The present invention relates to the use of an enzyme to improve a physical property of a protein for instance to increase the solubility of proteins.

Background

In a world with a growing population there is an increased demand of proteins. To respond to this growing demand of proteins, there is a need to look at wider applications of proteins. In addition it is desired to look for plant proteins as an alternative for animal proteins, since it is considered that plants are a more sustainable source of proteins than animals. The use of plant proteins in food is still limited because the solubility is usually low, which is an indication poor functional properties. Solubility of the proteins can be improved by proteolysis. However this can lead to destruction of other functional properties, such as gelling, emulsification or other sensory attributes. Yong et al, J. of Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54, 6034-6040 discloses the use of protein glutaminase to increase the solubility of wheat gluten. Protein glutaminase deamidates proteins and thereby increase the charge of the deamidated protein, which improves the solubility of the protein, without proteolysis of the protein.

There is a need for alternative enzymatic ways to improve a physical property of proteins, such as the solubility of proteins.

Detailed description

The present invention relates to the use of peptidyl arginine deiminase to improve a physical property of proteins, for instance to improve gelling, foaming, or emulsification properties, or solubility of proteins.

In one embodiment the present disclosure relates to the use of peptidyl arginine deiminase to improve a physical property of a plant protein at a pH of between 5 and 8.5.

The present disclosure further relates to a process to improve a physical property of a plant protein comprising incubating the plant protein with a peptidyl arginine deiminase at a pH of between 4 and 9, wherein the plant protein shows an improved property at a pH of between 5 and 8.5.

To improve a physical property of a protein in a use or process as disclosed herein may be to solubilize the protein and / or to reduce foam capacity of the protein.

In one embodiment the present invention relates to the use of peptidyl arginine deiminase to solubilize plant protein at a pH of between 5 and 8,5. To solubilize as used herein comprises incubating the plant protein with a peptidyl arginine deiminase at a pH of between 4 and 9, such as a pH of between 5 and 8, or a pH of between 5,5 to 7,5 or a pH of between 6 and 7 or a pH of between 6.2 and 6.8, or pH of 6.5 and solubilizing protein at in a solution having a pH of between 5 and 8,5.

Peptidyl arginine deiminases are for instance known from WO2008/000174.

WO2008/000174 discloses a process for enzymatically treating a protein with a protein arginine deiminase, wherein at least 30% of the arginine is transformed into citrulline. We surprisingly found that when protein arginine deiminase is incubated with protein the solubility of the protein is increased, for instance the solubility of protein is increased at a neutral pH, as compared to a protein that has not been incubated with a protein arginine deiminase, without influencing other functional properties of the protein, or proteolysis of the protein.

The term protein arginine deiminase and peptidyl arginine deiminase (PAD) are used interchangeably herein. Protein or peptidyl arginine deiminases belong to a family of enzymes (EC 3.5.3.15) which convert peptide or protein bound arginine into peptide or protein bound citrulline. This process is called deamination or citrullination. In the reaction from arginine to citrulline, one of the terminal nitrogen atoms of the arginine side chain is replaced by an oxygen. The reaction uses one water molecule and yields ammonia as a side product

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrullination). Whereas arginine is positively charged at a neutral pH, citrulline is uncharged. Surprisingly, it was found that a protein wherein at least part of the arginine has been converted into citrulline, and thereby resulting in protein with less charge, exhibited an increased solubility, in a solution having a pH of between 5 and 8.5, or a pH of between 5.5 and 8.

Solubility of a protein as used herein is the amount of nitrogen in the supernatant after solid-liquid separation of the protein. The amount of nitrogen may be measured after incubation of the protein with PAD and / or incubation of the protein without PAD. Separation of the protein may be performed by centrifugation or filtration. The nitrogen content can be measured by the Kjeldahl method. Solubilizing protein is measured as solubilizing nitrogen.

In one embodiment, the solubility of protein is increased by the use of peptidyl arginine deiminase. The increase in solubility of protein is at least 2%, 3%, 5%, 10%, for instance at least 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85% or at least 90% or 95%. The increase in solubility of a protein that has been incubated with PAD is compared to a protein that has not been incubated with PAD under the same conditions.

Surprisingly, it was also found that the foam capacity of a protein as used herein that had been treated with a peptidyl arginine deiminase was reduced, for instance the foam capacity was reduced with at least 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% or 6%. A reduced foam capacity is advantageous in particular in a beverage comprising a plant protein, for instance milk derived from a plant source.

