroisoxazole-3-carboxylate as a yellow oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 8 6.61, 4.46, 1.42.

An aqueous solution of LiOH (2.0 M, 11.4 mmol) is added to a solution of ethyl 5-chloroisoxazole-3-carboxylate (1.0 g, 5.7 mmol) in EtOH (25 mL) at RT.

After 45 minutes, the volatiles are removed in vacuo. The residue is partitioned between 1 M HC1 (40 mL) and EtOAc (2 x 40 mL). The combined organic layers are dried (Na2S04), and concentrated in vacuo to give 0.72 g (86% yield) of 5- chloroisoxazole-3-carboxylic acid as a tan solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 8 7.13.

Oxalyl chloride (0.44 mL, 5.1 mmol) is added dropwise to a suspension of 5- chloroisoxazole-3-carboxylic acid (0.50 g, 3.4 mmol) and a catalytic amount of DMF in CH2C12 (20 mL). After lh, the volatiles are removed ion vacuo and the remaining residue is dissolved in acetone. To this solution is added an aqueous solution of sodium azide (0.31 g, 4.8 mmol) at 0°C with vigorous stirring. Volatiles are removed

ion vacuo and the residue washed with water and dried under nitrogen to yield 0.32 g (55% yield) of 5-chloroisoxazole-3-carbonyl azide as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) 8 6.65. Example 601 is obtained according to Method F, making non- critical modifications. Yield 10%. HRMS (ESI) calcd for Cl2HnCl2N304+H 332.0205, found 332.0201.

Example 602: N- (5-chloro-4-methoxy-2-nitrophenyl)-N'- (5-methylisoxazol-3- yl) urea.

To a suspension of 3-chloro-p-anisidine (3.00 g, 19 mmol) in CH2C12 (10 mL) is added acetic anhydride (1.8 mL, 19 mmol) over 1 h at a temperature between 25- 30°C using a cold water bath. The mixture is then stirred for an additional 2 h at 25°C. Hexane (30 mL) is slowly added to the mixture over 1 h. The product is collected by filtration, concentrated in vacuo and dried in oven to give 3.38 g (89% yield) of N- (3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl) acetamide as purple crystals. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) 8 7. 54,7. 37,7. 16,6. 87,3. 88,2. 16.

In a 100 mL, three-necked flask equipped with a thermometer and a dropping funnel chilled in an ice-salt bath, N- (3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl) acetamide (1.50g, 7.5 mmol) is dissolved in 98% sulfuric acid, care being taken that the temperature does not rise above 5°C. To this solution 1.2 mL of nitric acid is added, resulting in rise in temperature to 33°C. After the temperature drops below 5°C, the viscous orange mass is poured onto 25 g of cracked ice and the mixture is thoroughly stirred. The yellow crystals that separate are filtered off, thoroughly washed with water and recrystallized from ethanol to yield 0.45 g (24% yield) of N- (5-chloro-4-methoxy-2- nitrophenyl) acetamide as yellow crystals. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 8 10.15, 7.72, 7.66, 3.94, 2.04.

A suspension of N- (5-chloro-4-methoxy-2-nitrophenyl) acetamide (0.41 g, 1.7 mmol) in 6.5 mL of water, 6.5 mL of HC1 and 3 mL of ethanol is refluxed for 30 minutes. On cooling, crystals separate and are recrystallized from ethanol to yield 0.21 g (61% yield) of 5-chloro-4-methoxy-2-nitroaniline as red-orange crystals. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 8 7.53, 7.33, 7.20. Example 602 is obtained according to Method F, making non-critical modifications. Yield 73%. HRMS (ESI) calcd for Cl2HllClN4Os+H 327.0496 found 327.0509.

Example603 : N- (5-fluoro-4-methoxy-2-nitrophenyl)-N'- (5-methylisoxazol-3- yl) urea.

To a stirred suspension of 3-fluoro-p-anisidine (3.00 g, 21 mmol) in CH2C12 (10 mL) is added acetic anhydride (2.0 mL, 21 mmol) over 1 h while maintaining the temperature between 25-30°C using a cold water bath. The solution is then stirred for 2 h at 25°C. Additional 1 mL of acetic anhydride is added to the solution, which is then stirred for an additional 2 h. Hexane (30 mL) is slowly added to the mixture over 1 h. The product is collected by filtration, concentrated in vacuo and dried in oven to give 3.40 g (90% yield) of N- (3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl) acetamide as tan crystals. IH NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) 8 7.41, 7.19, 7.11, 6.90, 3.87, 2.16.

In a 100 mL, three-necked flask equipped with a thermometer and a dropping funnel chilled in an ice-salt bath, N- (3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl) acetamide (3. 0g, 16 mmol) is dissolved in 98% sulfuric acid, care being taken that the temperature does not rise above 5°C. To this solution 2.6 mL of nitric acid is added dropwise at such a rate that the temperature does not rise above 5°C. After all the nitric acid is added, the viscous orange mass is poured onto 50 g of cracked ice and the mixture is thoroughly stirred. The yellow crystals that separate are filtered off and thoroughly washed with water to yield 3.33 g (89% yield) of N- (5-fluoro-4-methoxy-2-nitrophenyl) acetamide as yellow crystals. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 6 10.60, 10.17, 7.75, 7.73, 7.62, 7.59, 4.03, 3.92, 2.06.

A suspension of N- (5-fluoro-4-methoxy-2-nitrophenyl) acetamide (3.0 g, 13 mmol) in 38 mL of water, 38 mL of HC1 and 15 mL of ethanol is refluxed for 30 minutes. On cooling, crystals that separate are recrystallized from ethanol to yield 0.71 g (29% yield) of 5-fluoro-4-methoxy-2-nitroaniline as red crystals. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) 8 7.68, 6.56, 6.04, 3.87. Example 603 is obtained according to Method F, making non-critical modifications. Yield 60%. HRMS (ESI) calcd for Ci2HnFN405+H 311.0792 found 311.0798.

Example 604: N- [5-chloro-4-methoxy-2- (methylthio) phenyl]-N'- (5-methylisoxazol- 3-yl) urea.

A solution of sodium thiomethoxide (1.64 g, 23 mmol) in methanol is added dropwise to a solution of 1, 2-dichloro-4-fluoro-5-nitrobenzene (4.92 g, 23 mmol) in methanol. The resulting mixture is stirred for 2 h, quenched with 1 M citric acid, and

volatiles are removed in vacuo. The crude solids are diluted with EtOAc, washed with 1 M citric acid, 1 M NaOH, brine, dried (MgS04) and concentrated in vacuo to yield 5.52 g (99% yield) of 1, 2-dichloro-4- (methylthio)-5-nitrobenzene as a yellow solid.'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCIs) 8 8. 38,7. 41,2. 51.

Methanol (1 mL) is added to NaH (60% oil disp. , 1.02 g, 26 mmol) in DMF at RT, followed by addition of 1, 2-dichloro-4- (methylthio)-5-nitrobenzene. The mixture is refluxed for 2 days, cooled to RT, diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc (3 x 50 mL). The organics are washed with water, brine, dried (MgS04), and concentrated in vacuo to give the crude product. Crude solids are chromatographed (Biotage 40M, EtOAc/Hex: 10/90) and recrystallized from acetonitrile to yield 0.43 g (9% yield) of 1-chloro-2-methoxy-4- (methylthio)-5-nitrobenzene as a yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) b 12.01, 7.01, 2.46.

To a suspension of 1-chloro-2-methoxy-4- (methylthio)-5-nitrobenzene (0.41 g, 1.8 mmol) in water is added acetic acid (0.1 mL) and the mixture is heated to 85°C.

Iron powder (2.5 g, 45 mmol) is added slowly to the mixture. After 3h, the resulting slurry is neutralized with 10% Na2C03 and filtered. The filtrate is extracted with EtOAc (3 x 50 mL), dried (MgS04) and concentrated in vacuo. The crude solids are treated with hot DMF and filtered. DMF is removed under reduced pressure to yield 0.26 g (71% yield) of 5-chloro-4-methoxy-2- (methylthio) aniline as an oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 8 6.95, 6.79, 4.96, 3.74, 2.36. Example 604 is obtained according to Method F, making non-critical modifications. Yield 31%. HRMS (ESI) calcd for Cl3Hl4ClN303S+H 328.0522 found 332.0522.

Example 605: N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- [5- (fluoromethyl) isoxazol-3- yl] urea.

