Cross References to Related Applications This application claims the priority of European patent application 20 173 772.3, filed May 8, 2020 and European patent application 20 178 779.3, filed June 8, 2020. The disclosure of both of these applications is incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Technical Field

The present invention regards new avirulent virus-like particles (avirulent VLPs) and their use as analytical reagents and for vaccination against viruses, in particular co rona viruses. Background Art

Immunization against new emerging viral infections and their accurate detection (i.e. level of immunity in a person) are tightly coupled as both require agents that mimic the virus as close as possible, yet obviously are not infectious. In the case of accurate detection of the level of immunity, an analytical reagent performs best if it best matches with the agent that triggered the formation of the specific set of antibodies, since all humans have different antibodies. If an analytical reagent for detection of the level of immunity is ill matching the agent (e.g. a virus), the use of the analytical reagent will result in wrong positive and wrong negative results on the level of im munity of a person. Interestingly enough, the same benefit of an as perfect as possible match between the analytical reagent and the agent of interest (i.e. the virus) is found in the develop ment of a vaccine, as now the immune system of a person is to be triggered and trained as accurately as possible to later recognize again a most similar agent (i.e. the virus trying to infect the person). For viruses, so called virus-like particles (VLP) have been developed in a great variety using a number of surrogates for the virus's core and most components from its shell. This strategy has been successful in many cases, but its overall degree of protection is limited by its quality of the match. The mimicking action's quality depends on the molecular orientation, identity of the subunits of the structure and the overall wetting behavior of the object, its size and charge. Each factor is known per se and extensively discussed in the scientific litera ture.

This relationship is very important for virus types with complex surfaces, such as co- rona viruses, as their spike proteins protrude far into the surrounding liquid, whilst providing a complex local environment at the 1 to 10 nm resolution between the spike protein and the virus hull. Since this local microenvironment is at the same size than a typical antibody, corona viruses are notoriously difficult to target. One reason for this may be that antibodies have to interact with a mobile (i.e. conformational flexi- ble) target, whilst being hindered in adapting a specific configuration when trying to sneak between hull components and hull spike proteins.

The so-called gold standard for a virus mimicry would be a complete outer shell of a virus, with all components identical or essentially identical to the ones of the infec tious virus itself. A number of strategies have been developed over the decade, to either use existing, known viruses and modify them with a motive of the target virus (e.g. change a protein at the outer surface of the carrier), or to inactivate the virus. Later strategy appears attractive as it would provide a perfect copy of the target virus, but a non-reproductive/infective one. In theory, this sounds easy, but in practice, the inactivation is a delicate balance between the key needs: a) Complete inactivation of the virus, as if even a single virus survives the inacti vation, it may infect a person undergoing vaccination and then cause an out break. Hence, the quality measures are enormous, both for avoiding mixing during production, i.e. a case where some parts of the vaccine manufacturing is getting in contact with the final product, and to make sure all of the material is inactivated (batch homogeneity). b) Keeping the inactivated virus's molecular recognition properties as identical to the target virus (infective) as possible. This is more difficult than it sounds, since either the inactivation is done through a chemical derivatization, e.g. crosslinking with formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde, or thermally or through other physical/chemical means. In all cases, the inactivation must change vital parts of the virus to a point where it is truly damaged.

In such a procedure, the inactivation must work so good that it does not miss a single virus out of 10 billion viruses, often better than not missing a single virus out of over 10 to the power of 14 viruses. Such quality requirements result in over-inactivation, i.e. the average inactivated virus is so heavily damaged that it does not anymore much resemble the original version (i.e. the target).

As a result of this, it is of high interest, to develop precise methods to prepare virus surrogates / virus mimics with a quality protocol that allows regulatory authorities and manufacturers to easily follow the preparation in a most detailed way.

The analysis of blood serum of a population is a second topic that requires the same surrogates / mimics as above. The outcome of a vaccination (successful immunization or not) is measured by the presence of antibodies in a person after a given time post vaccination. It is also of high interest to know which persons in a population have al ready had a given infection (i.e. they are immune or at least less prone to infection than others), or to measure their level of immunity. Since humans build a large variety of antibodies, detection either requires a large range of low quality virus surrogates or moieties displaying characteristic parts of a virus, or a test method could use a near perfect surrogate / mimic of the virus and thus identify any possible immune reaction against its (infectious) counterpart (i.e. the real virus).