Foam capacity as used herein is determined by dividing the foam volume immediately after mixing a beverage by the volume of the liquid before mixing multiplied by 100. Any suitable plant protein may be used in a use or process of the present invention. Advantageously a protein comprises protein bound arginine, such as at least 1 mol%, 2, 3, 4, 5 or at least 6 mol. Examples of plant protein are cereal protein, potato protein, soy protein, rapeseed protein, rice protein, pea protein as well as proteins from other plants known to be rich in arginine such as lupins, sesame, palm pits etc. For instance the plant protein is pea, soy, rice or cereal protein. Examples of cereal protein are wheat or maize or fractions thereof for example, gluten such as wheat gluten.

In one embodiment, use of peptidyl arginine deiminase to improve a physical property, such as to solubilize protein and / or to reduce foam capacity of a protein, comprises incubating protein with a peptidyl arginine deiminase at a suitable temperature and pH, for instance incubating protein with a peptidyl arginine deiminase at a pH of between 4 and 9, such as a pH of between 5 and 8.5, such as a pH of between 5.5 and 8, such as a pH between 6 and 7, or a pH of between 6.2 and 6.8, for instance at a pH of about 6.5. A suitable temperature at which protein is incubated with PAD may be between 20 and 60 degrees Celsius, such as a between 30 and 50, or between 35 and 45 degrees Celsius

In one embodiment, a physical property of protein is improved, when measuring the physical property of the protein in a solution having a pH of between 5 and 8.5, such as a pH of between 5.5 and 8, such as a pH between 6 and 7, or a pH of between 6.2 and 6.8.

Peptidyl arginine deiminase (PAD) may be derived from any suitable origin, for instance from mammalian or microbial origin. PAD's used in the present invention are advantageously derived from a microbial source. For instance, PAD's may be derived from fungal origin such as from Fusarium sp. such as Fusarium graminearum, Chaetomium globosum, Phaesphaeria nodorum or from bacterial origin such as from the bacteria Streptomyces, eg Streptomyces scabies, Streptomyces clavuligeres. The wording "derived" or "derivable" from with respect to the origin of a polypeptide as disclosed herein, means that when carrying out a BLAST search with a polypeptide as disclosed herein, the polypeptide may be derivable from a natural source, such as a microbial cell, of which an endogenous polypeptide shows the highest percentage homology or identity with the polypeptide as disclosed herein.

A peptidyl arginine deiminase may be a pure or purified peptidyl arginine deiminase. A pure of purified peptidyl arginine deiminase is an enzyme that may be at least 50% pure, e.g., at least 60% pure, at least 70% pure, at least 75% pure, at least 80% pure, at least 85% pure, at least 80% pure, at least 90% pure, or at least 95% pure, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.9% pure for instance as determined by SDS-PAGE or any other analytical method suitable for this purpose and known to the person skilled in the art.

Advantageously, peptidyl arginine deiminase is a polypeptide which has at least 80%,

85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 , or to the mature amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 , wherein the polypeptide has peptidyl arginine deiminase activity. For the purpose of this invention, it is defined here that in order to determine the percentage of sequence identity of two amino acid sequences, the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes. In order to optimize the alignment between the two sequences gaps may be introduced in any of the two sequences that are compared. Such alignment can be carried out over the full length of the sequences being compared. Alternatively, the alignment may be carried out over a shorter length, for example over about 20, about 50, about 100 or more amino acids. The sequence identity is the percentage of identical matches between the two sequences over the reported aligned region. The percent sequence identity between two amino acid sequences may be determined using the Needleman and Wunsch algorithm for the alignment of two sequences. (Needleman, S. B. and Wunsch, C. D. (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48, 443- 453). Both amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences can be aligned by the algorithm. The Needleman-Wunsch algorithm has been implemented in the computer program NEEDLE. For the purpose of this invention the NEEDLE program from the EMBOSS package was used (version 2.8.0 or higher, EMBOSS: The European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite (2000) Rice,P. Longden, I. and Bleasby, A. Trends in Genetics 16, (6) pp276— 277, http://emboss.bioinformatics.nl/). For protein sequences EBLOSUM62 is used for the substitution matrix. The optional parameters used are a gap-open penalty of 10 and a gap extension penalty of 0.5. The skilled person will appreciate that all these different parameters will yield slightly different results but that the overall percentage identity of two sequences is not significantly altered when using different algorithms.