Ethyl chlorooximidoacetate (lOg, 66 mmol) in CHC13 (80 mL) is slowly added to propargyl alcohol (4.7 mL, 81 mmol) and K2CO3 (27 g, 198 mmol) in CHC13 (80 mL). The addition is accompanied by an exothermic reaction which causes the chloroform to reflux. After being allowed to cool to RT, the mixture is stirred overnight. The reaction mixture is filtered and the residue is rinsed with chloroform and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product is purified by chromatohraphy (Biotage 40M, EtOAc/Hex: 20/80) to yield 3.23 g (29% yield) of ethyl 5-

(hydroxymethyl) isoxazole-3-carboxylate as an oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Cd13) 6.69, 4.86, 4.45, 4.42.

A solution of diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST) (2.8 mL, 21 mmol) in 30 mL CH2C12 is added dropwise to a solution of ethyl 5- (hydroxymethyl) isoxazole-3- carboxylate (3.0 g, 18 mmol) in 30 mL CH2C12 at-78 °C. The mixture is stirred at- 78 °C for 1 h and then warmed to RT over 3 h. Water (10 mL) and 30 mL of 2.5% aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution are added successively and the organic layer is separated, dried (MgS04) and evaporated in vacuo. The residue is purified by chromatography (Biotage 40M, EtOAc/Hex: 20/80) to give 1.83 g (60% yield) of ethyl 5- (fluoromethyl) isoxazole-3-carboxylate as an oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) 5 6. 82,5. 54,5. 42,4. 47,1. 43.

10% Aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (5 mL) is added to a solution of ethyl 5- (fluoromethyl) isoxazole-3-carboxylate (1.82 g, 10 mmol) in ethanol (30 mL) at RT. The mixture is stirred for 2 h and the solvents are evaporated in vacuo. The residue is dissolved in water and acidified to pH 1 with 35% HC1. Ethanol is added, solvents are evaporated in vacuo and the residue is azeotroped with ethanol. Ethanol is added and the mixture filtered to remove inorganic solids. Evaporation in vacuo of the filtrate gives 0.95 g (63% yield) of 5- (fluoromethyl) isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid as a tan solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) § 7.05, 5.67, 5.56.

Oxalyl chloride (0.85 mL, 9.8 mmol) is added dropwise to a suspension of 5- (fluoromethyl) isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid (0.94 g, 6.5 mmol) and a catalytic amount of DMF in 20 mL CH2C12. After lh, the volatiles are removed in vacuo and the remaining residue is dissolved in acetone. To this solution is added an aqueous solution of sodium azide (0.59 g, 9.1 mmol) at 0°C with vigorous stirring. Volatiles are removed in vacuo and the residue washed with water and dried under nitrogen to yield 0.57 g (51% yield) of 5- (fluoromethyl) isoxazole-3-carbonyl azide as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) S 7.21, 5.71, 5.59. Example 605 is prepared according to Method F, making non-critical modifications. Yield 37%. HRMS (ESI) calcd for C13Hi3ClFN304+H 330.0657 found 330.0649 The following compounds are made from 5- (fluoromethyl) isoxazole-3- carbonyl azide, an aniline according to Method F, making non-critical variations.

Example 606: N- (2, 6-dimethoxypyridin-3-yl)-N'- [5- (fluoromethyl) isoxazol-3- yl] urea. Yield 42%. HRMS (ESI) calcd for C12Hl3FN404+H 297.0999 found 297.0991.

Example 607 : N- (5-fluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- [5- (fluoromethyl) isoxazol-3- yl] urea. Yield 9%. HRMS (ESI) calcd for C13Hl3F2N304+H 314.0952 found 314.0941.

Example608 : N- (5-bromo-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- [5- (fluoromethyl) isoxazol-3- yl] urea. Yield 46%. HRMS (ESI) calcd for C13Hl3BrFN304+H 374.0152 found 374.0162.

Example 609 : N- (4-ethoxy-2-nitrophenyl)-N'- [5- (fluoromethyl) isoxazol-3-yl] urea.

Yield 38%. HRMS (ESI) calcd for C13Hl3FN405+H 325.0948 found 325.0937.

Example 610: N- (2, 4-dimethoxy-5-methylphenyl)-N'- [5- (fluoromethyl) isoxazol-3- yl] urea. Yield 22%. HRMS (ESI) calcd for C14H16N304F +H 310.1203, found 310.1198.

Example611 : N- (5-bromo-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- [5- (hydroxymethyl) isoxazol-3- yl] urea.

A solution of ethyl chlorooximidoacetate (15 g, 0.1 mol) in CH2C12 is added dropwise over 4 h to propargyl alcohol (29 mL, 0.5 mol) and Et3N (14 mL, 0.1 mmol) in 200mL CH2C12. When the addition is complete, the reaction mixture is concentrated and triturated with Et20. The solid is filtered and the organics are concentrated again. The remaining oil is chromatographed over silica gel (EtOAc/Hex: 20/80) to give ethyl 5- (hydroxymethyl) isoxazole-3-carboxylate an oil.

The remaining propargyl alcohol is removed by azeotroping from n-heptane to yield 11.7 g (69% yield). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) 8 6.69, 4.84, 4.44, 1.42.

To a solution of ethyl 5- (hydroxymethyl) isoxazole-3-carboxylate (4.0 g, 23 mmol) and TBSC1 (3.7 g, 25 mmol) in DMF is added Et3N (3.4 mL, 24 mmol) dropwise over 20 minutes. The reaction is allowed to stir for 30 minutes after which it is diluted with EtOAc (300 mL), washed with 1 M HC1 (3 x 100 mL), 5% CuS04 (2 x 50 mL) and concentrated in vacuo to yield 6.91 g (>100% yield) of oily material with visible TBS impurities by NMR. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) b 6.49, 4.69, 4. 31, 1.30, 0.80, 0.02.

A mixture of ethyl-5-({[tert-butyl (dimethylsilyl) ] oxy} methyl) isoxazole-3- carboxylate (1.68 g, 5.9 mmol) and hydrazine hydrate (044 g, 8.8 mmol) in ethanol (30 mL) is heated to 60 °C for 4 h. The mixture is cooled to RT and the solvents are removed in vacuo to yield 1.40 g (87% yield) of orange crystals.'H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 8 9.95, 6.61, 4.74, 4.51, 0.79.

A mixture of 5- ( { [tert-butyl (dimethyl) silyl] oxy} methyl) isoxazole-3- carbohydrazide (1.32 g, 4.9 mmol) in concentrated hydrochloric acid (40 mL) is cooled to 0°C, followed by a dropwise addition of aqueous NaNO2 (0.42 g, 6.1 mL), maintaining the temperature below 5 °C. After 1 h, the yellow mixture is diluted with water (100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3 x 50 mL). Organics are dried (MgSO4) and concentrated in vacuo to yield 0.93 g (>100% yield) of 5- (hydroxymethyl) isoxazole-3-carbonylazide as tan crystals. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 8 6.82, 4.64. Example 611 is obtained according to Method F. Yield 20%. MS (ES1) for C13Hl4BrN305 inlz 372 (M-H)-.

Example 612: N- (5-fluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (5-isopropylisoxazol-3-yl) urea.

Sodium (1.33g, 57.8 mmol) is added to EtOH (30 mL) and at 0°C and 3- methyl-2-butanone (6.2 mL, 57.7 mmol) and diethyl oxalate (7.9 mL, 57.8 mmol) are added. The resulting solid is allowed to stand for 1 h and then heated to 80°C for 0.75 h. The reaction is cooled to RT and acidified to pH 2 with dilute sulfuric acid. Water (30 mL) is then added and the product extracted with EtOAc (2 X 50 mL), dried (MgS04), and the solvent is removed to give ethyl 5-methyl-2,4-dioxohexanoate as an orange oil (9.74g, 90% yield). MS (ESI) for C9H14O4 m/Z 187 (M+H) +.

Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (10.9 g, 156.3 mmol) is added to ethyl 5- methyl-2,4-dioxohexanoate (9.7 g, 52.1 mmol) stirring in EtOH (200 mL) at RT. The reaction is heated to reflux for 1 h then cooled to RT and the solvent is removed. The residue is diluted with H20 (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3 X 50 mL) and dried (MgS04) and the solvent is removed to give ethyl 5-isopropylisoxazole-3-carboxylate as an orange oil (9.39 g, 98% yield). MS (ES1) for CgHl3NO3 m/Z 184 (M+H) +.