There is a third, most important factor in this development, and it is linked to the often rapid mutation of such viruses over the course of an infection. Since easy to target parts of a virus' shell are rapidly fought by the human immune system, there is always a huge evolutionary pressure on the virus to mutate in directions where it is more and more elusive. As infections progress, an original virus may develop new forms (mutations) that then have better or worse infectious properties and allow the virus to better (or less) replicate. In any case, an original vaccination may then fail, as the above evolutionary pressure will guide the virus away from easy to target moieties of its shape. If new versions of a virus emerge, they will be per definition different to the earlier ones particularly when it concerns the key parts targeted in the previous vaccination strategy. Disclosure of the Invention

Hence, it is a general object of the invention to provide a method for producing a dynamic detection and/or vaccination reagent group and such a reagent group suita ble for virus mimicry or surrogate that has the following two tasks: (i) To serve as an analytical agent to help identification of immunity (titer) in humans and /or to serve as part of a vaccination, and (ii) To be quickly adaptable to new forms of a virus (i.e. a mutation)

Now, in order to implement these and still further objects of the invention, which will become more readily apparent as the description proceeds, the method for pro- ducing a dynamic detection and/or vaccination reagent group is manifested by the features that said group comprises at least two analytical agents/reagents and /or at least two vaccination agents, each of the analytical agents/reagents and/or vaccination agents comprises at least one kind of avirulent virus-like particles (aVLPs), each of the analytical agents/reagents and/or vaccination agents differs in at least one kind of avirulent virus-like particles, each kind of avirulent virus-like particles differs from another kind of avirulent virus like particles in at least one amino acid of one of the target proteins, each of said at least one kind of avirulent virus-like particles comprises the spike pro- tein S of a target corona virus and at least two and preferably three shell-forming proteins being further membrane proteins of corona viruses, said shell-forming pro teins being the structural envelope protein E and the membrane protein M and op tionally and preferably also the nucleoprotein N, said avirulent virus-like particles comprise a protein shell and a glycosylation pattern obtainable by expression in mammalian cells, each of said avirulent virus-like particles is produced by co-expression of at least three kinds of vectors or plasmids each of said kind of vectors or plasmids compris ing a nucleotide sequence encoding another one of said S protein and said M protein and said E protein, wherein at least one protein encoding nucleotide sequence of said target virus of at least one kind of avirulent virus-like particles has been produced by either site di rected mutagenesis of the protein encoding sequence within the vector/plasmid or part thereof followed by reconstituting the vector/plasmid, or by a method comprising

(i) providing

(a)a set of short partial sequences, i.e. oligonucleotides, with ends suitable for PCA and/or

(b)larger partial sequences or partial sequences being a combination of two or more of such short partial sequences of (a), wherein all short partial sequences of (a) together encode the full protein,

(ii) chemically synthesizing one or more short partial sequences, i.e. oligonucleo tides, each comprising at least one mutation compared to the set of short partial se quences described in step (i),

(iii) combining said one or more oligonucleotides comprising said at least one muta tion of step (ii) with each other and/or with at least one further sequence of step (i) to obtain a mutated larger partial sequence, optionally repeating this step until a mutated partial sequence of desired length or a mutated polynucleotide is obtained, e.g. via polymerase chain assembly (PCA)

(iv) optionally combining said mutated partial sequences of step (iii) with at least one further sequence of step (iii) comprising a different mutation and/or with at least one partial sequence of step (i) to obtain the polynucleotide encoding the mu tated protein, in particular the spike protein S of the mutated target corona virus, said dynamic detection and/or vaccination reagent group allowing quick adaptation of a virus detection method and/or a vaccination/vaccine by combining two or more reagents dependent on geographical location and/or time of target virus mutation occurrence and /or spreading.

The term short partial sequence or oligonucleotide refers to sequences that can readily be produced by chemical synthesis, in general sequences of 10 to 200 base pairs (bp), usually 50 to 100 bp. The terms short partial sequences and oligonucleo tides herein are used synonymously. A larger partial sequence that can also be termed a medium-size partial sequence re fers to sequences resulting from the combination of two or more short partial se quences /oligonucleotides and thus can range from 20 bp to about 1000 bp (or the number of bp obtainable by PCA).

A partial sequence is a sequence of a length corresponding to the maximal length of a sequence obtainable by the method applied in step (iii), in particular polymerase chain assembly (PCA).

The term polynucleotide herein designates the sequence encoding the protein.

Dependent on the length of the nucleic acid sequence encoding the desired protein, the larger partial sequence can be identical with the partial sequence if this se quence already has a length corresponding to the maximal length obtainable by the method used in step (iii) or the larger partial sequence can already be the polynucle otide, if the sequence encoding the protein has not more base pairs than obtainable by the method applied in step (iii), e.g. via (PCA).

While the further membrane proteins can be proteins of corona viruses other than the target virus, in preferred embodiments of the avirulent virus-like particle the fur ther membrane proteins are proteins of the target corona virus.

In another embodiment the target virus is selected from the group consisting of members of coronaviridae, betacoronaviruses, Sars-CoV 1, Mers-CoV and in particu lar Sars CoV 2.

A preferred mammalian cell is selected from the group consisting of CHO cells, like ExpiCHO, or human cell lines, like HEK903T, HT-1080, PER.C6, CAP, HuH-7 and HKB- 11.