A "mature polypeptide" is defined herein as a polypeptide in its final form and is obtained after translation of a mRNA into a polypeptide and post-translational modifications of said polypeptide. Post -translational modifications include N-terminal processing, C-terminal truncation, glycosylation, phosphorylation and removal of leader sequences such as signal peptides, propeptides and/or prepropeptides by cleavage.

A mature polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 may comprise or contain amino acids 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, 24 to 640 of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 , advantageously the mature polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises or contains amino acids 22 to 640 of SEQ ID NO: 1 , wherein methionine at position 1 in SEQ ID NO: 1 is counted as number 1.

The term "polypeptide" refers to a molecule comprising amino acid residues linked by peptide bonds and containing more than five amino acid residues. The term "protein" as used herein is synonymous with the term "polypeptide" and may also refer to two or more polypeptides. Thus, the terms "protein" and "polypeptide" can be used interchangeably. Polypeptides may optionally be modified (e.g., glycosylated, phosphorylated, acylated, farnesylated, prenylated, sulfonated, and the like) to add functionality. Polypeptides exhibiting activity in the presence of a specific substrate under certain conditions may be referred to as enzymes. A peptidyl arginine deiminase, or polypeptide having peptidyl arginine deiminase activity may be produced in any suitable host organism by known methods in the art, for instance in fungi Aspergilli, eg Aspergillus niger or Aspergillus oryzae, Trichoderma, or the yeasts Saccharomyces, and Kluyveromuces or the bacteria of the genus Streptomyces or Bacilli. A suitable method to express a polypeptide having peptidyl arginine deiminase activity in Aspergillus niger is for instance disclosed in Examples 3 and 4 in WO2008/000714, which is herein included by reference.

In one embodiment a use of peptidyl arginine deiminase to improve a physical property of a protein, further comprises the use of a protein glutaminase.

In one embodiment a process of improving a physical property as disclosed herein comprises further comprises incubating the protein with a protein glutaminase.

Surprisingly, it was found that when a use as disclosed herein further comprises the use of a protein glutaminase or a process for improving a physical property further comprises incubating protein with a protein glutaminase a higher amount of protein was solubilized than when the protein was incubated or solubilized with either peptidyl arginine deiminase or protein glutaminase alone.

A protein glutaminase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes amid groups of glutamine and / or asparagine in a protein to glutamic acid and / or asparaginic acid and ammonia. A protein glutaminase belongs to enzyme classification EC 3.5.1.44.

A protein glutaminase may be derived from any suitable microorganism, for instance bacteria from the genus Chryseobacterium, Flavobacterium, Empedobacter, Sphingobacterium, Bacillus, Aureobacterium or Myroides for instance Chryseobacterium gleum, C, indologenes, C. meningosepticum C. proteolyticum, Flavobacterium aquatile, Empedobacter brevis, Sphingobacterium spiritivorum, S. heparinum, Bacillus circulans Aureobacterium esteroaromaticum or Myroides odoratus. A protein glutaminase may be derived from C. proteolyticum. For instance a protein glutaminase is a polypeptide which has at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, or to the mature amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein the polypeptide has protein glutaminase activity.

A mature polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 may comprise or contain amino acids

136 to 320 of SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein methionine at position 1 in SEQ ID NO: 2 is counted as number 1.

A protein glutaminase may be produced in any suitable organism by methods known to a person skilled in the art. A protein glutaminase may be produced in bacteria for instance from the genus Pseudomonas, Bacillus or Escherichia, for instance Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus subtilis or Escherichia coli. A protein glutaminase may be a pure or purified protein glutaminase. A pure of purified protein glutaminase is an enzyme that may be at least 50% pure, e.g., at least 60% pure, at least 70% pure, at least 75% pure, at least 80% pure, at least 85% pure, at least 80% pure, at least 90% pure, or at least 95% pure, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.9% pure for instance as determined by SDS-PAGE or any other analytical method suitable for this purpose and known to the person skilled in the art.

In one embodiment the present disclosure relates to a process to improve a physical property of plant protein, for instance to solubilize plant protein, and / or to reduce foam capacity of the plant protein comprising incubating the protein with a peptidyl arginine deiminase, wherein the protein is solubilized and / or foam capacity is reduced. Preferably, the solubility of the protein is increased and / or the foam capacity of the protein is reduced compared to a protein that has not been incubated with a protein arginine deiminase in a process as disclosed herein.