Hydrazine hydrate (1.2 g, 24.7 mmol) is added to ethyl 5-isopropylisoxazole- 3-carboxylate (3. 0g, 16.4 mmol) stirring in EtOH (30 mL) and the reaction is heated to 60°C for 3 h. The reaction is cooled to RT and the solid filtered (157 mg). The filtrate is concentrated and the solid collected by filtering from petroleum ether to give

5-isopropylisoxazole-3-carbohydrazide as an off-white solid (2.46 g, 88% yield). MS (ESI) for C7HllN303 m/z 170 (M+H) +.

An aqueous solution of NaN02 (1. 1 g in 10 mL H20) is added dropwise to 5- isopropylisoxazole-3-carbohydrazide (2.1g, 12.5 mmol) in conc. HC1 (60 mL). The reaction is stirred for 1.5 h and diluted with H20 (25 mL). The precipitate is filtered, washed with H20 (50 mL) and dried to give 5-isopropylisoxazole-3-carbonyl azide as a white solid (1.17 g, 52% yield). The aqueous is extracted with EtOAc (3 X 50 mL) to give a second crop of product (0.85 g, total yield = 90% yield). Example 612 is obtained according to Method F, making non-critical modifications. Yield 71 %.

HRMS (ESI) calcd for C15Hl8FN304+H 324.1359 found 324.1354.

The following compounds are made from 5-isopropylisoxazole-3-carbonyl azide and an aniline according to Method F, making non-critical variations.

Example 613: N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (5-isopropylisoxazol-3-yl) urea.

Yield 71%. MS (ESI) for Ci5HisClN304 338 (M-H)-.

Example 614: N- (5-bromo-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (5-isopropylisoxazol-3-yl) urea.

Yield 59%. HRMS (ESI) calcd for C15Hl8BrN304+H 384.0559 found 384.0558.

Example 615: N- (2, 6-dimethoxypyridin-3-yl)-N'- (5-isopropylisoxazol-3-yl) urea.

Yield 69%. MS (ESI) for C14Hl8N404 m/z 305 (M-H)-.

Example 616: N- (2, 4-dimethoxy-5-methylphenyl)-N'- (5-isopropylisoxazol-3-yl) urea.

Yield 62%. MS (ESI) for C16H2lN304 M/Z 318 (M-H)-.

Example 617: N- (5-fluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- [5- (methoxymethyl) isoxazol-3- yl] urea.

Ethyl chlorooximidoacetate (5.1g, 33.7 mmol) is added dropwise as a solution in CH2C12 (60 mL) over 2 h to the methyl propargyl ether (14.2 mL, 168.4 mmol) and TEA (4.7 mL, 33.4 mmol) in CH2C12 (100 mL) at RT. The reaction is concentrated and the solids filtered and washed with ether. The filtrate is concentrated and purified by column chromatography (25% EtOAc/hexanes as eluent) to give ethyl 5- (methoxymethyl) isoxazole-3-carboxylateas a light yellow oil (2.67 g, 43% yield). MS (ESI) for CgHiiN04 186 (M+H) +.

Hydrazine hydrate (0.6 mL, 12.1 mmol) is added to ethyl 5- (methoxymethyl) isoxazole-3-carboxylate (1. 5g, 8.1 mmol) precursor stirring in EtOH

(20 mL) and the reaction is heated to 60°C for 1.5 h. The solvent is removed and the solid collected by filtering from petroleum ether to give 5- (methoxymethyl) isoxazole- 3-carbohydrazide as a tan solid (1.23 g, 90% yield). MS (ESI) for C6HgN3O3 m/z 172 (M+H) +.

An aqueous solution of NaNO2 (0.60 g in 5 mL H20) is added dropwise to 5- (methoxymethyl) isoxazole-3-carbohydrazide (1.2g, 7.0 mmol) in conc. HC1 (35 mL) at 0°C. The reaction is stirred for 1.5 h and diluted with H20 (25 mL). The aqueous is extracted with EtOAc (3 X 50 mL), dried (MgS04), and the solvent is removed to give 5- (methoxymethyl) isoxazole-3-carbonyl azide as a tan solid (1.21 g, 96% yield).

Example 617 is obtained according to Method F, making non-critical modifications.

Yield 15%. MS (ESI) for C14Hl6FN305 m/z 324 (M-H)-.

The following compounds are made from 5- (methoxymethyl) isoxazole-3-carbonyl azide and an aniline according to Method F, making non-critical variations.

Example 618 : N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- [5- (methoxymethyl) isoxazol-3- yl] urea. Yield 15%. MS (ESI) for C14Hl6CIN305 (M-H)-m/z 340.

Example619 : N- (5-bromo-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- [5- (methoxymethyl) isoxazol-3- yl] urea. Yield 10%. MS (ESI) for Cl4Hl6BrN3Os (M-H)-m/z 384.

Example 620: N- (4-ethoxy-2-nitrophenyl)- N'- [5- (methoxymethyl) isoxazol-3- yl] urea. Yield 40%. MS (ESI) for C14Hl6N406 (M+H) + m/z 337.

Example 621 : N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (5-cyclopropylisoxazol-3- yl) urea.

Sodium ethoxide (10 g, 147 mmol) is combined with absolute EtOH (60 mL) in an oven-dried flask, under nitrogen and heated to 70°C to aid dissolution. The mixture is cooled to 0°C, treated drop-wise with a mixture of cyclopropyl methyl ketone (14.56 mL, 147 mmol) and diethyl oxylate (19.96 mL, 147 mmol) and warmed to RT. Stirring was difficult, so additional EtOH (60 mL) is added and the mixture is stirred for 1 h, then heated to 80°C for 45 min. The mixture is cooled to RT and concentrated to dryness. The resulting solid is triturated with EtOAc, filtered, and rinsed with EtOAc and Et20 to remove the reddish color. The solid is dissolved in water (300 mL), acidified to pH 2 with dilute H2SO4, extracted with Et2O (400 mL total), dried (Na2S04) and concentrated to afford 18.0 g (66% yield) of ethyl 4-

cyclopropyl-2,4-dioxobutanoate as an amber oil. HRMS (ESI) calcd for C9Hl2O4 +H: 185.0814, found 185.0821 (M+H) +.

Ethyl 4-cyclopropyl-2,4-dioxobutanoate (12.92 g, 70.1 mmol) is combined with hydroxylamine hydrochloride (14.62 g, 210.4 mmol) in EtOH (250 mL), heated to reflux for 1 h, cooled, and concentrated to dryness. The residue is partitioned between H20 (250 mL) and EtOAc (2 x 250 mL) and the combined organics are dried (MgS04) and concentrated to an amber oil (13.89 g). The crude material is chromatographed over 500 g silica gel, eluting with 25% EtOAc/hexane. The appropriate fractions are combined and concentrated to afford 10.71 g (84% yield) of ethyl 5-cyclopropylisoxazole-3-carboxylate as a yellow oil. MS (CI) m/z : 182 (M+H) +.

Sodium hydroxide (1.76 g, 44.0 mmol) in H20 (5 mL) is added to a solution of ethyl 5-cyclopropylisoxazole-3-carboxylate (1.97 g, 10.9 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL).

The mixture is stirred at RT for 3 h, concentrated to remove the MeOH, and acidified to pH 2 with 5% HC1. The acid is extracted with CH2C12 (6 x 20 mL), dried (MgS04) and concentrated to afford 1.56 g (93% yield) of 5-cyclopropylisoxazole-3-carboxylic acid as a white solid. MS (CI) m/z : 154 (M+H) +.

5-Cyclopropylisoxazole-3-carboxylic acid (1.53 g, 10 mmol) is dissolved in benzene (30 mL), treated with oxalyl chloride (3.46 mL, 40 mmol) and heated to reflux for 2 h. The mixture is cooled, concentrated to dryness and the residual benzene is azeotroped off with CH2C12. The resulting acid chloride is dissolved in Me2CO (15 mL) and treated with a solution of NaN3 (1.95 g, 30 mmol) in H20 (7 mL). The mixture is vigorously stirred for 1 h, concentrated to remove the Me2CO, triturated with H2O, filtered, rinsed with water and dried under vacuum to afford 1.76 g (99% yield) of 5-cyclopropylisoxazole-3-carbonyl azide as an off-white solid. 1H NMR (CDC13, 400MHz) : 8 1.02, 1.14, 2.10, 6.35 ppm.

5-Cyclopropylisoxazole-3-carbonyl azide (447 mg, 2.5 mmol) is combined with 5-chloro-2,4-dimethoxyaniline (471 mg, 2.5 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN (30 mL) and heated to reflux for 18 h. The mixture is cooled and the resulting solid is filtered, rinsed with Et2O and dried in a vacuum oven to afford 619 mg (73% yield) of Example 621 as a very light purple solid. HRMS (ESI) calcd for C15Hl6N304Cl +H: 338.0907, found 338.0896 (M+H) +.