A preferred method for producing an avirulent virus-like particle as described above is a method wherein

I. nucleotide sequences, in particular DNA sequences, each encoding the S-pro- tein or one of the shell-forming proteins and optionally transcriptional and translational control elements are chemically synthesized by de novo DNA synthesis,

II. a mammalian cell is transfected with at least three, preferably four of said nucleotide sequences and cultured III. the avirulent virus-like particles produced by said mammalian cell are har vested.

Further aspects of the present invention regard a use of the avirulent virus-like particles in a group as described above for analyzing antibodies against the target virus in a mammalian sample, in particular a blood sample, a use of an avirulent virus-like particle in a group as described above as an effective substance of a vaccine, an analytical agent comprising at least one kind , preferably two or more kinds of an avirulent virus-like particle as described above, a vaccine comprising at least one kind, preferably two or more kinds of avirulent vi- rus-like particles as described above , a method for producing nucleic acid sequences encoding the spike protein S of a tar get corona virus and at least two and preferably three shell-forming proteins being further membrane proteins of corona viruses, said shell-forming proteins being the structural envelope protein E and the membrane protein M and optionally and pref erably also the nucleo protein or nucleocapside protein N, said nucleic acids option ally also comprising transcriptional and translational control elements, wherein

(a) said nucleic acids are adapted or optimized for chemical synthesis and prefer- ably also for expression in mammalian cells, said method further comprising

(b) determining short partial sequences, i.e. oligonucleotides, having unique ends and preferably a length of 50 to 100 bp

(c) chemically synthesizing said oligonucleotides,

(d) combining two or more of said oligonucleotides to larger partial sequences and optionally repeating this step until partial sequences of desired length or pol ynucleotides are obtained, this step being e.g. performed by polymerase chain as sembly (PCA),

(e) optionally combining two or more of the partial sequences of desired length of step (d) to obtain the nucleic acid sequences, i.e. the polypeptides, encoding the spike protein S of the target corona virus and the shell-forming proteins, e.g. by means of enzymatic ligation or isothermal assembly.

By PCA in general oligonucleotides or polynucleotides of up to about 1000 bp length are obtainable. For lager polynucleotides, i.e. up to 4000 bp or even 10000 bp step (e) has to be performed.

The nucleic acid sequence, i.e. the polynucleotides as described above are inserted into a transfection vector preferably a plasmid for transfecting a mammalian cell with said nucleic acid sequences, i.e. the polynucleotides encoding the S-protein, the M-protein, the E-protein and optionally and preferably the N-protein as described above.

Step (d) can also comprise an amplification step.

The transfection vector or plasmid can comprise all elements needed for protein ex pression prior to polynucleotide insertion or such elements can be introduced to gether with the protein encoding sequence, the polynucleotide. In case of plasmids, they can be multiplied in e.g. bacteria, like E. coli and then harvested according to known methods.

The mammalian cells can be obtained by co-transfecting them with a multitude of vectors/plasmids comprising the polynucleotides encoding the three or preferably four proteins needed for the avirulent virus-like particles formation.

If a virus spreads, the time lag between recognizing emergence of a mutation and action in the form of providing a new vaccination, and being able to accurately de tect presence of immunity / titer in the population directly translates into severity of the infection.

In an ideal case, a new vaccine could be manufactured within days of detection of a new mutation, and being distributed to people that potentially got close to the source of that new mutation. Such readily adaptable and available vaccinations are not yet realized, and cannot be done within the hitherto existing pharmaceutical knowledge and capability.

In such an understanding, both the detection and the vaccination are dynamic, i.e. for a given virus, different mutations can occur at different locations and at different times so that the detection and fight against said viral disease demands a string of reagents, an array of reagents, that may differ locally and in time. Such array (depend ent of time and location) of reagents (for detection), also termed analytical agents or analytical reagents, and vaccination agents herein is called a "dynamic detection and/or vaccination reagent group". In the context of this invention, this array of rea gents, the knowledge on where and how to apply its components (the detection com ponent of the array with the materially important part being the aviruent virus-like particles, also called analytical reagent) and the corresponding vaccination agents (similar or even identical to the key component of the analytical reagent) are encom passed by the term "dynamic detection and/or vaccination reagent group".

For practical purposes, such a "dynamic detection and/or vaccination reagent group" may consist first of at least two reagents (typically liquid formulations, each contain ing at least one kind of aVLPs, wherein each reagent has another kind or composition of aVLPs, i.e. the aVLPs of the different kinds differ in terms of at least the relevant protein structure and / or the folding of at least the relevant protein, in general the S- protein. The "dynamic detection and/or vaccination reagent group" may grow over the course of an infection, and become diverse with partially different components for a given geographic region and/or time (beginning, peak, fading out part of an epi demic).