The protein may be incubated with peptidyl arginine deiminase and / or protein glutaminase at any suitable pH and temperature. Preferably, the protein is incubated with peptidyl arginine deiminase and / or protein glutaminase at a pH of between 5 and 8.5, such as a pH of between 5.5 and 8, such as a pH of between 6 and 7, or a pH of between 6.2 and 6.8. A suitable temperature at which protein is incubated with peptidyl arginine deiminase and / or protein glutaminase may be between 20 and 60 degrees Celsius, such as a between 30 and 50, or between 35 and 45 degrees Celsius.

Plant protein as used herein may be a solution comprising plant protein. A solution comprising plant protein may be a beverage comprising plant protein, for instance a beverage may be milk derived derived from plant sources. Plant sources of milk include, but are not limited to, milk extracted from soy bean, pea, peanut, barley, rice, oat, quinoa, almond, cashew, coconut, hazelnut, hemp, sesame seed and sunflower seed .

FIGURES

Figure 1. SDS PAGE analysis of various proteins incubated with and without PAD. Lane 1 : MW marker; Lane 2: pea protein; Lane 3: pea protein +PAD; Lane 4: wheat gluten; Lane 5: wheat gluten +PADLane; 6: soy protein; Lane 7: soy protein + PADLane; 8: Bone collagen; Lane 9: bone collagen +PAD.

Figure 2.The solubility of pea protein at different pH values incubated with PAD at pH 6.5 and at 40°C.

Figure 3. Foam capacity of pea protein treated with PAD and PAD and PG at pH 6.5 and at 40°C compared to the foam capacity of untreated pea protein and egg white EXAMPLES

MATERIALS

Molecular biology techniques

Molecular biology techniques known to the skilled person are performed as set out in Sambrook & Russell, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3rd Ed., CSHL Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 2001 ).

Cloning and expression of peptidyl arginine deiminase in Aspergillus niger

Cloning and expression of the polypeptide having peptidyl arginine demininase activity according to SEQ ID NO: 1 , was performed as disclosed in Examples 3 and 4 of WO2008/000714.

Peptidyl arginine deiminase activity

Peptidylarginine deiminase activity was determined by measuring the formation of citrulline residues in oN-Benzoyl-L-arginine-ethyl ester (BAEE). The incubation mixture contained -l OOmM tris-HCI buffer (pH 7.5), 5 mM CaCI ₂ , 10 mM DTT, 10 mM BAEE in a final volume of 700 μΙ. Incubation was performed at 55°C for 30 min, and the reaction was stopped by adding 100μΙ 8 N HCI0 ₄ . Citrulline was determined by colorimetry according the method of Guthohrlein and Knappe, (1968) Anal. Biochem. 26, 188.

One unit of peptidyl arginine deiminase is expressed as 1 μητιοΙ of citrulline formed / min / mg of protein.

Cloning and expression of protein glutaminase (PrgA) of Chryseobacterium

proteolyticum in Bacillus subitilis

The E. coli B. subtilis shuttle vector pGBB09 is described in US 8426182 B1 , was used for the expression of protein-glutaminase (PrgA) (SEQ ID NO: 2) from Chryseobacterium proteolyticum strain 9670 (S. Yamaguchi, David J. Jeenes and David B. Archer (2001 ) Eur. J. Biochem. 268, 1410-1421 ). The prgA gene was synthesised with a Pac\ restriction site and ribosome binding site at the 5'- end and a double stop codon and Pme\ restriction site at the 3'end this DNA fragment is listed as SEQ ID NO: 3. The fragment was cloned into vector pGBB09 using the Pad and Pme\ restriction sites and this results in the PrgA expression vector pBHA12-PGU-1. The sequence of the plasmid was confirmed by DNA sequencing.

The vector pBHA12-PGU-1 was transformed into B. subtilis strain BS154 (CBS 363.94) (AaprE, AnprE, amyE, spo ) as described in Quax and Broekhuizen 1994 Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 41 : 425-431. The B. subtilis strain BS154 containing the PrgA expression vector was named BSU154PGU-1. B. subtilis BSU154 PGU-1 was grown in a shake flask. These shake flasks contained 20 ml 2xTY medium composed of 1.6% (w/v) Bacto tryptone, 1 % (w/v) Yeast extract and 0.5% (w/v) NaCI. The cultures were shaken vigorously at 37 ^° C and 250 rpm for 16 hours and 0.2 ml culture medium was used to inoculate 20 ml SMM medium.