The following compounds are made from 5-cyclopropylisoxazole-3-carbonyl azide and an aniline according to Method F, making non-critical variations.

Example 622: N- (5-cyclopropylisoxazol-3-yl)-N'- (5-fluoro-2, 4- dimethoxyphenyl) urea. Yield 61%. MS (CI) m/z : 322 (M+H) +.

Example623 : N- (5-bromo-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (5-cyclopropylisoxazol-3- yl) urea. Yield 64%. MS (EI) m/z : 383 (M+H) +.

Example624 : N- (5-cyclopropylisoxazol-3-yl)-N'- (2, 4-dimethoxy-5- methylphenyl) urea. Yield 52%. MS (EI) m/z : 317 (M) +.

Example 625 : N- (5-cyclopropylisoxazol-3-yl)-N'- (4-ethoxy-2-nitrophenyl) urea.

5-Cyclopropylisoxazole-3-carbonyl azide (178 mg, 1.0 mmol) is combined with 4-ethoxy-2-nitroaniline (182 mg, 1.0 mmol) in toluene (10 mL) in a 20 mL vial and heated to 70°C on a shaker block for 18 h, then 100°C for 20 h. The mixture is cooled, concentrated to dryness and chromatographed over 11 g silica gel, eluting with 5% EtOAc/CH2Cl2. The appropriate fractions are combined and concentrated to afford 90 mg (27% yield) of Example 625 as a bright yellow solid. MS (CI) m/z : 333 (M+H) +.

Example 626: N- (5-cyclopropylisoxazol-3-yl)-N'- (2, 6-dimethoxypyridin-3-yl) urea.

5-Cyclopropylisoxazole-3-carbonyl azide (178 mg, 1.0 mmol) is combined with 3-amino-2, 6-dimethoxypyridine (191 mg, 1.0 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN (10 mL) in a dry flask, under nitrogen and heated to reflux for 18 h. The mixture is cooled and the resulting solid is filtered and rinsed with Et2O. The solid (207 mg) is adsorbed onto silica gel (500 mg) and chromatographed over 10 g slurry-packed silica gel, eluting with 12% EtOAc/CH2C12. The appropriate fractions are combined and concentrated to an off-white solid (164 mg) which is recrystallized in EtOAc to afford 118 mg (39% yield) of Example 626 as a white solid. MS for C14Hl6N404, (ESI) : 305.0 (M+H) +.

Example 627: N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (5-ethylisoxazol-3-yl) urea.

Sodium ethoxide (10 g, 147 mmol) is combined with absolute EtOH (65 mL) in a dry flask, under nitrogen and heated to 70°C to aid dissolution. The mixture is cooled to 0°C, treated drop-wise with a mixture of 2-butanone (13.16 mL, 147 mmol)

and diethyl oxylate (19.96 mL, 147 mmol) and warmed to RT. The mixture is stirred for 1 h, then heated to 80°C for 45 min. The mixture is cooled to RT and concentrated to dryness. The resulting mixture is partitioned between water (200 mL) and EtOAc (3 x 70 mL). The aqueous layer is acidified to pH 2 with dilute H2SO4, extracted with Et2O (3x 50 mL), dried (Na2S04) and concentrated to afford 16.7 g (66% yield) of ethyl 2,4-dioxohexanoate as an amber oil. MS (CI) tnlz : 173 (M+H) +.

Ethyl 2,4-dioxohexanoate (11.22 g, 65.15 mmol) is combined with hydroxylamine hydrochloride (13. 58 g, 195.5 mmol) in EtOH (200 mL), heated to reflux for 1.5 h, cooled, and concentrated to dryness. The residue is partitioned between H20 (150 mL) and EtOAc (2 x 150 mL) and the combined organics are dried (MgS04) and concentrated to an amber oil (10.57 g). The crude material is chromatographed over 400 g silica gel, eluting with 20% EtOAc/hexane. The appropriate fractions are combined and concentrated to afford 8.95 g (81% yield) of ethyl 5-ethylisoxazole-3-carboxylate as a pale oil. HRMS (ESI) calcd for C8HllNO3 +H: 170.0817, found 170.0824 (M+H) +.

Sodium hydroxide (10.9 g, 273 mmol) in water (35 mL) is added to a solution of ethyl 5-ethylisoxazole-3-carboxylate (11.6 g, 68 mmol) in MeOH (70 mL). The mixture is stirred at RT for 3 h, concentrated to remove the MeOH, and acidified to pH 2 with concentrated HC1. The acid is extracted with CH2C12 (2 x 150 mL) then 10% MeOH/CH2C12 (4 x 150 mL), dried (MgS04) and concentrated to afford 5.65 g (58% yield) of 5-ethylisoxazole-3-carboxylic acid as a white solid. MS (CI) sz/z : 142 (M+H) +.

5-Ethylisoxazole-3-carboxylic acid (1.41 g, 10 mmol) is dissolved in benzene (30 mL), treated with oxalyl chloride (3.46 mL, 40 mmol) and heated to reflux for 2 h.

The mixture is cooled, concentrated to dryness and the residual benzene is azeotroped off with CH2C12. The resulting acid chloride is dissolved in Me2CO (15 mL) and treated with a solution of NaN3 (1.95 g, 30 mmol) in water (7 mL). The mixture is vigorously stirred for 1 h, concentrated to remove the Me2CO, triturated with water, filtered, rinsed with H20 and dried under vacuum to afford 1.46 g (88% yield) of 5- ethylisoxazole-3-carbonyl azide as a white solid. 1H NMR (CDC13, 400 MHz): 8 1.34, 2.85, 6.46 ppm.

5-Ethylisoxazole-3-carbonyl azide (294 mg, 1.8 mmol) is combined with 5- chloro-2,4-dimethoxyaniline (332 mg, 1.8 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN (20 mL) and

heated to 70°C for 20 h. The mixture is cooled and the resulting solid is filtered, rinsed with Et20 and dried in a vacuum oven to afford 448 mg (78% yield) of Example 627 as a white solid. HRMS (ESI) calcd for Ci4Hi6N304Cl +H: 326.0907, found 326.0909 (M+H) +.

The following compounds are made from 5-ethylisoxazole-3-carbonyl azide and an aniline according to Method F, making non-critical variations.

Example 628: N- (5-ethylisoxazol-3-yl)-N'- (5-fluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl) urea.

Yield 49%. HRMS (ESI) calcd for Cz4Hz6N304F +H : 310.1203, found 310.1211 (M+H) +.

Example 629: N- (5-bromo-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (5-ethylisoxazol-3-yl) urea.

Yield 59%. HRMS (ESI) calcd for C14Hl6N304Br +H: 370.0403, found 370.0399 (M+H) +.

Example 630: N- (2, 4-dimethoxy-5-methylphenyl)-N'- (5-ethylisoxazol-3-yl) urea.

Yield 51%. HRMS (ESI) calcd for ClsHl9N304 +H: 306.1454, found 306.1468 (M+H) +.

Example 631 : N- (2, 6-dimethoxypyridin-3-yl)-N'- (5-ethylisoxazol-3-yl) urea. Yield 57%. MS for C4H16N404, (ES1) : 293.0 (M+H) +.

Example 632 : N- (4-Ethoxy-2-nitrophenyl)-N'- (5-ethylisoxazol-3-yl) urea.

5-Ethylisoxazole-3-carbonyl azide (166 mg, 1.0 mmol) is combined with 4- ethoxy-2-nitroaniline (182 mg, 1.0 mmol) in toluene (10 mL) in a 20 mL vial and heated to 70°C on a shaker block for 18 h, then 100°C for 20 h. The mixture is cooled, concentrated to dryness and chromatographed over 11 g silica gel, eluting with 7% EtOAc/CH2C12. The appropriate fractions are combined and concentrated to afford 91 mg (28% yield) of Example 632 as a bright yellow solid. HRMS (ESI) calcd for Cl4Hl6N4Os +H: 321.1199, found 321.1208 (M+H) +.

Miscellaneous Methods Example 700 : N- (5-amino-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl) -N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl] urea hydrochloride.

A DMF solution of the product from Example 135 (1.5g, 3. 86mmol) is treated with tin dichloride dihydrate (4.35g, 19.3 mmol) in DMF. After 72h, the solvent is

removed. The residue is taken up in THF and aqueous NaHC03, stirred for 12h and filtered. The filtrate is concentrated, suspended in hot CH3CN and re-filtered. The solvents are removed and the residue is converted into the HCl salt to provide 1.22g (79% yield) of Example 700. HRMS (ESI) calcd for C12Hl2F3N503S+H 364.0691, found 364.0692.