Thus, once the virus has mutated more than once, a dynamic detection and/or vac cination reagent group obtainable by the method of any one of the preceding claims, said group comprising a plurality of analytical agents/reagents and /or vaccination agents, each of the analytical agents/reagents and/or vaccination agents comprises at least one kind of avirulent virus-like particles, each of the analytical agents/reagents and/or vaccination agents differs in at least one kind of avirulent virus-like particles, each kind of avirulent virus-like particles differs from another kind of avirulent virus like particles in at least one amino acid of one of the target proteins, each of said at least one kind of avirulent virus-like particles comprises the spike pro tein S of a target corona virus and at least two and preferably three shell-forming proteins being further membrane proteins of corona viruses, said shell-forming pro teins being the structural envelope protein E and the membrane protein M and op tionally and preferably also the nucleoprotein N, said avirulent virus-like particles comprise a protein shell and a glycosylation pattern obtainable by expression in mammalian cells, said dynamic detection and vaccination reagent group allowing quick adaptation of a virus detection method and/or a vaccination by combining two or more reagents de pendent on geographical location and/or time of target virus mutation occurrence and /or spreading.

The "dynamic detection and/or vaccination reagent group" may be represented by a matrix containing the individual components. For practical reasons it may be advan tageous to use one axis for geography, and another one for time, but other grouping or arrays can be used. The group may also just be two or a few, like 2 to 10 reagents in the case of a small group and many, like more than 10 reagents in the case of large groups.

The "dynamic detection and/or vaccination reagent group" may comprise a basic composition common to all reagents, each reagent comprising said basic composition and the individual VLPs of the respective reagent.

As indicated above, in case of rapidly mutating viruses, it is important to be able to react to such mutations very fast. A suitable method for such fast reaction is a method for producing a nucleic acid sequence encoding a mutated protein, in general the spike protein S of a target corona virus that bears said at least one mutation, said method comprising (provided that the aVLP against the original virus has already been synthesized as described above and oligonucleotides or larger partial sequences are available from said synthesis)

(i) chemically synthesizing one or more short partial sequences, oligonucleo tides, each comprising at least one mutation,

(ii) combining said one or more oligonucleotides comprising said mutations of step (i) with each other and/or with at least one further not-mutated short partial sequence or larger partial sequence to obtain a mutated larger partial sequence, optionally repeating this step until a mutated partial sequence of desired length or a polypeptide is obtained, e.g. via polymerase chain assem bly (PCA)

(iii) optionally combining two or more mutated partial sequences obtained ac cording to step (ii) with each other and/or with at least one not-mutated par- tial sequence to obtain the nucleic acid sequence, the polynucleotide encod ing the mutated protein, in particular the spike protein S of the mutated tar get corona virus.

Step (iii) is performed in case of large polynucleotides, i.e. polynucleotides of more than e.g. 1000 bp.

In an alternative embodiment that is especially suitable if only few, like one nucleo tide have/has mutated, instead of chemical synthesis site-directed mutagenesis can be applied in any of the above indicated steps. Which method is chosen depends on the accuracy and/or the speed of the method, i.e. first any mismatch shall be avoided, and in the case of the same or at least similar accuracy in general the faster method will be favored.

In the scope of the present invention a transfection vector or plasmid comprising such a mutated nucleic acid sequence and/or a mammalian cell comprising such mu tated nucleic acid sequence besides of polynucleotides encoding other, in general not mutated proteins needed for VLP production are also provided. Such vec tors/plasmids and mammalian cells are as described above with the exception that they comprise a mutation.

A kind of avirulent VLPs directed to the original virus or a kind of avirulent VLPs di rected to a mutation can be the active substance of an analytical agent / reagent or of a vaccination agent/reagent of the inventive reagent group. In a further embodi ment, one analytical agent / reagent or one vaccination agent/reagent comprises a combination of at least a first kind and a second kind of avirulent virus-like particles, said first kind and said second kind of avirulent virus-like particles comprising the S- proteins of the original virus and of a mutation or the S-proteins of different muta tions of one and the same original virus, said original virus and said mutation or said two mutations differing in at least one different amino acid and/or at least one dele tion and/or at least one insertion of an amino-acid residue,

At least two analytical agents / reagents and/or at least two vaccination agents are the components of a "dynamic detection and/or vaccination reagent group".

The analytical agents / reagents or the vaccine contain solvents, additives, preserva tives, adjuvants and other components, or/and - in the case of analytical agents /re- agents - binding agents to link the avirulent VLP to analytical equipment, sample hold ers, plates etc. Suitable components for formulations of analytical agents and /or vac cines are known to the skilled person.

Since suitable non-VLP materials are known, the non-VLP materials are of less interest in this invention and it shall be understood that two components of a "dynamic de tection and vaccination reagent group" shall be considered identical if their VLP(s) are identical with regard to their sequence and functionality. For clarity, two components of a "dynamic detection and/or vaccination reagent group" shall be considered iden tical even if their non-VLP materials are different or if different amounts or types of such non-VLP materials are contained.