SMM pre-medium contained 1.25% (w/w) yeast extract, 0.05% (w/w) CaCI ₂ , 0.075% (w/w) MgCI ₂ .6H ₂ 0, 15 pg/l MnS0 ₄ .4H ₂ 0, 10 pg/l CoCI ₂ .6H ₂ 0, 0.05% (w/w) citric acid, 0.025% (w/w) antifoam 86/013 (Basildon Chemicals, Abingdon, UK). To complete SMM medium, 20 ml of 5% (w/v) maltose and 20 ml of a 200 mM Na-phosphate buffer stock solution (pH 6.8), both prepared and sterilized separately, were added to 60 ml SMM pre-medium.

The cultures were incubated at 37 ^° C and 250 rpm for 48 hours. The supernatants were harvested by centrifugation at 13000 rpm5 minutes for 5 minutes after which they were stored at -20 ^° C until further use.

Protein glutaminase (PG) activity

The activity of PG was measured using a modified method described by Yamaguchi S. et al in Appl. Environ. Microbiol. (2000) Vol 66, No. 8, p 3337-3343 . 10mM Z-Gln-Gly (Sigma) substrate was prepared in 65mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 6.5 and incubated with the enzyme at 40°C. The reaction was stopped with 255 trichloroacetic acid followed by centrifugation at 20000g for 5min. The ammonia released was measured by the Berthelot method. The enzyme activity was expressed as the amount of ammonia (in mmol) released at 40°C in 30 min.

Example 1. Peptidyl arginine deiminase (PAD) is active on various protein substrates

Peptidyl arginine deiminase (PAD) converts arginine to citrulline whereby ammonia is released. Therefore, the ammonia release is a measure of enzyme activity on the chosen protein substrates.

40 mg protein substrates from soy protein isolate (Wilmar International Ltd), pea protein isolate (Pisane F9, Cosucra), wheat gluten (Sigma) and insoluble collagen (Sigma) were weighed into 2 ml Eppendorf cups and 1 ml of 50 mM sodium phosphate pH 6.5 was added. The incubations were started by adding PAD enzyme at a dose of 0.1 % v/w on dry matter. After 16 hours incubation at 40°C the samples were centrifuged for 10 minutes at 14000 rpm at 25-40°C. The samples were diluted once, except for the collagen, which was diluted twice, and samples were centrifuged again over the 10K PES filter. Protein substrates without PAD addition were incubated under the same conditions to serve as a Blanc. The supernatant of the samples were stored at 4°C.

Ammonia analysis was performed with Ammonia Assay Kit (Sigma -Aid rich).

The kit is designed for quantitative, enzymatic determination of ammonia in food and biological samples. Ammonia reacts with oketoglutaric acid and reduced NADPH in the presence of _L - glutamate dehydrogenase to form _L -glutamate and NADP . The decrease in absorbance at 340 nm (NADPH→ NADP ⁺ ) is proportional to the ammonia concentration.

100 μΙ of the supernatant from the protein incubations were added to 1 ml Ammonia assay Reagent. After mixing the solution was incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature and the absorbance at 340 nm was determined. Subsequently 10 μΙ of the Dehydrogenase was added. The absorbance was measured again after 5 minutes incubation. The amount of ammonia was calculated using the Molar Extinction Coefficient of NADPH. An ammonia standard solution was used as a control.

Table 1 shows the amount of ammonia released after incubating the protein substrate with PAD at 40°C for 16 h, minus the amount of ammonia measured in the substrate incubated without PAD.

Table 1. The ammonia released from various protein substrates after incubation with PAD at 40°C for 16 h

Example 2. Changes in the protein solubilization after incubation with peptidyl arginine deiminase

Soy protein isolate (Wilmar International Ltd) pea (Pisane C9, Cosucra), wheat gluten (Sigma) and insoluble collagen (Sigma) protein substrates were incubated with peptidyl arginine deiminase (PAD) and the amount of protein solubilized was measured.