Example 701: N- (5-azido-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl] urea.

A suspension of the product from Example 700 (0.3g, 0. 75mmol) in 6N HCl at 0°C is treated with sodium nitrite (69 mg, l. Ommol) dissolved in water. After lh, a solution of sodium azide (65 mg, 1.0 mmol) in water is added. The mixture is warmed to RT over 18h. EtOAc is added and the mixture is extracted with EtOAc, dried (MgS04), filtered and concentrated. The residue is triturated with ether to provide 32 mg (11% yield) of Example 701. HRMS (ESI) calcd for Cl2HloF3N703S+H 390.0596, found 390.0592.

Example 702: N- (5-iodo-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl] urea.

A suspension of the product from Example 700 (0.46g, 1. 15mmol) in H2SO4 at 0°C is treated with sodium nitrite (123 mg, l. 8mmol) dissolved in water. After lh, a solution of potassium iodide (338 mg, 2.0 mmol) in water is added. 3mL of THF are added. The mixture is warmed to RT over 18h. EtOAc is added and the mixture is extracted with EtOAc, dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated. The residue is purified by chromatography (Biotage 40S, 40% EtOAc/hexanes) and recrystallized from EtOAc/hexanes to provide 28 mg (5% yield) of Example 702. 1H NMR (400MHz, DMSO) 611. 95,8. 71,8. 35,6. 80,3. 94,3. 85.

Example703 : N- (4-amino-2-methoxyphenyl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl] urea.

The product from Example 142 is heated in EtOAc/EtOH (10 mL) until completely dissolved. The solution is then diluted with EtOH (50 mL). 10% Pd/C catalyst is then added as a slurry in EtOAc and the reaction put on the Parr apparatus under hydrogen for 1 h (32 psi to 17 psi). The reaction mixture is filtered over Celite

to remove the catalyst and the solvent is removed and the crude solid recrystallized (CH3CN) to give the product as a tan solid (46 mg, 26% yield). HRMS (ESI) calcd for C11HloF3N502S+H 397.0252 found 397. 0253.

Example 704 : N- (4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [4- (pentafluoroethyl)-1, 3-thiazol- 2-yl] urea.

Thiourea (0.261 g, 3.43 mmol) is dissolved in DMF (2 mL) and the resulting solution is heated to 80°C under N2.4-Methoxy-2-methylphenylisocyanate (0.50 mL, 0.561 g, 3.43 mmol) is added dropwise over a 7-minute period to the reaction mixture, which is stirred at 80°C for 2 h. 1-Bromo-3, 3,4, 4,4-pentafluoro-2-butanone (0.457 mL, 0.826 g, 3.43 mmol) and TEA (0.478 mL, 0.347 g, 3.43 mmol) are added sequentially and the reaction mixture is heated at 80°C for 19.5 h. The reaction mixture is cooled to RT and taken up in EtOAc. This solution is washed sequentially with 1N aqueous HC1, H20 and brine. The organic layer is filtered to remove suspended solids and dried (MgS04), filtered and concentrated. The crude product is chromatographed (SiO2, 9: 1 CHCl3 : EtOAc) to yield Example 704 in 18% yield. MS (ESI+) for C14Hl2F5N302S sn/z 381.9 (M+H) +.

Example 705 : N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazol-3- yl] urea.

Ethyl chlorooximidoacetate (5.00 g, 33 mmol, 1 equiv. ) and 3,3, 3-trifluoro-2- bromopropene (35.9 mL, 57.7 g, 330 mmol, 10 eq) are dissolved in Et20 (110 mL) and stirred at RT under N2. A solution of TEA (13.8 mL, 10.0 g, 99 mmol, 3 equiv.) in Et20 (86 mL) is added dropwise over 19 h to the reaction mixture using a syringe pump. After the addition is complete, the reaction mixture is stirred overnight. The reaction mixture is washed with H20 and the layers are separated. The aqueous layer is extracted with Et20. The combined organic layers are dried (MgS04), filtered and partially concentrated. The crude product is chromatographed (Si02 200g, eluted with 8: 1 hexane: EtOAc) to yield pure ethyl 5- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazole-3-carboxylate (4.4 g, 64% yield) as a solution in EtOAc. Due to the volatility of the isoxazole, no attempt is made to remove all of the solvent. The isoxazole solution is diluted with MeOH and the resulting solution is carefully, partially concentrated by rotary

evaporation. This dilution with MeOH and partial concentration is repeated to remove all of the EtOAc prior to hydrolysis of the ethyl ester.

Ethyl 5- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazole-3-carboxylate (0.65 g) is dissolved in MeOH (7 mL) and 1N aqueous NaOH (7 mL) is added. The resulting mixture is stirred at rt for 1 h. The reaction mixture is partitioned between 1N aqueous HC1 and CH2C12. The layers are separated and the aqueous layer is extracted with CH2C12.

The combined organic layers are dried (MgS04), filtered and carefully concentrated to yield 5- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid (0.60 g, 106% yield). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CD30D) 5 108.2, 119.5, 159.4, 161.2, 161.2 ; 1H NMR (CD30D) 8 7.44.

To a solution of 5- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid (0.399 g, 2.21 mmol) in Et20 (6.6 mL) at 0°C under N2 is added N-methylmorpholine (0.32 mL, 0.290 g, 2.87 mmol) followed by ethyl chloroformate (0.25 g, 0.288 g, 2.65 mmol).

After stirring for 20 min, the reaction mixture is filtered into a solution of NH20H in CH30H. [The solution of NH20H in CH30H is prepared by adding a solution of NH2OHHC1 (0.453 g) in CH30H (4.4 mL) to a solution of KOH (0.366 g) in CH30H (1.8 mL) at 0°C and filtering the resulting mixture to remove KCI.] The resulting mixture is stirred at RT for 1 h. The reaction mixture is partitioned between CH2C12 and 10% aqueous citric acid. The layers are separated and the aqueous layer is extracted with CH2C12. The combined organic layers are dried (MgS04), filtered and concentrated to yield N-hydroxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazole-3-carboxamide (0.140 g) in 32% yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 7.78, 9.63, 11.79.

N-Hydroxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazole-3-carboxamide (0.994 g, 0.507 mmol) is suspended in CH2C12 (2.5 mL) at RT under N2. TEA (0.36 mL, 0.258 g, 2.55 mmol) and 2-chloro-1, 3-dimethylimidazolinium chloride (0.104 g, 0.617 mmol) are added sequentially and the reaction mixture is stirred at RT for 30 min. 5-Chloro- 2,4-dimethoxyaniline (0.114 g, 0.608 mmol) is added and the reaction mixture is stirred at RT for an additional 2.5 h. Acetonitrile (5 mL) is added and the reaction mixture is refluxed for 15.5 h. After cooling to RT, the reaction mixture is partitioned between EtOAc and 10% aqueous citric acid. The layers are separated and the aqueous layer is extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are dried (MgS04), filtered and concentrated to give a crude product (0.620 g). The crude product is chromatographed (Si02 62 g, eluted with 8: 1 CHCl3 : EtOAc) to yield

Example 705 (0.0296 g) in 16% yield. MS (ESI+) for Cl3HnClF3N304 m/z 366.3 (M+H) +.

Any one or more of the following compounds are also within the scope of the invention, are for exemplification only and are not to limit the scope of the invention, and are prepared using methods discussed herein making non-critical changes: N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-N'- (5-isopropyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl) urea; N-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-N'- (5-methyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl) urea; N [4- (4-chlorophenyl)-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl]-N'- (4-iodophenyl) urea; N-(2, 6-dimethylphenyl)-N'-(6-fluoro-1, 3-benzothiazol-2-yl) urea; N-(4-chloro-1, 3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-N'- (2-methoxyphenyl) urea; N-(5-bromo-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl)-N'- (2-ethoxyphenyl) urea; N-(5-bromo-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl)-N'- (2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl) urea; N- (5-chloro-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl)-N'- (4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl) urea; N-(5-bromo-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl)-N'- (4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl) urea; N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (1, 3-thiazol-2-yl) urea; N-(4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- (4-methyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl) urea; N-(4-chloro-1, 3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-N'- (4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl) urea; ethyl 2- ( { [ (4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl) amino] carbonyl} amino)-4-phenyl-1, 3- thiazole-5-carboxylate ; ethyl 2-[({[4-(butoxycarbonyl) phenyl] amino} carbonyl) amino]-4-phenyl-1, 3-thiazole- 5-carboxylate; N-(5-bromo-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl)-N'- (4-ethoxyphenyl) urea; N- [2-methoxy-4- (oxetan-3-yloxy) phenyl]-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl] urea ; N- [2-methoxy-4- (oxetan-3-yloxy) phenyl]-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazol-5-yl] urea; N- [2-methoxy-4- (tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy) phenyl]-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl] urea; and N- [2-methoxy-4- (tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy) phenyl] -N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazol-5- yl] urea.