A dynamic detection and vaccination reagent group is different from a vaccine, or an analytical assay for a given detection task in that

(a) it is a group of analytical reagents or vaccination agents, meaning that there are at least two such reagents or vaccination agents, and for analysis or vaccination only part of said reagents or vaccination agents is used at a time and a geographic location,

(b) the members of the group may change over time, and they are de pending on geographic location and time, and - preferably -

(c) at least one member of the group is both useful for the detection of antibodies in a population and it is useful as a component in the manufacturing of a corresponding vaccine,

(d) the group's size and composition reacts on mutations and changes in the virus in that its size and the composition of the analytical agents /reagents and/or vaccines it comprises can be rapidly adapted,

(e) the members of the group are similar to one another as they are used against the same type of virus derived from the same original infection (onset of a spread of infections), and this similarity can be recognized through the similarity of large parts of the coded proteins.

Typical changes and modifications in a protein as a result of a mutation in a virus are known to the person skilled in the art. Due to this dynamic, the same "dynamic detec tion and/or vaccination reagent group" shall be assumed to still be present if one or more member(s) of such reagent group is/are changed due to the appearance of a new mutation or the disappearance of the original virus or an "old" mutation. Any avirulent VLP has two applications. These are: First, the avirulent VLP can be used for the detection of the level of immunity against a coronavirus in a typical immuno assay. The reagent excels against other, less precise reagents, in terms of specificity and the lower level of false negative or false positive results. Second, the essentially same avirulent VLP is useful in the preparation of a vaccine against the same virus.

The inventive avirulent VLP differs from previous attempts to develop similar VLP in that

(i) it has been obtained starting from molecularly defined entities that comprise the nucleotide sequence encoding the spike or S-protein and the nucleotide se quences encoding at least two, preferably three further shell proteins, i.e. the struc tural envelope or E-protein and the membrane or M-protein and optionally and pref erably also the nucleocapside/nucleo protein or N-protein, said nucleotide sequences being adapted/optimized for chemical synthesis and preferably also for protein ex pression in mammalian cells, and

(ii) said aVLPs having been produced in mammalian cells.

The present invention describes as a minimal group two kinds of avirulent VLPs that are similar to one another, but represent an original virus and a first mutation of it. Both reagents of this group can be used separately for the detection of the level of immunity against a specific coronavirus in a typical immunoassay. It is obviously ad vantageous to then report the immunity against the original and the mutated virus. In an alternative embodiment, the two kinds of avirulent VLPs can be present in one and the same reagent. In such case, whether only the information about immunity or not or the information against which virus is obtainable depends on the distinguisha- bility or the labelling, respectively, of the different kinds of avirulent VLPs.

In the context of this invention, a mutation is a change in one or several nucleic acids in the coding sequence (genome level view) resulting in a change of one or several amino acids (in the expression level view). A mutation can be a single point mutation (single nucleotide changed, affording a change of one amino acid in the expressed protein), or multiple changes, but limited to nucleotide changes resulting in a maxi mum of 20 % of all amino acids, if the mutation is a naturally occurring one, or limited to mutations that change the original proteins form or function in a most essential way, if the mutation is an artificially generated sequence, since e.g. computationally generated sequences can be changed over larger areas, while essentially keeping the function of the protein. As already indicated above, in yet a further embodiment, the present invention de scribes an immunoassay that uses avirulent VLPs as an analytical agent / reagent. The details of attaching such reagent to a suitable sample handling system, e.g. a modified polystyrene plate, is well known to the person skilled in the art. In an alternative em- bodiment, the inventive VLPs may also be used free flowing in a solution, e.g. when using a metal nanoparticle based color assay.

The immunoassay may often be commercially used years or months ahead of a po tential use as vaccine, since the regulatory approval process for vaccines typically takes years. The delayed use as vaccine does not preclude, however, the early use of the avirulent VLPs for the detection of a level of immunity.

The present invention provides a "dynamic detection and/or vaccination reagent group" to fight a broadly progressing infection with various subtypes of a virus, or mutations. Such subtypes or mutations may be present geographically (i.e. at the same time appearing at different locations), or sequentially (i.e. at different times, appearing at the same location). For practical reasons, the group is started as a small group if a new virus is detected, and grows over time, when a virus adapts and changes.

Brief Description of the Drawings The invention will be better understood and objects other than those set forth above will become apparent when consideration is given to the following detailed description thereof. Such description makes reference to the annexed drawings, wherein:

Figure 1 is a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of a VLP after staining with uranylacetate on carbon-coated copper grids.

Figure 2 is a TEM image showing goat anti-mouse antibodies coupled to gold nano particles detecting a primary mouse antibody recognizing the Sars-2 Spike-protein.

Figure S shows the microenvironment of antibody action.

Figure 4 schematically shows the development of virus mutations and respectively the dynamic detection and vaccination reagent group. Modes for Carrying Out the Invention

In one embodiment of the present invention, the VLPs are further characterized by the following features:

Size: The diameter of avirulent VLPs of the present invention is on average 105 nanome ter with a standard-deviation of 21 nanometer. (The actual data found are 105.31 and +/- 21.30 nm as standard deviation.)