200 mg substrate was mixed with 4.8 ml 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 6.5 in Greiner tubes containing a magnetic stirrer and placed in a water-bath with a device for magnetic stirring of 40°C. 0.1 % PAD enzyme protein on dry matter was added. The samples were incubated overnight and centrifuged for 25 minutes at 3220*g. The supernatants were again centrifuged for 20 minutes at 14000 rpm.

The samples were used to measure protein solubilization by measuring the nitrogen (N) content in the supernatant after centrifugation using Kjeldahl analysis. The results of the protein analysis is presented in Table 2. Table 2. Protein solubilization after incubation with PAD at 40°C for 16 h, measured as nitrogen (Kjeldahl)

SDSPAGE analysis

The protein substrates incubated with peptidyl arginine deminase were analyzed by

SDS-PAGE.

65 μΙ of the supernatants was mixed with 25 μΙ LiDS sample buffer and 10 μΙ sample reducing agent. The mixture was heated for 15 minutes at 70°C. Subsequently 10 μΙ of each sample was applied to the 10% Bis-Tris gel and proteins were separated using MES buffer as running system for 39 minutes at 200V. The gel was stained with Instant Blue.

The SDS page gel shown in Figure 1 shows that no proteolysis was observed in the incubations of the different protein substrates with peptidyl arginine deiminase.

Example 3: Solubility of plant proteins treated with peptidyl arginine deiminase or a combination of peptidyl arginine deminase and protein glutaminase

A dispersion of 100mg/ml of plant proteins from pea protein (Pisane C9, Cosucra), soy protein isolate (Wilmar Int. Ltd.) and rice protein isolate was prepared in water at pH 6.5. To these dispersions, 0.1 wt wt % PAD or wt wt 0.1 % PAD and 0.1 wt/wt % PG enzyme protein to dry matter was added and incubatedin a thermostat mixer for 4h at 40°C. After 4 h the material was centrifuged at 5600g for 10min. The percent solubilization for each protein material was calculated from the protein content in the supernatant after centrifugation.

The protein quantification was performed using the Biuret method after thricloroacetic acid precipitation of the proteins.

Table 3 shows that a higher amount of protein is solubilized when the protein was incubated with both PAD and PG than the amount of protein solubilized after incubation with either PAD or PG alone. Table 3. Solubilization of pea, soy and rice protein after incubation with PAD, PG and a combination of PAD+PG at pH 6.5 and 40°C during 4 h

Example 4. pH dependence of the solubility of pea proteins treated with peptidyl arginine deiminase

A 15 wt wt % pea protein material was treated with 0.1 % w/w PAD enzyme to protein at pH 6.5 and 40°C for 16h. The enzyme was inactivated by heat shock at 85°C for 15 min and the protein material was then freeze dried. A 1 wt wt % solution of enzyme treated pea protein as described above was prepared in water at different pH values ranging from pH 8 to pH 3.

The pH was adjusted in steps up to pH 8 with addition of 4N sodium hydroxide and then down up to pH 3 by addition of 4N sulfuric acid. At each step of pH adjustment an aliquot was taken, mixed for another 2h at room temperature and then centrifuged for 5 minutes at 20,000 g. The protein in the supernatant was then precipitated with trichloroacetic acid and the protein quantified by the Biuret method. Figure 2 shows that at a pH of between 5 and 8 peptidyl arginine deiminase was able to increase pea protein solubility with about 2 to 10%.

Example 5. Foam capacity of a solution containing pea protein treated with peptidyl arginine deiminase and a combination of peptidyl arginine deiminase and protein glutaminase

Pea protein, (Pisane C9, Cosucra) was suspended in water at 15 wt/wt% Dry Matter and incubated at pH 6.5 and at 40°C for 16h, with enzymes (0.1 % v/w) PAD, PG or PAD and PG as described in the Example 4. The protein slurries were freeze dried and the protein content in the dry matter was measured by Kjeldahl analysis.

Foaming experiments were performed in 3 wt/wt% protein solution of pea protein treated with enzymes. The foaming experiments were performed at a 10 ml scale at 22°C and pH 6.5. The 10 ml 3 wt / wt% pea protein solution was mixed with a Multimixer in a 50 ml measuring cylinder during 60 seconds. Foam volume was measured after 0 and 30 minutes. The foam capacity was calculated as follows:

Foam capacity (FC) = (Foam volume at T=0/start liquid volume) x100%.

Figure 3 shows that the foam capacity of the pea protein treated with PAD, PG and PAD and PG was reduced compared to the foam capacity of untreated pea protein.