The compounds in the following tables are also within the scope of the present invention, are for exemplification only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention, and are prepared using methods discussed herein making non-critical changes.

Table 1 *WA-2 *R-Ai *R-Aiv R-B1 1001 H (1) CH (A) H (a) H (i) CH3 1002 OCH3 (2) N (B) CH3 (b) CH3 (ii) CF3 1003 OCH2CH3 (C) OCH3 (c) OCH3 (iii) CH2F 1004 OCH2-CH=CH2 (D) OEt (d) F (iv) CHF2 1005 0-n-propyl (E) O-i-propyl (e) Cl (v) CH2CH3 1006 O-i-propyl (F) O-n-propyl (f) Br (vi) CF2CF3 1007 0-sec-butyl (G) SMe (vii) cyclopropyl 1008 2-hydroxyethoxy (H) S (O) Me (viii) Cl 1009 2-methoxyethoxy (I) SEt (ix) Br 1010 2-ethoxyethoxy (J) S (O) Et (xi) CN 1011 2-(ethylthio)- (K) NO2 (xii) H ethoxy 1012 2- (methylthio)- (L) C (=O) Me (xiii) CH20CH3 ethoxy 1013 2- (methyl (M) sulfinyl) ethoxy C (Me) (=NOMe) 1014 2-(methyl sulfonyl) ethoxy 1015 2- (methylamino)- ethoxy 1016 2- (ethylamino)- ethoxy 1017 2- (dimethyl amino) ethoxy 1018 2- (diethyl amino) ethoxy 1019 OCH2CH2- N (Me) (Et) 1020 OCH2CH2- NHC (O) CH3 1021 OCH2CH2- NHS (0) 2CH3 1022 2-thiomorpholin- 4-ylethoxy 1023 2- (1, 1-dioxido- thiomorpholin-4- yl) ethoxy 1024 2-piperazin-1- ylethoxy 1025 2-pyrrolidin-1- ylethoxy 1026 2-piperidin-1- ylethoxy 1027 2-morpholin-4- ylethoxy 1028 2-lH-pyrazol-1- ylethoxy 1029 O-oxetan-3-yl 1030 O-tetrahydro- furan-3-yl 1031 O-1, 1-dioxido- thietan-3-yl 1032 O-azetidin-3-yl *Provided that at least one of R-Ai, R-Aiii, and R-Aiv is other than H.

Tables 1-5 are used in the same manner. One selection is made from each column to determine the compounds represented within each table. The compound number determines which moiety from column R-Aiii is selected; the number or letter

within parentheses determines which moiety is selected from WA-2, R-Ai, R-Aiv, and R-Bl. As indicated by an * after each table, at least one of R-Ai, R-A"', and R-AiV is other than H. The compounds represented in these tables can be a free base or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The following compounds are provided for exemplification, but not limitation, to show how compounds from Table 1 are identified: 1001 (1) (D) (a) (i) is N- (2-ethoxyphenyl)-N'- (5-methylisoxazol-3-yl) urea; 1002 (2) I (e) (xi) is N- (5-chloro-2, 6-dimethoxypyridin-3-yl)-N'- (5-cyanoisoxazol-3- yl) urea; 1003 (1) (D) (d) (iv) is N- (2, 4-diethoxy-5-fluorophenyl)-N'- [5- (difluoromethyl) isoxazol- 3-yl] urea; 1005 (2) (G) (a) (vii) is N- (5-cyclopropylisoxazol-3-yl)-N'- [2- (methylthio)-6- propoxypyridin-3-yl] urea ; 1009 (1) (K) (a) (ii) is N- [4- (2-methoxyethoxy)-2-nitrophenyl]-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazol-3-yl] urea; 1014 (2) I (a) (ix) is N- (5-bromoisoxazol-3-yl)-N'- {2-methoxy-6- [2- (methylsulfonyl) ethoxy] pyridin-3-yl} urea ; 1018 (2) (A) (d) (iii) is N- {6- [2- (diethylamino) ethoxy]-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl}-N'- [5- (fluoromethyl) isoxazol-3-yl] urea; 1020 (1) (L) (f) (viii) is N-{2-[5-acetyl-2-bromo-4-({[(5-chloroisoxazol-3- yl) amino] carbonyl} amino) phenoxy] ethyl} acetamide; 1022 (2) (H) (b) (v) is N- (5-ethylisoxazol-3-yl)-N'- [5-methyl-2- (methylsulfinyl)-6- (2- thiomorpholin-4-ylethoxy) pyridin-3-yl] urea; and 1027 (1) (B) (c) (vi) is N- [5-methoxy-2-methyl-4- (2-morpholin-4-ylethoxy) phenyl] -N'- [5- (pentafluoroethyl) isoxazol-3-yl] urea.

Table 2 *R-Aiii *WA-2 *R-Ai *R-Aiv R-B1 1051 H (1) CH (A) H (a) H (i) CH3 1052 OCH3 (2) N (B) CH3 (b) CH3 (ii) CF3 1053 OCH2CH3 (C) OCH3 (c) OCH3 (iii) CH2F 1054 OCH2-CH=CH2 (D) OEt (d) F (iv) CHF2 1055 0-n-propyl (E) O-i-propyl (e) Cl (v) Cl 1056 O-i-propyl (F) 0-n-propyl (f) Br (vi) Br 1057 0-sec-butyl (G) SMe (vii) CN 1058 2-hydroxyethoxy (H) S (O) Me (viii) CF2CF3 1059 2-methoxyethoxy (I) SEt 1060 2-ethoxyethoxy (J) S (O) Et 1061 2- (ethylthio)- (K) N02 ethoxy 1062 2- (methylthio)- (L) C (=O) Me ethoxy 1063 2- (methyl (M) sulfinyl) ethoxy C (Me) (=NOMe) 1064 2- (methyl sulfonyl) ethoxy 1065 2- (methylamino)- ethoxy 1066 2- (ethylamino)- ethoxy 1067 2- (dimethyl amino)-ethoxy 1068 2- (diethylamino)- ethoxy 1069 OCH2CH2- N (Me) (Et) 1070 OCH2CH2- NHC (O) CH3 1071 OCH2CH2- NHS (0) 2CH3 1072 2-thiomorpholin- 4-ylethoxy 1073 2- (1, 1-dioxido- thiomorpholin-4- yl) ethoxy 1074 2-piperazin-1- ylethoxy 1075 2-pyrrolidin-1- ylethoxy 1076 2-piperidin-1- ylethoxy 1077 2-morpholin-4- ylethoxy 1078 2-1H-pyrazol-1- ylethoxy 1079 O-oxetan-3-yl 1080 O-tetrahydro- furan-3-yl 1081 O-1, 1-dioxido- thietan-3-yl 1082 O-azetidin-3-yl *Provided that at least one of R-Ai, R-A"', and R-A'"is other than H.

Table 3 *R-Aiii *WA-2 *R-Ai *R-Aiv R-B1 1101 H (1) CH (A) H (a) H (i) CH3 1102 OCH3 (2) N (B) CH3 (b) CH3 (ii) CF3 1103 OCH2CH3 (C) OCH3 (c) OCH3 (iii) CH2F 1104 OCH2-CH=CH2 (D) OEt (d) F (iv) CHF2 1105 0-n-propyl (E) O-i-propyl (e) Cl (v) Cl 1106 O-i-propyl (F) O-n-propyl (f) Br (vi) Br 1107 0-sec-butyl (G) SMe (vii) CN 1108 2-hydroxyethoxy (H) S (O) Me (viii) CF2CF3 1109 2-methoxyethoxy (I) SEt 1110 2-ethoxyethoxy (J) S (O) Et 1111 2- (ethylthio)- (K) NO2 ethoxy 1112 2- (methylthio)- (L) C (=O) Me ethoxy 1113 2- (methyl (M) sulfinyl) ethoxy C (Me) (=NOMe) 1114 2- (methyl sulfonyl) ethoxy 1115 2- (methylamino)- ethoxy 1116 2- (ethylamino)- ethoxy 1117 2- (dimethyl amino) ethoxy 1118 2- (diethylamino)- ethoxy 1119 OCH2CH2- N (Me) (Et) 1120 OCH2CH2- NHC (O) CH3 1121 OCH2CH2- NHS (0) 2CH3 1122 2-thiomorpholin- 4-ylethoxy 1123 2- (1, 1-dioxido thiomorpholin-4- yl) ethoxy 1124 2-piperazin-1- ylethoxy 1125 2-pyrrolidin-1- ylethoxy 1126 2-piperidin-1- ylethoxy 1127 2-morpholin-4- ylethoxy 1128 2-1H-pyrazol-l- ylethoxy 1129 O-oxetan-3-yl 1130 O-tetrahydro- furan-3-yl 1131 O-1, 1-dioxido- thietan-3-yl 1132 O-azetidin-3-yl *Provided that at least one of R-Ai, R-A"', and R-Aiv is other than H.