Composition :

The VLPs of the present invention consist of spherical vesicles composed of an inner aqueous phase enclosed by a membrane envelope.

The aqueous phase comprises the N protein as sole protein - if any - and no virus RNA or DNA.

The membrane envelope consists of a lipid bilayer in which the integral membrane glycoproteins, the M-protein, the S-protein and the E-protein are embedded to form the membrane envelope portion of the VLPs. Whereby:

The M-protein is the most abundant structural protein component of the VLP envelope (with more than 50% of the membrane surface covered by the M- protein).

The S-protein is the second most abundant component of the VLP envelope and

The E-protein is a minor structural protein component (with less than 10% of the membrane surface covered by the E-protein).

Posttranslational modifications like glycosylation:

The membrane protein components are further characterized by the following N- glycosylation pattern at distinct asparagine residues characterized by Endoglyco- sidase H and Peptide-N-glycosidase F sensitive high-mannose N-glycans, afucosyl- ated and fucosylated hybrid-type glycans and glycans from the complex type.

The following amino acid positions refer to a DNA construct with one additional amino acid the codon for which is inserted directly after the start codon. The M-protein is predominately N-glycosylated at five N-linked glycan sites annotated by the amino acid positions (N6), (N22), (N44), (N122) and (N204).

The E protein is predominately N-glycosylated at two N-linked glycan sites annotated by the amino acid positions (N49) and (N67).

The S protein is N-glycosylated at twenty two N-linked glycan sites annotated by the amino acid positions (N18), (N62), (N75), (N123), (N150), (N166), (N235), (N283), (N332), (N344), (N604), (N617), (N658), (N710), (N718), (N802), (N1075), (N1099), (N1135), (N1159), (N1174) and (N1195).

The protein sequences of a Sars-2-CoV that has been found in an early stage of the pandemic and that can be viewed as original sequences but with an added valine di rectly after the start methionine for improved translation are as follows:

Envelope protein E

MVYSFVSEETGTLIVNSVLLFLAFVVFLLVTLAILTALRLCAYCCNIVNVSLVKPSF YVYSRVKNLNS

SRVPDLLV*

Membrane protein M

MVADSNGTITVEELKKLLEQWNLVIGFLFLTWICLLQFAYANRNRFLYIIKLIFLWL LWPVTLACF

VLAAVYRINWITGGIAIAMACLVGLMWLSYFIASFRLFARTRSMWSFNPETNILLNV PLHGTILT

RPLLESELVIGAVILRGHLRIAGHHLGRCDIKDLPKEITVATSRTLSYYKLGASQRV AGDSGFAAYS

RYRIGNYKLNTDHSSSSDNIALLVQ*

Nucleoprotein N

MVSDNGPQNQRNAPRITFGGPSDSTGSNQNGERSGARSKQRRPQGLPNNTASWFTAL TQH

GKEDLKFPRGQGVPINTNSSPDDQIGYYRRATRRIRGGDGKMKDLSPRWYFYYLGTG PEAGLP

YGANKDGIIWVATEGALNTPKDHIGTRNPANNAAIVLQLPQGTTLPKGFYAEGSRGG SQASSR

SSSRSRNSSRNSTPGSSRGTSPARMAGNGGDAALALLLLDRLNQLESKMSGKGQQQQ GQTVT

KKSAAEASKKPRQKRTATKAYNVTQAFGRRGPEQTQGNFGDQELIRQGTDYKHWPQI AQFAP

SASAFFGMSRIGMEVTPSGTWLTYTGAIKLDDKDPNFKDQVILLNKHIDAYKTFPPT EPKKDKKK

KADETQALPQRQKKQQTVTLLPAADLDDFSKQLQQSMSSADSTQA*

Surface proteins S (Spike protein)

MVFVFLVLLPLVSSQCVNLTTRTQLPPAYTNSFTRGVYYPDKVFRSSVLHSTQDLFL PFFSNVTW

FHAIHVSGTNGTKRFDNPVLPFNDGVYFASTEKSNIIRGWIFGTTLDSKTQSLLIVN NATNVVIKV CEFQFCNDPFLGVYYHKNNKSWMESEFRVYSSANNCTFEYVSQPFLMDLEGKQGNFKNLR EF

VFKNIDGYFKIYSKHTPINLVRDLPQGFSALEPLVDLPIGINITRFQTLLALHRSYL TPGDSSSGWT

AGAAAYYVGYLQPRTFLLKYNENGTITDAVDCALDPLSETKCTLKSFTVEKGIYQTS NFRVQPTES

IVRFPNITNLCPFGEVFNATRFASVYAWNRKRISNCVADYSVLYNSASFSTFKCYGV SPTKLNDLC

FTNVYADSFVIRGDEVRQIAPGQTGKIADYNYKLPDDFTGCVIAWNSNNLDSKVGGN YNYLYRL

FRKSNLKPFERDISTEIYQAGSTPCNGVEGFNCYFPLQSYGFQPTNGVGYQPYRVVV LSFELLHA

PATVCGPKKSTNLVKNKCVNFNFNGLTGTGVLTESNKKFLPFQQFGRDIADTTDAVR DPQTLEI

LDITPCSFGGVSVITPGTNTSNQVAVLYQDVNCTEVPVAIHADQLTPTWRVYSTGSN VFQTRA

GCLIGAEHVNNSYECDIPIGAGICASYQTQTNSPRRARSVASQSIIAYTMSLGAENS VAYSNNSIA

IPTNFTISVTTEILPVSMTKTSVDCTMYICGDSTECSNLLLQYGSFCTQLNRALTGI AVEQDKNTQ

EVFAQVKQIYKTPPIKDFGGFNFSQI LPDPSKPSKRSFIEDLLFNKVTLADAGFIKQYGDCLGDIAA

RDLICAQKFNGLTVLPPLLTDEMIAQYTSALLAGTITSGWTFGAGAALQIPFAMQMA YRFNGIG

VTQNVLYENQKLIANQFNSAIGKIQDSLSSTASALGKLQDVVNQNAQALNTLVKQLS SNFGAIS

SVLNDILSRLDKVEAEVQIDRLITGRLQSLQTYVTQQLIRAAEIRASANLAATKMSE CVLGQSKRV

DFCGKGYHLMSFPQSAPHGVVFLHVTYVPAQEKNFTTAPAICHDGKAHFPREGVFVS NGTHW

FVTQRNFYEPQIITTDNTFVSGNCDVVIGIVNNTVYDPLQPELDSFKEELDKYFKNH TSPDVDLG

DISGINASVVNIQKEIDRLNEVAKNLNESLIDLQELGKYEQYIKWPWYIWLGFIAGL IAIVMVTIM

LCCMTSCCSCLKGCCSCGSCCKFDEDDSEPVLKGVKLHYT*

As already indicated above, the avirulent VLPs are preferably produced by a method involving the chemical synthesis of the protein encoding polynucleotides. For fast chemical synthesis the protein sequence is "reverse-translated" into the coding se quence in a manner optimized for chemical synthesis and preferably also for expres sion in mammalian cells. This means that in a first step the DNA or RNA sequence is reduced in repetitive nucleotides or short repetitive sequences at least in putative end regions of oligonucleotides using the degeneration of the genetic code. Simultane ously or subsequently oligonucleotides of about 50 to 100 bp length are determined having unambiguous ends so that connection of such oligonucleotides, e.g. via PCA, results in one predetermined oligonucleotide or polynucleotide sequence. This step can be repeated until the oligonucleotides or polynucleotides of desired length are obtained. PCR can be used to amplify the nucleotide sequences until the desired num ber of nucleotide sequences of desired length are obtained.

The oligonucleotide or polynucleotide sequence obtainable via PCA in general is a se quence of about 1000 bp length. Longer polynucleotides are obtainable via enzymatic reaction, e.g. by ligases, or via isothermal assembly provided that the sticky ends of the short polynucleotides are suitable. Via enzymatic ligation or isothermal assembly long polynucleotides of 4000 to 10000 bp length are obtainable. The optimization of the polynucleotide sequence for chemical synthesis can be done by means of a computer. Firms offering such service and even the synthesized poly nucleotide exist. One of them is Gigabases AG, Switzerland.

Once the full length polynucleotides, each encoding one of the proteins, are synthe sized, they are introduced into expression plasmids or vectors suitable for protein ex pression in mammalian cells. The plasmids can be multiplied in e.g. bacterial cells like E. coli.

Since mammalian cells are able to take up a multitude of plasmids, i.e. up to 50 or even up to 100 plasmids, mammalian cells can be co-transfected with a mixture of the plasmids for the expression of at least three, preferably all four proteins. Co-transfec- tion with plasmids, each encoding one of the three or four different proteins has proved possible since it was found that the VLPs are self-assembling in the "correct" manner irrespective of the number of plasmids for a specific protein in a cell as long as the polynucleotides for all necessary proteins are present.

This self-assembling provides the further advantage that the VLP production can be accelerated by optimizing the vector/plasmid composition so that most cells get the number of plasmids of each kind that is needed for expression of each of the proteins in the needed amount.

If one or more mutations occur, the oligonucleotides or polynucleotide encoding the full mutated protein or parts thereof can either be adapted via site-directed mutagen esis or - in particular if many mutations should simultaneously be introduced - via de novo synthesis of the respective one or more oligonucleotides or polynucleotides.

While a full synthesis of a polynucleotide encoding a long protein today may still take up to about 5 weeks, it is expected that the technique improves over the next years so that such synthesis will only take a few days.

Already today the reaction on a mutation can be fast, provided that sets of sequences of oligonucleotides and short polynucleotides having different lengths are kept on stock, said sets allowing the combination of oligopeptides and/or short polypeptides up to the length of the polynucleotide of the desired protein.

Examples.