Table 4 *WA-L *R_Ai,B R-Bi 1151 H (1) CH (A) H (a) H N, S (i) 4 CH3 R-B, 1152 OCH3 (2) N (B) CH3 (b) CH3 N (ii) CF3 R-B1 1153 OCH2CH3 (C) OCH3 (c) N (iii) ci OCH3 R-B1 1154 OCH2- (D) OEt (d) F N (iv) Br CH=CH2 CH=CH u2 1155 2-methoxy (E) SMe (e) Cl (v) CN ethoxy 1156 O-oxetan-3-yl (F) NO2 (f) Br 1157 O-tetrahydro- (G) furan-3-yl C (=O) Me 1158 0-1, 1-dioxido- thietan-3-yl 1159 O-azetidin-3-yl *Provided that at least one of R-A1, R-A"1, and R-A'° is other than H.

Table 5 B *R-Ai *R-Aiii *R-Aiv 1201 3-trifluorophenyl (I) H (A) H (i) H 1202 4-methyl-thiazol-2-yl (D) CH3 (B) OH (ii) OH 1203 4-ethyl-thiazol-2-yl (C) OCH3 1204 4-trifluoromethyl-thiazol-2-yl 1205 4- (pentafluoroeth-1-yl)-thiazol-2-yl

*Provided that at least one of R-Ai, R-Aiii, and R-A'"is other than H.

Materials and Methods:

Assay for positive allosteric modulators of a7 nAChR.

Both agonist and positive allosteric modulator activity of the a7 nAChR are assayed using a cell-based, calcium flux assay on FLIPR. SHEP-1 cells expressing a novel, mutated form of the a7 nAChR that permitted stable cell surface expression were used for these assays. The details of the mutated form of the a7 nAChR is described in WO 00/73431.

Cells were plated into each well of either a 96 or 384 well cell culture plates, they were transferred to a standard C02 incubator for at least 24 h to achieve confluence. The assay described below is for the 96 well assay. The 384-well assay is essentially the same, with the exception that the volumes of the reagents was reduced by a factor of 4. At confluence, the growth media was aspirated and replaced with 200 jjl of new media containing a Calcium Green-1 AM to obtain a final dye concentration was 2 uM. Cells were incubated for 60 min at 37°C, then washed 4 times leaving 100 J, 1 of assay buffer in each well. The details of the assay buffer were described in WO 00/73431. At this point, the cell culture plate containing the cells loaded with the calcium indicator dye was placed in FLIPR. FLIPR was configured to excite the Calcium Green at 488 nm and emission was read using a 520 nm filter set.

Compounds were prepared as a solutions in an assay buffer. The assay was initiated by collecting 10 baseline data points at 1.5 second intervals. After the baseline points were collected, 100 gel of compound was added to the well. The resulting 1: 1 dilution achieved a final concentration 30 ! 1M for each compound. An additional 3 min of data was collected. After 3 min measurements, acetylcholine was added at a final concentration of 100WM. Acetylcholine produced a reproducible rapid and transient calcium flux. Positive allosteric modulator activity was defined as a compound that increased the acetylcholine response by greater than 4 standard deviations of the mean response.

The following compounds are active as positive allosteric modulators at 0.01- 30 FM and are included within the present invention: N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-N'- (5-isopropyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl) urea; N-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-N'- (5-methyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl) urea; N [4- (4-chlorophenyl)-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl]-N'- (4-iodophenyl) urea; N-(2, 6-dimethylphenyl)-N'-(6-fluoro-1, 3-benzothiazol-2-yl) urea;

N-(4-chloro-1, 3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-N'- (2-methoxyphenyl) urea; N-(5-bromo-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)-N'-(2-ethoxyphenyl) urea; N-(5-bromo-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl)-N'- (2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl) urea; N-(5-chloro-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl)-N'- (4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl) urea; N- (5-bromo-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl)-N'- (4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl) urea; N-(5-chloro-2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'-(1, 3-thiazol-2-yl) urea; N-(4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- (4-methyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl) urea; N-(5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (5-methyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl) urea; N-(4-chloro-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-N'-(4-methoxy-2-methylphe nyl) urea; ethyl 2- ( { [ (4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl) amino] carbonyl} amino)-4-phenyl-1, 3- thiazole-5-carboxylate; ethyl 2- [ ({[4-(butoxycarbonyl0 phenyl] amino} carbonyl) amino]-4-phenyl-1, 3-thiazole- 5-carboxylate; N-(5-bromo-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl)-N'- (4-ethoxyphenyl) urea; N- (4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] urea; N-(5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-isoxazol-3-ylurea ; N-(5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- (5-methyl-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) urea; N-(5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- (5-methylisoxazol-3-yl) urea; N-(5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- (5-ethyl-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) urea; N-(5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea; N-(5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- (5-cyclopropyl-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) urea; N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (difluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea; N-(5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- (5-methoxy-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) urea; N- (5-bromo-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl) urea; N- (5-chloro-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol 2-yl)-N'-(5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl) urea; N-(5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) urea; N-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-N- (5-methylisoxazol-3-yl) urea; N (2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- (5-methylisoxazol-3-yl) urea; N (2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea; N-(S-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-NI-(S-methylisoxazol-3-yl) urea; N-(5-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-N- (5-methyl-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) urea; N-(4-isopropoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea; N (2-ethoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea;

N- (4-ethoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea; N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea; N-(4-butoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea; N (2, 3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea; N- (4-ethyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl)-N'- (4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl) urea; N-(5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (lH-imidazol-2-yl) urea; N- (5-bromo-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl)-N'- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl) urea; N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (5-methyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl) urea; N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (3-methylisoxazol-5-yl) urea; N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (6-cyanopyridin-3-yl) urea; N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (5-chloro-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl) urea; N- (5-chloro-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl)-N'- (2, 4-dimethoxy-5-methylphenyl) urea; N- (5-bromo-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (5-chloro-l, 3-thiazol-2-yl) urea; N- (5-bromo-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl)-N'- (5-fluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl) urea; N- (5-chloro-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl)-N'- (5-fluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl) urea; N- (3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-N'- (5-methylisoxazol-3-yl) urea; N- (3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea; N- (2-ethoxyphenyl)-N'- (5-methylisoxazol-3-yl) urea; N- (2-methoxyphenyl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea; N- (2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea; N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (5-mercapto-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) urea; <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> N- (4, 5-dimethoxy-2-methylphenyl) -N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea; N- (4-hydroxy-2-nitrophenyl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea; N- (2, 6-dimethoxypyridin-3-yl)-N'- (5-methyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl) urea; N- (4-ethoxy-2-nitrophenyl)-N'- (5-methylisoxazol-3-yl) urea; N- (4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [2- (trifluoromethyl) pyridin-4-yl] urea ; N-(5-fluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- (5-methylisoxazol-3-yl) urea; N-(5-fluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- (5-methyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl) urea; N-(5-fluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- (5-methyl-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) urea; N-(5-fluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea; N-(5-bromo-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- (5-methylisoxazol-3-yl) urea; N-(5-bromo-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- (5-methyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl) urea; N-(5-bromo-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- (5-methyl-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) urea;