Example 1. Preparation of a VLP. A synthetic nucleic acid sequence containing the protein-coding sequences for the expression of the structural envelope protein E, the membrane protein M and the nucleoprotein N from Corona virus Sars-2 or MHVA59 and the surface protein S of Sars-2-CoV were sequence optimized for chemical synthesis and ordered from a long- chain oligonucleotide manufacturer (Gigabases AG, Switzerland). Protein-coding se quences were PCR amplified from synthetic DNA templates using oligo-nucleotide pri mers that added flanking restriction enzyme sites and appropriate translation initia tion signals, corresponding to the consensus Kozak sequence upstream of start co dons. PCR amplification was performed with Phusion polymerase (New England Bi- olabs). PCR products were separated on agarose-gel electrophoresis, and products of the correct size were isolated and purified over a Nucleo-Spin Column (Macherey- Nagel). Purified PCR products were subsequently cloned into mammalian expression vectors pCi and pcDNAB.4 under control of the SV40 promoter or CMV promoter. Cloning of PCR insert into linearized pCi vector was carried out by isothermal assembly using 100 ng of PCR amplicons and 100 ng of vector DNA. Insert and vector DNA was incubated with T5-exonuclease, Taq-ligase and Phusion polymerase (New England Bi olabs) for one hour at 50 ^c. To clone PCR products into pcDNAB.4 vector, terminal A- overhangs were added to amplicons using Taq polymerase prior performing a Topo- TA cloning reaction (Topo-TA pcDNA3.4 Kit, Thermo Fisher). Plasmids were electro- porated into Escherichia coli and transformants were selected on Lurian-Broth (LB) agar plates supplemented with ampicillin. Plasmids were isolated from single colonies and sequence verified by Sanger-Sequencing. Expression plasmid series for MHV and Sars2 proteins were purified using the plasmid Midi-prep Kit (Macherey Nagel) to pro duce VLP in cell-lines through co-expression of the E, M, N and S-protein. The said synthetic nucleic acid molecules were introduced into a mammalian expres sion cell-line ExpiCHO-S (6 x 106 cells per ml) by co-transfection of purified plasmids using ExpiFectamine CHO Transfection kit (Thermo LTC). ExpiCHO-S cells were culti vated in ExpiCHO expression medium (supplemented with lOOpg/ml ampicillin and 100pg/ml streptomycine) at 37 ^c, 8% C02 for 5-7 days on an orbital shaker, in 125ml cell-culture flask (Corning, No. 431405) with an initial culture volume of 25ml. After 18-22 h post transfection, 6ml of the ExpiCHO Feed (Thermo, LTC) and 150ul of Ex piCHO Enhancer (Thermo, LTC) was added to the cell cultures. The cell-culture super natants were harvested and cleared from cells through a low spin centrifugation step. VLPs were then harvested from the cleared supernatant and VLP production was con- firmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) after staining with uranylacetate on carbon-coated copper grids and imaging on a TEM instrument. VLP of lOOnm di ameter were observed and confirmed by TEM (Figure 1). Example 2. Electron microscopic analysis of VLPs to detect VLP displaying the Sars-2- CoV S-protein.

Goat anti-mouse antibodies coupled to gold nanoparticles (A31561, Invitrogen) were used to detect a primary mouse antibody recognizing the Sars-2 Spike-protein (MBS 434247, MyBioSource Inc.) through scanning transmission electron microscopy. Car bon-coated copper-mesh grids (Plano EM) were treated with poly-L-Lysine (0.01%, sterile filtered, Sigma Aldrich) for 10 min. After washing with distilled H20, the grids were floated on 5 pi drops of cleared cell-culture supernatant containing VLPs for 20 min. The grids were washed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH=7.4, LTC) three times and incubated with a monoclonal mouse antibody against the Sars-2-CoV Spike Protein (MBS 434247, MyBioSource Inc.) for 1 hour. For the negative control, PBS was used instead of the antibody. After washing with PBS four times, the grids were incu bated for 1 hour with a gold labeled secondary Goat antibody against mouse (IgG, H+L) coupled to Alexa Fluor ^® 488 and labeled with 10 nm colloidal gold (Invitrogen). After further washing three times in PBS, the samples were fixed in 2.5 % Glutaralde- hyde (Sigma Aldrich) in PBS for 15 min, washed three times in distilled H20 and sub sequently stained with 1% phosphotungstic acid (pH=7, sterile filtered, Sigma Aldrich) for 1 min. After air drying of the grids, the samples were examined using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM, FEI, Nova NanoSEM 450). Pictures were taken at 29 kV. VLP particles of 100 nm diameter were found to be specifically deco rated with the high density 10 nm Au particles (Figure 2) demonstrating presence of the Sars-2-CoV S-protein on the surface of VLPs.

While there are shown and described presently preferred embodiments of the in vention, it is to be distinctly understood that the invention is not limited thereto but may be otherwise variously embodied and practiced within the scope of the follow ing claims.