N-(5-bromo-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea; N- (3, 5-difluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- (5-methylisoxazol-3-yl) urea; N- (3, 5-difluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl] urea ; N [2, 4-dimethoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl]-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol- 2-yl] urea; N-(5-chloro-2,4-diethoxyphenyl)-N'-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl) urea; N-(5-chloro-2,4-diethoxyphenyl)-N'-(5-methyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl) urea; N-(5-chloro-2, 4-diethoxyphenyl)-N- (5-methyl-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) urea; N-(5-chloro-2, 4-diethoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea; N-(5-chloro-2, 4-dipropoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea; N (2-chloro-4-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)-N- (5-methylisoxazol-3-yl) urea; N (2-chloro-4-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl] urea; N (2, 4-dimethoxy-5-methylphenyl)-N- (5-methylisoxazol-3-yl) urea; N (2, 4-dimethoxy-5-methylphenyl)-N- (5-methyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl) urea; N (2, 4-dimethoxy-5-methylphenyl)-N- (5-methyl-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) urea; N (2, 4-dimethoxy-5-methylphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea; N-(4-ethoxy-2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl] urea; N-(5-acetyl-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea; N (2, 4-dimethoxy-5-nitrophenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea; N-[2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-(2, 2, 2-trifluoroethoxy) phenyl]-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)- 1,3, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea; N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (2-methyl-1, 3-thiazol-5-yl) urea; N- (2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea; N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N'- (2, 4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) urea; N- [4-methoxy-2- (methylthio) phenyl]-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl] urea; N- (4-1 [ (IR)-l-methylpropylloxylphenyl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl] urea ; N- [4- (allyloxy) phenyl]-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea; N- (4-propoxyphenyl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea;

N- (2-ethoxypyridin-3-yl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea; N- (4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [4- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl] urea; N- (4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- (3-phenyl-1, 2, 4-thiadiazol-5-yl) urea; N- (5-ethyl-4-phenyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl)-N'- (4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl) urea; N- (4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] urea; N- (4-hydroxyphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] urea ; N- [2-methyl-4- (methylthio) phenyl]-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] urea; N- (2-ethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] urea; N- (4-amino-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] urea; N- (4-methoxyphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] urea; N- (5-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] urea; N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- [4- (trifluoromethyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl] urea; N- (4-bromo-lH-pyrazol-1-yl)-N'- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl) urea; N- (4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] thiourea; N- (4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] thiourea; N- (2, 4-dimethoxy-5-methylphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazol-5-yl] urea ; N- (4-ethoxyphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazol-5-yl] urea; N- (2-ethoxyphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazol-5-yl] urea; N- (2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazol-5-yl] urea; N- (2, 6-dimethoxypyridin-3-yl)-N'- (3-methylisoxazol-5-yl) urea; N- (5-fluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (3-methylisoxazol-5-yl) urea; N- (2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (3-methylisoxazol-5-yl) urea; N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazol-5-yl] thiourea; N- (5-chloro-2, 4-diethoxyphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazol-5-yl] urea; N- (4-methoxy-2-nitrophenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazol-5-yl] urea; N- (4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [4- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl] thiourea; N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl] thiourea ; N- (5-fluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl] thiourea ; N- [2-methoxy-4- (2-methoxyethoxy) phenyl]-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol- 2-yl] urea ; N- (4-ethoxy-2-nitrophenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazol-5-yl] thiourea;

N- (4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [4- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl] thiourea; N-(3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea ; N-(5-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea; N-(4-methoxy-2-nitrophenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea; N-(4-ethoxy-2-nitrophenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea; N-(4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl)-N- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea; N (2, 6-dimethoxypyridin-3-yl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea; N- (4-hydroxyphenyl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea; N-(5-ethoxypyridin-2-yl)-N'-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea; N- (4-ethoxy-2-morpholin-4-ylphenyl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl] urea; tert-butyl 4-{5-ethoxy-2-[({[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl] amino} carbonyl) amino]phenyl}piperazine-1-carboxylate ; N-(2-chloro-6-methoxy-pyridin-3-yl)-N'-[5-(trifluoromethyl)- 1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl] urea ; N- [6-methoxy-2- (methylthio) pyridin-3-yl]-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl] urea ; N- [6-methoxy-2- (methylsulfonyl) pyridin-3-yl] -N'- [5-(trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl] urea; N- [2-methoxy-4- (2-methoxyethoxy) phenyl]-N'- (5-methylisoxazol-3-yl) urea; N- (4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [4- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl] urea; N- (4-hydroxyphenyl)-N'- [4- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl] urea; N- (5-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [4- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl] urea; N- (3-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [4- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl] urea; N- (6-cyanopyridin-3-yl)-N'- (5-fluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl) urea; N- (4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethoxy) phenyl] urea; N- (4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [4- (pentafluoroethyl)-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl] urea; N- (5-bromo-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (6-cyanopyridin-3-yl) urea; N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazol-5-yl] urea; N- (5-fluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazol-5-yl] urea; N- (2, 6-dimethoxypyridin-3-yl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazol-5-yl] urea; N- (4-ethoxy-2-nitrophenyl)-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazol-5-yl] urea ; N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (5-chloroisoxazol-3-yl) urea;

N- (5-chloro-4-methoxy-2-nitrophenyl)-N'- (5-methylisoxazol-3-yl) urea; N- (5-fluoro-4-methoxy-2-nitrophenyl)-N'- (5-methylisoxazol-3-yl) urea; N- [5-chloro-4-methoxy-2- (methylthio) phenyl]-N'- (5-methylisoxazol-3-yl) urea; N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- [5- (fluoromethyl) isoxazol-3-yl] urea; N- (2, 6-dimethoxypyridin-3-yl)-N'- [5- (fluoromethyl) isoxazol-3-yl] urea; N- (5-fluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- [5- (fluoromethyl) isoxazol-3-yl] urea; N- (5-bromo-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- [5- (fluoromethyl) isoxazol-3-yl] urea; N- (4-ethoxy-2-nitrophenyl)-N'- [5- (fluoromethyl) isoxazol-3-yl] urea; N- (2, 4-dimethoxy-5-methylphenyl)-N'- [5- (fluoromethyl) isoxazol-3-yl] urea; N- (5-bromo-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- [5- (hydroxymethyl) isoxazol-3-yl] urea; N- (5-fluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (5-isopropylisoxazol-3-yl) urea; N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (5-isopropylisoxazol-3-yl) urea; N- (5-bromo-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (5-isopropylisoxazol-3-yl) urea; N- (2, 6-dimethoxypyridin-3-yl)-N'- (5-isopropylisoxazol-3-yl) urea; N- (2, 4-dimethoxy-5-methylphenyl)-N'- (5-isopropylisoxazol-3-yl) urea; N- (5-fluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- [5- (methoxymethyl) isoxazol-3-yl] urea; N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- [5- (methoxymethyl) isoxazol-3-yl] urea; N- (5-bromo-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- [5- (methoxymethyl) isoxazol-3-yl] urea; N- (4-ethoxy-2-nitrophenyl)- N'- [5- (methoxymethyl) isoxazol-3-yl] urea; N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (5-cyclopropylisoxazol-3-yl) urea; N- (5-cyclopropylisoxazol-3-yl)-N'- (5-fluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl) urea; N- (5-bromo-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (5-cyclopropylisoxazol-3-yl) urea; N- (5-cyclopropylisoxazol-3-yl)-N'- (2, 4-dimethoxy-5-methylphenyl) urea; N- (5-cyclopropylisoxazol-3-yl)-N'- (4-ethoxy-2-nitrophenyl) urea; N- (5-cyclopropylisoxazol-3-yl)-N'- (2, 6-dimethoxypyridin-3-yl) urea; N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (5-ethylisoxazol-3-yl) urea; N- (5-ethylisoxazol-3-yl)-N'- (5-fluoro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl) urea; N- (5-bromo-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- (5-ethylisoxazol-3-yl) urea; N- (2, 4-dimethoxy-5-methylphenyl)-N'- (5-ethylisoxazol-3-yl) urea; N- (2, 6-dimethoxypyridin-3-yl)-N'- (5-ethylisoxazol-3-yl) urea; N- (4-ethoxy-2-nitrophenyl)-N'- (5-ethylisoxazol-3-yl) urea; N- (5-amino-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea hydrochloride;

N- (5-azido-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea ; N- (5-iodo-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea; N- (4-amino-2-methoxyphenyl)-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea; N- (4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl)-N'- [4- (pentafluoroethyl)-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl] urea ; N- (5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl) -N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazol-3-yl] urea; N- [2-methoxy-4- (tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy) phenyl]-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4- thiadiazol-2-yl] urea ; N- [2-methoxy-4- (oxetan-3-yloxy) phenyl]-N'- [5- (trifluoromethyl)-1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl] urea; N- [2-methoxy-4- (oxetan-3-yloxy) phenyl]-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazol-5-yl] urea ; and N- [2-methoxy-4- (tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy) phenyl]-N'- [3- (trifluoromethyl) isoxazol-5-yl] urea.